Free vibration of FGM plates with in-plane material inhomogeneity

D.Y. Liu
a
, C.Y. Wang
b
, W.Q. Chen
c,
*
a
Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
b
Departments of Mathematics and Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
c
Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Yuquan Campus, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Available online 7 October 2009
Keywords:
Functionally graded plate
In-plane inhomogeneity
Levy-type solution
Two-point boundary value problem
Initial value problem
a b s t r a c t
An analysis is presented for the free vibration of a functionally graded isotropic elastic rectangular plate
with in-plane material inhomogeneity. A Levy-type solution is obtained for plates with a pair of simply
supported edges that are parallel with the material gradient direction. A particular integration method is
adopted to solve the fourth-order ordinary differential equation with non-constant coefcients. The ef-
ciency and accuracy of the analysis are demonstrated through numerical examples.
2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are a new kind of materi-
als exhibiting spatially continuous variation of material properties
along one, two or three directions in a particular coordinate sys-
tem. Since material interfaces are absent, the interfacial stress con-
centration phenomenon due to material mismatch as encountered
in the conventional composite laminates or coated structures can
be completely avoided. Primarily, FGMs were mainly developed
as heat-resisting materials used in aerospace engineering.
Recently, FGMs have also found wide applications in other areas,
such as transducers, energy transform, biomedical engineering,
optics, etc. [1].
There exists plenty of research on FGM structures (including
beams, plates and shells) [217]. Most works deal with FGM struc-
tures with material inhomogeneity along the thickness direction
only. When employing simplied structural theories (i.e. the beam,
plate and shell theories), there is no signicant difference in the
analysis between FGM plates and the conventional laminated
plates. Recently, Qian and Ching [18] used the meshfree local Pet-
rovGalerkin method to investigate the static and dynamic behav-
ior of a cantilever beam with material properties varying along two
directions. Goupee and Vel [19] performed an optimized natural
frequency analysis of bi-directional FGM beams using the
element-free Galerkin method. L et al. [20] presented a semi-
analytical analysis of bi-directional FGM beams using the state-
space based differential quadrature method [2123]. In these works
[1820], the in-plane material inhomogeneity, in addition to the
through-thickness one, has been taken into consideration, but only
numerical or semi-analytical solutions have been obtained.
In this paper, the free vibration of a rectangular FGM plate with
in-plane inhomogeneity is considered. The governing equation
based on the classical plate theory is presented when the plate
material is graded along one in-plane direction. For the plate sim-
ply supported at the edges parallel to that direction, a Levy-type
solution is sought. The resulting ordinary differential equation is
solved by a particular integration method which transforms a
two-point boundary value problem to two initial value problems
[24], which modied the method of Ref. [25]. Numerical results
are nally given to indicate the accuracy and effectiveness of the
present analysis.
2. Basic formulations
Consider a functionally graded isotropic elastic plate as shown
in Fig. 1. We rst assume that the plate has varying material prop-
erties as well as geometric properties in the plate plane xy, i.e. the
exural rigidity of the plate D = Eh
3
/[12(1m
2
)] = D(x, y) is a func-
tion of x and y. The governing equation for free vibration can be
deduced as
r
2
Dr
2
w
@
2
D
m
@y
2
@
2
w
@x
2
2
@
2
D
m
@x@y
@
2
w
@x@y

@
2
D
m
@x
2
@
2
w
@y
2
!
q
@
2
w
@t
2
0
1
where D
m
= D(1m) and, at this stage, the Poissons ratio m and the
density q can also be functions of x and y. If the Poissons ratio m
is a constant, which is approximately true for metalceramic
FGM, then the above equation reduces to
0263-8223/$ - see front matter 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2009.10.001
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 571 87951866; fax: +86 571 87952570.
E-mail address: chenwq@zju.edu.cn (W.Q. Chen).
Composite Structures 92 (2010) 10471051
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j our nal homepage: www. el sevi er . com/ l ocat e/ compst r uct
r
2
Dr
2
w 1 m
@
2
D
@y
2
@
2
w
@x
2
2
@
2
D
@x@y
@
2
w
@x@y

@
2
D
@x
2
@
2
w
@y
2
!
q
@
2
w
@t
2
0 2
which is the same as that presented in the appendix of Ref. [26].
Now we conne ourselves to the particular case that the plate is
graded in the y direction only, for which the material coefcients
depend on y only. We also let the thickness of the plate be a con-
stant h. Eq. (1) then becomes
Dr
4
w
@
2
D
@y
2
r
2
w 2
@D
@y
r
2
@w
@y

@
2
D
m
@y
2
@
2
w
@x
2
q
@
2
w
@t
2
0 3
which is the governing equation of the FGM plate considered in this
paper.
Assume that the plate material is made from ceramic and metal,
and it is of full ceramic at y = 0 and of full metal at y = L. The mate-
rial constants, such as the elastic modulus E, Poissons ratio m, and
density q, satisfy the following relationship [27]
P V
m
P
m
V
c
P
c
; V
m
V
c
1; V
m
y=L
n
0 6 y 6 L 4
where V
c
and V
m
are the volume fractions of ceramic and metal, and
n, a real number, is the material graded index. This power law dis-
tribution of material property is one of the most appropriate and
also simplest models for a two phase mixture, which is established
by Voigt-type estimate [28].
If the gradient rule in Eq. (4) is employed, then
E y=L
n
E
m
1 y=L
n
E
c
0 6 y 6 L 5a
m y=L
n
m
m
1 y=L
n
m
c
0 6 y 6 L 5b
q y=L
n
q
m
1 y=L
n
q
c
0 6 y 6 L 5c
where subscripts m and c indicate metal and ceramic, respectively.
Thus the expression for the exural rigidity is
D
Eh
3
121 m
2

y=L
n
E
m
1 y=L
n
E
c
12f1 y=L
n
m
m
1 y=L
n
m
c

2
g
h
3
6
In general, the difference between the Poissons ratios of metal
and ceramic can be neglected, thus we have
D
y=L
n
E
m
1 y=L
n
E
c
121 m
2

h
3
7
3. Solution
First we normalize all lengths by L, the length of the plate along
the y-direction. The gradient rule in Eq. (5) becomes
E E
0
1 y
n
ly
n
E
0
sy 0 6 y 6 1 8a
q q
0
1 y
n
by
n
q
0
vy 0 6 y 6 1 8b
where l = E
m
/E
c
, b = q
m
/q
c
, E
0
= E
c
, and q
0
= q
c
. Note that the same
symbol y has been used for the dimensionless coordinate. Then
the exural rigidity in Eq. (7) becomes
D
Eh
3
121 m
2

D
0
s 9
where D
0
= E
0
h
3
/[12(1 m
2
)].Now we consider the case that the
plate is simply supported at x = 0, a. The Levy-type solution can
be sought by assuming
w sinaxYye
ixt
10
where a = mp/a.
Substituting Eq. (10) into Eq. (3), we derive
sY
4
2s
0
Y
000
s
00
2a
2
sY
00
2a
2
s
0
Y
0
a
4
s ma
2
s
00
k
4
vY 0
11
where k
4
q
0
x
2
L
4
h=D
0
.
The problem now reduces to solve Eq. (11), which is an ordinary
differential equation with non-constant coefcients. If the solution
is obtained, the lowest eigenvalue k, which is of most signicance
in engineering design, can be readily determined for given n, a, l
and b as well as the boundary conditions at y = 0,1. The solution
however is not easy to nd, and we shall employ the efcient
method in Ref. [24], which turns the two-point boundary-value
problem into two initial value problems.
If the plate is clamped at y = 0 and free at y = 1, the boundary
conditions are
Y0 0; Y
0
0 0 12a
Y
00
1 a
2
mY1 0; Y
000
1 a
2
2 mY
0
1 0 12b
where the rst formula indicates zero deection and zero rotation,
and the second formula indicates zero moment and zero shear. Fol-
lowing Ref. [24], we assume that Y
1
and Y
2
satisfy Eq. (11) and the
following initial conditions
Y
1
0 0; Y
0
1
0 0; Y
00
1
0 1; Y
000
1
0 0 13a
Y
2
0 0; Y
0
2
0 0; Y
00
2
0 0; Y
000
2
0 1 13b
A standard RungeKutta algorithm is adopted to obtain the
solutions Y
1
and Y
2
.
It is clear that the solution to Eq. (11) and (12a) can be ex-
pressed as a linear combination of the two independent solutions
Y
1
and Y
2
.
Y C
1
Y
1
C
2
Y
2
14
By substituting Eq. (14) into Eq. (12b), we have two linear
homogeneous algebraic equations.
Y
00
1
1 a
2
mY
1
1 Y
00
2
1 a
2
mY
2
1
Y
000
1
1 a
2
2 mY
0
1
1 Y
000
2
1 a
2
2 mY
0
2
1
!
C
1
C
2

0
15
For non-trivial solutions of C
1
and C
2
, the determinant of coef-
cients of Eq. (15) should vanish. This leads to a nonlinear equation
in the eigenvalue k, which can be obtained using numerical meth-
ods, such as the bisection technique. The lowest k gives the funda-
mental frequency of the plate as x k=L
2

D
0
=hq
0
p
.
For the case where the edge y = 0 is clamped and the edge y = 1
is simply supported, Eq. (12b) is replaced by
Y1 0; Y
00
1 0 16
For the case where the edges y = 0, 1 are both clamped, Eq. (12b) is
replaced by
Y1 0; Y
0
1 0 17
x
y
L
aL
Fig. 1. A plate graded in the plate plane.
1048 D.Y. Liu et al. / Composite Structures 92 (2010) 10471051
When the edge y = 0 is simply supported and the edge y = 1 is free,
the boundary conditions are
Y0 0; Y
00
0 0 18a
Y
00
1 a
2
mY1 0; Y
000
1 a
2
2 mY
0
1 0 18b
Accordingly, the initial conditions become
Y
1
0 0 Y
0
1
0 1 Y
00
1
0 0; Y
000
1
0 1 19a
Y
2
0 0; Y
0
2
0 0; Y
00
2
0 0; Y
000
2
0 1 19b
For the case where the edge y = 0 is simply supported and the edge
y = 1 is clamped, Eq. (18b) is replaced by
Y1 0; Y
0
1 0 20
For the case where the the edges y = 0,1 are both simply supported,
Eq. (18b) is replaced by
Y1 0; Y
00
1 0 21
When the edge y = 0 is free and the edge y = 1 is simply supported,
the boundary conditions are
Y
00
0 a
2
mY0 0; Y
000
0 a
2
2 mY
0
0 0 22a
Y1 0; Y
00
1 0 22b
The corresponding initial conditions are
Y
1
0 0; Y
0
1
0 1; Y
00
1
0 a
2
mY
1
0 0;
Y
000
1
0 a
2
2 mY
0
1
0 0 23a
Y
2
0 1; Y
0
2
0 0; Y
00
2
0 a
2
mY
2
0 0;
Y
000
2
0 a
2
2 mY
0
2
0 0 23b
For the case where the edge y = 0 is free and the edge y = 1 is
clamped, Eq. (22b) is replaced by
Y1 0; Y
0
1 0 24
When the edges y = 0, 1 are both free, Eq. (22b) is replaced by
Y
00
1 a
2
mY1 0; Y
000
1 a
2
2 mY
0
1 0 25
4. Numerical results and discussion
In the following, we will use C, S and F to indicate the clamped,
simply supported and free conditions at the edge, respectively.
Thus, CF means the edge of the plate at y = 0 is clamped and the
edge y = 1 is free, with the rst letter denote the boundary condi-
tion at y = 0 and the second letter denote the boundary condition
at y = 1. Similarly, CS means the edge y = 0 is clamped and the
edge y = 1 is simply supported, CC means both edges are clamped,
and so on.
The material constants of ceramic and metal are taken as
m = 0.3, E
m
= 2.06 10
11
Pa, E
c
= 7.65 10
10
Pa, q
m
= 7.85 10
3
kg/m
3
, q
c
= 2.5 10
3
kg/m
3
. Then we can have l = E
m
/E
c
= 2.6928
and b = q
m
/q
c
= 3.14.
In all cases we nd m = 1 gives the fundamental frequency. The
results are given in Tables 19 for different combinations of
boundary conditions at y = 0 and y = 1.
Table 1
Frequency parameter k for the CF case.
a n
0 0.5 1 2 2.5 3
0.2 15.7397 15.2022 15.1852 15.2222 15.2383 15.2533
0.5 6.4577 6.1946 6.1918 6.2021 6.2093 6.2167
1 3.5619 3.3686 3.3481 3.3440 3.3472 3.3517
2 2.3883 2.1874 2.1456 2.1343 2.1376 2.1427
5 1.9635 1.7265 1.6653 1.6475 1.6524 1.6599
10 1.8974 1.6507 1.5835 1.5633 1.5687 1.5770
20 1.8807 1.6311 1.5622 1.5413 1.5468 1.5553
100 1.8753 1.6248 1.5553 1.5342 1.5397 1.5483
1000 1.8751 1.6245 1.5550 1.5339 1.5394 1.5480
1 1.8751 1.6245 1.5550 1.5339 1.5394 1.5480
Table 2
Frequency parameter k for the SF case.
a n
0 0.5 1 2 2.5 3
0.2 15.7344 15.7346 15.1831 15.2211 15.2375 15.2525
0.5 6.4185 6.4188 6.1640 6.1780 6.1862 6.1943
1 3.4183 3.4188 3.2430 3.2429 3.2469 3.2517
2 2.0084 2.0090 1.8727 1.8647 1.8660 1.8687
5 1.1597 1.1602 1.0677 1.0596 1.0597 1.0609
10 0.8069 0.8073 0.7411 0.7349 0.7349 0.7357
20 0.5682 0.5685 0.5215 0.5170 0.5170 0.5175
100 0.2538 0.2539 0.2328 0.2308 0.2308 0.2310
1000 0.0802 0.0803 0.0736 0.0729 0.0730 0.0731
1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Table 3
Frequency parameter k for the CS case.
a n
0 0.5 1 2 2.5 3
0.2 16.0482 15.5868 15.5852 15.7320 15.7889 15.8408
0.5 7.1885 6.9525 6.9506 7.0517 7.0945 7.1304
1 4.8627 4.6435 4.6406 4.7300 4.7692 4.8022
2 4.1631 3.9199 3.9164 3.9916 4.0254 4.0540
5 3.9642 3.7072 3.7034 3.7701 3.8006 3.8266
10 3.9360 3.6766 3.6728 3.7380 3.7680 3.7934
20 3.9289 3.6690 3.6652 3.7300 3.7598 3.7851
100 3.9267 3.6665 3.6627 3.7274 3.7571 3.7824
1000 3.9266 3.6664 3.6626 3.7273 3.7570 3.7823
1 3.9266 3.6664 3.6626 3.7273 3.7570 3.7823
Table 4
Frequency parameter k for the C-C case.
a n
0 0.5 1 2 2.5 3
0.2 16.0815 15.6041 15.6256 15.7864 15.8469 15.8979
0.5 7.3989 7.1198 7.1748 7.3039 7.3552 7.3963
1 5.3806 5.1427 5.1994 5.3490 5.4075 5.4536
2 4.8801 4.6529 4.7079 4.8665 4.9279 4.9763
5 4.7532 4.5312 4.5833 4.7439 4.8059 4.8548
10 4.7358 4.5147 4.5662 4.7271 4.7892 4.8381
20 4.7315 4.5106 4.5620 4.7229 4.7850 4.8339
100 4.7301 4.5094 4.5607 4.7216 4.7837 4.8326
1000 4.7300 4.5093 4.5606 4.7215 4.7837 4.8326
1 4.7300 4.5093 4.5606 4.7215 4.7837 4.8326
Table 5
Frequency parameter k for the SS case.
a n
0 0.5 1 2 2.5 3
0.2 16.0190 15.4853 15.5675 15.7147 15.7738 15.8235
0.5 7.0248 6.7745 6.8196 6.9187 6.9582 6.9899
1 4.4429 4.2771 4.3063 4.3821 4.4133 4.4385
2 3.5124 3.3861 3.4012 3.4469 3.4671 3.4841
5 3.2038 3.0947 3.1012 3.1263 3.1388 3.1499
10 3.1573 3.0510 3.0560 3.0771 3.0880 3.0980
20 3.1455 3.0400 3.0446 3.0647 3.0752 3.0849
100 3.1417 3.0365 3.0409 3.0607 3.0711 3.0806
1000 3.1416 3.0363 3.0408 3.0605 3.0709 3.0804
1 3.1416 3.0363 3.0408 3.0605 3.0709 3.0804
D.Y. Liu et al. / Composite Structures 92 (2010) 10471051 1049
The parameter n is known as the gradient index of the FGM.
Theoretically, it can be taken as any real number. However, for
the FGM rule in Eq. (4) to be practical, the range between 1/3
and 3 should be preferred [27,28]. It is noted that for n < 1, the
derivatives of s(y), as appearing in Eq. (11), become innite at
y = 0. This is not a model error, but will cause problem when using
the standard RungeKutta algorithm. We solve this in a straight-
forward way, i.e. let y take an innitesimal value (10
6
), which is
a very close to zero in numerical calculation as the starting point.
In this way, an accurate estimation of the frequency for FGM plate
with n < 1 can be obtained using the method described in our
paper.
As we can see from the tables, the gradient parameter n has a
certain effect on the natural frequencies of the plate. For a precise
application where the size of the plate is xed, the material inho-
mogeneity may be adjusted to meet the special requirements.
In all the cases, when n = 0 the FGM plate becomes a metal
plate, and the results are identical to the available exact solutions
[24,25]. In particular, due to the symmetry inherent in the homo-
geneous plate, the frequencies for the CF, CS and SF conditions
are the same as for the FC, SC and FS conditions, respectively.
Note that for an eigenvalue problem, the amplitude of the
eigenfunctions is indeterminate, and we can simply set C
1
= 1
while solve for C
2
from one of the equations in Eq. (15). The mode
of the plate then can be obtained from Eq. (10), and for illustration,
is shown in Fig. 2 for the CF plate (a = 0.5, n = 2).
To further verify the present analysis, we use the commercial
software ANSYS to get the corresponding results for the CF plate.
The thickness of the plate is taken to be h = 0.01. A total of
200 200 elements of identical size are discretized. The material
properties of each element are assumed constant, which take the
values at the center of the element. As shown in Table 10, two
methods agree well with each other. In the calculation, we further
nd that the results of ANSYS approach to the present analytical
results when the number of elements in the FE model increases.
5. Conclusion
In this paper, the material inhomogeneity in the in-plane of an
FGM plate is taken into consideration for the free vibration analy-
sis. Since the plate is still symmetric with respect to its middle
plane, only exural vibration is considered. The governing equation
is presented. For the particular case when the plate is simply sup-
ported along the edges parallel with the material gradient direc-
tion, a Levy-type solution is obtained by the Fourier series
expansion and an integration technique, which turns two-point
Table 6
Frequency parameter k for the SC case.
a n
0 0.5 1 2 2.5 3
0.2 16.0482 15.5181 15.6071 15.7654 15.8275 15.8788
0.5 7.1885 6.9426 7.0015 7.1225 7.1673 7.2013
1 4.8627 4.7166 4.7771 4.8977 4.9410 4.9731
2 4.1631 4.0712 4.1355 4.2520 4.2932 4.3236
5 3.9642 3.8939 3.9596 4.0726 4.1124 4.1419
10 3.9360 3.8691 3.9350 4.0474 4.0869 4.1162
20 3.9289 3.8630 3.9288 4.0411 4.0805 4.1098
100 3.9267 3.8610 3.9269 4.0391 4.0785 4.1078
1000 3.9266 3.8609 3.9268 4.0390 4.0784 4.1077
1 3.9266 3.8609 3.9268 4.0390 4.0784 4.1077
Table 7
Frequency parameter k for the FS case.
a n
0 0.5 1 2 2.5 3
0.2 15.7344 15.3236 15.4457 15.5937 15.6384 15.6689
0.5 6.4185 6.2813 6.3496 6.4157 6.4297 6.4377
1 3.4183 3.3802 3.4326 3.4744 3.4803 3.4819
2 2.0084 2.0163 2.0603 2.0908 2.0932 2.0923
5 1.1597 1.1778 1.2090 1.2293 1.2303 1.2289
10 0.8069 0.8215 0.8440 0.8585 0.8592 0.8581
20 0.5682 0.5787 0.5949 0.6051 0.6056 0.6048
100 0.2538 0.2575 0.2657 0.2704 0.2706 0.2702
1000 0.0802 0.0824 0.0840 0.0855 0.0856 0.0854
1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Table 8
Frequency parameter k for the FC case.
a n
0 0.5 1 2 2.5 3
0.2 15.7397 15.3359 15.4636 15.6219 15.6674 15.6945
0.5 6.4577 6.3330 6.4078 6.4734 6.4850 6.4904
1 3.5619 3.5552 3.6240 3.6685 3.6707 3.6685
2 2.3883 2.4676 2.5523 2.5987 2.5966 2.5891
5 1.9635 2.0972 2.1980 2.2507 2.2463 2.2355
10 1.8974 2.0420 2.1462 2.2002 2.1954 2.1839
20 1.8807 2.0281 2.1333 2.1876 2.1827 2.1710
100 1.8753 2.0237 2.1291 2.1836 2.1786 2.1669
1000 1.8751 2.0235 2.1290 2.1834 2.1785 2.1667
1 1.8751 2.0235 2.1290 2.1834 2.1785 2.1667
Table 9
Frequency parameter k for the FF case.
a n
0 0.5 1 2 2.5 3
0.2 15.6602 15.1389 15.1723 15.2157 15.2330 15.2487
0.5 6.2406 6.6717 6.0632 6.0930 6.1036 6.1126
1 3.1034 3.9399 3.0160 3.0331 3.0392 3.0442
2 1.5421 1.4922 1.4985 1.5074 1.5106 1.5133
5 0.6143 0.5945 0.5970 0.6005 0.6018 0.6029
10 0.3069 0.2970 0.2983 0.3000 0.3007 0.3012
20 0.1534 0.1485 0.1491 0.1500 0.1503 0.1506
100 0.0307 0.0297 0.0298 0.0300 0.0300 0.0301
1000 0.0031 0.0030 0.0030 0.0030 0.0030 0.0030
1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Fig. 2. Vibration mode of FGM plate for the CF case (a = 0.5, n = 2) at k = 6.2021.
Table 10
Comparisons of frequency (Hz) with ANSYS for the CF plate.
a = 0.2 a = 0.5 a = 1 a = 2
Present 3878.8612 643.9008 187.1897 76.2536
ANSYS 3878.9244 643.9125 187.1949 76.2590
Error (%) 0.001 0.001 0.003 0.007
1050 D.Y. Liu et al. / Composite Structures 92 (2010) 10471051
boundary-value problems to initial value problems. The effect of
in-plane material inhomogeneity on the fundamental frequencies
is well shown by the numerical examples.
Acknowledgement
The work was sponsored by the National Natural Science Foun-
dation of China (Grant No. 10725210) and the National Basic Re-
search Program of China (Grant No. 2009CB623200).
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