DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

S3 EEE
ME 251 - THERMODYNAMICS
TWO MARKS QUESTION AND ANSWER
1. Defie !"e !e#$ !"e#$%& e'iee#i'.
Ans: Thermal engineering is the science that deals with the energy transfer to practical
applications such as energy transfer power generation, refrigeration, gas compression and
its effect on the properties of working substance.
2. W"%! i( $e%! )* !"e#$+,*%$i- (*(!e$. H+/ ,+ *+0 -&%((if* i!. 1MU 2 O-!3445
A6#327778 9RU 2 A6#34:; MSU 2 A6#34:<
Ans: Thermodynamic system is defined as the any space or matter or group of matter
where the energy transfer or energy conversions are studied.
It may be classified into three types.
(a) pen system
(b) !losed system
(c) Isolated system
3. W"%! i( $e%! )* -&+(e, (*(!e$. Gi=e % e>%$6&e.19NU 2 N+=345<
Ans: "hen a system has only heat and work transfer, but there is no mass transfer, it is
called as closed system.
#$ample: %iston and cylinder arrangement.
?. Defie % +6e (*(!e$5 Gi=e % e>%$6&e.
Ans: "hen a system has both mass and energy transfer it is called as open system.
#$ample: Air !ompressor.
5. Diffe#e!i%!e -&+(e, %, +6e (*(!e$. 1MU 2 A6#34@5 MKU 2 N+=345<
C&+(e, S*(!e$ O6e S*(!e$
&. There is no mass transfer. nly heat and
work will transfer.
&. 'ass transfer will take place, in addition
to the heat and work transfer.
(. )ystem boundary is fi$ed one (. )ystem boundary may or may not
change.
*. #$: %iston + cylinder arrangement,
Thermal power plant
*. Air compressor, boiler
:. Defie % i(+&%!e, (*(!e$
Ans: Isolated system is not affected by surroundings. There is no heat, work and mass
transfer take place. In this system total energy remains constant.
#$ample: #ntire ,niverse
A. Defie8 S6e-ifi- "e%! -%6%-i!* %! -+(!%! 6#e((0#e. 1MU 2 O-!344<
Ans: It isdefined as the amount of heat energy re-uired to raise or lower the temperature
of unit mass of the substance through one degree when the pressure kept constant. It is
denoted by !p.
@. Defie8 S6e-ifi- "e%! -%6%-i!* %! -+(!%! =+&0$e.
Ans: it is defined as the amount of heat energy re-uired to raise or lower the temperature
of unit mass of the substance through one degree when volume kept constant.
4. W"%! i( $e%! )* (0##+0,i'(.
Ans: Any other matter out side the system boundary is called as surroundings.
17. W"%! i( )+0,%#*.
Ans: )ystem and surroundings are separated by an imaginary line is called boundary.
11. W"%! i( $e%! )* !"e#$+,*%$i- 6#+6e#!*. 1MU 2 A6#32771; 9RU 2 N+=34:;
9NU 2 N+=34?<
Ans: Thermodynamic property is any characteristic of a substance which is used to
identify the state of the system and can be measured, when the system remains in an
e-uilibrium state.
12. H+/ ,+ *+0 -&%((if* !"e 6#+6e#!*.
Ans: Thermodynamic property can be classified into two types.
&. Intensive or Intrinsic and
(. #$tensive and #$trinsic property.
13. Defie I!e(i=e %, E>!e(i=e 6#+6e#!ie(. 1MU 2 O-!34:54@; MKU 2 A6#34:<
Ans: The properties which are independent on the mass of the system is called intensive
properties.
e.g., %ressure, Temperature, )pecific .olume etc.,
The properties which are dependent on the mass of the system is called e$tensive
properties.
e.g., Total energy, Total volume, weight etc.
1?. Diffe#e!i%!e I!e(i=e %, E>!e(i=e 6#+6e#!ie( 1MU 2 A6#3445 A6#32771; MSU
2 N+=34:<
I!e(i=e P#+6e#!ie( E>!e(i=e P#+6e#!ie(
&. Independent on the mass of the system /ependent on the mass of the system.
(. If we consider part of the system these
properties remain same.
e.g. pressure, Temperature specific volume
etc.,
If we consider part of the system it will
have a lesser value.
e.g., Total energy, Total volume, weight
etc.,
*. #$tensive property0mass is known as
intensive property
11
15. W"%! ,+ *+0 0,e#(!%, )* eB0i&i)#i0$ +f % (*(!e$.
Ans: "hen a system remains in e-uilibrium state, it should not undergo any charges to its
own accord.
1:. W"%! i( $e%! )* !"e#$+,*%$i- eB0i&i)#i0$. 1MU 2 A6#34@; MSU 2 A6#34:<
Ans: "hen a system is in thermodynamic e-uilibrium, it should satisfy the following
three conditions.
(a) 'echanical #-uilibrium :1 %ressure remains constant
(b) Thermal e-uilibrium :1 Temperature remains constant
(c) !hemical e-uilibrium : There is no chemical reaction.
1A. S!%!e !"e Fi#(! &%/ +f !"e#$+,*%$i-( 1MU 2 A6#345<
Ans:2irst of thermodynamics states that when system undergoes a cyclic process the net
heat transfer is e-ual to work transfer.
1@. Defie8 PMM +f fi#(! Ci,
Ans: %'' of first kind delivers work continuously without any input. It violates first
law of thermodynamics, It is impossible to construct an engine working with this
principle.
14. Defie !"e !e#$ 6#+-e(( 1MKU 2 N+=34:<
Ans: It is defined as the change of state undergone by a gas due to energy flow.
27. Defie !"e !e#$ C*-&e8 1MKU 2 N+=34:<
Ans: "hen a system undergoes a series of processes and return to its initial condition, it
is known as cycle.
21. W"%! i( $e%! )* +6e %, -&+(e, -*-&e.
Ans: In a closed cycle, the same working substance will recirculate again and again.
In a open cycle, the same working substance will be e$hausted to the surroundings after
e$pansion.
22. W"%! i( $e%! )* #e=e#(i)&e %, i##e=e#(i)&e 6#+-e((. 1MU 2 A6#32771; 9NU 2
N+=34?<
Ans: A process is said to be reversible, it should trace the same path in the reverse
direction when the process is reversed. It is possible only when the system passes
through a continuous series of e-uilibrium state.
If a system does not pass through continuous e-uilibrium state, then the process is said to
be irreversible.
23. W"%! i( $e%! )* P+i! %, P%!" f0-!i+. 1M0 2 O-!32777; MKU 2 N+=34?<
Ans: The -uantities which is independent on the process or path followed by the system
is known as point functions.
#$ample: %ressure, volume, temperature, etc.,
The -uantities which are dependent on the process or path followed by the system is
known as path functions.
#$ample: 3eat transfer, work transfer.
2?. W"%! i( Q0%(i 2 S!%!i- 6#+-e((. 1MU 2 O-!34@5 A6#32777 D 2771; 9NU 2 N+=345<
Ans: The process is said to be -uasi 4 static, it should proceed infinitesimally slow and
follows continuous series of e-uilibrium states. Therefore, the -uasi static, it should
proceed infinitesimally slow and follows continuous series of e-uilibrium states.
Therefore, the -uasi static process may be an reversible process.
25. E>6&%i Ee#+!" L%/ +f !"e#$+,*%$i-(. 1MU 2 N+=34?5 A6#32771; 9RU 2
A6#34:<
Ans: 5eroth law of thermodynamics states that when two systems are separately in
thermal e-uilibrium with a third system, then they themselves are in thermal e-uilibrium
with each other.
2:. Defie !"e !e#$ e!"%&6*. 1MU 2 O-!344<
Ans: The !ombination of internal energy and flow energy is known as enthalpy of the
system. It may also be defined as the total heat of the substance.
'athematically, enthalpy (3) 6 , 7 pv 89)
"here, , 4 internal energy
p 4 pressure
v 4 volume
In terms of !p + T : 3 6 m!p (T(1T&)89
2A. Defie !"e !e#$ i!e#%& ee#'* 1MKU 2 A6#34:<
Ans: Internal energy of a gas is the energy stored in a gas due to its molecular
interactions.
It is also defined as the energy possessed by a gas at a given temperature.
2@. W"%! i( $e%! )* !"e#$+,*%$i- /+#C.
Ans: It is the work done by the system when the energy transferred across the boundary
of the system. It is mainly due to intensive property difference between the system and
surroundings.
24. Defie He%!.
Ans: 3eat is the energy crossing the boundary due to the temperature difference between
the system and surroundings.
37. Gi=e !"e 'ee#%& '%( ee#'* eB0%!i+(. 1MU 2 A6#345 D 4@<
Ans: d3 6 d# 7 d".
31. S!%!e !"e &%/ +f -+(e#=%!i+ +f ee#'* 19RU 2 N+=345<
Ans: #nergy can neither be created nor destroyed, but it can be transferred from one form
to another.
32. Defie e!#+6* +f % 60#e (0)(!%-e. 1MU 2 O-!32777; MKU 2 N+=34:; 9RU 2
N+=345<
Ans: #ntropy is an important thermodynamic property, which increases with addition of
heat and decreases with its removal. #ntropy is a function of temperature only. It is an
unavailability of energy during energy transfer.
33. Defie % i(e!#+6i- 6#+-e((. 1MU 2 O-!344<
Ans: Isentropic process is also called as reversible adiabatic process. It is a process
which follows the law of p.
y
6 ! is known as isentropic process. /uring this process
entropy remains constant and no heat enters or leaves the gas.
3?. E>6&%i !"e !"#+!!&i' 6#+-e((.
Ans: "hen a gas or vapour e$pands and flows through an aperture of small si;e, the
process is called as throttling process.
35. W+#C ,+e i % f#ee e>6%(i+ 6#+-e(( i( FFFFFFFFF 1MU 2 A6#34A<
Ans: 5ero
3:. Defie f#ee e>6%(i+ 6#+-e((.
Ans: "hen a gas e$pands suddenly into a vacuum through a large orifice is known as
free e$pansion process.
3A. W"i-" 6#+6e#!* i( -+(!%! ,0#i' !"#+!!&i'. 1MU 2 O-!34@5 O-!32777<
Ans: #nthalpy
3@. If i !"e eB0%!i+ PG

H C5 !"e =%&0e +f H !"e !"e 6#+-e(( i( -%&&e, FFFFFFF
Ans: !onstant .olume process
34. T"e 6+&*!#+6i- i,e> 1< i( 'i=e )* FFFFFFFF 1MU 2 A6#345 D 4:<
Ans: n 6 log (%(0%&)0 log (.&0.()
?7. W+#C !#%(fe# i( eB0%& !+ "e%! !#%(fe# i -%(e +f FFFFFFFF 6#+-e((.MU 2N+=34?<
Ans: Isothermal process.
?1. W#i!e ,+/ !"e -"%#%-!e#i(!i- '%( eB0%!i+.
Ans: !haracteristic gas e-uation is p. 6 m<T
"here,
p 6 pressure
. 6 .olume
< 6 !haracteristic gas constant
T 6 Temperature.
?2. W"%! i( $e%! )* (!e%,* f&+/ 6#+-e((. 19NU 2 N+=34:<
Ans: /uring the process the rate of flow of mass and energy across the boundary remains
constant, is known as steady flow process.
?3. W"%! i( !"e ,iffe#e-e )e!/ee (!e%,* f&+/ %, + 2 f&+/ 6#+-e((.
Ans: /uring the steady flow process the rate of flow of mass and energy across the
boundary remains constant.
In case of non 4 flow across the system and boundary.
??. S!%!e !"e Ke&=i 2 P&%C (!%!e$e! +f (e-+, &%/ +f !"e#$+,*%$i-(
Ans: 8elvin 4 %lank states that it is impossible to construct a heat engine working on
cyclic process, whose only purpose is to convert all the heat energy given to it into an
e-ual amount of work.
?5. S!%!e C&%0(i0( (!%!e$e! +f (e-+, &%/ +f !"e#$+,*%$i-(.
Ans: It states that heat can flow from hot body to cold without any e$ternal aid but heat
cannot flow from cold body to hot body without any e$ternal aid.
?:. S!%!e C%#+!3( !"e+#e$.
Ans: =o heat engine operating in a cyclic process between two fi$ed temperature, can be
more efficient than a reversible engine operating between the same temperature limits.
?A. W"%! %#e !"e C+#+&&%#ie( +f C%#+! !"e+#e$.
Ans: (i) In all the reversible engine operating between the two given thermal reservoirs
with fi$ed temperature, have the same efficiency.
(ii) The efficiency of any reversible heat engine operating between two reservoirs is
independent of the nature of the working fluid and depends only on the temperature of
the reservoirs.
?@. Defie 2 PMM +f (e-+, Ci,.
Ans: %erpetual motion machine of second kind draws heat continuously from single
reservoir and converts it into e-uivalent amount of work. Thus it gives &>>? efficiency.
?4. W"%! i( !"e ,iffe#e-e )e!/ee % "e%! 60$6 %, % #ef#i'e#%!+#.
Ans: 3eat pump is a device which operating in cyclic process, maintains the temperature
of a hot body at a temperature higher than the temperature of surroundings.
A refrigerator is a device which operating in a cyclic process, maintains the temperature
of a cold body at a temperature lower than the temperature of the surroundings.
57. W"%! i( $e%! )* "e%! e'ie.
Ans: A heat engine is a device which is used to convert the thermal energy into
mechanical energy.
51. Defie !"e !e#$ COP.
Ans: !o1efficient of performance is defined as the ratio of heat e$tracted or re@ected to
work input.
3eat e$tracted or re@ected
!% 6 11111111111111111111111111111111
"ork input
52. W#i!e !"e e>6#e((i+ f+# COP +f % "e%! 60$6 %, % #ef#i'e#%!+#.
Ans: !% of heat pump
3eat )upplied T(
!% 3% 6 1111111111111111111 6 11111111
"ork input T(1T&
!% of <efrigerator
3eat e$trated T&
!% 3% 6 111111111111111 6 11111111
"ork input T(1T&
53. W"%! i( !"e #e&%!i+ )e!/ee COPHP %, COP #ef.
Ans: !%3% 6 !%ref 7&
5?. W"* C%#+! -*-&e -%+! )e #e%&iIe, i 6#%-!i-%&.
Ans: (i) In a !arnot cycle all the four process are reversible but in actual practice there is
no process is reversible.
(ii) There are two processes to be carried out during compression and e$pansion. 2or
isothermal process the piston moves very slowly and for adiabatic process the piston
moves as fast as possible. This speed variation during the same stroke of the piston is not
possible.
(iii) It is not possible to avoid friction moving parts completely.
55. N%$e !/+ %&!e#%!i=e $e!"+,( )* /"i-" !"e effi-ie-* +f % C%#+! -*-&e -% )e
increased.
Ans: (i) #fficiency can be increased as the higher temperature T( increases.
(ii) #fficiency can be increased as the lower temperature T& decreases.
5:. W"* % "e%! e'ie -%+! "%=e 177J effi-ie-*.
Ans: 2or all the heat engines there will be a heat loss between system and surroundings.
Therefore we canAt convert all the heat input into useful work.
5A. W"e /i&& )e !"e C%#+! -*-&e effi-ie-* i( $%>i$0$.
Ans: !arnot cycle efficiency is ma$imum when the initial temperature is >K.
5@. W"%! %#e !"e 6#+-e((e( i=+&=e, i C%#+! -*-&e.
Ans: !arnot cycle consist of
i) <eversible isothermal compression
ii) isentropic compression
iii) reversible isothermal e$pansion
iv) isentropic e$pansion
54. W#i!e !"e e>6#e((i+ f+# effi-ie-* +f !"e -%#+! -*-&e.
T( 4 T&
Ans: n 6 111111111
T(
:7. Defie8 T"e#$+,*%$i- -*-&e(.
Ans: Thermodynamic cycle is defined as the series of processes performed on the system,
so that the system attains to its original state.
:1. Defie !"e !e#$ -+$6#e((i+ #%!i+.
Ans: !ompression ratio is the ratio between total cylinder volume to clearance volume.
It is denoted by the letter BrA
:2. W"%! i( !"e #%'e +f -+$6#e((i+ #%!i+ f+# SI %, ,ie(e& e'ie.
Ans: 2or petrol of )I engine C to D
2or diesel engine &( to &D.
:3. W"i-" -*-&e i( $+#e effi-ie! f+# !"e (%$e -+$6#e((i+ #%!i+ %, "e%! i60!5
O!!+ -*-&e +# Die(e& -*-&e.
Ans: tto cycle is more efficient than diesel cycle
:?. W#i!e !"e e>6#e((i+ f+# effi-ie-* +f !"e +!!+ -*-&e.
Ans:
&
#fficiency n 6& 1 111111111
(r)
r1&
:5. T"e effi-ie-* +f !"e ,ie(e& -*-&e %66#+%-"e( !"e +!!+ -*-&e effi-ie-* /"e !"e
-0! +ff #%!i+ i( FFFFFF
Ans: reduced
::. W"i-" ,e=i-e i( 0(e, !+ -+!#+& !"e Ai# 2 f0e& #%!i+ i !"e 6e!#+& e'ie.
Ans: !arburettor
:A. W"i-" ,e=i-e i( 0(e, !+ -+!#+& !"e Ai# f0e& #%!i+ i !"e ,ie(e& e'ie.
Ans: In@ection no;;le
:@. T"e (6ee, +f % f+0# (!#+Ce I.C. e'ie i( 1577#6$. W"%! /i&& )e !"e (6ee, +f !"e
-%$ ("%f!.
Ans: EF> rpm.
:4. A&& !"e f+0# +6e#%!i+( i !/+ (!#+Ce e'ie %#e 6e#f+#$e, i FFFFFFFF 0$)e#
+f #e=+&0!i+ +f -#%C ("%f!.
Ans: one
A7. A&& !"e f+0# +6e#%!i+( i f+0# (!#+Ce e'ie %#e 6e#f+#$e, i FFFFFFF 0$)e#
+f +6e#%!i+(.
Ans: Two
A1. I +!!+ -*-&e !"e -+$6#e((i+ #%!i+ i( FFFFFFF !+ e>6%(i+ #%!i+.
Ans: #-ual
A2. I ,ie(e& e'ie5 !"e -+$6#e((i+ #%!i+ i( FFFFFFFFFF !"% e>6%(i+ #%!i+.
Ans: Greater
A3. W"%! i( $e%! )* -0!+ff #%!i+.
Ans: !utoff ratio is defined as the ratio of volume after the heat addition to before the
heat addition. It is denoted by the letter BpA
A?. W"%! %#e !"e %((0$6!i+( $%,e f+# %i# (!%,%#, -*-&e.
Ans:
&. Air is the working substance.
(. Throughout the cycle, air behaves as a perfect gas and obeys all the gas laws.
*. =o chemical reaction takes place in the cylinder
H. Ioth e$pansion and compression are strictly isentropic
F. The values of specific heats of the air remain constant throughout the cycle.
A5. W"%! i( !"e ,iffe#e-e )e!/ee +!!+ %, Die(e& -*-&e.
O!!+ C*-&e Die(e& C*-&e
&. tto cycle consist of two adiabatic and
two constant volume process.
&. It consists of two adiabatic, one constant
volume and one constant pressure
processes.
(. !ompression ratio is e-ual to e$pansion
ratio
(. !ompression ratio is greater than
e$pansion ratio.
*. 3eat addition takes place at constant
volume.
*. 3eat addition takes place at constant
pressure
H. !ompression ratio is less. It is varies
from C to D.
H. !ompression ratio is more. It varies
from &( to &D.
A:. W"%! i( !"e +!"e# %$e 'i=e !+ +!!+ -*-&e.
Ans: !onstant volume cycle.
AA. W"%! i( $e%! )* %i# (!%,%#, effi-ie-* +f !"e -*-&e.
Ans: It is defined as the ratio of work done by the cycle to the heat supplied to the cycle.
"ork done
#fficiency n 6 11111111111111
3eat supplied
A@. Defie8 Me% effe-!i=e 6#e((0#e +f % I.C. e'ie.
Ans: 'ean effective pressure is defined as the constant pressure acting on the piston
during the working stroke. It is also defined as the ratio of work done to the stroke
volume or piston displacement volume.
A4. W"%! /i&& )e !"e effe-! +f -+$6#e((i+ #%!i+ + effi-ie-* +f !"e ,ie(e& -*-&e.
Ans: #fficiency increases with the increase in compression ratio and vice 4 versa.
@7. W"%! /i&& )e !"e effe-! +f -0! +ff #%!i+ + effi-ie-* +f !"e ,ie(e& -*-&e.
Ans: #fficiency decreases with the increase of cut off ratio and vice 4 versa.
@1. T"e !"e#$%& effi-ie-* +f % !/+ (!#+Ce -*-&e e'ie i( FFFFFFF !"% !"e f+0#
(!#+Ce -*-&e e'ie.
Ans: Jesser.
@2. Defie8 S6e-ifi- f0e& -+(0$6!i+.
Ans: )2! is defined as the amount of fuel consumed per brake power hour of work.
@3. W"%! i( $e%! )* -%&+#ifi- =%&0e +f % f0e&.
Ans: !alorific value of a fuel is defined as the amount of heat liberated by the compete
combustion of unit -uantity of a fuel.
@?. Gi=e !"e e>6#e((i+ f+# effi-ie-* +f !"e D0%& -*-&e.
Ans:
& 8pr 1 &
#fficiency n 6 & 1 1111111 11111111111111111
(r)r1& (81&) 7 y8(p1&)
where,
r 4 !ompression ratio
k 4 pressure or #$passion ratio
p 4 cut off ratio and
y 4 adiabatic inde$
@5. T"e effi-ie-* +f !"e D0%& -*-&e i( FFFFFFF !"% !"e ,ie(e& -*-&e %, FFFFFF !"%
!"e +!!+ -*-&e f+# !"e (%$e -+$6#e((i+ #%!i+.
Ans: greater, less.
@:. W"%! %#e !"e f%-!+#( if&0e-i' +f !"e D0%& -*-&e.
Ans: &. !ompression ratio (.cut off ratio *. pressure ratio and H. heat supplied at constant
volume and constant pressure.
@A. T"e 9#%*!+ -*-&e i( $%i&* 0(e, i FFFFFFF
Ans: Gas turbine power plant.
@@. Gi=e !"e e>6#e((i+ f+# effi-ie-* +f !"e 9#%*!+ -*-&e.
Ans:
&
#fficiency n 6 & 1 1111111111 where <p 4 pressure ratio.
(<p)
y1&
@4. T"e !/+ (!#+Ce -*-&e e'ie 'i=e( FFFFFF !"e 0$)e# +f 6+/e# (!#+Ce( %(
-+$6%#e, !+ !"e f+0# (!#+Ce -*-&e e'ie5 %! !"e (%$e e'ie (6ee,.
Ans : double.
47. I 6e!#+& e'ie5 !"e -"%#'e i( i'i!e, /i!" !"e "e&6 +f FFFFFFFF
Ans : )park plug
41. T"e ,ie(e& e'ie ,#%/( !"e $i>!0#e +f ,ie(e& %, %i# ,0#i' (0-!i+ (!#+Ce 1T#0e
K F%&(e<
Ans : 2alse.
42. W"%! i( !"e f0e& iLe-!+#.
Ans : 2uel in@ector is used in diesel engine to in@ect and atomi;e the diesel at the end of
the compression stroke.
43. W"%! i( $e%! )* SI e'ie . W"* i! i( -%&&e, (+ .
Ans : )I engine means spark ignition engine. In )I engine air fuel mi$ture is ignited by
spark plug hence it is called spark ignition engine. It is also called as petrol engine.
4?. Gi=e f+0# $%L+# ,iffe#e-e )e!/ee !/+ (!#+Ce %, f+0# (!#+Ce IC e'ie.
N+ T/+ (!#+Ce -*-&e e'ie F+0# S!#+Ce -*-&e e'ie
& ne cycle is completed in two
stroke of the piston or one
revolution of the crank shaft.
ne cycle is completed in four
stroke of the piston or two revolution
of the crank shaft.
( 2or the same speed, twice the
number of power strokes are
produced than H stroke engine.
2or the same speed, half of the
number of power strokes are
produced than ( stroke engine.
* Turning moment is more uniform
and hence lighter flywheel is used.
Turning moment is not uniform and
hence bigger flywheel is used.
H It contains ports which is operated
by the piston movement.
It contains valves which is operated
by valve mechanism.
45. W"%! i( $e%! )* CI E'ie . W"* i! i( -%&&e, (+ .
Ans : !I engine means compression ignition engine. In !I engine the fuel is in@ected by a
fuel in@ector in atomi;ed form because of high compressed air it gets ignited
automatically. 3ence it is called as compression ignition engine.
4:. W"%! i( % !/+ (!#+Ce e'ie .
Ans : A two stroke engine is an engine in which one cycle of operation is completed in
two stroke of the piston or one revolution of the crank shaft.
4A. W"%! i( % f+0# (!#+Ce e'ie .
Ans : A four stroke engine is an engine in which one cycle of operation is completed in
four stroke of the piston or two revolution of the crank shaft.
4@. N%$e !"e f+0# (!#+Ce( +f % IC e'ie.
Ans : )uction, compression, power and e$haust stroke.
44. Diffe#e!i%!e 6e!#+& %, Die(e& e'ie(.
Pe!#+& +# SI e'ie( Die(e& +# CI e'ie
&. !ombustion of air fuel mi$ture takes
place by spark produced by sparkplug.
&. !ombustion takes place by high
compressed air.
(. !arburetor is used to mi$ the air fuel
mi$ture.
(. 2uel in@ector is used to in@ect the fuel in
atomi;ed form.
*. !ompression ratio varies from C to D. *. !ompression ratio varies from &( to &D.
H.It works on tto cycle. H. It works on /iesel or /ual cycle.
177. W"%! i( % G%( !0#)ie. H+/ ,+ *+0 -&%((if*.
Ans: Gas turbine is an a$ial flow rotary turbine in which working medium is gas.
!lassification of gas turbine.
&. According to the cycle of operation
a) open cycle b) closed cycle and c) semi 4 closed cycle.
(. According to the process
a) constant volume and b) constant pressure process.
171. W"%! i( $e%! )* -&+(e, -*-&e '%( !0#)ie.
Ans: In closed cycle gas turbine, the same working fluid is recirculated again and again.
172. W"%! i( $e%! )* +6e -*-&e '%( !0#)ie.
Ans: In open cycle gas turbine, the e$haust gas form turbine is e$hausted to the
atmosphere and fresh air is taken in compressor for every cycle.
173. G%( !0#)ie i( /+#Ci' + -----*-&e
Ans: Irayton or 9ules cycle.
17?. H+/ -% /e i-#e%(e !"e effi-ie-* +f !"e '%( !0#)ie.
Ans: Iy providing inter cooler, re1heater along with heat e$changes.
175. Diffe#e!i%!e +6e %, -&+(e, -*-&e '%( !0#)ie(.
O6e -*-&e '%( !0#)ie C&+(e, -*-&e '%( !0#)ie
&. "orking substance is e$hausted to the
atmosphere after one cycle.
&. The same working substance is
recirculated again and again.
(. %re1cooler is not re-uired (. %re1cooler is re-uired to cool the e$haust
gas to the original temperature.
*. 3igh -uality fuels are used *. Jow -uality fuels are used
H. 2or the same power developed si;e and
weight of the plant is small
H. )i;e and weight are bigger.
17:. W"%! i( !"e f0-!i+ +f i!e#-++&e# i '%( !0#)ie(. W"e#e i! i( 6&%-e,.
Ans: The intercooler is placed between J.%. and 3.%. compressors. It is used to cool the
gas coming form J.%. compressor to its original temperature.
17A. W"* #e-"e%!e# i( e-e((%#* i '%( !0#)ie. W"%! %#e i!( effe-!(.
Ans: The e$pansion process is very often performed in two sperate turbine stages. The
re1heater is placed between the 3.%. and J.%. turbines to increase the enthalpy of the
e$haust gas coming from 3.%. turbine.
#ffects:
&. Turbine output is increased for the same compression ratio
(. Thermal efficiency is less.
17@. W"%! i( !"e f0-!i+ +f #e'ee#%!+# i '%( !0#)ie.
Ans: The main function of heat regenerator is to e$change the heat from e$haust gas to
the compressed air for preheating before combustion chamber. It increases fuel economy
and increase thermal efficiency.
174. W"%! i( $e%! )* (i'&e %-!i' -+$6#e((+#.
In single acting compressor, the suction, compression and delivery of air take place on
one side of the piston.
117. W"%! i( $e%! )* ,+0)&e %-!i' -+$6#e((+#.
In double acting reciprocating compressor, the suction compressin and delivery of air
take place on both side of the piston.
111. W"%! i( $e%! )* (i'&e (!%'e -+$6#e((+#.
In single stage compressor, the compression of air from the initial pressure to the final
pressure is carried out in one cylinder only.
112. Defie -&e%#%-e #%!i+
!learance ratio is defined as the ratio of clearance volume to swept volume (or) stroke
volume.
.c .c 4 clearance volume
! 6 11111111 .s 4 swept volume
.s
113. W"%! i( -+$6#e((i+ #%!i+.
!ompression ratio is defined as the ratio between total volume and clearance volume.
Total volume
!ompression ratio 6 1111111111111111111
!learance .olume
11?. W"%! %#e !"e f%-!+#( !"%! effe-! !"e =+&0$e!#i- effi-ie-* +f % #e-i6#+-%!i'
-+$6#e((+#.
&) !learance volume () !ompression ratio.
115. C+$6#e((+# C%6%-i!* i(
a) .olume of air delivered
b) .olume of air sucked
c) Ioth a and b
d) =ine of the above
Ans: (a)
11:. C+$6#e((+# -%6%-i!* i( "i'"e(!5 /"e !"e i!%Ce %i# !e$6e#%!0#e i( FFFFFFF
Ans: Jowest
11A. C+$6#e((+# -%6%-i!* i( e>6#e((e, i FFFFFFFFFFF
Ans: m
*
0min
11@. A( !"e -+$6#e((i+ #%!i+ i-#e%(e(5 !"e =+&0$e!#i- effi-ie-* +f %i# -+$6#e((+#
FFFFFFF
Ans: /ecreases.
114.A 57 $
3
K$i -+$6#e((+# -%
a) !ompress F>m
*
0min of free air
b) !ompress F>m
*
0min of standard air
c) /eliver F>m
*
0min of standard air
d) /eliver F>m
*
0min of free air.
Ans: a)
127. F+# ,e&i=e#i' &%#'e %$+0! +f %i# %! &+/ 6#e((0#e
a) <otary compressors are used
b) <eciprocating compressors are used
c) All engines are used
d) All the above
Ans: (a)
121. I '%( !0#)ie5 !*6e +f #+!%#* -+$6#e((+# 0(e, i( FFFFFFFFFF
Ans: A$ial flow compressor.
122. I Ae#+6&%e5 !*6e +f #+!%#* -+$6#e((+# 0(e, i( FFFFFFFFFFF
Ans: A$ial flow compressor.
123. W"%! i( !"e ,iffe#e-e )e!/ee -+$6&e!e 1+#< 6e#fe-! i!e# -++&i' %,
i-+$6&e&!e 1+#< i$6e#fe-! i!e# -++&i'.
%erfect Inter cooling
"hen the temperature of air leaving the intercooler (T*) is e-ual to the original
atmospheric air temperature (T&), then the inter cooling is known as perfect inter cooling.
Imperfect Inter cooling
"hen the temperature of air leaving the inter cooler (T*) is more than original
atmospheric air temperature (T&), then the inter cooling is known as Imperfect inter
cooling.
12?. P+/e# #eB0i#e$e! +f % #ef#i'e#%!+# i( FFFFFFFFF
Ans: Inversely proportional to cop
125. I SI Ui!(5 +e !+ +f #ef#i'e#%!i+ i( eB0%& !+ FFFFFFFFFF
Ans: (&>890min
12:. T"e -%6%-i!* +f % ,+$e(!i- #ef#i'e#%!+# i( i !"e #%'e +f FFFFFFFFFF
Ans: >.& to >.* tonnes.
12A. COP +f % #ef#i'e#%!+# /+#Ci' + % #e=e#(e, -%#+! -+,e i( FFFFFFFFF
Ans: T(
11111111111
T& 4 T(
12@. T"e =%6+0# -+$6#e((i+ #ef#i'e#%!+# e$6&+*( !"e FFFFFFFFFF-*-&e
Ans: <eversed carnot
124. I =%6+0# -+$6#e((i+ -*-&e !"e -+,i!i+ +f #ef#i'e#%! i( ,#* (%!0#%!e,
=%6+0# FFFFFFFF
Ans: Iefore entering the compressor.
137. Gi=e !"e ? i$6+#!%! 6%#%$e!e#( !"%! %#e !+ )e $e%(0#e, %, -+!#+&&e, +f %
%i# -+,i!i+i' (*(!e$.
&. Temperature of air
(. 3umidity of air
*. %urity of air
H. 'otion of air
131. N%$e !"e -*-&e( + /"i-" % Ai# #ef#i'e#%!i+ (*(!e$ /+#C(.
Ans: &. <eversed carnot cycle (. Iell 4 coleman cycle
132. N%$e f+0# i$6+#!%! 6#+6e#!ie( +f % '++, #ef#i'e#%!
Ans: &. Jow boiling point
(. 3igh critical temperature + pressure
*. Jow sp.heat of li-uid
H. =on 4 flammable and non e$plosive.
133. N%$e (+$e +f !"e eB0i6$e!( 0(e, i %i# -+,i!i+i' (*(!e$
Ans: &. 2ilter
(. !ooling coil
*. 3eating coil
H. !ompressor
F. !ondeser
C. #vaporator
13?. N%$e %* f+0# -+$$+&* 0(e, #ef#i'e#%!(
AnsK &. Ammonia (=3*)
(. !arbon di o$ide (!()
*. )ulphur di o$ide ()()
H. 2reon 4 &(.
135. W"%! %#e !"e f%-!+#( !+ )e -+(i,e#e, i %i# -+,i!i+i' % #++$.
Ans: &. Temperature of air
(. 3umidity of air
*. %urity of air
H. 'otion of air.
13:. T"e ,++# +f % #0i' #ef#i'e#%!+# i(i,e % #++$ /%( &ef! +6e. W"%! /i&&
"%66e.
Ans: The room will be gradually warmed up.
13A. F+0#ie#3( L%/ i( )%(e, + %((0$6!i+ !"%! FFFFFFFF
Ans: 3eat transfer in steady state
13@. A 6e#fe-! )&%-C )+,* i( +e /"i-" FFFFFFFFFF
Ans: Absorb heat radiation of all wave lengths falling on it.
134. T"e =%&=e +f !"e /%=e &e'!" f+# $%>i$0$ e$i((i=e 6+/e# i( 'i=e )* FFFFFFFF
Ans: "einAs Jaw
1?7. T"e#$%& ,iff0(i=i!* +f % (0)(!%-e i( 'i=e )* FFFFFFFFF
Ans: k
111111111
p!p
1?1. T"e 0i! f+# S!ef% 2 9+&!I$% -+(!%! i( FFFFFFFFFFF
Ans: "att0m
(
0k
H
1?2. T/+ 6&%!e( (6%-e, 157$$ %6%#! %#e $%i!%ie, %! 1777C %, 70c. T"e
"e%! !#%(fe# /i&& !%Ce 6&%-e $%i&* )* FFFFFFFFF
Ans: <adiation.
1?3. He%! -+,0-!e, !"#+0'" 0i! %#e% %, 0i! !"i-C f%-e 6e# 0i! !i$e /"e
!e$6e#%!0#e ,iffe#e-e )e!/ee +66+(i!e f%-e( i( 0i!* i( -%&&e, FFFFFFFFF
Ans: Thermal conductivity
1??. T"e %$+0! +f #%,i%!i+ $%i&* ,e6e,( + FFFFFFFFFF
Ans: =ature of body, temperature of body and type of surface of body
1?5. W"%! i( $e%! )* #%,i%!i+ ("%6e f%-!+#.
The space factor is defined as the fraction of the radiative energy that is diffused from
one surface element and strikes the other surface directly with no intervening reflections.
It is represented by 2i@i. ther names for the radiation shape factor are view factor, angle
factor, and configuration factor.
1?:. Gi=e !"e 3 )%(i- e>6#e((i+( '+=e#i' !"e 3 $+,e( +f "e%! !#%(fe#.
&) 2ourier Jaw of conduction
dT
L 6 18A 1111111111
d$
where A 4 Area in m
(
dT
1111 1 Temperature gradient in 80m
d$
8 4 Therma conductivity "0m8
(. =ewtonAs Jaw of cooling
L 6 hA(Ts 1 TM)
"here
3 4 heat transfer co 4 eff in "0m
(
8
A 4 )urface Area in m
(
Ts 4 )urface Temperature in 8
TM 1 2luid Temperature in 8
*. )tefan 4 Iolt;man Jaw
#b 6 N T
H
"here
N 1 )tefan Iolt;man constant 6 F.CCO $ &>
1D
w0m
(
k
H
T 4 Temperature in 8
1?A. Defie % )&%-C )+,*
Ilack body is on ideal surface having the following properties.
&) A black body absorbs all incident radiation regardless of wave length and
direction.
() 2or a prescribed temperature and wave length, no surface can emit more energy
than black body.
1?@. Gi=e !/+ e>%$6&e( +f "e%! !#%(fe# /i!" i!e#%& "e%! 'ee#%!i+.
&. !hemical <eaction
(. =uclear <eaction
*. !ombustion <eaction.
1?4. N%$e !"e &%/ /"i-" '+=e#( -+=e-!i+ "e%! !#%(fe#
Ans: =ewtonAs law of cooling
157. W#i!e ,+/ !"e S!ef% 9+&!I$% &%/ /i!" i!( Ui!
The total energy emitted by a black body at a particular temperature is given by
#b 6 N T
H
"here N 4 )tefan Iolt;man constant 4 F.CCO $ &>
1D
w0m
(
k
H