CHALLENGE IN TEXTILE

WET PROCESSING
Hardianto, S.S.T., M.Eng
SEKOLAH TI NGGI TEKNOLOGI TEKSTI L
(Sc hool of Tex t i l e Tec hnol ogy)
1
Definition
Textile wet processing is the process in any
textile finishing treatment. Where, this process is
applied on textile in the form of liquid with
involves some for chemical action on the textile.
Textile wet processing is the process in the
production of textiles which is applied on
textiles in the form of liquid where some
chemical action is involved.
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Source: http://textechdip.wordpress.com/contents/wet-processing/
Wet Processing Flow Chart
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Grey Fabric Singeing Desizing
Scouring Bleaching Mercerizing
Dyeing/Printing Finishing Inspection
Distribution of textile auxiliaries by market share
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Pretreatment
17%
Weaving
auxiliaries
14%
Spinning
auxiliaries
9%
Dyeing &
printing
20%
Finishing
products
40%
Source: W.D.Schindler and P.J.Hauser, Chemical Finishing of Textiles, Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Cambridge-England, 2004
Specific pollutants from textile wet
processing operation
Process Compound
Desizing Sizes, starch, waxes, surfactants
Scouring Disinfectants and insectisidesresidues, NaOH, surfactants, soaps,
fats, waxes, pectin, oils
Bleaching AOX, sodium silicate, organic stabilizer, high pH
Mercerizing NaOH, high pH, surfactants
Dyeing Colour (dyestuff), metal salts, surfactants, organic processing
assistants, sulphide, acidity/alkalinity, formaldehyde
Printing Urea, solvents, colour, metals, surfactants, organic compound
Finishing Resins, waxes, chlorinated compound, acetate, stearate, solvents,
softeners, formaldehyde
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Adapted and modified from: Joseph Egli, Waste water treatment in the textile industry, Pakistan Textile Journal, October 2007
4 Categories of waste generated from
textile industry
1. Hard to treat wastes
2. Hazardous or toxic wastes
3. High volume wastes
4. Dispersible wastes
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Source: DR. Subrata Das, Textile effluent treatment-a solution to the environmental pollution
Hard to treat wastes
This category of waste includes those that are
persistent, resist treatment, or interfere with the
operation of waste treatment facilities.
Non-biodegradable organic or inorganic materials
are the chief sources of wastes, which contain
colour, metals, phenols, certain surfactants, toxic
organic compounds, pesticides and phosphates.
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Source: DR. Subrata Das, Textile effluent treatment-a solution to the environmental pollution
Hard to treat wastes
The main sources are:
Colour & metal dyeing operation
Phosphates preparatory processes and dyeing
Non-biodegradable organic materials surfactants
Since these types of textile wastes are difficult to treat, the
identification and elimination of their sources are the best
possible ways to tackle the problem. Some of the
methods of prevention are chemical or process
substitution, process control and optimization,
recycle/reuse and better work practices.
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Hazardous or toxic wastes
These wastes are a subgroup of hard to treat wastes.
But, owing to their substantial impact on the
environment, they are treated as a separate class.
In textiles, hazardous or toxic wastes include:
metals,
chlorinated solvents,
non-biodegradable or volatile organic materials.
Some of these materials are often used for non-process
applications such as machine cleaning.
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Source: DR. Subrata Das, Textile effluent treatment-a solution to the environmental pollution
High volume wastes
Large volume of wastes is sometimes a problem for the
textile processing units. Most common large volume
wastes include:
Wash water from preparation and continuous dyeing
processes and alkaline wastes from preparatory
processes
Batch dye waste containing large amounts of salt, acid
or alkali
These wastes sometimes can be reduced by recycle or
reuse as well as by process and equipment modification.
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Source: DR. Subrata Das, Textile effluent treatment-a solution to the environmental pollution
Dispersible wastes
The following operations in textile industry generate highly
dispersible waste:
Waste stream from continuous operation (e.g.
preparatory, dyeing, printing and finishing)
Print paste (printing screen, squeeze and drum cleaning)
Foam from coating operations
Solvents from machine cleaning
Still bottoms from solvent recovery (dry cleaning
operation)
Batch dumps of unused processing (finishing mixes)
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Source: DR. Subrata Das, Textile effluent treatment-a solution to the environmental pollution
Challenge: Process Innovation
To develop sustainable textile finishing process
Water, chemicals and energy conservation
Environmentally friendly chemicals
Improvement of durability of Textile
Improvement of functionality
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Eco-Friendly Textile Process
Pretreatment
Enzymatic treatment
Enzymatic desizing
Bio-scouring/degumming
Bio-bleaching
Bio-washing
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Enzyme used in textile wet processing
Process Enzyme used
Desizing Amylase
Scouring Pectinase
Bleaching Laccase, glucose oxidase, peroxidase
Excessdye removal Peroxidase
Denim finishing Cellulase
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Benefit
Reduction of water and energy consumption
Better hand feel
Improve durability
Eco-Friendly Textile Process (cont.)
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Dyeing
Enzyme assisted dyeing
Ultrasonic assisted
Nano technology
Electrochemical dyeing (vat & sulphur dye)
Supercritical CO
2
(SC CO
2
)
Eco-Friendly Textile Process (cont.)
Printing
Ink jet digital printing
Finishing
Free formaldehyde finishing
Plasma treatment
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Conclusion
It is our challenge to continuously innovate
toward a sustainable textile wet processing.
We all must have a sense of responsibility and
awareness to save the environment through
minimizing waste,
finding and using environmentally friendly
chemicals,
reducing energy use,
improving a greener process
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Phase Diagram of Supercritical Fluid
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Source: http://www.nasa.gov/vision/earth/technologies/harvestingmars_prt.htm