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Journal of African Earth Sciences, Vol . 27, No. 2, pp. 223- 240, 1998
o 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd
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Metamorphism of the Palaeoproterozoic Magondi mobile
belt north of Karoi, Zimbabwe
HUBERT MUNYANYI WA 1 and PIETER MAASKANT 2
1University of Zi mbabwe, Department of Geology, P Box MP 167 Mount Pleasant,
Harare, Zi mbabwe
=Vrije Uni versi tei t, Facul ty of Earth Sciences, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam,
the Netherlands
Abst ract --The Palaeoproterozoic Magondi mobile belt flanks the Zi mbabwe Archaean Craton
to the nort hwest . The belt is composed of metamorphosed sedi mentary, vol cani c and
vol cani cl asti c rocks associated wi t h quartzofel dspathi c gneisses intruded by grani toi ds,
some charnocki ti c, in the high-grade part of the belt. The belt is metamorphosed from l ow-
grade greenschi st-faci es in the south and middle to upper amphi bol i te-faci es in the north.
Granul i te-faci es rocks are developed in the extreme north and northwestern part of the
bel t. Garnet-bi oti te geot hermomet ry in metapel i tes indicates t hat temperatures increase
from 590- 600C in the mid-amphibolite-facies through 640- 690C in the upper amphibolite-
faci es terrai n and up t o 730 C in the granul i te-faci es areas. In the granul i te-faci es terrains,
garnet-bi oti te temperatures are si mi l ar to temperatures calculated using garnet-cordi eri te,
garnet -cl i nopyroxene and, to some ext ent , t wo-f el dspar geothermometers. Pressures
calculated wi t h the GASP barometers are 6 1 kbar for both upper amphibolite- and granulite-
facies, suggesti ng t hat the granul i te-amphi bol i te-faci es transi ti on is pri mari l y isobaric. The
cal cul ated pressures for granul i tes do not support models whi ch i nvoke the f ormat i on of
granul i tes by cont i nent -cont i nent collision. Instead the P- T data suggest t hat the Magondi
mobile belt granul i tes were formed in a region of high heat f l ow, wi t h heat possi bl y being
supplied by deep-seated plutons, o 1 9 9 8 El sevi er Sci ence Li mi t ed.
Rdsum6--La cei nture mobi l e pal6oprotdrozo'(que de Magondi flanque le craton archden du
Zi mbabwe au nord-ouest. La ceinture se compose de roches sddimentaires, vol cani ques et
volcano-clastiques mdtamorphisdes assc/des ~ des gneiss quartzo-feldspathiques recoupds
par des granitd(des et quelques charnocki tes dans la partie de degr(~ dlevd de la ceinture. La
ceinture est m6tamorphis6e depuis le facies des schistes vert s au sud j usqu' aux faci es
moyen et supdrieur des amphi bol i tes au nord. Les roches du faci es des granul i tes se
ddveloppent dans les parties extremes nord et nord-ouest de la ceinture. Le gdothermom(~tre
grenat-bi oti te sur les mdtapdl i tes indique que les tempdratures augmentent de 590- 600C
dans le facies moyen des amphibolites ~ 640- 690C dans le facies supdrieur des amphibolites
et j usqu' ~ 730 C dans les rdgions dans le faci6s des granulites.
Dans les terrai ns granulitiques, les temp6ratures grenat-bi oti te sont semblables 8 celles
calculdes par les thermom(~tres grenat-cordidrite, grenat-clinopyrox~ne et, jusqu' 8 un certain
point, deux fel dspaths. Les pressions calcul6es par le barom~tre GASP sont de 6 + 1 kbar
pour les faci es des amphi bol i tes et des granulites, suggdrant que la transi ti on amphi bol i te-
granulite est essenti el l ement isbare. Les pressions calculdes ne favor/sent pas les mod(~les
de f ormat i on des granul i tes par collision conti nent-conti nent. Au contrai re, nos rdsul tats P-
T sugg6rent que les granul i tes de la ceinture mobile de Magondi se sont form6es dans une
rdgion de f l ux de chaleur i mportant, la chaleur ayant pu ~tre fourni e par des pl utons mis en
place en profondeur. 1 9 9 8 El sevi er Sci ence Li mi t ed.
(Received 10 February 1997: revised version received 10 February 1998)
Journal of African Earth Sciences 223
H. MUNYANYI WA and R MAASKANT
I NTRODUCTI ON
Met amorphi sm of the Magondi mobile belt in
nort hwest ern Zi mbabwe is largely known from
pet rographi c data acqui red duri ng regi onal
reconnai ssance mappi ng by the Geol ogi cal
Sur v ey of Z i mb a b we , and onl y a f e w
geot her mobar omet r i c st udi es have been
a t t e mp t e d ( Tr el oar , 1988; Tr el oar and
Kramers, 1989; Munyanyi wa e t a l . , 1993). A
full appreci ati on of the geol ogi cal evol ut i on
of a met amorphi c terrai n requi res detai l ed,
quant i t at i ve esti mates of P and T. In particular,
an under s t andi ng of t he nat ur e of t he
amphi bol i t e-granul i t e-f aci es t ransi t i on may be
achieved from the di st r i but i on of t emperat ure
and pr essur e c ondi t i ons ex i s t i ng dur i ng
metamorphi sm. The aim of t hi s paper is to
present P-Tdata for the medium- to high-grade
t er r ai ns of t he Magondi mobi l e bel t in
nor t hwest er n Zi mbabwe. The t emperat ures
cal cul at ed wi t h var i ous geot her momet er s
i ndi cate a north t o nor t hwest increase in the
grade of met amor phi sm wi t hi n t he bel t ,
whereas pressures cal cul at ed from garnet-
si l l i mani t e-pl agi ocl ase-quart z geobaromet ers
remain rel at i vel y const ant from amphi bol i te-
faci es t o granul i t e-f aci es terrai ns.
GEOLOGI CAL SETTI NG
The Pal aeoproterozoi c Magondi mobile belt
flanks the Zi mbabwe Archaean Craton to the
nort hwest (Fig. 1 ). The belt is composed partly
of a supracrustal sequence termed the Magondi
Supergroup (Leyshon and Tennick, 1988), whi ch
has been subdi vi ded into the basal Deweras
Group and t he unc onf or mabl y over l yi ng
Lomagundi and Piriwiri Groups. The Deweras
Group crops out in t wo main parts of the belt
(Fi g. 2) and consi st s of met amor phosed
conglomerates, arkoses, feldspathic sandstones,
g r e y wa c k e s , maf i c t h o l e i i t i c l avas and
subordinate quanti ti es of evapori tes (Master,
1991). The Lomagundi Group, exposed along
the entire length (-250 km) of the belt, comprises
mai nl y quar t zi t es, dol omi t es and phyl l i t es,
t oget her wi t h hi gh- gr ade met amor phi c
equivalents of these rocks to the north of Karoi
(Fig. 2). The Piriwiri Group, the westernmost
part of the sequence, is composed of pyritiferous
and gr aphi t i c phy l l i t es , sl at es, cher t s,
greywackes and vol cani cl asti c rocks, including
t uf f s and agglomerates.
The Magondi Supergroup was deformed and
metamorphosed during the Ubendian orogenic
cycle, about 2. 0-1. 8 Ga ago, and is now part of
, I
Figure 1. Si mpl i f i ed geol ogi cal map of Zi mbabwe showi ng the mobi l e bel ts and
cover surroundi ng the Archaean crat on (af t er Stagman, 1978). Box shows the
Magondi mobi l e bel t enl arged on Fig. 2.
224 Journal of African Earth- Sciences
Met amor phi sm of the Pal aeoproterozoi c Magondi mobi l e bel t nort h of Karoi, Zi mbabwe
~u
UJ
ZAMBEZI / 5 \ X ~ VALLEY
'P Sh a ml
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Mhom
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I I I I
a l e V
L E 6 E N O
0
"~IYouNGER COVER~
Z~ ,o.= u .o,... 7 ~" ' u ;
x ~-'~ Urungwe granite
6neisses
Ou een
" C o p p e r Ki ng_
I T A + + + - ~:' i::"_F + + + J~ rig*a+ Jr -~j~ +++ + ++ ++
+ + + + ~F
t + + + +
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v ~. . V
G,..,,o,,. v v v v v v v q
_~ i = p F f , v v v ~ + t v v v v ~ v
~ vv V V v V/-I- I V v 4- -I- t -
Fi gure 2. Geol ogi cal map of nor t hwest Zi mbabwe showi ng the Magondi Supergroup and the basement gneisses
and grani t oi ds of the Archaean craton and the surroundi ng cover (af t er Stagman, 1978). RK: Rukomechi ; NY:
Nyaodza.
Journal of African Earth Sciences 225
H. MUNY A NY I WA a n d R MA A S K A NT
a large east vergent fol d and t hr ust belt along
the western margin of the Zi mbabwe Craton (e.g.
Treloar, 1988; Hartnady e t al . , 1985). The grade
of metamorphi sm wi t hi n the Magondi mobile belt
i ncr eases al ong st r i ke t o t he nor t h and
nor t hwest , from gr eenschi st - f aci es near and
sout h of the Shackl eton and Avondal e Cu mi nes
near the craton margin, t hrough mi d-amphi bol i te-
faci es around Karoi, t o upper amphi bol i t e- and
granul i te-faci es nort h and nor t hwest of Karoi
(Fig. 2). Granulite-facies rocks are developed east
of Makut i , in t he Rukomechi area, and west of
Karoi, in t he Nyaodza area (Fig. 2). Granul i te-
faci es rocks i ncl ude charnocki t es, enderbi tes,
quart zof el dspat hi c gnei sses, garnet -si l l i mani t e
and cor di er i t e- si l l i mani t e gnei sses and l ess
abundant di opsi de- hor nbl ende beari ng cal c-
si l i cate rocks.
The q u a r t z o f e l d s p a t h i c gnei s s es are
predomi nantl y medi um- to coarse-grained bi oti te
gnei sses, l ocal l y mi gmat i sed dur i ng par t i al
mel t i ng. They are composed of al kal i and
plagioclase feldspars wi t h bi oti te as the domi nant
mafi c mi neral associ at ed wi t h less abundant
hornblende and l ocal l y, in some samples, garnet,
cl i no- and or t hopyr oxene. These gnei sses were
mapped as paragnei sses part l y on t he basis of
t hei r layered st ruct ure and hi gh modal bi ot i t e
cont ent (e.g. Stagman, 1962). However, t he
gneisses have been severel y affected by i ntense
ducti l e def ormat i on and met amorphi sm under
medi um- to hi gh-grade condi t i ons duri ng t he
Magondi Orogeny and are l ocal l y mi gmati sed.
The nature of t he prot ol i t hs in most places has
t heref ore been obl i t erat ed. Thei r wi despread
occur r ence nor t h and nor t hwes t of Karoi ,
however, suggests t hat , ori gi nal l y, t hey coul d
have been grani t oi ds rather t han an ext ensi ve
t hi ck pile of arkoses and f el dspat hi c sandstones.
Prel i mi nary Rb-Sr and U-Pb radi omet ri c data
suggest t hat t he gnei sses are Pal aeoproterozoi c
to Neoarchaean in age (Loney, 1969; Kr6ner,
p e r s . c o m m . , 1996). More speci f i cal l y, KrSner,
( per s. c o m m . , 1996) obtai ned Pb-Pb zircon ages
of 1 9 2 0 +0 . 3 Ma and 1 9 6 3 + 0 . 2 Ma for t wo
samples of t he Kariba gnei ss uni t , whi ch relate
to t he present st udy.
To t he nor t hwest , t he Magondi mobi l e bel t is
unc onf or mabl y over l ai n by a supr acr ust al
sequence termed the Makuti Group (Fig. 2). Thi s
c o n s i s t s of q u a r t z o f e l d s p a t h i c r oc k s ,
met abas i t es , met apel i t es , quar t z i t es and
surbodi nate i nt ercal at i ons of marbl es and calc-
si l i cat e r ocks ( Br oder i ck, 1976; Fey and
Broderick, 1990; Munyanyi wa e t a l . , 1997).
Deformati on and met amorphi sm of t he Makut i
Group, t oget her wi t h t he underl yi ng basement,
t he l atter also previ ousl y deformed duri ng the
Pal aeoproterozoi c Magondi Orogeny, t ook place
duri ng Pan-Afri can t ect onot her mal event s at c a
800 Ma (Loney, 1969).
Temper at ur es wi t h i n t he medi um- gr ade
Magondi t er r ai n wer e cal cul at ed by Trel oar
(1988) to be < 5 0 0 C for t he garnet zone, 550-
600 C for t he st aurol i t e zone and up to 630 C
for t he kyani t e zone, usi ng t he bi ot i t e-garnet
geot hermomet er. Pressures of at l east 6 kbar
were t ent at i vel y est i mat ed for t he kyani t e zone
from t he i nt ersect i on of t he st aurol i t e + quartz =
kyani t e+gar net equi l i bri um of Yardl ey (1981).
Granul i te-faci es condi t i ons were esti mated from
t he enderbi tes by Munyanyi wa e t al . (1993) to
have been 700- 800 C and 5-7 kbar, usi ng the
gar net - or t hopyr oxene geot her momet er of Lee
and Gangul y ( 1988) and t he pl agi ocl ase-
or t hopyr oxene- gar net - quar t z geobaromet er of
Ne wt o n and Per ki ns ( 1982) . Si mi l ar P - T
condi t i ons f or gr anul i t e- f aci es met amorphi sm
were also cal cul at ed by Trel oar and Kramers
( 1989) , based on bot h c or di er i t e- bear i ng
met apel i t i c assembl ages and or t hopyr oxene-
bearing char nocki t i c assembl ages.
The t ect oni c set t i ng of t he Magondi mobile
belt has been di scussed by Leyshon and Tenni ck
( 1988) , St owe ( 1989) and Mast er ( 1991) .
Leyshon and Tenni ck (1988) suggest ed, on the
basis of a lack of a col l i si on sut ure, ophi ol i t es or
m~l anges wi t hi n t he Magondi mobi l e belt, t hat
t he belt devel oped in an ensi al i c geosyncl i ne
al ong t he west er n margi n of t he Zi mbabwe
Craton. Stowe (1989), however, pointed out that
t he Magondi supracrust al sequence shows a
general deposi t i onal pol ari t y from t he proxi mal
Lomagundi Group car bonat e- quar t zi t e shel f
sequence in t he east to di stal Pi ri wi ri Group
cont i nent al -sl ope t ype sedi ment s and possi bl e
t rench faci es in t he west . The di st r i but i on of
t he Magondi supracrust al s was i nt erpret ed to
record t he t ransi t i on of a passi ve-margi n set t i ng
i nto geosyncl i nal f l ysch- t ype deposi t s (St owe,
1989). St owe (1989) f urt her suggested t hat the
1. 8- 2. 0 Ga Prot erozoi c t er r ai ns in sout her n
Afri ca, i ncl udi ng t he Magondi mobi l e bel t, may
be i nt erpret ed in pl at e-t ect oni c terms. Master
( 1991) on t he ot her hand, i nt er pr et ed t he
Magondi Supergroup as havi ng been deposi ted
in a back-arc cont i nent al basi n devel oped in
response to an easterly directed subduct i on zone.
In t he present st udy, geot her mobar omet r i c
resul ts are presented of a number of metapel i te
sampl es obtai ned from t he mi ddl e amphi bol i te-
f aci es t er r ai n n o r t h e a s t of Kar oi ar ound
226 Journal of Af ri can Earth Sciences
Met amor phi sm of the Pal aeoproterozoi c Magondi mobi l e bel t nor t h of Karoi, Zi mbabwe
Shamrocke mine, through the upper amphibolite-
facies terrain around and west of Karoi, and from
granulite-facies rocks east of Makut i and west
of Karoi (Fig. 2). P - T data from one granulite-
facies quartzofel dspathi c gneiss sample from
Kariba (Fig. 2) are also presented. The t ect oni c
implications of these results are discussed in the
l i ght of prevai l i ng models of granul i te-faci es
metamorphism.
F IELD RELATIONS AND PETROGRAPHY
Amphibolite-facies pelitic and semipelitic schists
These rocks crop out mostl y wi t hi n the mid- t o
upper amphibolite-facies terrain between Karoi
and Shamrocke mine (Fig. 2). They are included
in the Lomagundi and Piriwiri Groups on the 1:1
000 000 geological map of Zimbabwe (Stagman,
1978), although i t is not possible in thi s study
t o di st i ngui sh bet ween t he Lomagundi and
Pi r i wi r i met apel i t es because t hey are
petrographically similar.
The rocks are t ypi cal l y medium- to coarse-
grai ned, compr i si ng mai nl y bi ot i t e, quart z,
muscovi te and plagioclase. Garnet is found in
minor amounts in all the examined specimens,
whereas sillimanite occurs in high-grade, upper
amphibolite-facies rocks (e.g. sample hm-O03).
Zircon, rutile and apati te are present in trace
quant i t i es. The met apel i t es have a wel l -
devel oped f ol i at i on def i ned by bi ot i t e and
mus c ov i t e. In upper amphi bol i t e- f ac i es
metapel i tes, si l l i mani te also helps define the
f ol i at i on t oget her wi t h bi ot i t e, but mi nor
muscovi te is present as a secondary mineral.
Granu lite-facies metapelites
Granul i t e-f aci es met apel i t es, the hi gh-grade
metamorphic equi val ents of the Lomagundi and
Piriwiri Groups, crop out around Rukomechi and
Nyaodza (RK and NY, Fig. 2). In the Nyaodza
area, garnet-sillimanite gneisses are the dominant
pelitic granulites and are associated wi t h minor
cor di er i t e- si l l i mani t e gnei sses. The pel i t i c
granulites are interleaved wi t h quartzofeldspathic
mi gmati ti c rocks of the Chipisa and Urungwe
Gneisses (Broderick, 1976; Fey and Broderick,
1990). Structural analysis of the pelitic granulites
and quartzofeldspathic gneisses reveals t hat the
t wo uni ts are structural l y concordant and were
deformed together during the Magondi Orogeny.
The garnet-sillimanite gneisses are medium-
t o coarse-grained rocks. They are characterised
by a di f f use t o wel l - devel oped mi gmat i t i c
compositional layering defined by felsic bands
up to 5 mm thi ck wi t h alternations of mafic layers
2-4 mm t hi ck. Quart z, alkali f el dspar and
plagioclase are the main minerals in the felsic
layers, whereas sillimanite, garnet and bi oti te
are the domi nant minerals in the mafic bands.
Zi rcon is a common accessory mineral and
occurs as inclusions in bi oti tes or as small and
wel l -rounded di scret e cryst al s. Magnet i t e is
present in minor amount s in some gneisses
where it is i ntergrown wi t h t i ny ilmenite crystals,
and in places contai ns inclusions of dark green
hercyni ti c spinel. Traces of spinel are found in
the majority of the garnet-sillimanite gneisses as
anhedral cyrstals. As observed in many other
granulite-facies metapelites (e.g. Bohlen e t al . ,
1986), hercyni t i c spinel shows compl i cated
textural relations wi th other minerals. For instance,
the mineral is not in contact wi t h quartz but is
commonly surrounded by rims of sillimanite and
in some cases by rims of garnet and magnetite.
Sillimanite is in direct contact wi t h garnet and
quartz. This texture indicates a retrograde reaction
in whi ch a hi gh t emper at ur e assembl age
(hercynitic spinel + quartz) was replaced by a low
temperature assemblage (sillimanite +garnet ),
possibly during isobaric cooling as suggested by
Munyanyi wa e t al . (1993).
Locally, the garnet-si l l i mani te gneisses are
conspi cuousl y porphyrobl ast i c, wi t h sub- t o
euhedral garnet porphyrobl asts up t o 3 cm in
size. The por phyr obl ast s cont ai n numerous
i ncl usi ons of si l l i mani t e, bi ot i t e and quartz.
Garnet porphyrobl asts in these samples have
overgrown earlier formed brown bi oti te, whi ch
suggests t hat the porphyrobl asts are late- to
post-tectoni c wi t h respect t o the main Magondi
fabric-forming event. Perthite occurs in minor
amount s in most of t he gar net - si l l i mani t e
gnei sses. Or t hocl ase is l ocal l y present as
porphyrobl ast s up t o 1 cm across in a f ew
samples (e.g. sample hm-384). Sillimanite forms
t wo textural types in a f ew samples; the fi rst
t ype is aligned parallel t o the f ol i at i on or is
strongly kinked. In places these sillimanite grains
are recrystallised into finer acicular sillimanite
crystals of - 0. 2 mm in size, associated wi t h fine-
grained retrograde green bi ot i t e. The second
sillimanite t ype is sub- t o euhedral, crosscuts
the fol i ati on and is also overgrown on the fi rst
generation of sillimanite, whi ch implies t hat it is
late- t o post-tectoni c.
The gar net - s i l l i mani t e gnei sses f r om
Rukomechi (RK, Fig. 2) are coarse-grai ned,
massive t o weakl y foliated rocks; the fol i ati on
is def i ned by l epi dobl ast i c, br own bi ot i t e.
Mineralogically, the rocks resemble the garnet-
si l l i mani t e gnei sses f r om Nyaodza. Trace
Journal of African Earth Sciences 227
H. MUNYANYI WA a n d R M A A S K A N T
A
( a)
Grt
B t
A
( b)
M"
Grt B t
A
Bt
A
9
F
Gd B t
Fi gur e 3. A F M ( AI 203- FeO- MgO) d i a g r a ms d e p i c t i n g t he Fe- Mg d i s t r i b u t i o n b e t w e e n g a r n e t a n d b i o t i t e i n t he p e f i t i c gr anuf i t es
( h m- 3 0 2 , h m- 3 4 6 , h m - 3 8 4 a n d h m- 3 9 6 ) a n d a p e f i t i c s c h i s t ( hm- O06) . The Fe- Mg d i s t r i b u t i o n b e t w e e n g a r n e t , b i o t i t e a n d
c or di er i t e i s s h o w n on (d). Sa mp l e h m- O0 6 does n o t c o n t a i n s i l l i ma n i t e .
amount s of late muscovi t e replace plagioclase.
Cal ci te, where present , is al so a secondar y
mi neral af t er pl agi ocl ase. Quar t z exhi bi t s a
mortar t ext ure in whi ch quartz porphyrocl ast s
wi t h undul ose ext i nct i on are sur r ounded by
recrystal l i sed fi ne-grai ned quart z wi t h a wel l -
developed granobl asti c pol ygonal t ext ure.
The c o r d i e r i t e - s i l l i ma n i t e gnei s s es are
i nt i mat el y associ ated wi t h t he garnet-si l l i mani te
gneisses west of Karoi in Nyaodza, but none
wer e f ound in Rukomechi . The r ocks are
medi um- to coarse-grai ned and contai n garnet,
bi oti te and quartz in lesser quant i t i es t han in
t he garnet -si l l i mani t e gnei sses. Cordi eri t e, in
228 Journal of Af ri can Earth Sciences
Met amorphi sm of the Palaeoproterozoic Magondi mobile bel t north of Karoi, Zi mbabwe
stable coexi stence wi t h garnet based on the
textural evidence, occurs as turbi d crystals up
to 2 cm in size and in some outcrops forms
porphyroblasts up t o 4 cm in diameter. In thi n
section, cordierite shows penetration and sector
t wi nni ng and is pi ni t i sed locally. It cont ai ns
numerous inclusions of bi oti te, quartz, sillimanite
and zi rcon. Sub- t o euhedral magnet i t e is
common in the cordierite-sillimanite gneisses and
cont ai ns i ncl usi ons of her c y ni t i c spi nel .
Sillirnanite occurs along the margins of the spinel,
as in the garnet-si l l i mani te gnei sses. Garnet
occurs in mi nor amount s in t he cordi eri t e-
sillimanite gneisses as subhedral crystal s and
contains numerous inclusions of graphite and
hercyni ti c spinel.
The mineral assemblages in both the garnet-
sillimanite and cordierite-sillimanite gneisses are
muscovi te-free, granul i te-faci es assemblages.
Textural and mineralogical evidence suggest t hat
the mi gmati ti c layering present in these rocks
represents a vapour-absent melt reaction during
granulite-facies metamorphism.
Qu artzofeldspathic gneisses
As poi nt ed out above, quar t zof el dspat hi c
gneisses are abundant in the high-grade part of
the Magondi mobile belt. The sample hm-300,
P-Tdat a from whi ch are presented in thi s st udy
together wi t h the metapelite data, is part of the
strongly deformed granulite-facies Kariba Gneiss.
The Pb-Pb zircon ages of t wo Kariba Gneiss
samples of 1920_+0.3 Ma and 1963_+0.2 Ma
(KrOner, p e r s . c o m m . , 1996) indicate t hat the
Kariba Gneiss is synt ect oni c wi t h respect t o the
Magondi Orogeny. It is coarse-grai ned and
contai ns plagioclase, quartz and bi oti te as the
main mi neral const i t uent s. Al kal i f el dspar,
garnet, hornblende and cl i nopyroxene are found
in minor amounts, whereas zircon and apatite
occur in trace quantities. Orthopyroxene is rarely
found in specimens of the Kariba gneisses, but
is common in ender bi t i c and char nocki t i c
gneisses in Rukomechi and Nyaodza.
MINERAL CHEMISTRY
Analytical techniqu e
Mineral analyses were obt ai ned at the Vrije
Un i v e r s i t e i t , Ams t er dam. A Cambr i dge
Mi croscan 9 el ectron mi croprobe wi t h t wo
automated wavelength-dispersive spectrometers
and an on-line ZAF correction program was used.
Analyses were performed at an operating voltage
of 15 kV wi t h a probe current of 30 nA. Well-
calibrated natural silicates and oxides were used
Gts
Amphebohte faczu 6rs p r ~ ~ s
Prp Aim Sps
Figure 4. Compositions of garnets of the Magondi metapelites
pl ot t ed on a grossular (Grs)-almandine (AIm) + spessartine
(Sps)-pyrope (Prp) diagram.
as st andar ds. The f el dspar s, bi ot i t es and
cordierites were analysed wi t h a rastered broad
electron beam of - 600 I~m 2. For analysis of
minerals t hat are stable under the probe, a
focused electron beam of -1 i~m in diameter
was used. P - T values were calculated wi t h P-
TVU, an internal program housed at the Vrije
Universiteit, Amsterdam. Partial AFM (AI203-FeO-
MgO) diagrams depi cti ng the Fe-Mg di stri buti on
between garnet and biotite, and between garnet,
bi oti te and cordierite, are given in Fig. 3a-d.
Garnets
Garnets in the metapelites are almandine-rich
(Table 1 and Fig. 4, c f . Deer e t al . , 1982). The
Xu0 [ Mg/ (Mg + Fe)] is 0. 1- 0. 12 in garnets from
amphibolite-facies pelitic schi sts and 0. 3-0. 35
in garnets from granul i te-faci es metapel i tes.
Grossular component s are genrally l ow (2-3
mol . %) . Gar net s in pel i t i c gr anul i t es are
homogenous in composi ti on except , in some
samples (e.g. hm-310), for the extreme outer
rims (outer 10 pm), whi ch are relatively Fe-rich.
A number of studies have shown that, due to
hi gh di f f usi on rat es at hi gh t emper at ur e,
chemical zonation is rarely preserved in minerals
during high-grade metamorphism (e.g. Harley,
1989; Essene, 1989). The presence of Fe-rich
garnet rims adjacent t o Mg-ri ch phases, such as
bi oti te in granulite-facies rocks, is probably due
t o r e- equi l i br at i on dur i ng r et r ogr adat i on
(Fitzsimons and Harley, 1994).
Journal of African Earth Sciences 229
Tabl e 1. Repr esent at i ve mi cr opr obe anal yses of gar net s
hm- 310c hm- 310r hm- 075c hm-O75r hm- 396r hm- 396c
Si O 2 38. 78 38. 85 37. 81 36. 87 38. 52 38. 79
AI 203 2 2 . t 2 22. 24 21. 44 21. 89 21. 71 21. 46
FeO* 29. 18 29. 06 34. 41 35. 91 33. 79 32. 23
MnO 0. 81 0. 72 0. 66 0. 89 1.31 1. 29
MgO 8. 72 8. 65 4. 78 3. 34 5. 22 5. 98
CaO 1. 09 1. 14 0. 74 0. 75 0. 94 0. 80
Tot al 100. 70 100. 66 99. 85 99. 04 101. 51 100. 55
Si 2, 985 2. 988 3. 009 2, 991 3. 009 3. 036
AI 2. 006 2. 005 2. 010 2, 010 1. 999 1. 979
Fe 1. 878 1. 869 2, 290 2. 436 2. 208 2. 109
Mn 0, 053 0. 047 0. 044 0. 061 0. 087 0. 086
Mg 1. 000 0. 992 0, 567 0. 404 0. 608 0. 698
Ca 0. 090 0. 094 0, 063 0. 065 0. 079 0, 067
XFe 0. 622 0. 623 0. 773 0. 821 0. 740 0. 712
XMn 0. 018 0. 016 0. 015 0. 021 0. 029 0. 029
XMg 0. 331 0. 330 0. 191 0. 136 0. 204 0. 236
Xca 0. 030 0. 031 0. 021 0. 022 0. 026 0. 023
0 12. 00 12. 00 12. 00 12. 00 12. 00 12. 00
Tot al Fe as FeO; c: core; r: ri m; av: mean of f i ve uni f or m poi nt anal yses.
hm- 346r hm- 346c
39. 46 39. 01
22. 10 21. 78
28. 45 28. 63
3. 04 3. 32
7. 54 7. 24
0. 94 0. 90
101. 53 100. 88
3. 024 3. 018
1. 996 1. 986
1. 823 1. 852
0. 197 0. 218
0. 861 0. 835
0. 077 0. 075
0. 616 0. 621
0. 067 O.O73
0. 291 0. 280
0. 026 0. 025
12. 00 12. 00
hm-3OOr hm- 300c hm-OO3r hm- O03c m- 384av m- 348av m- O73av
37. 86 37. 64 37. 58 37. 19 38. 54 37. 97 37. 59
21. 11 20. 98 21. 07 21. 08 21. 83 21. 56 21. 44
29. 52 30. 28 33. 44 33. 76 30. 35 31. 43 32. 96
1. 43 1. 52 5. 06 4. 51 1. 26 0. 87 1.11
2. 56 2. 25 2. 25 2. 62 7. 05 6. 08 4. 19
7. 82 7. 18 1. 09 1. 22 0. 97 1. 12 2. 10
100. 30 99. 85 100. 70 100. 38 100. 01 99. 02 99. 39
3. 005 3. 011 3. 023 2. 997 3. 009 3. 011 3. 006
1. 974 1. 978 1. 997 2. 002 2. 009 2. 015 2. 021
1. 959 2. 025 2. 249 2. 275 1. 982 2. 085 2. 204
0. 096 0. 103 0. 345 0. 308 0. 084 0. 058 0. 075
0. 303 0. 268 0. 270 0. 375 0. 820 0. 719 0. 499
0. 665 0. 615 0. 095 0. 105 0. 081 0. 095 0. 179
0. 648 0. 673 0. 760 0. 743 0. 668 0. 705 0. 745
0. 032 0. 034 0. 117 0. 101 0. 028 0. 020 0. 025
0. 100 0. 089 0. 091 0. 122 0. 276 0. 243 0. 169
0. 220 0. 204 0. 032 0. 034 0. 027 0. 032 0. 061
12. 00 12. 00 12. 00 12. 00 12. 00 12. 00 12. 00
Met amor phi sm of the Pal aeoproterozoi c Magondi mobi l e bel t nor t h of Karoi, Zi mbabwe
Table 2. Represent at i ve mi croprobe anal yses of bi ot i t es
hm-003 hm-073 hm-075 hm-006 hm-134 hm-396 hm-346 hm-384 hm-300 hm-348
SiO 2 35.12 35.48 36.00 35.41 35.79 35.65 36.92 35.59 34.61 35.37
TiO 2 2.85 2.53 2.37 2.21 3.57 3.52 3.84 4.03 4.93 4.61
AI203 18.91 17.75 18.82 19.45 14.77 17.01 16.63 17.90 13.40 17.40
FeO* 21.76 19.20 18.76 21.36 19.98 17.56 14.62 15.89 24.25 16.46
MnO 0.18 0.03 0.01 0.04 0.08 0.04 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.01
MgO 6.79 9.52 7.72 8.30 10.51 11.17 13.24 10.50 7.48 9.69
Na2 O 0.17 0.17 0.07 0.30 0.10 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.09 0.09
K20 9.36 9.18 9.94 8. 99 9.12 9.69 9.95 9.37 8.36 9.64
Total 95.14 93.86 93.69 95.76 93.97 94.86 95.37 93.33 93.27 93.27
Si 5.420 5.480 5.560 5.375 5.556 5.432 5.506 5.444 5.539 5.443
AI jv 2.580 2.520 2.440 2.625 2.444 2.568 2.494 2.554 2.461 2.557
AI vl 0.859 0.711 0.986 0.855 0.258 0.487 0.429 0.673 0.060 0.599
Ti 0.331 0.294 0.275 0.252 0.417 0.403 0.431 0.460 0.593 0.534
Fe 2.808 2.480 2.423 2.704 2.594 2.238 1.823 2.033 3.246 2.119
Mn 0.024 0.004 0.001 0.005 0.011 0.005 0.009 0.000 0.000 0.001
Mg 1.562 2.192 1.777 1.878 2.432 2.537 2.944 2.394 1.785 2.222
Na 0.051 0.051 0.021 0.088 0.030 0.035 0.029 0.024 0.028 0.025
K 1.843 1.809 1.958 1.741 1.806 1.884 1.893 1.828 1.801 1.892
Xi g 0.357 0.469 0.423 0.410 0.484 0.531 0.618 0.541 0.355 0.512
O 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00
Total Fe as FeO.
B iotites
Bi oti tes in amphi bol i t e-f aci es pel i ti c schi st s have
Ti val ues of 0. 24- 0. 28 per f ormul a uni t (pfu)
based on 22 O and XMg ( = Mg / Mg +Fe) val ues
of 0. 40- 0. 41. In cont r ast , bi ot i t es in granul i te-
facies metapel i tes have Ti cont ent s of 0. 40- 0. 59
pfu and XMgvalues of 0. 54- 0. 62. AI w varies f rom
0. 05 t o 1.2 pfu in bi ot i t es in amphi bol i t e-f aci es
pel i ti c schi sts and f rom 0. 2 t o 1. 0 pfu in bi ot i t es
in pel i ti c granul i t es (Table 2).
The hi gh Ti cont ent s in bi ot i t es in pel i t i c
gr anul i t es are due t o t he presence of a Ti -
sat urat i ng phase whi ch is mai nl y i l meni te ( c f .
Gui dot t i , 1984).
The var i at i ons in XM0and AI w in bi ot i t es are
c ont r ol l ed by t he t s c h e r ma k s u b s t i t u t i o n
[MgSi(AIWAl~V) 1] t h r o u g h t he n e t - t r a n s f e r
react i on ( equat i on 1). Thi s r eact i on account s
f or t he decrease in AI w and i ncrease in Xi oi n
b i o t i t e s f r o m p e l i t i c s c h i s t s t o p e l i t i c
granul i t es. However , Gui dot t i (1 984) , Gui dot t i
e t a l . ( 1988) , Mohr and Newt on ( 1983) and
Nesbi t t and Essene ( 1982) have shown t hat
XMQ val ues in bi ot i t es may al so i ncrease wi t h
i ncreasi ng O and S f ugaci t i es. The presence
of i l me n i t e and, l o c a l l y , g r a p h i t e and
magnet i t e, and t he absence of sul phi des and
hemat i t e in t he r ocks exami ned in t hi s st udy
i ndi cat e t hat changes in f O 2 and fS 2di d not
cont r i but e si gni f i cant l y t o changes in XMo in
bi ot i t es.
F eldspars
Plagioclase f el dspars in i ndi vi dual met apel i t i c
rock t ypes are al most uni f orm in composi t i on
(Tabl e 3). Composi t i ons var y f rom An~7_l 9 in
amphi bol i t e-f aci es pel i t i c schi st s to An21_23 in
upper a mp h i b o l i t e - f a c i e s me t a p e l i t e s . In
gr anul i t e- f aci es met apel i t es, t he pl agi ocl ase
anort hi t e cont ent is An28.29 in garnet -si l l i mani t e
gnei sses and is andesi ne (An4o) in the cordi eri te-
si l l i mani t e gnei sses. Because pl agi ocl ase
fel dspars are in rocks of broadl y si mi l ar pel i ti c
composi t i on, t he composi t i onal vari at i ons of the
pl agi ocl ase are, t o a large ext ent , cont rol l ed by
met amor phi c grade.
Al kal i f el dspar composi t i ons fal l on t he K-
Na j oi n wi t h K/ ( K+Na) gener al l y rangi ng f r om
0. 67 t o 0. 96. In one cor di er i t e- si l l i mani t e
gnei ss (sampl e hm- 384) , t he K/ (K + Na) val ue
is as- l ow as 0. 50. The al kal i f el dspar s in t hi s
speci men are ext r emel y exsol ved and i t is
possi bl e t hat some of t he Na in t he anal ysi s
may be f r om adj acent pl agi ocl ase l amel l ae.
4KMg3AISi3Olo(OH) 2 (Bt) + 12SiO 2 (Qtz) = 3Mg3AI2SizO12 (Prp) + 4KAISi308 (Kfs) + 3MgSiAl_2(Tsch-Bt) + 4H20 (1)
Journal of African Earth Sciences 231
H. MUNYANYIWA and R MAASKANT
Tabl e 3. Representati ve mi croprobe anal yses of fel dspars
hm-396(pl) hm- 396( pl ) hm- 396( kf ) hm- 396( kf ) hm-384(pl )hm-384(kf ) hm-075(pl) hm-075(pl)
S i O 2 6 1. 0 8 6 0 . 94 6 4. 96 6 4. 82 58.30 63.53 60.96 60.69
A I 2 0 3 24.20 24.45 18.39 t 8.37 25.40 20.41 24.13 24.40
CaO 6.11 6.28 0.13 0.06 7.75 2.11 5.96 6.07
Na20 8.05 7.97 2.54 2.48 6.96 4.93 8.13 8.33
K 2 0 0.18 0.17 13.02 13.35 0.10 8.34 0.31 0.31
Total 99.62 99.81 99.04 99.08 98.51 99.32 99.49 99.80
Si 2.723 2.835 3.000 2.996 2.640 2.896 2.724 2.708
AI 1.273 1.342 1.000 1.000 1.357 1.097 1.271 1.284
Ca 0.292 0.313 0.001 0.003 0.376 0.103 0.285 0.290
Na 0.696 0.726 0.227 0.222 0.611 0.436 0. 704 0.721
K 0.010 0.010 0.767 0.787 0.006 0.485 0. 020 0.020
0 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00
pl : pl agi oc l as e; kf : al kal i f el ds par .
Tabl e 4. Representati ve mi croprobe anal yses of cordi eri tes
hm- 384c hm- 384c hm- 384r hm- 310r hm- 310c hm- 384r
S i O 2 49. 26 49. 28 49. 16 49. 74 49. 69 49. 51
A I 2 0 3 32. 82 32. 62 32. 80 32. 65 32. 35 32. 19
FeO* 5. 96 6. 48 6. 64 5. 13 5. 19 5. 13
MnO 0. 00 0. 03 0. 09 0.01 0.01 0. 00
MgO 9. 78 9. 44 9. 28 9. 68 9. 74 9. 53
Total 97. 72 97. 85 97. 97 97.21 96. 98 96. 38
Si 5 . 0 3 0 5 . 0 4 7 5 . 0 3 4 5 . 0 8 9 5 . 0 9 8 5 . 1 0 8
AI 3. 958 3. 938 3. 959 3. 937 3. 913 3. 914
Fe 0. 510 0. 555 0. 569 0. 439 0. 445 0. 443
Mn 0. 000 0. 003 0. 008 0. 001 0. 001 0. 000
Mg 1. 492 1.441 1. 417 1. 476 1. 490 1. 466
XMg 0. 745 0. 722 0. 714 0. 771 0. 770 0. 768
O 18. 00 18. 00 18. 00 18. 00 18. 00 18. 00
Tot al Fe as FeO; r: r i m; c: c or e.
Cordierite
Cordierites are Mg-rich (Mg/Mg +Fe = 0.71-0.77)
and have a slight within-grain chemical zonation
revealed by Mg-rich cores relative to the rims (Table
4). The cordierite contains inclusions of biotite and
sillimanite and coexists wi t h garnet and associated
granitic leucosomes. These textural relationships
suggest that the cordierite formed by the following
vapour-absent melting reaction involving biotite,
sillimanite and quartz ( c f . Owen, 1991):
Bt + Sil + Qtz = Crd + Grt + mel t. (2)
The occurrence of thi s reacti on is also supported
by l ow modal bi oti te, si l l i mani te and quartz in
the cordi eri te-beari ng met apel i t es relative to the
cordi eri te-free, garnet-si l l i mani te gneisses.
Spinel
The spinel in these rocks is a hercyni t e spinel
sol i d sol ut i on (FeAI 204-MgAI 204) , wi t h Xug
varyi ng bet ween 0. 30 and 0. 35. The mineral
cont ai ns up to 0. 5 wt % ZnO and up to 0. 6
wt % Cr203 (Table 5). Recal cul at i on of spinel
composi t i ons accordi ng to st oi chi omet r y wi t h
the met hod of Bohlen and Essene (1977) gi ves
2. 0- 6. 4 wt % Fe203 (Table 5).
As n o t e d a b o v e , h e r c y n i t i c s pi nel is
i nvar i abl y ri mmed by si l l i mani t e and is not in
cont act wi t h quart z, wher eas si l l i mani t e is in
t ext ur al equi l i bri um wi t h gar net and quart z.
Thi s t ext ur e suggest s t he f ol l owi ng ret rograde
r eact i on:
3Hc + 5Qt z = Ai m + 2Sil, (3)
232 Journal of African Earth Sciences
Met amorphi sm of the Palaeoproterozoic Magondi mobile bel t north of Karoi, Zi mbabwe
Tabl e 5. Represent at i ve mi cropobe anal yses of spi nel s
hm- 384r hm- 384c hm- 384c hm- 310c hm- 310r hm- 310r
AI203 58. 69 58. 63 59. 52 56. 96 58. 64 58. 03
Cr203 0. 36 0. 33 0. 35 0. 27 0, 57 0. 00
Fe203 2. 07 2. 54 1. 90 5. 65 4. 70 6. 37
FeO 31. 61 31. 28 30. 92 29. 44 28. 04 28. 17
MnO 0. 07 0. 00 0. 05 0. 34 0. 14 0. 09
MgO 6. 06 6. 23 6. 63 7.21 8. 63 8. 69
ZnO 0. 15 0. 25 0. 20 0. 19 0. 16 0. 00
Tot al 99. 02 99. 26 99. 57 100. 07 100. 87 101. 35
AI 1 . 9 4 4 1 . 9 3 9 1 . 9 5 2 1 . 8 8 0 1 . 8 9 0 1 . 8 7 0
Cr 0. 008 0. 007 0. 008 0. 010 0. 010 0. 000
Fe 3+ 0. 044 0. 054 0. 040 0. 120 0. 100 0. 130
Fe 2+ 0. 743 0. 734 0. 720 0. 690 0. 640 0. 640
Mn 0. 002 0. 000 0. 001 0. 100 0. 000 0. 000
Mg 0. 254 0. 261 0. 275 0. 300 0. 350 0. 350
Zn 0. 003 0. 005 0. 004 0. 000 0. 000 0. 000
O 4. 00 4. 00 4. 00 4. 00 4. 00 4. 00
Fe203, FeO calculated f r o m stoichiometry; r: rim, c: core.
SiO2
A QUARTZ
3Hc + 5Qt z = Ai m + 2Sil
SILLIMANITE
GARNET ~.~F I
(FeO + MgO) SPINEL AI203
Figure 5. Plot of Si02-(FeO + MgO)-AI2Ozshowing the relationship between quartz, spinel,
sillimanite and garnet in some metapel i ti c granulites. The phase relations and textural
evidence suggest the reaction i ndi cated on the figure (see t ext f or discussion/.
Journal of African Earth Sciences 233
H. MUNYANYI WA and R MA A S K A NT
Table 6. Garnet-biotite temperatures and garnet-aluminosilicate-plagioclase-quartz pressures (in
C and kbar)
4 kbar F-S H-L P-L P-A I-Ma I-Mb K-R Da Tho Bha ave K-R
hm-396 783 707 675 675 677 655 674 698 703 648 680 4.7
hm-346 785 708 662 676 690 682 673 735 727 652 680 5.2
hm-073 719 669 647 646 662 643 654 642 682 643 650 7.2
hm-348 850 745 706 704 687 652 695 699 771 685 700
hm-075 875 761 721 725 778 727 689 680 789 699 720 6.0
hm-003 706 660 623 640 657 642 633 573 672 609 640 5.6
hm-384 891 767 719 720 748 714 705 741 797 696 730 4.9
hm-O06 623 608 597 599 578 551 598 527 612 585 600
hm-300 774 703 670 681 712 764 794 789 723 700 720
hm-270 754 689 661 694 676 680 701 722 707 668 690
F-S: Ferry and Spear (1978); H-L: Hol daway and Lee (1977); P-L: Perchuk and Lavr ent ' eva (1983); P-A: Perchuk and
Aranovi ch (1986); I-Ma and IMb: Indares and Mart i gnol e (1985); K-R: Kl eemann and Reinhardt (1994); Da: Dasgupta et
al. (1991 ); Tho: Thompson (1976); Bha: Bhat t acharya et al. (1992). Overall garnet -bi ot i t e t emper at ur e uncert ai ni t i es may
be est i mat ed at _+50C.
which is supported by phase relations in the
(FeO + MgO)-AI203-SiO 2 (FMAS) system (Fig. 5).
Because the right hand side of the reaction is a
low temperature side relative to the left side,
this reaction is a retrograde reaction taking place
during isobaric cooling.
MI NERAL TH ERMOB AROMETRY
Garnet-bi oti te
The garnet-biotite pair is the most common
assemblage in metapelites used for temperature
estimates. Many authors have calibrated this
thermometer and at this moment there are more
than twenty calibrations available (see references
in Table 6). Most calibrations take Ca and Mn
contents in garnet into account, while AI and Ti
contents in biotite also are incorporated in the
latest versions. Evaluations of the garnet-biotite
thermometers are given by Chipera and Perkins
(1988), Fonarev et al . (1990a) and Kleemann
and Reinhardt (1994).
Temperature estimates were done on the
combination matrix biotite-core garnet, in an
at t empt to const r ai n peak met amor phi c
conditions as closely as possible. The cores of
large garnets may differ in composition, as only
two-dimensional sections are available in thin
section. A distinct trend is usually visible towards
higher Mg values for core compositions, which
facilitates the proper choice of mineral analysis.
Table 6 shows temperature estimates at 4 kbar
for various calibrations of the garnet-biotite
geothermometer. The geothermometer shows
onl y sl i ght pressure dependence: 1 kbar
difference results in a temperature increase of
about 5C. Ferry and Spear (1978) values are
added to demonstrate that for higher grade
metamorphic rocks this thermometer, and also
the ones closely related or derived from it
(Hodges and Spear, 1982; Hoinkes, 1986;
Pigage and Gr eenwood, 1982) , gi ve
unrealistically high values for temperatures above
600C. The remaining nine calibrations have
been averaged (1~ values of about 30C),
values devi ati ng more than 1~ have been
subt ract ed, and new averages have been
calculated and rounded off. The results are
shown in Table 6. The obtained values closely
correspond to the recommended values of
Fonarev et al . (1990b), who suggested that the
averages of temperatures obtained by the
Holdaway and Lee (1977) and Perchuk and
Lavrent'eva (1983) calibrations should be used
for T> 550-600C.
The mean temperatures (Table 6) reveal a west
and northwest increase in temperatures from
590-600C in mid-amphibolite-facies through
640-690C in upper amphibolite-facies and up
to 730C in granulite-facies terrains (Fig. 6).
These northwest and west ward increasing
temperatures are consistent with changes in
mineral assemblages that reveal an increasing
grade of metamorphism in these directions. The
temperatures do not necessarily represent peak
metamorphic temperatures, particularly in the
granulites, which show some mineral chemical
and petrographic evidence for retrogression,
such as Fe-rich rims in garnet, sillimanite and
garnet ri ms around her yni t i c spi nel ,
recrystallised and kinked second generation
sillimanite and green biotite (see also Fitzsimons
234 Journal of Afri can Earth Sciences
Met amor phi sm of t he Pal aeoproterozoi c Magondi mobi l e bel t nor t h of Karoi, Zi mbabwe
0
- )
Q3 :
= / .
"]
N
o"
/
0 30 K ilornctrcs
I t
MAKUTI
LAKE
KARlaA
/ ~ ~.f-/" . . . . . . . . .
" / ~ I " / j o . . . . . . . . . . . .
.~.~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
~ 4.
/ ~1, 4. 4. 4.
! : : : : : : : : : . .
hl - 8 t zone
I~rt zone
t - Staur zone
- ~ Ur u n g ve gr ani t es
134 Sampl e number
710 Tempera~re in o
u-Staur zone
Sit zone
6 ranu Utes
Fi gure 6. Met amor phi c map of the Magondi mobi l e bel t (sl i ght l y modi f i ed af t er Treloar, 1988) and the pl ot t ed garnet-
bi ot i t e temperatures i ndi cat i ng t hat the temperatures i ncrease to the west and nor t hwest (see t ext f or discussion). The
average t emperat ure f or sampl es hm-O09 and hm- 134 have been adapt ed f rom Munyanyi wa (1995).
and Harley, 1994). Furthermore, as pointed out
above, the "peak" temperatures in granulite-
f aci es met apel i t es wer e cal cul at ed f r om
compositions of high Mg garnet cores and matrix
bi ot i t es ( c f . Indares and Mart i gnol e, 1985)
Temperatures calculated for pel i ti c granulites
using some of the garnet rim composi ti ons are
lower (660-550C). This reflects varyi ng stages
of re-equi l i brat i on of gar net - bi ot i t e Fe2*-Mg
exchange during cooling.
GASP ( garnet-al u mi nosi l i cate-qu artz-pl agi ocl ase)
In metapelites contai ni ng the four minerals in
appar ent t ext ur al equi l i br i um (i .e. gar net ,
sillimanite, plagioclase and quartz), pressures
have been calculated wi t h the GASP equilibrium:
Anort hi t e = grossular + sillimanite + quartz (4)
3CaAI2Si208 = Ca3AI2Si3012 + 2AI2SiO s +Si O 2,
whi ch has been calibrated wi t h thermodynami c
(e.g Ghent, 1976; Newt on and Haselton, 1981,
1984) and exper i ment al dat a (Kozi ol and
Newton, 1988).
Accur acy of the GASP barometer heavi l y
depends on the chosen garnet and plagioclase
act i vi t y models and the ~V of the reacti on,
Di f f er ences of several kbar are obt ai ned
Journal of African Earth Sciences 235
H. MUNYANYIWA and R MAASKANT
bet ween t he bar omet er s of Ghent ( 1976) ,
Newt on and Hasel ton ( 1981, 1984), Gangul y
and Saxena ( 1984) , Ar anovi ch and Podl esski i
(1983, 1989) and Koziol and Newt on ( 1988,
1989). The Kl eemann and Rei nhardt ( 1994)
cal i brati on is chosen here because i t is t he most
recent and is based upon t he Koziol and Newt on
( 1988) t her modynami c dat a and t he gar net
sol ut i on model of Berman ( 1990) . Wi t h t hi s
cal i brati on met hod, uncert ai nt i es in t he pressure
esti mates (see Table 6) are +0. 5 kbar. Pressures
cal cul at ed f or t hr ee gr anul i t e sampl es f rom
Nyaodza ( hm- 346, hm- 384 and hm- 396) are
5. 2, 4. 9 and 5. 2 kbar, r espect i vel y. Pel i t i c
g r a n u l i t e s ampl es f r om Ruk omec hi gi ve
pressures of 6. 0 and 7. 2 kbar f or sampl es hm-
75 and hm- 73, r espect i vel y. A pressure of 5. 6
kbar is obt ai ned f or an upper amphi bol i t e-
faci es sample (hm-003) nor t heast of Karoi. The
cal cul at ed pressure f or t he upper amphi bol i t e-
f aci es sampl e i s s i mi l ar t o pr es s ur es i n
gr anul i t e- f aci es rocks in t he Nyaodza area and
onl y sl i ght l y l ower t han 7. 2 kbar, an upper
val ue cal cul at ed f or a pel i t i c gr anul i t e in
Rukomechi (Tabl e 6).
Garnet-cordierite-sillimanite-( __+ qu artz) and
cordierite-biotite
The v ar i ous e x p r e s s i o n s f or t he gar net -
cordi eri t e geot her momet er ( Thompson, 1976;
Ho l d a wa y and Lee, 1977; Wel l s, 1979;
Perchuk and Lavr ent ' eva, 1983; Ellis, 1986;
Ar anovi ch and Podl esski i , 1989; Hol l and and
Powel l , 1989; Bhat t acharya e t a l . , 1988) show
onl y sl i ght var i at i on. The geot her momet er
shows onl y sl i ght pressure dependence; 1 kbar
di f f er ence gi ves a t emper at ur e i ncr ease of
about 5 C. Mean t emper at ur e est i mat es f or
t he gar net - cor di er i t e- bear i ng sampl es hm- 310
and hm- 384 are 740 C ( 1 ~ = 2 0 C, at 7 kbar)
and 735 C ( 1~= 16C, at 4. 9 kbar), si mi l ar to
garnet-bi oti te mean t emperat ures (Table 6). The
Perchuk and Lavr ent ' eva ( 1983) cor di er i t e-
bi ot i t e t h e r mo me t e r gi ves a t emper at ur e
esti mate of 735 C for sample hm-384. Pressure
may be eval uat ed wi t h t he garnet -cordi eri t e-
si l l i mani t e- quar t z bar omet er , whi ch may be
used on t he basi s of t he Fe and Mg end-
members. The amount of wat er and/ or CO 2 in
cor di er i t e gr eat l y i nf l uenc es t he pr essur e
e s t i ma t e s ; her e a h i g h wa t e r c o n t e n t
(XH2o=0. 6-0. 8) has ben assumed, consi st ent
wi t h most nat ur al cor di er i t es (Deer e t a l . ,
1992) . The Ar anovi ch and Podl esski i ( 1989)
cal i br at i on gi ves a pressure range of 6. 5- 7. 5
kbar f or sampl e hm- 310.
Two-feldspar thermometry
Thi s t hermomet er is very easi l y suscept i bl e to
r eset t i ng, gi vi ng meani ngl ess r esul t s. Onl y
sampl e hm- 396 gi ves val ues whi ch can be
compared wi t h t he garnet -bi ot i t e t emperat ure
esti mates. Thi s sampl e yi el ds t emperat ures of
685, 690, 694 and 689 C, usi ng, respect i vel y,
t he cal i brat i ons of Price (1985), Hasel ton e t al .
(1983) and Green and Usdansky (1986).
Metabas i te thermometry
The garnet-cl i nopyroxene-hornbl ende-pl agi ocl ase
assembl age in sampl e h m- 3 0 0 of f er s t he
possi bi l i t y to i nvest i gat e t he use of t he garnet-
cl i nopyr oxene, gar net - hor nbl ende and cl i no-
pyr oxene- hor nbl ende t her momet er s, and t he
gar net - cl i nopyr oxene- quar t z barometer.
The cal i br at i ons of Wel l s ( 1979) , Ellis and
Green ( 1979) , Dahl ( 1980) and Powel l ( 1985)
gi ve, r espect i vel y, t emper at ur e est i mat es of
701, 695, 719, 668, 674 and 705 C, at 6
kbar. One kbar di f f erence resul t s in a maxi mum
t emper at ur e i ncrease of 10 C. The gar net -
hor nbl ende pai r gi ves, accor di ng t o Wel l s
( 1979) , Graham and Powel l ( 1984) , Powel l
( 1985) and Perchuk and Lavr ent ' eva ( 1990) ,
t emper at ur es of 675, 682, 662 and 701 C,
r espect i vel y, i ndependent of t he pr essur e
appl i ed. The gar net - cl i nopyr oxene- hor nbl ende
c al i br at i ons of Nasi r and Abu- Al j ar ay es h
( 1992) , usi ng t he combi nat i on of Powel l ' s
g a r n e t - c l i n o p y r o x e n e and Gr a h a m and
Powel l ' s gar net - hor nbl ende t her momet er s,
yi el d t emper at ur es of 723 and 675 C f or t he
f i r st and second equat i ons , r es pec t i v el y .
Co n s i d e r i n g t he v a l u e s of t h e s e t h r e e
t her momet er s, an aver age t emper at ur e of
about 700 C seems reasonabl e and is cl ose
t o t he gar net - bi ot i t e and gar net - cor di er i t e
t emper at ur es obt ai ned in t he gr anul i t e- f aci es
t er r ai ns t o t he east .
The Kohn and Spear (1989, 1990) cal i brati ons
for t he garnet -hornbl ende-quart z assembl age,
based on f our equat i ons (Kohn and Spear, 1989)
and t wo equati ons (Kohn and Spear, 1990), gi ve
a pressure esti mate of 6. 3 kbar ( 1G=0. 7 kbar).
Similar pressures (6.5 kbar) are gi ven by the
gar net - cl i nopyr oxene- quar t z geobar omet er of
Moecher e t al . (1988).
The Pb-Pb zi rcon ages of 1920- 1960 Ma for
t wo sampl es of t he Kariba Gnei ss uni t (KrSner,
p e r s . c o m m . , 1996) i n d i c a t e t h a t t he
met amorphi sm of t hi s uni t is synchr onous wi t h
t he Magondi Or ogeny and' t h u s t he P - T
condi t i ons cal cul at ed f or t he Kari ba Gnei ss
sample are associ ated wi t h t hi s orogeny.
236 Journal of African Earth Sciences
Metamorphism of the Palaeoproterozoic Magondi mobile belt north of Karoi, Zimbabwe
DI SCUSSI ON
The results of geothermobaromtery presented
above indicate temperatures of up t o 730C and
pressures of 6 + 1 kbar for the granulite-facies
metamorphism in the Magondi mobile belt. The
calculated temperatures and pressures are similar
t o the range 710- 745 C and 5-7 kbar found by
Treloar and Kramers (1989) using a garnet-
cordierite geothermometer and a garnet-cordierite-
bi oti te-si l l i mani te-orthocl ase assemblage. The
t emper at ur es also fall wi t hi n t he range of
7 5 0 + 5 0 C calculated by Munyanyi wa e t a l .
(1993) for the Magondi enderbites using Lee
and Gangul y' s (1988) gar net - or t hopyr oxene
geothermometer. The calculated granulite-facies
condi ti ons also fall wi t hi n the sillimanite stabi l i ty
field, whi ch is consi stent wi t h the presence of
sillimanite in both the Nyaodza and Rukomechi
pelitic granulites. The pressure of 6. 0+ 1 kbar
r ecor ded in one sampl e f r om t he upper
amphibolite-facies terrain is similar t o pressures
cal cul at ed f or t he gr anul i t e- f aci es t errai ns,
whereas temperature esti mates for the upper
amphibolite-facies rocks are lower (640-690C),
as expected. This implies t hat the amphibolite-
granulite-facies t ransi t i on is primarily isobaric.
However, t hi s conclusion is based on only one
amphibolite-facies sample, making i t somewhat
t enuous. Further wor k in t he f ut ure should
attempt to document pressure ranges in thi s part
of the Magondi Belt in more detail.
Tectonic implications
Bohlen and Mezger (1989) and Bohlen (1991)
compiled a set of published P- Tdat a i ndi cati ng
t hat regi onal gr anul i t e- f aci es t er r ai ns were
formed at rel ati vel y l ow pressures (6-8 kbar),
corresponding t o mid-crustal depths of around
20-30 kin. On the other hand, mafic granulite-
facies xenol i t hs, whi ch are common in vol cani c
pipes and ki mberl i t es, were f ound t o have
crystallised at higher pressures of 10-15 kbar,
reflecting an origin from deeper crustal levels
(35-50 km) or from the upper mantle. They
further pointed out t hat in regional metamorphic
gr anul i t es, t he amphi bol i t e- gr anul i t e- f aci es
transi ti on is essentially isobaric and is controlled
by increasing temperatures from amphibolite-
to granul i te-faci es. This led them t o conclude
t hat the regional metamorphi c granulites were
formed by crustal thi ckeni ng i nvol vi ng magmatic
under pl at i ng in an i sl and- ar c or ac t i v e-
conti nental margin setti ng. This mechanism of
granulite formati on is similar t o the hot-spot
model, where mafic-ultramafic magmatic bodies
pond in t he l ower cr ust and pr ovi de t he
necessary heat for metamorphi sm (Newt on,
1987).
In cont r ast , Carswel l and O' Bri en (1993)
suggested t hat some regional granulite terrains
were formed at much higher pressures in excess
of 9 kbar, a maximum value preferred by Bohlen
and Mezger (1989) for regional granulites. The
higher pressures implied crustal thickening during
f or mat i on of t he gr anul i t es, possi bl y by
cont i nent - cont i nent col l i si on (Carswel l and
O' Brien, 1993). Carswell and O' Brien (1993)
based thei r argument on the granulites from the
Mol danubi an Massi f in Lower Aust ri a, whi ch
show evidence of initial equilibration at 16 kbar
and 1000 C. Carswel l and O' Bri en (1993)
therefore questioned the emphasis placed by
Bohlen and Mezger (1989) and Bohlen (1991)
on regi onal gr anul i t e f or mat i on rel ated t o
magmat i c underpl at i ng rather t han t ect oni c
act i vi t y i nvol vi ng cont i nent -cont i nent collision.
Dat a pr esent ed above f or t he Magondi
granulites show t hat there is no evidence for
high pressures ( > 1 0 kbar) charact eri st i c of
t hi ckened cont i nent al cr ust f ormed duri ng
conti nent-conti nent collision. The P - T values for
the Magondi mobile belt granulites fall wi t hi n
the range calculated for regional granulite terrains
by Bohlen and Mezger (1989) and Bohlen (1991).
Such granulites are i nterpreted t o be from a
region of high heat f l ow caused by magmatic
heating. Evidence for magmatic heating in the
Magondi mobile belt high-grade terrain may be
pr ovi ded by as s oc i at ed ender bi t es and
char nocki t es whi ch, on t he basi s of f i el d
evidence and U-Pb and Pb-Pb zircon ages, have
been interpreted as synmetamorphi c i ntrusi ves
(Munyanyi wa e t a l . , 1995). Si gni fi cantl y, some
of the enderbites contai n CO 2 fluid inclusions
t hat show t ext ures indicating trapping at or near
t he peak of gr anul i t e- f aci es met amorphi sm
(Munyanyi wa e t a l . , 1993). The rocks also bear
petrographic evidence interpreted t o reflect a
pr i mar y magmat i c or i gi n f or char nocki t i c/
enderbitic rocks ( c f . Ridley, 1992). It is likely
t hat t he Magondi mobi l e bel t ender bi t es
crystallised di rectl y from CO2-saturated silicic
magma emplaced into the mid-crustal levels, as
implied in the model presented by Frost and Frost
(1987) and Frost e t a l . (1989). The Magondi
mobile belt granulites were formed in a region
of high heat f l ow, wi t h heat possi bl y being
provi ded by under l yi ng, deep-seat ed mafi c
magmatic bodies. The carbonic fluids could also
have been the mechanism of heat transfer for
granul i te-faci es metamorphi sm ( c f . Frost and
Frost, 1987; Frost e t a l . , 1989). Also, precise
Journal of African Earth Sciences 237
H. MUNYANYIWA and R MAASKANT
U-Pb and Pb-Pb si ngl e zi rcon ages of 1. 9- 1. 96
Ga for t he enderbi tes ( Munyanyi wa et al ., 1995)
show t hat t hey are par t of a wi despr ead
magmati c and met amorphi c event in central and
s out her n Af r i c a. A c al c - al k al i ne a f f i n i t y
char act er i st i c of magmat i c arcs has been
establ i shed for some of t hese magmat i c rocks,
f or i nst ance t he Bangweul u Bl ock gr ani t es,
granodi ori tes and t hei r ext r usi ve equi val ent s in
northern Zambia (Andersen and Unrug, 1984).
Regionally, t he Magondi mobi l e bel t granul i t es
are probabl y part of an acti ve cont i nent al margin
l ocated along t he nor t hwest er n margi n of t he
Zi mbabwe Craton duri ng t he Pal aeoproterozoi c
(cf . St owe, 1989).
In cl osi ng, t emperat ures determi ned wi t h t he
garnet -bi ot i t e geot hermomet ers are - 6 0 0 C for
the mi d-amphi bol i t e-f aci es, 640- 690 C for the
upper amphi bol i t e-f aci es and around 730 C for
the granul i te-faci es terrai ns. In pel i ti c granul i tes,
t hese t e mp e r a t u r e s are si mi l ar t o t hos e
c a l c u l a t e d f r om t he g a r n e t - c o r d i e r i t e
geot hermomet er and, in some cases, from t he
t wo - f e l d s p a r g e o t h e r mo me t e r . Pr essur es
cal cul ated wi t h t he GASP geobarometers yi el d
about 6. 0 kbar for t he upper amphi bol i t e-f aci es
t er r ai ns. The gr anul i t e- f aci es t er r ai ns wer e
dev el oped at 5- 7 kbar , wh i c h i mpl i es
metamorphi sm at mi d-crust al l evel s at si mi l ar
dept hs t o t hose upper amphi bol i t e- f ac i es
metapel i tes.
The high-grade pelitic rocks (upper amphibolite-
and granul i t e-f aci es) were ret rogressed to a
mi nor degree. Ret r ogr ade mi ner al s i ncl ude
s ec ond g e n e r a t i o n s i l l i ma n i t e , c h l o r i t e ,
muscovi t e, bi ot i t e and cal ci t e. The hydr ous/
carbonate mi neral s i ndi cat e an i nf l ux of CO 2-
H20 fl ui ds ei ther duri ng cool i ng, f ol l owi ng t he
peak of met amorphi sm, or duri ng a separate
r et r ogr ade me t a mo r p h i c ev ent , p o s s i b l y
associ ated wi t h t he Pan-Afri can Orogeny.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are grat ef ul to T. G. Bl enki nsop, P.
Dirks, H. A. Jel sma and P. J. Trel oar for t hei r
hel pful di scussi ons. Thanks are due to Prof. R.
E. Hanson and Dr P. J. Trel oar for t hei r careful
r evi ews and c ons t r uc t i v e cr i t i ci sm. H. M.
acknowl edges t he Uni ver si t y of Zi mbabwe
Research Board grant 3249 from whi ch t he field
wor k was f unded. Thanks are due t o W. J.
Lust enhouwer who assisted wi t h the microprobe
analyses. H. A. Jel sma assi sted wi t h part of t he
fi el d wor k descri bed herei n. Thi s wor k was
carried out under t he f ramework of the MINREST
program, a sci ent i f i c l i nk bet ween t he Geol ogy
Department, Uni versi ty of Zi mbabwe, Harare and
t he Vrije Uni versi tei t, Amsterdam. The MINREST
pr ogr am i s f i n a n c i a l l y s u p p o r t e d by t he
Di rectorate General for Internati onal Cooperati on
(DGI S), Mi ni s t r y of For ei gn Af f ai r s of t he
Net her l ands, vi a t he Net her l ands Uni ver si t y
Foundat i on f or I nt er nat i onal Cooper at i on
(NUFFIC), whi ch also sponsored t he vi si t of H.
M. to Amst erdam. Thi s is a cont r i but i on to IGCP
proj ect 363 " Lower Prot erozoi c of t he Sub-
Equatorial Af ri ca".
Edi t or i al Handl i ng - G. J. H. Of i ver
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