July - August 2014 - International Aquafeed FULL EDITION

I N C O R P O R AT I N G
F I S H FA R M I N G T E C H N O L O G Y
Tilapia farming in China

Ukrainian Fish Farming:
Opportunities for growth
El Nio
plan ahead and manage the risk
Microalgae:
A sea of opportunities for the
aquaculture industry
Fish Farming Technology supplement
- Stock protection
- Biomass control
- Technology round up
Vo l u m e 1 7 I s s u e 4 2 0 1 4 -
J ULY | A U G US T
AQUA
FEED
CONTENTS
AN INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE FOR THE AQUACULTURE FEED

INDUSTRY - INCORPORATING FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY
Volume 17 / Issue 4 / July-August 2014 / Copyright Perendale Publishers Ltd 2014 / All rights reserved
Aqua News
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5
7
7
9
9
The future of science is in good hands - Alltech Young Scientist Winners

8000 farmed Tilapia found dead in Fiji
High levels of HCBs in fishmeal reported in Norway
GSSI 'Global Benchmark Tool
Huon launches US$3.5M Feed Barge
Adifo strengthens its market position in Philippines
Features
10
14
16
18
30

Ukrainian Fish Farming: Opportunities for growth
El Nio - plan ahead and manage the risk
New trials confirm strong results with probiotics
Microalgae: a sea of opportunities for the aquaculture industry
Regular items
7 THE AQUACULTURISTS
20 INDUSTRY PROFILE - Biorigin
26 PHOTOSHOOT
33 EXPERT TOPIC - SALMON
44 INDUSTRY EVENTS
Showcasing the worlds best fish Malaysia takes advantage

Monaco Blue Initiative hosted in Latin America
48 CLASSIFIED ADVERTS
50 THE AQUAFEED INTERVIEW
52 INDUSTRY FACES
The cover image for this edition
of International Aquafeed is our
WAS/International Aquafeed
photo competion winner
'Hatching' by Bernd Ueberschr,
Germany - see more on page
26.
International Aquafeed is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.
All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the publishers accept
no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published. Copyright 2014
Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior
permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058
Also in
t
Our Fishhis issue:
F
ar
Technolo
gy centr ming
e section
sup
Technoloplement:
g
Biomassy round up
Stock p control
rotectio
n
www.perendale.co.uk
Editor
Professor Simon Davies
Email: simond@aquafeed.co.uk
Associate Editors
Dr Albert Tacon
Email: albertt@perendale.co.uk
Dr Yu Yu
Email: yuy@perendale.co.uk
Dr Kangsen Mai (Chinese edition)
Email: mai@perendale.co.uk
Editorial Advisory Panel
Abdel-Fattah M. El-Sayed (Egypt)
Dr Albert Tacon (USA)
Professor Antnio Gouveia (Portugal)
Professor Charles Bai (Korea)
Colin Mair (UK)
Dr Daniel Merrifield (UK)
Dr Dominique Bureau (Canada)
Dr Elizabeth Sweetman (Greece)
Dr Kim Jauncey (UK)
Eric De Muylder (Belgium)
Dr Pedro Encarnao (Singapore)
Dr Mohammad R Hasan (Italy)
Editorial executive
Olivia Holden
Email: oliviah@perendale.co.uk
Editor - Asia Pacific
Roy Palmer
Email: royp@perendale.com
Circulation & Events Manager
Tuti Tan
Email: tutit@aquafeed.co.uk
Design Manager
James Taylor
Email: jamest@perendale.co.uk
International marketing team (UK)
Darren Parris
Email: darrenp@aquafeed.co.uk
Tom Blacker
Email: tomb@perendale.co.uk
Tilly Geoghegan
Email: tillyg@perendale.co.uk
Latin America
Ivn Marquetti
Email: ivanm@perendale.com
Pablo Porcel de Peralta
Email: pablop@perendale.com
India
Raj Kapoor
Email: rajk@perendale.com
Africa
Nathan Nwosu
Email: nathann@perendale.com
More information:
International Aquafeed
7 St George's Terrace, St James' Square
Cheltenham, GL50 3PT, United Kingdom
Tel: +44 1242 267706
Website: www.aquafeed.co.uk
Creoso - welcome
t is now high summer in England and the heat wave is on! I have been on some limited
travel lately but mainly within the UK. It is somewhat surprising how much of the United
Kingdom still remains outside of my experience. There are so many regions and cities
to explore, and when I do eventually retire from academia I wont be short of activities
within Great Britain.
I visited Lincoln last month, one of Englands most beautiful cathedral cities with an aspiring university and interesting specialist teaching
and research in animal welfare and production but not as yet fish. Close
by there are several tilapia farms based on closed system technologies
and making waves for the expansion of an English Aquaculture Industry.
There are plans afoot for more expansion of various species beyond
shellfish to include a number of important commercial fish of high value
and the British Government should be seriously addressing this issue
with respect to increased fish consumption and our dependency on
importation of farmed fish.
Professor Simon Davies
Our current issue
Turning to our current issue, we have a topical report on tilapia farming in China and a review
article on the status of fish farming in the Ukraine covering many interesting developments and
potential despite the unfortunate political events in this troubled region of the world.
We may need to forecast and better plan our aquaculture activities in future given the threat
of global climate change and the need for risk assessment. An invaluable critique is presented
towards this aim with an emphasis on El Nino events.
We explore the salmon industry further within our exert topic feature that focuses on salmon
production in the USA, Chile and even New Zealand for the farming of Chinook Pacific salmon.
In this regard, we are concerned about biomass control and more attention should be paid to
the inventory of fish weight and density in intensive rearing of salmon.
Our regular interview feature in this issue is with Onur Emre Solak the Manager of Pharmaq
Turkey who speaks about his companies commitment to the growing aquaculture sector in this
part of the Mediterranean.
Indeed, I have hosted an ERASMUS exchange student from Turkey for the last 6 months who
has been examining the incidence of deformities in hatchery produced sea bass fry with special
techniques for bone density measurements. I am impressed by the quality and training of Turkish
students in this area.
Of course we have a comprehensive list on news from the industry and are pleased to
include a report on the Monaco Blue Initiative attended by His Serene Highness, Prince Albert
II of Monaco held in Santiago, Chile recently. Many aspects of food security via aquaculture and
the global health of our oceans were at the heart of the agenda. This forum has highlighted very
many issues of relevance to the industry and offering a platform for dialogue, technical exchange
and governance.
This latest issue is excellent reading and I trust you will find it most informative - please enjoy
and keep the articles coming. Our trade magazine stands on the shoulders of the giants in the
field and reflects this increasingly.
Aquatic China 2014 in Beijing from September 21-22, 2014
Aquatic China 2014, co-organisted by International Aquafeed magazine and VIV China, has a full
two-day program of scientific and commercial speakers that will prove of vital interest to fish
farmers throughout China and the Asian region.
"We feel there is a great opportunity for the leading fish farming country to meet with scientists and commercial leaders to discuss the latest developments in fish farming nutrition and
technology, says co-organiser Roger Gilbert, publisher of IAF magazine.
IAF is working closely with Professor Kangsen Mai of the Ocean University of China in
Qingdao, Shangdong Province to develop a program that will engage both Chinese and nonChinese fish farming countries in an international program that will encourage the exchange of
information on fish health, feeding and farming.
"China produces almost 85 percent of all farmed fish globally, yet much of the research and
development of technologies around fish farming is occurring in other regions of the world."
In conjunction with VIV, which is co-organising the event to run concurrently with its two-day
China Summit prior to the opening of VIV China 2014 in Beijing from September 23-25, 2014,
the overall aim is to align fish farmers in China with the technology of the future and the scientific
Aqua News
Director of the Alltech Young Scientist Programme
Dr Inge Russell, with Lei Wang and Mark Lyons
The flavour dimension

Ioannis Zabetakis, assistant
professor of food chemistry,
university of Athens, Greece
The future of science is in good hands

- Alltech Young Scientist Winners
nvestigations of a rainbow
trout gene (Kpna7) and its
role in oocyte and early
embryonic development and
a novel -Defensin Gene
Cluster expressed in the
reproductive tract of both
mares and stallions were the
two winning topics in this
years Alltech Young Scientist
Programme, announced
at Alltechs 30th Annual
International Symposium, in
downtown Lexington, US.
There was unprecedented
interest in the competition
this year, with more than 8500
participants, representing the
future generation of animal,
human and plant health scientists.The Alltech Young Scientist
Competition, now in its ninth
year, attracts the brightest scientific thinkers from colleges
and universities around the
world awarding students for
their scientific discoveries.
Eight regional winners representing Asia, Europe, Latin
America and North America
came to Lexington, to present
their research before a panel

of international judges for
the graduate grand prize of
US$10,000 and the undergr aduate gr and pr ize of
US$5,000.
This years graduate winner
was Lei Wang, originally from
China and currently completing
her PhD studies in the United
States with the University of
West Virginia. Wangs research
work focused on novel functional roles of oocyte-specific
nuclear transpor ter (Kpna7)
in relation to developmental
competency of rainbow trout
oocyte and early embryo.
This years competition
brought eight outstanding
students from around the globe
to Lexington to compete. It was
an exciting competition and the
research papers presented all
have the potential to result in
significant improvements for the
field of aqua, plant technology
and environmental science,
said Dr Inge Russell, director
of the Alltech Young Scientist
Programme.
resources that they will need to achieve increased production in

terms of quality and quantity, says Mr Gilbert.
"I'm convinced that the global fish farming industry can
learn a lot from China and its scientific depth of knowledge
when it comes to managing and feeding farmed fish. I'm just as
convinced that global research and development has a lot to
offer the Chinese industry. This is a venue that brings all these
players together."
Supporting the event is the premier sponsor Evonik. Others
include local companies such as Hangzhou Kingtechina Feed
Company, Atech, Guangzhou Hinter Biotechnology Co., while
international supporters including (some yet to confirm): Jefo,
LSF, Rabo Bank and Skretting - Nutreco.
Links to conference pages and information:
http://bit.ly/aquaticchina14info
Registartion: http://bit.ly/AquaticChina14E
or all of us who work in

the aquaculture sector, the
problems we need to face in
every day life are of two dimensions: first, we need to address the
issue of feed functionality and sustainability (that is, food security)
and second (and most probably
more impor tant!) we need to
make sure that the end produce
(fish and fish products) has superb
sensory properties.
A fish fillet with excellent aroma,
taste and after taste has much
higher added value and wider
acceptability.
Therefore, we need to make
sure that the feed ingredients can
pass to the final produce some
endogenous (in the raw ingredients) sensor y proper ties that
could be detected and (hopefully) appreciated by the end-consumer.
Let me tell you an egg stor y:
one of the biggest egg producers
in Greece has had this successful
concept: egg-producing chickens
could be fed with feeds enriched
in herbs of distinctive flavour. The
end result has been a success:
the eggs that are produced from
the animals having this herbal
diet (they are marketed as biodeli) are of superior quality
and value. They taste more
herbally and money-wise there
is some considerable added
value. Consumers can buy a pack
of six at the super markets for
3.96 (this is not a typographical
mistake). Consumers, in a debt
hit country, are prepared to pay
up to four Euros for six eggs.
Crazy? Perhaps!
What makes the consumers
ready to pay more for an animal/
fish products?
First, it is the question of functionality and how nutritional this
food is.
Eggs used to be considered not
so healthy because of their high
lipid content.
July-August 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 3
However, recent research has

shown that eggs contain valuable
polar lipids with strong antiinflammatory action that is eggs
are strong cardio-protective
agents.
Second, it is the question of
taste and aroma. If an egg does
not taste eggy anymore but it
tastes more pleasant around the
palette, then the final price could
be increased as a wider market
margin could be opened.
Both points have been addressed
with some considerable success
in the case of the bio-deli eggs.
They taste better (than conventional eggs) and they carry higher
nutritional value. These features
are reflected in their popularity
despite their higher price.
Could we do something analogous with aquafeeds and fish?
Absolutely so!
Feed ingredients of plant origin
with strong functional and sensory
proper ties could be incorporated into the aquafeed pellets;
it is rather straight forward with
the available drying and extrusion
equipment.
But also, using modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) for the
final fish fillet does allow us some
flexibility in terms of extending
shelf-life and therefore marketability of our products.
At the packaging stage and
linked to MAP, we could use
some herbs that could enrich
the flavour of the fish and further
extend shelf-life. Oregano, dill,
lemon and rosemary can be used
during packaging to differentiate
the final produce and enrich its
sensory properties and nutritional
value.
The combinations are unlimited. All we need to do is to
listen to the market needs and
trends and show some spirit of
endeavour.
www.zabetakis.net
izabet@chem.uoa.gr
Benefits of
integration of feed
safety and feed
responsibility
ll over the world, more

and more people share
the opinion that safe
feed is an extremely important
element in the production of
safe food.
Safe feed for safe food is a
basic principle. Actually, it was
the trigger for the Dutch feed
industry to establish and implement feed safety standards, laid
down in what now is called
the GMP+ Feed Cer tification
scheme, more than 20 years
ago.
GMP+ standards give clear
requirements and conditions
for application of systems and
tools to assure the safety of the
feed throughout the whole feed
chain.
Besides this, GMP+ International
gives a lot of support to a feed
company when it comes to different aspects of risk management on company level.
Johan den Hartog, managing

director of GMP+ International,
Rijswijk, The Netherlands
Together with some additional steps, this should result in
a sound and complete HACCP
plan, consisting of procedures
and routines to control the feed
safety during daily operation, and
act quickly if for some reason
limits are exceeded.
Any company can apply the
HACCP principles, whether big
or small, whether producing,
trading or providing ser vices,
and irrespective of the position
of the feed company in the feed
chain.
HACCP is the core of a

GMP+ system
It should not be a surprise that

application of the HACCP principles is also a major requirement in the GMP+ standards in
order to assure the safety of the
feed.
Application of HACCP
Already a long time ago, the

Codex HACCP principles were
introduced to create a clear
foundation for controlling food
safety. They have when applied
correctly - proved to contribute
to a higher food safety level.
In principle, the application of
the HACCP principles is quite
simple. The major steps are:
1) identify possible hazards

2) assess whether they are a
risk for the safety of your
feed
3) define and implement
control measures
4) monitor on effectiveness of
the control measures
However, GMP+ International

has noticed that application of
the HACCP principles may differ
between individual feed companies, resulting in different levels
of feed safety assurance, due to
culture, mind-set and (lack of)
knowledge.
In order to assure that every
GMP+ company applies the
HACCP principles in the same
way and achieves the same, high
level of feed safety control, the
GMP+ standards give more
detailed HACCP requirements
than the general HACCP principles as laid down in the Codex
document.
In addition, requirements
to establish and implement
a complete prerequisite programme are laid down. GMP+
International has the opinion
that a HACCP plan can only
be successful established and
implemented when first a basic
safety level in the company

is created by meeting basic
conditions focussed on - for
instance - personnel, buildings, facilities and equipment
and when maintenance, pest
control and cleaning programmes etc. are implemented in the company.
Next to applying HACCP
principles and implementing a
prerequisite programme, the third
pillar of a complete GMP+ feed
safety management system is a
management system which should
be able to assure the feed safety on
the highest level.
Feed support
products
Over the years and in close

cooperation with experts from
the feed industr y and institutes, GMP+ International, has
gathered a lot of information on
different aspects of feed safety
control. This information is made
available for GMP+ cer tified
companies via the Feed Support
Products.
The Feed Suppor t Products
include:
- Fact sheets of more than
160 so-called undesirable
substances and processing
aids. Think of: mycotoxins,
heavy metals, pesticides,
dioxins and PCBs. These
substances might cause a
risk to the feed safety. The
fact sheets provide a lot
of scientific information
about the possible effect
on humans, animals and the
environment. This information is helpful in deciding
whether the hazard is a risk.
In addition, these fact sheets
give suggestions for possible
control measures
- Generic risk analysis of
more than 500 feed materials. For several steps in the
production process of these
feed materials, possible
hazards are identified and
assessed. Safety limits are
given and suggestions for
control measures. A GMP+
company can use such a
generic risk analysis when
establishing a company
specific HACCP plan. Also
the information can be
used selecting suppliers and
4 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | July-August 2014
deciding what assurance

must be given when feed
materials are bought
- A G M P + M o n i t o r i n g
database with analysis
results from all types of feed
(for example feed materials,
but also compound feed),
produced all over the world.
The GMP+ Monitor ing
database can be used to
share analysis results within
a monitoring group, but also
the anonymised analysis
results from other GMP+
par ticipants can be used
to during the application of
several HACCP steps
- A number of so-called
D-documents are available
on the GMP+ website, containing information about
several different topics
related to feed safety management. They give background information and
practical guidance for an individual company establishing
or improving a feed safety
management system. There
are guidances for application of HACCP, for establishing a feed safety management system, for developing a system for supplier
control, for a tracking and
tracing system, etc.
All this supporting information
can be found on the website of
GMP+ International. Some of
the information is publicly available, other information is only
available for GMP+ cer tified
companies, or via the GMP+
webshop.
Application of HACCP principles is an impor tant requirement in the GMP+ standards.
Requirements have been specified and detailed, but still give
an individual company flexibility
to establish its own HACCP
plan.
Information is available to
suppor t a company in establishing a practical but sound and
complete HACCP plan.
Aqua News
Creating & nurturing AwF
for growth
8000 farmed
Tilapia found
dead in Fiji
eni Siga who comes

from near Denarau
Island in Fiji, relives
a US$16,000 nightmare
ever y time there's mass
death at his fish farm which
he started three years ago
on Maqalev, reports the Fiji
Times Online.
"This is the seventh time
something like this has
happened," he says.
"The last incident was in
2012 and police confirmed
that pesticide was poured
into the ponds."
He said about 8000 tilapia
were found dead ear ly
Friday morning.
"We had just started harvesting the fish on Thursday
and when we woke up this
morning the rest of the fish
were dead. It's really upsetting because all of our hard
work has been wasted.
"This is also government
money going down the
drain because we get the
fishlings from Naduruloulou
Research Station and the
Coboni Fish Farm in Ra.
We've reported the case
to police and I hope that
they get to the bottom of
this because it is ruining our
livelihood."
Police confirm an investigation has been launched
into the incident.
Denarau Island, on the
main Island of Viti Levu, is
the largest integrated resort
in the South Pacific. Less
than 10 kilometres from
Nadi, it boasts eight large
resor ts, stunning beaches
and an 18-hole championship golf course.
Follow the links for more:
http://bit.ly/IAF1404-1
Send your news

items to International
Aquafeed
Roy Palmer, director, Aquaculture

without Frontiers
e have had an exciting

couple of months at
Aquaculture without
Frontiers. A focus was our great
program of presentations at our
session, Development, Welfare
and Poverty Alleviation (AwF), at
World Aquaculture Adelaide 2014
(WAA14) on June 11, 2014.
We have had the whole session
recorded and the video will
soon be on our website (www.
aquaculturewithoutfrontiers.org).
The session, was sponsored by
Wor ld Aquaculture Society's
(WAS) Premier Sponsor, Tyson
Foods Inc, one of the worlds largest
food suppliers as well as a leader in
hunger and disaster relief.
The session had speakers from
Nigeria, India, Brazil, Seychelles,
USA, Sri Lanka, Nepal and Australia
and covered a myriad of issues
and case studies across the continents.
Of course, Brazil has been very
much in the spotlight lately so it
was good to see that we had four
presentations covering small scale
fish farming, the development of
producers co-ops, production of
native oysters and an overview of
aquatic solutions to hunger and
malnutrition in that country.
Solutions to poverty alleviation
do not necessarily have to focus
on creating food, but can be about
jobs, livelihoods and hope. The
Indian presentation especially took
us down this path.
As usual this was a fascinating
session, as AwF sessions tend to
be, highlighting how many good
people there are trying to solve
these monumental problems.
Latest update
I gave an update on the latest

information on AwF, including the
promotion of the new Corporate
Social Responsibility platform,
the planned Memorandum of
Understanding with the African
Association of Agricultural
Economists and the opportunities
that will bring and invited people

to stay to have a general meeting
to discuss other future directions
of AwF.
One stand out was the prospect
of the prospect of Aquaculture
Learning Centres in Sri Lanka.
At the Trade Show of WAA14
we held a Silent Auction which
was our main focus for promotion and fund raising during the
event.
We are very grateful for the AwF
volunteers who were encouraging
people and companies to bid on
a range of 11 items we had to
auction, which included:
Three framed photographs
which were prize winners of
the photography competition
run by International Aquafeed
thanks to the sponsors of
the activity for their generosity in enabling us to have the
photos (see more in the photoshoot of this edition!)
Diploma in Aquaculture
(Training to be provided)
Books
Adelaide Crows indigenous
football jumper and conference polo shirts
We have acknowledged the
generous item donors on the
website donor list and thank them
and the purchasers for their great
contribution to the total amount
raised AU$2,420. Thank you also
to the many people who helped
set up and run the auction. There
was some frantic last minute bids
as many people entered into the
spirit of the activity.
We have kept a small amount of
this money in Australia as hope to
have AwF registered as a charity
and this will be used to establish
the bank account.
At the moment the Silent Auction
funds are just going into the general
account but recently we were contacted by Professor Gideon Gidi
Hulata from the Depar tment of
Poultry and Aquaculture, Institute
of Animal Science, Agricultural
Research Organisation, The Volcani

Center in Israel as he is retiring and
was keen to ensure that his aquaculture library went to a deserving
cause.
AwF volunteer and good friend,
Noe Noe (Maymyat Noelwin), has
been working with the Myanmar
Fisheries Federation to create the
AwF Library.
Subject to getting this finalised
this will be the first aquaculture
library in Myanmar. Maybe it will
be possible to get Gidi to attend
the inauguration of the library, and
present a lecture at the event
work in progress!
New volunteers
We have 15 new volunteers

who have registered since May
18, 2014 and we continue to
build and maintain our listings.
Thank you to those who have
made this commitment.
Our Volunteer Coordinators,
Cormack OSullivan (Canada) and
Ignacio Llorente Garcia (Spain), are
doing a great job and we have just
announced that we are expecting
a large number of oppor tunities
for volunteers to contribute in the
very near future.
Kevin Fitzsimmons, previous
AwF President, is currently in
Bangladesh developing volunteer projects and in the following
weeks he will be Myanmar and
Nepal.
The current thought is that
we will be looking for 30 volunteers per year, 10 each from
Bangladesh, Myanmar and Nepal,
for next five years. In this case
there is a restriction that all
volunteer s will need to be
US-based as funds are coming
from USAID and we need to
meet their specific criteria.
Anyone interested should be
registered in AwF data base
(http://www.aquaculturewithoutfrontiers.org/volunteers/) so we
can match exper tise with specific
requirements of the program. For
these roles the volunteer trips
tend to be ten to twenty days
in length, with a few shor ter and
some much longer. All expenses
are covered by USAID in advance
or reimbursed once the paperwork is organised.
We will provide more details
for the AwF website in coming
weeks.
AQUACULTURE
view
other herds in the same region

or from across the country.
What is impressive is that these
farmers are all speaking the
same language (and no, I dont
mean English!). The important
parameters are well defined and
the yardsticks (or benchmarks)
well known to all farmers, large
or small.
For example, the Breed Class
Average (BCA) is a milk, fat
and protein index used by all
milk recording programs across
Canada. The BCA index allows
fair comparison of cows of different breeds, ages and months
of calving across the country and
over time.
BCA indexes of 100 were set at
the average 305-day production
levels determined from official
records in 1952.
by Dominique P Bureau, member

of the IAF Editorial Panel
On the importance
of having appropriate
yardsticks and tools:
Lessons from the
dairy industry?
The first two work experiences I
had in the field of agricultural sciences were in dairy farming and
in dairy genetics and breeding.
Since those days, I developed an
interest and great appreciation
for the great progresses that
have been achieved by dairy
industry and its culture of benchmarking.
Over the years, I had the chance
to exchange with many dairy
farmers and can testify that
most dairy farmers are able (and
often very proud) to tell you
everything about every single
one of the cows in their herd:
annual production, pedigree (sire
and dam), somatic cell counts,
body conformation score, calving
interval, etc.
More than two-thirds of dairy
farmers in Canada adhere to
some sort of production monitoring and herd management
program.
In Canada and in many other
countries where this type of
system exists, every dairy farm
adhering to one of these programs is able to keep a very
close tab on the annual production of each cow, the overall
average of the herd and how
well the herd is comparing to
Today, many cows in Canadian

dairy herds have BCAs well
above 200, which is twice the
average production of 50 years
ago. Every cow in a milk-recording program has a BCA. In 2012,
the Holstein Cow of the Year
was Eastside Lewisdale Gold
Missy, who had a BCA for milk
of 318 (16,208kg of milk over
305 days)!
Dairy farmers around the globe
are supported by an impressive
support industry that is using the
information gathered on farms
and the latest scientific information, mathematical models and
technologies to develop better
genetic selection indices, feeding
programs, and herd health management tools.
The feeding of each cow can be
closely managed as a function of
her production, lactation stage,
breed, etc. The decisions around
breeding (mating) of the cow
take into account her breeding
value, which is an index that is
computed using sophisticated
mathematical, genetic and statistical models.
Health and nutritional problems
are rapidly identified through the
regular and systematic monitoring
programs as well as through the
comparison of actual production
with the predictions from the
models.
The result of this close relationship between this support
industry and farmers and the use
of these tools is highly impressive:
In the USA and Canada, at the
beginning of the 20th Century,
each dairy cow would produce
about 2000kg milk yearly, at best.
At the end of the same Century,

dairy cows were each producing
about 8000kg of milk annually. And it is not over! Statistics
are still showing steady yearly
increases in milk production for
the industry as a whole. These
gains were largely achieved
through genetic improvement,
notably through wide use of
artificial insemination.
However, this all hinges on the
systematic and standardised collection of information on thousands of dairy farms on a regular
(monthly) basis and the analysis
of this information using cuttingedge mathematical, genetic and
statistical models.
What does this have to

do with aquaculture?
I quite recently asked a close
friend (and scientific collaborator)
if he remembered the annual
milk production of the cows on
the dairy farm he worked for a
few months as an exchange student in Denmark back in the late
1980s. Amazingly, he did!
I then proceeded to ask him how
fast a Clarias catfish or a Nile tilapia (two species he worked with
quite extensively) would grow.
He could not answer!
Of course, growth rate varies
with the species, strains, the
culture conditions, the water
temperature, lifestages, season,
photoperiod, ploidy (diploid vs.
triploid), etc.
However, how much handle do
we truly have in understanding
and predicting the effects of
these different factors? How
are we doing in terms of having
proper models, yardsticks, benchmarks and tools to predict and
manage production and compare
the potential of different stocks
or the productivity of different
aquaculture operations?
The only example of proper
benchmark I know is for the
Atlantic salmon industry were the
use of the thermal-unit growth
coefficient (TGC model, also
known as the GF3 model) is now
very widely accepted.
We know that a TGC of about
0.3 (GF3=3) is pretty standard
for Atlantic salmon growing in
sea cages and that some farms
are achieving TGC of about 0.4
(or GF3 = 4).
I have also met many aquaculturists rearing other fish and
crustaceans species that have
developed their own yardsticks
to identify good growth potential of their animals (in terms of

average daily weight gain, number
of days to market weight, etc).
However, many of these stakeholders have their own system,
rules of thumbs and language.
The culture of benchmarking has
not made sufficient progress in
our field.
The best example of our shortcomings is the wide use of the
specific growth rate (SGR), a
growth model that doesnt even
properly represents the growth
trajectory of most aquaculture
species! Everybody is still using a
useless model without questioning its value! How can we expect
to make significant progress?
I feel that as a whole the aquaculture industry could do a much
better job defining the level
of performance achieved on
farms, adopting more robust and
relevant mathematical models
and making the yardsticks more
systematic and better known.
If the dairy industry is an example, very significant gain in productivity could be achieved over
a relatively short period of time
with the use of effective models,
tools and yardsticks.
Agree or Disagree? I am always
happy to receive your feedback
(and suggestions)! Contact me
on: dbureau@uoguelph.ca
See Dominique Bureau's previous
columns, and have your say in
the comments section on the
Aquaculturists website.
http://bit.ly/1pc1DWL
AQUACULTURE UPDATES
Organic Canadian kelp available soon
- Cooke Aquaculture announced its
farmed kelp product from Bay of Fundy
and certified to the Canadian Organic
Aquaculture Standard will soon be
available.
Philippines failure in shrimp might give
hope for future - The Philippines has failed
to seize big market opportunities in shrimp
with flat production since the 1990s at
around 50,000 tonnes while Thailand and
Indonesia are producing around 500,000
tonnes from about the same level as
Philippines three decades ago.
GSSI 'Global Benchmark Tool
reminder - the GSSI

Steer ing Board which
approved the first draft of
the GSSI 'Global Benchmark Tool'
on June 16 is half-way through the
consultation period that willl expire
on August 16, 2014. Registered
GSSI Stakeholders, are being called
upon to comment.
GSSI will conduct an extensive consultation and pilot testing
process in order to ensure the
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The Aquaculturists
A regular look inside the aquaculture industry
Integrated tilapia farming in the desert
The US company Hungry Mother Organics of Minden in Northern Nevada
has integrated fish farming with plant production - all being carried out in the
desert. The company set up a water reticulation system that supports both
plants and fish, namely tilapia, which has at its centre a 'liquid worm' bio-reactor
that produces nitrates from the ammonia in the spent water from the fish tanks
that in turn is used to irrigate the plants before being filtered over gravel and
returned to the fish tanks. Except for evaporation and plant uptake, this is an
enclosed system reusing more than 90 percent of the water.
http://bit.ly/1o5atHu
KinOmega & Seanamico get Friends of the Sea

KinOmega Biopharm Inc is a R&D and technique based global manufacturer
of highly concentrated and pharmaceutical grade purity Omega-3 EPA/DHA
Fatty Acid products and sources its raw material only from Friend of the Sea
approved origins: tuna trimmings; Peruvian and European anchovy fisheries.
Established in 1983, Seanamico has two factories with. The major products are:
black tiger shrimp, white and pink shrimp. Seanamico is located at the biggest
center of raw material area of Vietnam - Namcan town, Camau province,
Vietnam. The top priorities are about skilled and competent workers with
many experience management.
We believe that Friend of the Sea is the best recognised aquaculture sustainability standard, claims Mr Ngo Minh Hien of Seanamico.
http://bit.ly/1wVtVH8
relevance, applicability and usability of its 'Global Benchmark

Tool'. The initial draft has been
released for a 60 day public consultation period. As par t of the
consultation period GSSI will host
a series of webinars and workshops: please visit online for an
overview of the scheduled events
and contact the GSSI Secretariat
for more information on registration.
Turkish aquaculture
1,855 is the number of fish farms for
common species
188,890 is the total production tonnage of
all aquaculture production in 2011
89 is the total production tonnage per year
of average mussel culture
72,967 is the total number of employees in
the sector in 2008
FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department

OECD (2012), Turkey, in OECD Review of Fisheries
NUMBER CRUNCHING
775,408 US$ is the total value of

aquaculture in 2011
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Peruvian producer, said Norway's

Food Safety Authority (NFSA),
and samples from their meal also
showed levels above the limit,
although the levels in the feed was
here again below the limit.
The producers informed NFSA
they have introduced extraordinary measures to avoid the use of
products with high HCB levels.
The reason for the HCBs
presence has not been established,
but the feed producers are in
contact with the fishmeal producer
to find out the source.
Fjetland said no higher levels of
HCB has been found in finished
products such as salmon fillets,
From what we know today,
there is no reason to think this
has any significance for food
safety. Out of precaution, we will
take samples from fish that have
eaten the feed where this meal
has been used.
Follow the links for more on HCB:
http://bit.ly/IAF1404-2
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orways Food Safety

Authority (NFSA) has
found high levels of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in fishmeal
from one Peruvian supplier, which
is used by the feed producers
Skretting, Ewos and Biomar for
farmed fish in Norway.
There is no reason to assume
that the environmental pollutant
has any impact on food safety, said
NFSA.
The authority said it is following
up with fish feed producers to shed
light on the situation and ensure
that adequate measures are being
taken, said Ole Fjetland, assistant
supervisory director at NFSA.
The high HCB levels were
found in some of fishmeals used
by Skretting, the fish feed arm of
Nutreco. Although the meal is
used for feed, analysis of the feed
showed that the HCB levels were
below the accepted limit.
Feed producer s Ewos and
Biomar also source from the same
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High levels of HCBs in fishmeal reported in

Norway
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Aqua News
AwF agrees an action agenda for next six months

Aquaculture without Frontiers (AwF) Executive Committee met last weekend
and is pleased with progress being made and has agreed on an action agenda
for the rest of the year. Utilising its affiliation status with the World Aquaculture
Society, the organisation has held sessions and meetings in Ho Chi Minh City,
Vietnam (Dec 2013); Seattle, USA (Feb 2014) and Adelaide, Australia (June
2014) and has plans for Guadalajara, Mexico (Nov 2014), New Orleans (Feb
2015) and Jeju, Korea (May 2015).
http://bit.ly/1r2gzXX
Chilean salmon farming industry used more than 450,000kgs of antibiotics in 2013
A report by the Chilean National Fishery and Aquaculture Service (Sernapesca)
revealed that salmon farming companies in Chile used 450,700 kilos of antibiotics in 2013, the worlds highest amount for the industry. The marine conservation organisation, Oceana, called the Government to implement concrete
strong reduction targets and deadlines for the use of these chemicals.
http://bit.ly/1o5cTFW
What does fish have to do with food and nutrition security?

As a food policy analyst I am as guilty as the next guy. It was not until a few
years ago that I began to include fish in my food and nutrition security work,
and it was not until I started interacting with the team who worked with the
High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security (HLPE), that I fully realised what
I had been missing.
http://bit.ly/1rybSsK
www.theaquaculturists.blogspot.com
Adding value at Aquaculture

Europe 2014
Alistair Lane, executive director, European

Aquaculture Society
or more than two years now, the

European Aquaculture Society
(EAS) has been working with AZTITecnalia, a technological centre specialised
in marine and food Research, to organise
the Aquaculture Europe 2014 event. One
indicator of success is the number of submitted abstracts of new science that will
be presented during the event. AE2014 has
received more than 750 abstracts to date,
making it the most solicited EAS event ever!
Final attendance is expected to be in excess
of 1000
The cultural and gastronomic heritage of
DonostiaSan Sebastin fits well with the
theme of Aquaculture Europe 2014 Adding
Value.
AE2014 will be held from October 14-17,
2014 in the beautiful city of DonostiaSan
Sebastin in Spain. The city is in the north
of the Basque Country and on the southern
coast of the Bay of Biscay. Its beautiful coastline and town beaches make it one of Spains
top beach resorts.
It is also renowned for its Basque
cuisine and gastronomy, with a high
concentration of restaurants boasting
Michelin stars and many bars in the
old town with tasty snacks similar to
tapas and called pintxos.
In aquaculture, we can add value
to our products, through processing,
transformation and packaging. We can
also add value during the production
cycle, by management of its various
components, so as to increase overall
productivity.
We can add value to research, by
producing knowledge products that can be
used by others for incremental knowledge
advancement and for developing innovation
or for supporting policy.
We can add overall value in research management by harmonisation in programming; by
better use of infrastructure and by nurturing
our human resources.
Finally, we can add value to societal, environmental and natural resources, by generating
new economic activity products based on
environmental services, or diversifying existing
ones.
So the focus of the AE2014 theme is on
products rather than production, and the
three thematic plenar y presentations will
focus on this.
Renowned chef prepares
In the opening plenary session, the renowned

chef from Donostia-San Sebastin Mikel Gallo
will prepare some special dishes based on different aquaculture species, such as Smoked
mussels with a bourbon and cheese cream,
Fried baby flounder with a grilled garlic cream
and will be interspersed with interesting
information related to the aquaculture of such
species.
On day two, Michael T. Morrissey, director of
the Oregon State University Food Innovation
Center will present The Future of Fish Protein:
Beyond Sustainability reviewing the current
situation in fish protein availability for human
consumption and its future role in meeting
growing demand.
This will be followed by a case study from
Carlos Luna Castillo, Managing Director of
Angulas Aguinaga that produce a range of
convenience products based mainly on
surimi-based dishes, but also including prawns,
salmon, octopus and mussels.
and feeds will feature very strongly here, with

several sessions that have received a very significant number of abstracts for oral presentations and posters.
AE2014 will also feature an international
trade exhibition, organised by the European
Aquaculture Society, where Spanish and international companies will present the latest
products and services for aquaculture.
Special event
On October 16th, a special event is being

prepared.
Resulting from an initiative by two of the
pioneers of European aquaculture, Bjorn
Myrseth and Gustavo Larrazbal, and organised by EAS and EATiP, this special one-day
event will address the production performance of the sea bass and sea bream sector
by providing a forum for discussion of some
of the impor tant technical challenges that
underlie production performance.
The principal performance indicators of
Mediterranean aquaculture mortality, growth and feed efficiency DonostiaSan Sebastin
have not significantly progressed in
the sea bass and sea bream sector
over the last decade.
They may actually have got worse!
This forum will bring together our
scientific and production knowledge
to help better explain and understand the issues that may contribute
to this position, so as to facilitate
cooperation and actions to solve
them.
The event targets industry leaders,
production, hatchery, technical and
Finally, on day three, Professor Anil health managers, feed manufacturers and
Markandya, executive director of the Basque other suppliers, scientists and those that
Climate Change Research Centre and one follow developments in the sector.
As with all Aquaculture Europe events,
of the core team that drafted the IPCC 4th
Assessment that was awarded the Nobel there will be the EU Forum addressing
Peace Prize in 2007, will look at the oppor- research funded by the European Community
tunities and challenges of climate change sce- and chaired by members of the European
narios on primary food production, with a Commission; and the EAS Student Group
workshop to enable networking and exchange
focus on European aquaculture.
of ideas between young people just about to
Parallel sessions add value through enter the sector.
Plenty of activity then during a week in
feeds
October
that will see participants from more
Parallel sessions will allow delegates to
present initiative that add value to aquacul- than 40 countries coming to the beautiful
ture, with a wide range of sessions covering Basque country to meet old friends and make
production, harvest, processing and commer- new ones.
For more information visit www.easonline.org
cialisation of aquaculture products. Nutrition
Aqua News
Huon launches US$3.5M Feed Barge

Our new feed barges will be the best in the world
without question - Peter Bender, Huon Aquacultures
managing director
oday, Huon Aquaculture

of Tasmania, launched the
Huon -the first of four
state-of-the-ar t feed barges to
be built by local steel fabrication
company Haywards.
The four feed barges come
with a total price tag of US$14.5
million and will assist Huon to
improve the way salmon are fed
whilst also reducing the impact on
the environment.
Our new feed barges will be
the best in the world without
question. They will be the best
in terms of design, technology,
safety and efficiency, said Huon
Aquaculture Managing Director,
Peter Bender.
The new barges will deliver
feed to the salmon more efficiently than anywhere else in the

world.
Our new feed barges are
already generating worldwide
interest and we only launched
our first one today.
I think that interest is testament to our approach to business
improvement; we scour the
world for the best available technology and then try to improve it
right here in Tasmania. Thats how
we developed our new fortress
pens and these new feed barges,
he said.
The company is also very committed to local sourcing.
Frances and I continue to live
and work in the Huon Valley
Adifo strengthens its market position in

Philippines
Bro Nutrivet to distribute Bestmix line of products
in The Philippines
t the recent Pig Feed

Quality Conference in
Manila, The Philippines,
Belgians Adifo software for feed
and food processes, signed a
distributor agreement for its
software with Bro Nutrivet from
Batangas.
These products include
Bestmix least-cost feed formulation software, Bestmix laboratory information management
software and Bestmix cloud-
based Formulation as a Service

Tool.
Hans van der Waal, market
development manager at Adifo,
says, Adifo has been very active
in the Asian mar ket in the
past decade. We believe that
Bro Nutrivet will be a valuable
par tner in distributing and servicing our world leading products
in the Philippine market.
BRO Nutrivet is a Philippinebased veter inar y tr ading
AQUACULTURE
UPDATES
includes a 1000 tonne fish farm, an

in-house processing facility and
production of value added products
generated from capture and
cultivation of by-products. A long
time dream has been realised here
today. I am very proud of our team,
our partners and our community
for working together to make this
dream a reality and take this critical
step toward providing a solution
to our coming food deficit. said
Norman McCowan, President &
CEO of Bell Aquaculture LLC.
On July 1, Bell Aquaculture LLC

held the grand opening event for
the Bell Farms Aqua Feed mill
located in central Indiana USA.
Over 300 fish farmers, government
officials and industr y exper ts
attended the event held on site at
Bell Farms in Albany, Indiana. This
mill represents the last major step
toward completion of a vertically
integrated aquaculture farm that has
long been in development by the
team at Bell.This vertical integration
and we know just how important jobs are to regional areas. We

want to do our bit to help other
local businesses attract and retain
skilled workers in regional areas
like the Huon and Channel.
Thats why we try to recruit
locally and source products,
services and skills from local businesses like Haywards wherever
possible.
To give you an example, 15
companies and 187 people spent
a total of 22,000 hours to build
this one feed barge.
There were at least 15 different trades and specialists that
have worked on the barge and
eight new jobs have been created
at Haywards to build this and the
remaining three barges.
It is not just the new jobs that
are an important flow on benefit.
The new barges mean Huon can
retain existing staff.
We dont want to lose the
knowledge and skills of our

people just because they are
getting older.
Barge-based feeding means we
can retain the skills and knowledge of our feeders and provide
them with a safe, warm work
environment that still enables
them to do their job.
Other benefits of the new barge
include high tech feed systems
that use cutting-edge technology
to determine when the fish are
hungry and when they are full,
which means less waste and less
impact on the environment.
To continue to grow responsibly and remain at the forefront
of our industr y we must constantly improve. Right now we
are poised to make substantial
advances in our farming operations as we grow our business
and this new feed barge is
another example of how we are
doing that, said Mr Bender.
company engaged in marketing

and selling both animal health
and nutrition products including
farm equipments to commercial farms and feedmills nationwide.
The key member s of the
company has been involved
in the animal feed industry for
more than two decades and have
gained significant insight in the
needs of this market.
Bernard Taroc, sales manager at
Bro Nutrivet says, It is our aim
to service the Philippine agribusiness sector with productivity and
profitibality enhancing products.
Having been granted the distribu-
torship for the Bestmix feed formulation software products, we

feel confident to meet the needs
of our customers with advanced
technologies and software that
really make a difference.
Adifo develops and supplies specialised software and services for
the food and feed industry.
Since its foundation in 1974,
Adifo has grown to become an
international player with more
than 80 employees. From its headquarters in Maldegem, Belgium,
and through its global distribution network the company serves
customers in more than 60 countries.
The European Commission has

taken a fur ther step towards
more effective and cost-efficient
surveillance of European seas, in
a move that should improve how
the fishing industry is monitored. By
bringing together surveillance data
from civil and military authorities
like coast guards, navies, traffic
monitoring, environmental and
pollution monitoring, fisheries and
border control, duplication of work
can be avoided and savings of up
to 400 million per year can be
made. Increased cooperation and
sharing of data would help cope
more efficiently with real time

events at sea such as accidents,
pollution incidents, crime or
security threats. CISE, the Common
Information Sharing Environment,
for the maritime domain, aims
at making all the relevant actors
come together and share data.
CISE is one of the building blocks
of the recently adopted European
Maritime Security Strategy.
FEATURE

by GE Xianping, MIAO Linghong, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center,
Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China
ilapia is one kind of small and

medium-sized tropical fish, originating from the inland of Africa and
the Middle East Atlantic coastal
brackish water area, Israel and Jordan of
west Asia.
On taxonomy, tilapia belongs to Cichlidae,

Percoidei, Perciformes, Osteichthyes, while
Tilapia can be classified as Sarotherodon,
Oreochromis and Tilapia according to
their way of incubation. Species of both
Sarotherodon and Oreochromis are mouth
brooders, while the species of tilapia are not
mouth brooders. In Oreochromis species only
females practice mouth brooding, while in
Sarotherodon species both male and female
are mouth brooders.
There are more than 100 species including
subspecies.
Tilapia is advantaged on stronger adaptability, wider food habits, less diseases, faster
reproduction and growth, higher yield, tender
meat and no intramuscular bones. It has
become one of the key aquaculture species
extended to the world especially by FAO.
The yield of tilapia has exceeded three
million tonnes with wide distribution in
more than 100 countries or regions. Tilapia
has been considered as a dominant aquaculture species for exportation and foreign
currency earning by many developing countries.

China is the largest country for tilapia
farming in the world and the yield of tilapia
has increased from 315,000 tonnes in 1995
to 1,552,700 tonnes in 2012, accounting for
over 40 percent of that produced worldwide.
Thanks to the suitable climate conditions,
Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi and Fujian located in South China - are the main provinces for tilapia aquaculture.
In these provinces, the related industries
such as broodstocks and seeds, feeds, aquatic
products processing and trade have been
driven and got rapid development. The complete tilapia industry chain has been formed
in these areas, which possesses competitive
advantages in the world.
Four stage of development
Tilapia aquaculture history in China can be

divided into four stages.
From 1957 to 1978, Oreochromis mossambicus was cultured as dominant species. From
1978 to 1985, O. niloticus, O. mossambicus and
tilapia (O. mossambicusO. niloticus) were
cultured as dominant species. This stage was
a interim stage in which O. niloticus has gradually replaced O. mossambicus, and Tilapia (O.
mossambicusO. niloticus).
From 1985 to 2000, O. niloticus farming
Figure 1:
The
production
in main
provinces
of China
in 2012
(10,000
tonnes)
has completely replaced the other two species and the hybrid O. niloticusO. aureus
farming was initially started.
Since 2000, a large number of new varieties were bred successfully through the
introduction of selectively bred new varieties
and high purified original and improved stocks
with the application of modern breeding
techniques.
Aquaculture varieties
In the 1960s, tilapia, the species of

which were mainly O. mossambicus, O. niloticus, O. aureus, O. hornorum, O. amdersonii,
Sarotherodon galilaeus, Tilapia zillii, Cichlasoma
sp. and Red Tilapia (O. mossambicusO. niloticus), tilapia (O. mossambicusO. niloticus),
were began to be introduced from southeast
Asian countries, the United States and Egypt,
etc. to China.
In addition, among the introduced Nile
tilapia, there are also the strains from Sudan,
the Nile River downstream, the United States,
GIFT and Egypt. At present, the farmed
Tilapias in China mainly consists of hybrid O.
niloticusO. aureus, GIFT Strain Tilapia
and Red Tilapia.
In 1996, the hybrid tilapia (O. niloticusO.
aureus) was successfully bred by Freshwater
Fisheries Research Center (FFRC) of Chinese
Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), which
was also called the all-male hybrid Tilapia with
obvious heterosis and the male rate exceeding 90 percent.
The all-male hybrid tilapia is characterised
with good body shape and flesh texture,
omnivore, fast growth, high fillet rate, delicious
taste. The growth rate of this variety is 20
percent to 30 percent faster than others.
For example, the body weight can reach
to 500 grams after five-month farming period
for the 5cm fingerlings, which shows the great
economic benefits.
This all-male hybrid tilapia is the most suit-
FEATURE
able farming variety in China, covering more
than 60 percent of the total farming area in
China. The breakthrough has initiated the unisexual Tilapia aquaculture in China, solved the
disadvantages of farming male and female Nile
tilapias in the same pond and greatly promoted
the rapid development of Tilapia industry.
From then on, Tilapia aquaculture has stepped
into the era of high-efficiency farming.
Farming modes and technologies
At present, Chinese tilapia farming has

been developed rapidly, playing an important
role in the freshwater aquaculture.
In the past decade, the tilapia farming yield
has consecutively ranked the first in the world
with an average annual increment of 13.4
percent. Through decades of development,
the Tilapia farming modes has been changed
from extensive culture into the farming modes
of pond monoculture and intensive culture
oriented, coexistence with cage farming, running water farming and polyculture.
The available land resources have been
made full use of through ponds reconstruction (that is, deepening and expanding the
ponds). Through application of polyculture
technologies, the water resources have been
fully utilised, the feed coefficient rate has been
improved, the ecological efficiency could be
exerted so as to regulate the water quality
and the tilapia grows fast with few disease
occurrence and reduced pollution to farm

water.
The problem of balancing the grow-out
has been partly solved product appearance in
the market through the large-scale cultivation
In the 1980s, there was no feed specially

produced for tilapia, so common fish feeds
were used.
However, the tilapia fomulated feeds had
been developed since the end of the 20th
In future, China will put more priorities to enhancing the

industry quality, strengthening the scientific research input,
developing and promoting standardization production
technology, producing non-pollution, green or organic tilapia
products with high quality, and maintaining the healthy
and sustainable development of the tilapia industry
of large-size fish combined with pond hierarchical culture mode, and twice harvesting one
year or three times harvesting in two years
culture mode.
Besides, industrial aquaculture has also
been developed, such as pond recirculating
aquaculture and running water aquaculture.
The tilapia feed industry has developed
with the feed industry in China, with the
characteristics of a late beginning, short history
and rapid development.
Century. These feed enterprises were mainly

distributed in Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi
and Fujian.
The feed output of Guangdong province
was largest, then was Hainan, Guangxi and
Fujian. The tilapia farming area for feeding
with complete formulated feeds accounts
for about 85 percent in China. The special
feeds for tilapias mainly consists of floating,
expanded feeds and pellet feeds.
Currently, the feed coefficient ratio is
FEATURE
about 1.5 and 1.2 for pellet feeds and floating
feeds, respectively. The floating feed industry
has developed greatly in recent years with the
higher level of feed efficiency.
Tilapia processing industry

and exportation
Tilapia processing industry in China began

from the end of 1990s.
At present, there are more than 200 processing enterprises with more than 170 exportationoriented enterprises, and the annual processing
capacity exceeds two million tonnes.
The tilapia processing capacity has
increased to 600,000 tonnes in 2012 from
40,000 tonnes in 2002, which increased by
15 times in a decade with the average annual
growth rate of 136 percent.
Since the year when China got access to
the WTO in 2002, the exportation of tilapia
processing products has rapidly developed.
The export volume was increased by 8.97
times, from 36,300 tons in 2002 to 362,000
tons in 2012, with the average annual growth
rate of 81.57 percent.
The export value was increased by 22
times, from US$500 million in 2002 to
US$1.163 billion in 2012, with the average
annual growth rate of 201.8 percent.
The main forms of tilapia processing products for exportation are frozen tilapia fillets,
frozen tilapia, live tilapias, fresh cold tilapias, salted tilapias, prepared tilapia fillet with
breads and other products.
Prospects
Figure 2: Tilapia species farmed in China
Figure 3: The breeding process of all-male hybrid Tilapia
Figure 4: Tilapia fillet processing workshop and the products
After over 20 years development, tilapia

aquaculture technologies have become more
and more advanced, which has already formed
the complete industry including improved species breeding, quality fry production, grow-out
farming (monoculture and polyculture), feed
formulating and application, products processing.
We can say that China is the country with
most advanced technologies for tilapia aquaculture in the world.
Due to the further expansion of the international market and rapid development of tilapia industry, there is great market demand and
development potential for tilapia aquaculture.
China, as the major tilapia producer in the
world, is still possessing great development
chance for the tilapia industry due to the
advantages of farming conditions.
In the future, China will put more priorities
to enhancing the industry quality, strengthening the scientific research input, developing
and promoting standardization production
technology, producing non-pollution, green
or organic tilapia products with high quality,
and maintaining the healthy and sustainable
development of the tilapia industry, so as to
make contributions to the resource-saving
and environment-friendly tilapia aquaculture
development.
FEATURE
Ukrain
ian Fis
h Farm
Oppor
ing:
tunitie
s for g
rowth
OVER 40 PERCENT OF
UKRAINIAN MEAT PROTEIN
CONSUMPTION IS DERIVED
FROM FISH
n June 27, 2014 Ukrainian

president Petro Poroshenko
signed
an
Association
Agreement with the European
Union. Many Ukrainians are hopeful that the
signing of this agreement will mark a change
in the economic fortunes in a country where
economic growth has lagged behind its
neighbours in recent years.
One sector hoping to benefit from such
providence is the Ukrainian fishing and aquaculture sector.
With a population of over 45 million people, infrastructure and distribution enhancements in recent years have made Ukraine an
attractive consumer market.
Across the country, the supermarket network has increased exponentially over the
past 10 years. Supermarket retail sales have
trebled in the past 10 years to over US$50
billion per annum.
Food retail sales alone have increase by
160 percent in the past five years.
Ukraine has a largely urban population.
The largest 25 cities have a combined population greater than 15 million people. Fifty
percent of current retail sales occur in the five
largest urban markets.
Presently, over 40 percent of Ukrainian
meat protein consumption is derived from
fish.
Ukrainians consume on average 14 kilograms of fish per capita per annum, double
the consumption levels of the 1990s. This per
capita consumption is expected to increase
further to 20kg per capita by 2020.
With a total market size exceeding 600,000
tonnes per annum, Ukraine has a significant
trade deficit in fish.
With an aging fleet and lack of investment, Ukraines domestic catch has declined
from approximately 350,000 tonnes in 2000
to 200,000 tonnes today. At the same time
demand for fish products have continued to
grow, with fish imports exceeding 425,000
tonnes in 2012.
Whereas the value of Ukrainian fish
exports has never exceeded 20 million
over the past 10 years, the value of imports
has continued to skyrocket. Fish imports

exceeded 650 million in 2013.
Domestic opportunity
The value of Ukrainian fish imports has

increased by 55 percent in the past five
years. 70 percent of these imports consist
of frozen products. However, an interesting trend has been the growth of fresh or
chilled fish imports, the value of which have
increased by close on 300 percent in the
past five years.
Little sourced from aquaculture
Presently, only 13 percent of domestic fish

production is sourced from aquaculture.
Consequently, Ukraine has the opportunity
to expand its fish farming activities to meet
growing market demand. With this growing
demand for fresh quality product, Ukrainian
entrepreneurs have started to look at business opportunities for domestic aquaculture
ventures.
One such company, FishFarm Ukraine, is
a Ukrainian start-up whose founders have an
Table 1: Exports from Ukrainian to neighouring countries

Total Fish
Imports 000
Fresh Whole
Imports 000
Percent of Total
Imports
CEE
2,940
1,063
36 percent
CIS
3,254
913
28 percent
Poland
1,316
649
49 percent
Russia
2,154
734
34 percent
Belarus
317
63
20 percent
Table 2: Imports of fish into

Ukrainian in value
Million
2013
FEATURE
establish track record within Ukrainian business circles.
They told International Aquafeed, at the
Future Fish Eurasia exhibition, that working
with international partners who all spotted an
opportunity in the industry and are looking
for investment.
The aim is to help restore Ukraine to be
the bread basket of Europe again.
They are complimenting their local knowledge and experience with international technical fish expertise and food business knowhow.
Founding partner Petro Berezhnyi explains,
Through our relationship with key Ukrainian
food retailers we discovered that there is a
shortfall within the Ukrainian market for fresh
fish.
We see an opportunity in the market
place to develop an aquaculture business in
Ukraine that is focused on delivering quality,
freshness, and superior customer service.
Ukraine has over 71,000 rivers and lakes.
In particular Mr Berezhnyi sees the opportunities to locate such fish farms in the western
half of the country where the topography,
infrastructure and water quality is ideal for
aquaculture growth.
For decades Ukraine has had a renowned
reputation as a leading agricultural producer
and exporter.
To put the country into a European
context, Ukraine has a greater landmass than

France. Fifty-four percent of Ukrainian land is
used for agriculture, ranking it third globally
in this area.
In fact, Ukraines agricultural arable land
area is almost one-third of the existing agriculture land area of the entire European
Union. FishFarm Ukraine also plans to take
advantage of Ukraines prowess as a leading
food producer.
Advisory Board Member, Tom OCallaghan
says, Ukrainians traditionally appreciate high
quality food.
Yet, at the same time Ukraine needs to
do more to promote itself across the world
as a country with an abundance of natural
resources that compliment superior food production. As we enter into the EU Association
Agreement we anticipate both an overhaul
and modernisation of Ukrainian food legislation, coupled with a greater awareness across
Europe of the food production capability of
Ukraine.
We strongly believe that these two factors will also help strengthen and grow our
business.
Regional Growth
Indeed, Ukraines position as one of the

10 designated Central and Eastern Europe
(CEE) countries and traditional relationships
with neighbouring former Soviet Union,
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)

countries facilitate the potential for greater
regional growth.
Neighbours Poland, Russia and Belarus
imported over 1.4 billion in fresh fish in
2013.
Regional demands for fish products with
continue to outstrip supply for the foreseeable future. This adds to the attractiveness of
aquaculture development across Ukraine.
As illustrated in the table above, CEE &
CIS countries account for about 8 percent
of global fish imports. However, the signing
of the EU Association Agreement will bring
added possibilities for Ukrainian food businesses to develop business within the worlds
largest import market for fish. Mr. Berezhnyi
concluded, Our existing business model
is initially focused on fulfilling the untapped
demands of the local Ukrainian market.
Nevertheless, looking into the horizon, we
foresee teaming up with international partners to exploit wider export opportunities
across Europe. Their plan is formulated to
start with farming trout due to its adaptability on land, the high quality of the product
and because it is a good value for money
alternative to salmon. A leaving hint from
Mr. Berezhnyi at moving to farm additional
species such as crayfish, and cheap sorts of
fish like carp in the future could be an exciting development for this fish farm.
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FEATURE
El Nio
plan ahead and manage the risk
by Daniel Fairweather, Willis Email: dan.fairweather@willis.com
WILLIS DIVISION HUGHES-GIBB IS THE CENTRE
OF EXCELLENCE FOR BLOODSTOCK, LIVESTOCK,
AQUACULTURE, CROP AND FORESTRY INSURANCE.
THE DIVISION WAS FOUNDED IN 1959 AS THE FIRST
BROKER IN LONDON EXCLUSIVELY DEDICATED
TO BLOODSTOCK RISKS. IN RECENT YEARS
IT HAS EXPANDED TO OFFER A FULL SERVICE
ACROSS OTHER SECTORS, INCLUDING LIVESTOCK,
AQUACULTURE, CROP AND FORESTRY INSURANCE.
WE ARE THE ONLY TRULY GLOBAL INSURANCE
BROKING DIVISION TO ENCOMPASS ALL OF THE
ABOVE AREAS OF SPECIALISATION.
THROUGH WILLIS OFFICES AROUND THE WORLD,
WE CAN PROVIDE QUOTES AND COVERAGE FOR
THE WHOLE SPECTRUM OF INSURANCE PRODUCTS
IN THE BLOODSTOCK, LIVESTOCK, AQUACULTURE,
CROP AND FORESTRY SECTORS NO MATTER WHERE
OR THE RISK IS LOCATED, SAYS THE COMPANY.
he El Nio Southern Oscillation

(ENSO) is a climate event, where
the adverse warming of sea surface
temperatures in the Pacific Ocean
leads to extreme weather conditions affecting weather systems and countries globally.
Climatic impact varies from extreme rainfall and flooding in some areas, to extreme
droughts and high temperature in others.
From a food and feed perspective these
changes can have devastating effects on
industry, with farmers, fishermen and local
industry and finance having to contend with
extreme weather events leading to crop
failure, rapid soil erosion, damage to industry
and suboptimal conditions leading to outbreaks of disease.
In the last severe El Nio in 1998, rainfall in
Peru reached 40 times the average.
El Nio events occur roughly once every
five to seven years and although they are
relatively short in duration they can have far
reaching and long lasting impacts on industries
involved in animal and crop production. The
chances of an El Nio event occurring this
summer (2014) are currently estimated at 70
percent.
What affect does this have on industry?
Fisheries
A clear impact of El Nio events can be

seen in Peru and the impact on the Peruvian
anchovy fisheries sector, producing the bulk of

the worlds fishmeal.
El Nio reduces anchovy spawning and
leads to a change in migration patterns, typically causing huge disruption in the fisheries
sector. In each year where El Nio occurred
(1972, 1982 and 1997) huge reductions in
anchovy catches resulted, and near collapse
of the industry was experienced.
As well as water temperatures affecting
the migration and spawning of the Peruvian
anchovy population, many Peruvian fishermen are at the mercy of the weather. These
conditions often cause huge disruption to the
fishing effort, increasing the costs of fishing and
the ultimately the ability of the fishermen to
repay loans.
With the increased costs of catching, coupled with reduced catches, the result is huge
increases in fishmeal prices.
Terrestrial farmers
With the development of more and more

plant based feeds for aquaculture, the effects
of El Nio put pressure on some of the key
grain and soy producing regions of the world.
With ever increasing competition for land
to supply feed for humans, biofuels and fodder crops any disruption to supply can have
marked effects on raw material pricing.
The 1997-98 El Nio severely affected the
Southeast Asia and Oceania regions, leading
to wide scale crops failures and huge increases
in food prices which, in turn, resulted in sustained hardship for many across the region.
Grain production in eastern Australia and
the Philippines reduced dramatically, and the
same is anticipated during the next El Nio
event.
Feed manufacturers
Modern aquaculture feeds are increasingly

dependent on ingredients coming from a
number of suppliers, usually globally sourced,
and typically using both terrestrial (grains or
soybean) and marine (fishmeal) suppliers.
Consequently, aquaculture feed producers
are affected by most of the major effects of

El Nio events. Increased raw material prices
might be offset by passing these costs on to
feed buyers, but by how much and for how
long?
Fish farmers
Fish farmers, as the end user in terms of

aquaculture feeds, bear the brunt of increase
in raw material price rises. Unless they have
managed to secure long term contracts with
feed suppliers, or avoided fixed price supply deals with fish markets, they are heavily
exposed to feed price fluctuations.
Feed prices make up a significant portion
of the costs of fish production, and will erode
profit margins unless prices are passed on to
the consumer.
This can sometimes be difficult to do when
competing against wild fish supplies or substitute proteins. If alternative feeds are available,
then these might be a short term option,
however, this tactic may result in sub-optimal
nutrition leading to reduced growth rates and
ultimately an inferior product.
What measures can be taken to mitigate
against the effects of El Nio?
Identify risks
In all cases, irrespective of position within the

supply chain, companies should take a proactive approach to risk management. Risks
should be identified, assessed and monitored.
Once the impact of these risks is analysed,
strategies for reducing or managing these risks
can be developed. Management steps can
be as simple as substituting feed, to hedging
the effects of El Nio events by purchasing
specialist insurance.
What is crucial in all cases is to plan ahead.
Many of the effects of El Nio will be felt
throughout the market and will be affecting many stakeholders at the same time, so
impacts will be significant throughout supply
chains.
Unless companies plan ahead they will
have no option but to react as events unfold,
FEATURE
in what will be a very dynamic environment.
Decisions will have to be made under stress,
and may result in less than optimal outcomes.
Some risks are completely out of the control of companies, but many are not, and those
that can be controlled can either be managed
through good business practice, or potentially
transferred to the capital or insurance markets.
Meteorological modelling
Advances in meteorological modelling and

climatic monitoring have enabled the development of risk models to predict complex
climatic events with ever greater accuracy.
As these models have evolved, so have
the options for dealing with the extreme
events they signal. By using financial hedging
and insurance products, the effects of climate
shocks can be alleviated (from a financial
perspective).
How can El Nio insurance help?
This product is highly innovative in a number

of ways:
It provides protection against the foreseeable increased cost of dealing with
one of Worlds most intractable natural
hazards
Uniquely, it enables buyers to obtain
protection and receive payouts prior
to the El Nio event occurring. This
allows opportunities for risk manage-
ment and loss prevention ahead of the

event
The basis of its operation is entirely
formulaic and objective, supported by
a reliable and recognized third party
thereby reducing moral hazard and the
potential for adverse selection
Claims payments are swift, avoiding lengthy, often contentious loss
adjustment
How does it work?
Sea Surface Temperature (SST) is measured

(daily) at specified ocean locations in the
equatorial Pacific and recorded by the United
States National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA).
The primary indicator of an impending El
Nio event in Peru, for example, is the SST
as measured in the specified ocean location
referred to as ENSO 1.2 during November
and December.
This index based insurance solution
responds if the average SST during November
and December as measured at ENSO 1.2
exceeds an agreed temperature threshold.
If the trigger is breached, the agreed payout
will be made.
The insured does not have to prove that
there has been any individual loss or damage;
the breaching of the threshold is sufficient to
trigger the payment.
Benefits of El Nio insurance
There are a number of specific benefits to

particular industries, but broadly speaking the
main advantages for all policyholders are the
following:
Transparency - What you see, is what
you get this inspires trust in the buyer
so long as they understand the basis
risk
No on-site adjustments - Payments are
only made according to the index, which
avoids costly loss adjustment requiring
considerable expertise.
Lack of adverse selection / moral
hazard - It doesnt matter who buys
the protection; the pay-out will be
unaffected. If the business manages their
risk badly they will not get paid more (or
less) than the Index determines
Addresses correlated risks - Severe
events, such as drought, can be well
addressed by index-based products but
they can be a challenge for conventional
insurance
Low operational and transaction
costs - As no individual underwriting is
required, the cost of policy distribution,
administration and claims handling can
be minimised
Rapid payout - No further adjustment is
required once the final level of the Index
has been determined
FEATURE
NEW TRIALS CONFIRM STRONG

RESULTS WITH
PROBIOTICS
by BioMar
ioMar is at the moment introducing probiotics in still more diets

around the world. The background
is new strong research results
from both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.
In new trial results from Chile the

company can achieve a 40 percent reduction of the occurrence of deformities in
fry as well as improved growth and gut
health for trout fed with its probiotic strain
Pediococcus acidilactici CNCM MA 18/5M
(Bactocell).
Simultaneously, results from trials done in
the United Kingdom indicate a positive effect
of probiotics on the immune response in midsized salmon. And in France trials with a new
Larviva Pro diet suggest a new era in larval
rearing methods can be close.
Improved growth and less

deformities in Chile
Our European colleagues in BioMar and

partners in Lallemand SAS have presented a
very strong documentation for the benefits
of the addition of the unique probiotic strain
Pediococcus acidilactici CNCM MA 18/5M
(Bactocell) to feeds for many different fish
species. Therefore, here in Chile we are
proceeding with the use of Bactocell in our
commercial diets, says Andrs Millan, sales
director of BioMar Chile, is pleased with the
first trial results obtained in Chile, where
Above: The square cages of the BioMars marine trial

facility where the large probiotics trials on salmonids are
carried out are neighbouring the circular net pens of the
commercial Musholm fish farm.
probiotics were introduced in BioMar diets

recently.
The field trials done in Chile with rainbow
trout fry both support the existing theory
and bring new knowledge. The trials were
conducted in collaboration between BioMar
and Aquachile, a major producer of salmon,
coho and trout at the facilities of Aquachile in
Quetroleufu, Chile.
Andrs Millan explains that the results first
of all showed a reduction in the occurrence of
deformities by 40 percent
Deformities are both associated with
mortalities among the fry and lost income on
the final product. The fish might survive with
minor deformities, but the final fillet will be of
a lower visual quality.
The trials also showed an improvement
in growth performance with a larger share
of the fry reaching the highest size category
at the end of the trial after 140 days, he
added.
Significant changes
in the intestine
While the reduction in deformities and the

improved growth was expected in the Chilean
trial, some new knowledge was obtained
when researchers took a closer look at the
gut histology. They discovered a significant
improvement in the condition of the posterior
part of the gut
The distal part of the intestine of fish fed
feed with added probiotics was significantly

thicker than the same section from fish from
the control group, says Andrs Millan.
He explains that the thickening of the
intestine was the result of an increased length
of the microvilli in the intestine.
This is obviously a very interesting result,
because longer microvilli means improved
nutrient absorption and that again contributes
to a better feed conversion and growth.
The histology also revealed that there
were no signs of inflammation in the intestine
of the fish fed with probiotics.
Andrs Millan believes that this is linked to
the improved micro-flora in the intestine of
fish having received feed with probiotics. But
he also acknowledges, that far more research
has to be done regards to the benefits of
probiotics in fish.
Probiotics have for long been a must
in all husbandry production, and several
probiotics have also been marketed for fish
in Latin America and Asia, but according to
Andrs Millan, this has far too often been
done with very limited and partial documentation.
The effect of probiotics is temperature
dependent, so an indiscriminate transfer of
probiotics which do work at 37 deg C in land
animals to fish living at 8-14 deg C does not
make sense you must carefully select and
document the specific strains which work in
fish at low temperatures.
FEATURE
Indications of a better
immune response
BioMar and the Canadian company

Lallemand, who produces Bactocell, agreed
last year on a longterm research collaboration
related to among other projects the benefits
of probiotics. Some of the first research results
from this partnership, which in this case also
includes both the University of Plymouth in the
United Kingdom and the University of Santiago
de Chile, indicate a significant and consistent
up-regulation of genes involved in regulating
the immune system in salmon between 250g
and 500g fed feed with Bactocell.
This summer BioMar is carrying out a full
season trial at the Musholm marine trial facility
in Denmark, which will most likely be the largest
single trial done with probiotics in salmonids.
Jrgen Holm, research and development
manager in BioMar Continental Europe, expects
that the trial will add important knowledge to
the growing documentation on the effects of this
specific probiotic strain.
We are looking for both specific changes in
the gut and more general health effects.
Depending on the disease pressure in the trial
farm, we hope to see a significant difference, when
we look at almost a full growth season in the sea.
He bases his expectation on the recent
research results from the UK and earlier results
from Norway on for example IPN, combined
with the fact that Danish sea farms are often hit
by disease in the late summer, when temperatures peak.

But Jrgen Holm also underlines that large
scale trials under commercial farm conditions by
nature are difficult to carry out.
In Denmark we can risk a cold summer with
reduced disease pressure, and then there might
not be any visible differences.
However, this large scale trial also includes the
utilization of diets with very different raw material
compositions, and Jrgen Holm believes this can
also result in interesting news.
In Chile we saw significant positive changes
in the gut structure, and we have plenty of
documentation on an improved micro-flora in the
intestine, when Bactocell is added to the feed.
In the Danish trial we will also study the
ability of the lactic acid probiotic bacteria to ease
the digestion process, and we will look deep into
eventual long term changes in the gut health and
morphology with and without Bactocell and with
different raw material combinations.
A new revolution in France
In France, where BioMar recently opened a

new production facility for the Larviva hatchery
feed range, one of the major hatcheries for
Mediterranean fish species has had tremendous
success with the Larviva ProStart range, which is
the first hatchery feed to include Bactocell.
Michel Autin, technical manager at BioMar
West Med, tells that by using the Larviva ProStart
the French hatchery has

managed to get the rate
of deformities below
one percent and at the
same time it managed
to improve both growth
and survival.
For people who
are acquainted with the
hatchery production for
sea bass and sea bream
Technical Manager Michel
this is a revolution.
Autin and Production &
Logistics Manager Ccile
Ordinary feed products
Soul in in the new
and protocols result in
LARVIVA production facility
deformity rates of typiat the BioMar factory in
cally 15 - 30 percent,
France, examining the
and millions of Euro are
quality of semi finished
LARVIVA Pro products
spent on hand sorting
the total fry production
not once but often twice, to get rid of the deform
fry. With the new French results the hatchery
believes hand sorting is no longer needed and can
take a significant cost saving.
Bactocell was approved in 2009 by the
European Food Safety Authority, EFSA.
It is still today the only probiotic bacteria
strain which is approved for use in fish feed in the
European Union, based on a documented effect
in reducing deformities and improving survival.
BioMar has an exclusive agreement with
Lallemand SAS for the use of Bactocell in fish
feed worldwide..
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Biorigin
Bringing health solutions from the Brazilian sugar fields
to global salmon industry through biotechnology
AQUACULTURE
by Odd Elvebo, Technical Sales Manager Aquaculture, Norway
INDUSTRY PROFILE
rom time-to-time, IAF publishes company profiles to provide background to readers

on some of the nutritional and fish farming equipment being supplied to the industry. Information is submitted by the company but edited by IAF to fit and overall
objectives of the magazine. In this issue we invite Biorigin, producer of the worlds most
famous Glucan Immune Modulator, to outline their companys activities and objectives in
aquaculture.
armed animals including fish - are

presented daily with stress factors such
as high stock density, environmental
changes, handling and pathogenic challenges. These stress agents have consequences
for animals performance, immune system,
overall health status and growth.
Biorigin provides a wide range of natural and
environmentally friendly specialised feed materials
that enhance immune systems, act as prebiotic,
agglutinate bacteria and mycotoxines, add nutrients and enhance flavours of diets.
An improved health status leads to other benefits such as better protection against pathogens
and parasites, improved nutrient uptake, better
growth and survival.
Biorigins brand MacroGard has been used
worldwide for more than 20 years in feed for
aquaculture of fish and shellfish as well as swine,
poultry, cattle and companion animals.
MacroGard and Immune

modulation through
Beta-Glucan Action
MacroGard is a purified form of beta1,3/1,6-glucan, a cell wall component of bakers

yeast. Beta-glucans are natural and harmless,
yet as they are biologically foreign to animals,
they initiate an immune response upon consumption.
More specifically, they heighten the activity
of the white blood cells of the innate branch
of the immune system. This strengthens the
immune system against pathogenic infections;
enabling quicker and more efficient clearing and
better evasion of subsequent infections.
The innate immune system is ancient and
has been highly conserved throughout evolution. This explains how the effects of products
such as MacroGard can be seen throughout
the animal kingdom.
Research goes on
MacroGard
has been and is still being

studied in the field and the laboratory and its
wide-ranging effects are well documented.
Biorigin is not involved just in the aquaculture
of Atlantic salmon but also in other marine and
fresh water species, carrying out research and
collaborating with other institutions in order to
investigate the applicability of MacroGard on
fish production. It invests in significant R&D and
uses a significant portion in the aquaculture sector,
together with collaborating institutions and feed
producers.
The aqua-feed industry has pioneered the
development of products that enhance the ability
of farm animals to resist infections and disease
and of speciality feeds that are designed to reduce
production losses during critical phases of the
animals life cycle.
Within the animal feed industry, there is
an increasing emphasis on enabling animals to
improve their own ability to resist infections,
rather than relying on pharmaceuticals.
The development of this new way of thinking
and implementation; made somewhat easier
because of the known chemical nature of this
product and well-described mode of action, not
only in fish, but from the simplest of invertebrates
to humans.
Several global feed companies within the
aquaculture industry have implemented this more
natural concept in their diets.
Basic research on beta-1,3/1,6-glucans is,
today, deeply rooted in modern medical science,
whilst their practical use, and those of other
immune-stimulating substances, dates back to
ancient medicine.
Background
Biorigin is a Brazilian company which has

developed knowledge and technology to produce a wide range of yeast-based products for
both the food and feed industry. Biorigin produces natural ingredients as immune modulators,
prebiotics and nutritional products for feed as
well as additives for flavour enhancement, sodium
reduction, shelflife extension in the food market.
Biorigin is a business unit of Zilor, a company
with more than 65 years of experience and one
of the largest Brazilian producers of ethanol, sugar
and electricity from sugar cane.
Biorigin was created in 2003, with a structure
completely dedicated to the development of
innovative solutions based on yeasts and yeast
derivatives.
The company invests approximately eight
percent of its annual revenues in technology,
innovation and R&D projects.
In 2008 it acquired the companies PTX Food
Corp in the US and Immunocorp Animal Health
in Norway; expanding and strengthening its international presence.
Immunocorp Animal Health was the pioneer in the area of glucan mediated immune
modulation. MacroGard is now part of Biorigins
portfolio, serving the needs of aqua, livestock and
petfood markets.
Investments for the future
As a consequence of increasing product

demand, Biorigin will expand its unit located in
Quat, Brazil. The aim is to double production
capacity of yeast extracts, thereby increasing the
production capacity of yeast cell wall products
beta 1,3/1,6 glucans, MOS (ActiveMOS), as well
as other products like organic selenium yeast
(Selemax), autolysed yeasts (HiCell) and new
products that are close to launch as the new
generation of MacroGard.
With investments of around U$120 million,
the expansion plan includes the fermentation,
pure culture, autolysis and drying sectors, with
production increases expected by the end of
2014.
Aquaculture
Livestock
Companion animal
Increase resistant against pathogens and parasites

Increased wound healing capacity
Adjuvant effect after vaccination
Reduced stress
Increased immune responds
Good effect in starter diets for calves and piglets

Good effect during gestating and lactating
phases
Improving transition diets
Documented effect against dermatitis in dogs

Documented effect against osteoarthritis in dogs
Gingivitis in cats
Special diets e.g. puppy and immune diets
Results are according to experimental trials' as small text, like a legend

Mycofix
x i n Ri
M YC OF I
en
t
to
sk
Myco
FEATURE
nag eM
More protective.
Mycotoxins decrease performance and interfere
with the health status of your animals.
Mycofix is the solution for mycotoxin risk management.
mycofix.biomin.net
Naturally ahead
ALFRA Dosing & Weighing Technology
<I
E>
RA
TION>
<INTE
WEIGHING
RA
IV
EG
CT
What does the future hold for

dosing and weighing?
SYNERGY
SOFTWARE
<S
EL
The synergy between

the weigher, the dosing
equipment and the control
software is the area where
the most progress will be
made in the near future.
ALFRA provides solutions
that optimize the interaction
between all three.
DOSING
F-LEARNIN
G>
The operational demands on the total production process, and

with that also dosing and weighing, will only get tougher in the
coming years. Producers are looking for more speed, higher
accuracy and a larger number of ingredients per product, also
through the growing amount of ingredients in a recipe. At the
same time, production is under constant pressure to produce
more at a lower cost with improved quality.
Experts in dense phase pneumatic conveyance
However, two of the areas where producers can increase productivity that is the speed and accuracy of dosing and weighing tend to work
against each other. More accuracy costs more time, and conversely,
higher speed is usually at the cost of accuracy. So how to tackle this
potential paradox?
We believe that the best solution is to create synergy between the three
critical system elements: the weigher, the dosing equipment and the
control software. It is the combination of these three elements and how
they interact and work with each other that will take the technology
forward in the coming years. ALFRA dosing and weighing equipment
is already at the forefront of the technology in that it can achieve very
accurate results from a few grams to several tons, while the ALFRA
dosing slides are among the best in the industry.
Self-learning software
To ensure that they work as efficiently and as effectively as possible,
the self-learning ALFRA dose&weigh software is created that becomes
smarter as you use it. The software builds up an extensive database
on external influences on dosing characteristics (such as seasonal
variations in natural grain products), as well as process variables like
recipes, safety margins, silo levels and tolerances. In this way, it reduces
your dependency on the know-how or skills of specific people, and
ensures that your feed is made with a consistent quality.
So while there is unlikely to be another major revolutions like ALFRAs
moveable weigher in the coming years, we are making real progress by
optimizing the synergy between the dosing equipment, the weigher
and the control software. And it is here that ALFRA, with its 80 years
experience with designing and producing dosing and weighing system
and software, has a unique capability in being able to offer a complete
solution.
Meet the challenges of the future
If you need to find out more about how ALFRA can help you meet the
challenges of the future, contact KSE at the address below or go to
www.alfra.nl.
ALFRA is a KSE Process Technology product.
KSE Process Technology B.V. | Rondweg 27 | 5531 AJ BLADEL | Nederland | Tel: +31 (0)497 383818 | www.alfra.nl | info@kse.nl
ALFRA Dosing Slide and Controller

lead in dosing speed and accuracy
The AFLRA Dosing Slide is
suitable for dosing a wide
range of powders and
granulates, including pet
foods and aqua feed as well
as raw materials for animal
feed production.
The ALFRA Dosing Slide is widely recognised as the industry

benchmark for dosing powders and granulates. Available in a
range of sizes and geometries, it provides very accurate dosing
ranging from a few grams to 600 tons per hour! The recently
introduced ALFRA Dosing Slide Controller further simplifies
the operation of the slide by providing a user-friendly
graphical interface.
A range of sizes and geometries
In addition to a range of sizes (from 400 cm2 to 1.6 m2), the Dosing
Slide is also available with various geometries, each with specific
flow and accuracy characteristics. The linear configuration (all
slots open in unison) offers the fastest flow rate. The progressive
configuration (the slots open in phased steps) facilitates higher
dosing accuracy but at a slightly lower flow rate. The quadratic
and progressive quadratic configurations (with a unique V-form
moving slide) deliver extremely high dosing accuracy.
Gentle dosing
Thanks to few moving parts and an innovative construction
with a fixed lower grid and moving upper grid, the ALFRA
Dosing Slide provides gentle dosing. This construction virtually
eliminates pellet damage, making it ideal for outloading of
finished products including fragile materials like aqua feed.
There are no flow dead regions, the risk of bridging in the silos is
reduced and the maintenance requirements are low.

An operational life of more than 20 years is possible.
Dedicated Dosing Slide Controller
Specially designed for the ALFRA Dosing Slide (with
magnetic carriers), the ALFRA Dosing Slide Controller
provides a Microsoft Windows graphical user interface for
controlling and monitoring the dosing frame (opening and
stroke), and discharging the weighing hopper including
knocker control. It is also suitable for controlling other
equipment like dosing screws with 2-speed motors. The
graphical process overview features a detail screen with
technical and calibration data, enables manual control of
dosing and discharging and includes a service level log-in.
It offers a remote desktop via a network, and a touch-screen
panel is available as an option. External commands can be
executed via an easily accessible I/O interface. The Controller
is upgradable to the advanced ALFRA dose&weigh software
and can be integrated into PROMASST.
If you want to know more about the ALFRA Dosing Slide and
Controller, contact KSE at the address below or go to www.alfra.nl.
A complete range of dosing and weig

80 years of experience
Grinding
Mixing
10
4
Micro, small and medium dosing
Macro dosing
More than 80 years experience has led to a complete range

of machines for the animal feed industry. The state-of-the-art
machines are extremely robust and unequalled in terms of
speed and accuracy. The ALFRA range of systems for dosing and
weighing in industrial processes include:
1
2
3
Duplex flow weigher, weighing capacity up to 600 tons

per hour
Oblong weigher with quick discharge slide and
underhopper, weighing capacity up to 6.000 kg
Macro component dosing system, weighing capacity up
to 2.000 kg
4
5
6
7
8
9
Oblong weigher with discharge conveyor, weighing capacity

up to 6.000 kg
Medium component dosing system, weighing capacity up
to 1.000 kg
Small component dosing system, weighing capacity up
to 100 kg
Micro component dosing system, weighing capacity up to
30 kg or 5 kg / 100 kg
Container component dosing system, weighing capacity
up to 5 kg / 150 kg
Hand intake for filling containers and dosingtainers
11
ghing systems through more than
Extruding
Drying
Coating
Cooling
12
13
From the intake to outloading

in bulk, big bags or bags, there
are ALFRA dosing and weighing
systems for all capacities and
accuracies.
Finished product in
bags or big-bags
10
11
12
13
Bulk outloading in
container, truck or ship
Pneumatic transport system, transport capacity more than

100 tons per hour
Automatic container transport, transport capacity up to
150 tons per hour
Movable weighing mixer, weighing capacity up to 5.000 kg
Certified movable bulk weigher for gentle finished product
handling, weighing capacity up to 10.000 kg.
If you need to find out more about how ALFRA Dosing

& Weighing Technology can help optimize your dosing
performance, reduce operator actions, and cut down on
overdosing, contact KSE at the address below or go to
www.alfra.nl.
PHOTOSHOOT / PHOTOCOMP
THE WAS / INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED 2014
PHOTO COMPETITION
From some 90 digital images submitted to the WAS Adelaide/International Aquafeed

2014 Photo Competition over the past few months, we now publish the winners
of the two sections: The Open and The Student Categories. In the words of the three-person judging panel, which covered Australia to
Norway, it was "not an easy task but some of the pictures illustrate aquaculture in a great way!"
The winning photographs in each category were printed, framed and showcased at the WAS Adelaide 2014 conference and auctioned off in a
Silent Auction to raise funds for charity. Images will appear in International Aquafeed magazine with appropriate photographer acknowledgement.
1. A sponge farm near Nusatupe Island in the
Solomon islands - Sponges are collected, cut and grown at
an adequate depth - Photographer: Dr Frederique Olivier
2. Oyster farm diver, Bolinao, PI - Photographer: Peter
Duncan
3. Shrimp Roaming - Photographer: Mati Nitibhon
4. Alligator gar - This picture was taken underwater with feed
trained alligator gar, Louisiana, USA. This ancient fish is part
of our restoration aquaculture research and is an important
recreational and foodfish within the US and Mexico. Photographer: Christopher C. Green, Ph. D
5. Anthony our Spotfin Lionfish - Photographer: Jayden
Harris-Walker
6. Oysters in nature environment - Photographer: Magali
Soufflet
7. Salmon harvest - Photographer: Stephen Willoughby
8. Co-products during final harvesting - Boy is happy
after getting access in the shrimp ponds to catch farm
co-products during final harvesting at Arpangasia, Shymnagar,
Satkhira, Bangladesh - Photographer: Abdullah-Al Mamun
9. Seabass larvae - Photographer: Bernd Ueberschar

10. Australian Prawn ponds - Australian Prawn showing
ponds amongst a clean environment to create, nuture and
grow healthy, tasty and safe prawns - Photographer: Ian
Nielsen
11 Elvers of Anguilla marmorata after feeding time
(say cheese!) - Photographer: Iman sudrajat
1. Dr Frederique Olivier
12. American alligator - One of our American alligators

(Alligator mississippiensis) that are currently being used for an
alligator diet study - Photographer: Chelsea Bonner
13. Shrimp farm technicians - Photographer: Mati Nitibhon
14. Oyster farming in coffin bay - Photographer: Nicolas
Checa
15. Collecting the trash in net cages - This is one of
daily activity because of so many trash in the surrounding
environment that can become a problem during the culture
period - Photographer: Romi Novriadi
16. Guide to harvesting SBT - Divers catch tuna by hand
and guide them to a conveyor for harvest. - Photographer:
Claire Webber
4. Christopher C. Green, Ph. D
7. Stephen Willoughby
12. Chelsea Bonner
8. Abdullah-Al Mamun
13. Mati Nitibhon
9. Bernd Ueberschar
14. Nicolas Checa
FISH FARMING
TECHNOLOGY
SUPPLEMENT
Stock protection
Biomass control
Technology round up
SUPPLEMENT
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY
Stock protection:
pushing the boundaries
ver the last three years

Hvalpsund has been involved
in developing a revolutionary
new stock protection system
for Huon Aquaculture in Tasmania, Australia.
Huon is a vertically integrated company,
farming, processing and selling premium
quality Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout
products to domestic and international
markets.
As the only 100 percent Australian-owned
salmon farming business in Australia, Huon
employs over 480 staff and will produce
around 15,000T of salmon and trout this year
Huon owners, Peter and Frances Bender
approached the Danish net manufacturer at
Aquanor back in 2011, as they wanted to find
partners to develop a new system to keep out
seals and birds. Seals, in particular, prove a real
headache in Tasmania, costing the company
in the region of Aus$12-18 million per year.
These costs come from direct losses
caused by seals getting into the pen and killing
the fish, as well as the impact of stress induced
in the salmon by the seal attacks.
Moreover, the risk of attacks means that
the company needs to have dedicated teams
of staff patrolling the marine farm leases day
and night in an attempt to keep seals away
from the pens and off the collars, as well as
employing extra personnel to release any
seals that get into the pens.
Not only is killing seals strictly forbidden in
Australia, but any death of a seal would also

be very negatively perceived by the public.
As a result, the company recognised that
huge savings could be achieved by developing a better way to fence off the seals from
attacking fish and to improve safety for personnel working on the farms.
They had tried various net materials in
the past, but with poor effect and now they
wanted to go into a completely new direction
that would improve safety for both fish and
personnel.
Hvalpsund suggested a trial using the ultrastrong and light Dyneema fibre for the nets
a material they have plenty of experience of
working with.
Some of the early tests showed that it was
not enough just to spec up the twine size,
however finding the right combination of
twine size and strength and combining both
knotted and raschel knotless materials eventually proved to be the key.
As no other salmon farm in the world had
ever required nets with such high strength, the
project was truly revolutionary.
By trialing different kinds of nets and pens
Hvalpsund worked with Huon to determine
the best system to keep seals and birds away
from the fish and feed.
Key to the design
The key to the design is the use of an

extra-wide, triple-collar stanchion that has
specialised outer sockets to accommodate a
02 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | Fish farming Technology
seal fence post and bird net pole. The seal

fence post allows an outer seal fence net
surrounding the entire pen to rise 2.8 metres
above the surface of the water.
The idea of the extra wide pen is to maintain a good degree of separation between the
outer seal fence and the inner containment
net.
The outer seal fence net is made using
125mm black knotted Dyneema with a
breaking strength of over 1200kg.
It is also fitted with strong Dyneema
vertical ropes from which the sinker ring is
suspended by hanging the heavy sinker rings
directly from the seal net it is kept as tight as
possible all the time, which makes it more
difficult for the seals to push the net or bite it.
The inner containment net is made with
light yet strong Dyneema which ensures
good water flow through the pen and reduces
fouling.
As the outer seal net is permanently in
place, the pen is kept as a safe work environment where daily operations or net changes
can be done without the risk of seals attacking
stock or personnel.
The wide clearance between the outer
seal net and inner containment net means that
the nets can be cleaned using in situ net washers. The system also includes an ultra-light bird
net that is suspended high above the surface
by light, flexible poles.
The specially-designed, injection-moulded
HDPE stanchions can be fitted with walkway
plates either between the inner collars or
both collars. This design provides a safe working space for doing daily operations on the
pens, even in bad weather. The advantage of
using a pen made with only HDPE is that it
requires far less maintenance than pens with
steel components. Huon is also now investigating the potential for the pen stanchions to
be constructed with injection-moulded nylon
which, if successful, will make the stanchion
even stronger.
The original trial has proved to be so successful that Huon has now decided to replace
all their existing pens with the new system.
However, the real benefit will not come into
play until all the pens at the site are replaced
as long as some of the pens with the old
design are still in use the seals will target these.
Hvalpsund Net is a family-owned and
-run company based in Denmark with 20
employees in the headquarter, warehouse in
Hvalpusnd. The company has its own production in Poland with 80 workers mainly
assembling aquaculture nets.
Main export areas are Faroe Islands,
Iceland, Scotland, Spain, Malta, Malaysia and
Tasmania. The focus at Hvalpsund Net is to
make cages, nets and mooring system for
offshore aquaculture sites.
LIPTOFRY
PHYTOBIOTIC GROWTH
PROMOTER FOR FINGERLINGS
Improved survival and growth rate

Improved health status
Immune boosting effect
Shortened production cycle
C/ San Romualdo 12-14 28037 Madrid (Espaa)

+34 902 15 77 11 +34 91 725 08 00
liptosa@liptosa.com www.liptosa.com
Fish farming Technology | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 03
Biomass Control helps industralise salmon farming further
IT GOES WITHOUT SAYING

THAT YOUR BUSINESS STANDS
WITH THE RIGHT INFORMATION
BUT CAN FALL BADLY WITH
INACCURATE WEIGHTS AND FISH
NUMBERS.
hats a quotation by Steve Bracken of Marine Harvest

Scotland which Hermann Kristjansson, CEO and cofounder of Vaki Aquaculture Systems Ltd, began his talk at
Aquaculture UK 2014 recently in Aviemore, Scotland.
Mr Kristjansson presented his experience and views on Biomass

Control, which has been listed as one of the challenges in Scottish
salmon farming and in salmon farming in general.
Started Vaki when he graduated from the University of Iceland in
1986. Since then he has concentrated on developing fish counters and
size estimators for fish farming.
Three years ago, Marine Harvest, Salmar and Leroy formed a project with SINTEF in Norway, the largest independent research institute
in Scandinavia, to improve the Biomass Control in salmon farming.
The total budget of the project, called EXACTUS, was UK3 million, which confirms the importance of Biomass Control as seen by
these three companies.
A recent study conducted by PHD student Arnfinn Aunsmo from
Aas University in Norway shows that the error in number of fish and
average weight harvested from individual cages is high.
The error reported on average weights is more that +/- five percent
in 30 percent of the cases.
There is evidence that show similar figures in Scotland even though
aggregate results often show that people are harvesting approximately
what they expect from a complete site.
Serious problem
Biomass Control is considered a serious problem/challenge in fish

farming. Now, why is it a challenge? Everybody can agree that poor biomass control can lead to unnecessary negative environmental impact.
But what Mr Kristjansson addressed is the challenge of getting
the most out of production: How to achieve maximum yield with
minimum cost.
Very few people are concerned with the profitability of salmon
farming today given the current price of salmon. But over the past 28
years that Mr Kristjansson has been in the industry, prices have not
been very stable and he thinks it would be considered irresponsible
not to prepare for some price fluctuation in the near to medium future.
In order to achieve maximum yield at minimum cost, higher industrialisation of the farming process is required.
Tight monitoring and control of factors, that can be controlled, is

needed. We need to collect as much data as possible and go into as
much detail as possible monitoring exact weights and numbers all the
way from hatching to harvest, he explained.
Mr Kristjanssons experience is that numbers in freshwater are quite
reliable in Scotland. All freshwater producers are using Vakis Micro and
Macro Fish Counters successfully. Vaki would like to conduct regular
training to make sure there are no surprises and everybody is up-todate in the use of the equipment.
Smolt delivery
One of the most critical points in production from a Biomass

Control perspective is the smolt delivery.
The number and weight of smolts introduced into each cage is
absolutely critical because it represents the starting point in an ongoing
production.
Things could also be improved here with regular training and regular
validation of counts from the wellboats.
As many of you know, our counters record the counting process
so counting can be validated afterwards and in fact, if the customer
doesnt want to do it himself, they need only to forward a recording
file from the counter to Vaki.
Currently, we are developing an online database which will receive
and store these recording files automatically from customers for later
reference or validation.
Accuracy needed
The ongoing part of the production is the most challenging for

biomass control.
Taking a manual sample of 100 fish from a cage is both physically
challenging for the fish and the fish farmer and it is just not accurate
nor reliable enough, referring again to Arnfin Aunsmo in Norway and
to statistical theory.
There is a case study from EWOS Innovation in Norway that
shows this clearly, he says.
When the information about the Biomass in individual cages is
not available or inaccurate, growth cannot be monitored and feeding
not controlled in an effort to obtain the lowest feed conversion rate
possible.
Low FCR is of course one of the most important indicators of low
production cost as you know, he adds.
Therefore, monitoring the FCR based on real growth is essential if
one wants to control the feeding. Monitoring the periodic FCR based
on real growth is also essential if you want to analyse high FCR periods
and takes some actions or implement improvements before the next
production period.
He says a company might want to reduce its FCR from 1.4 down
to 1.2. How can they do that without knowing the real growth over
short periods? he asks.
Monthly hand sampling of 100 fish does not provide enough

accuracy to build results on.
Vaki have been working with its customers to identify and focus on
periods of high FCR in order to identify the reasons behind this and
improve the situation. The only way to monitor and improve FCR is
to measure real growth continuously and accurately.
He quoted another example, saying a customer in Canada, who
monitored the growth with Biomass Daily, confirmed a very high FCR
for two months.
When analysing the period the customer found out that due to
very high currents, some of the feed drifted through the cage before
the fish could eat it.
The customer is going to try to avoid this next production cycle
by moving the feed input towards the current and perhaps try to feed
the fish when there are low tidal currents.
Future developments
The Biomass Daily system has been developed for some years now
and Vaki will continue to develop it to provide even more valuable
information to the customer.
Vaki will do this by comparing cages in the same site with cages
in another site, benchmarking with anonymous cages in the area and
comparing with the last production cycle.
a revolution in biomass measurement
u Total overview of all cages
According to major sources, Biomass

Control is one of the biggest challenges
in salmon farming. Biomass Control is
also one of the biggest opportunities in
salmon farming as a part of increased
industrialisation of the fish farming
process which needs to take place
in order to meet future challenges.
u Daily size measurements

from each cage
u Accurate average weight,
size distribution and
condition factor
u Daily growth over selected
time period
u Real time comparisons
between cages and sites
u Better information
motivation for operators
u Automatic reporting of data
and system status
Vaki have developed a sonar specifically to find at which depth

most of the fish are in the cage, to put the frame there in order to
measure most fish and a winch system to move the frame between
depths.
Biomass Daily can be used to monitor the biomass from hatching
to harvest. Vaki have developed a morts counter with LiftUP from
Norway.
The morts counter will automatically send data to the Biomass
Daily system to make sure that the number of fish in the cage is
maintained accurately.
According to major sources, Biomass Control is one of the biggest
challenges in salmon farming. Biomass Control is also one of the biggest opportunities in salmon farming as a part of increased industrialisation of the fish farming process which needs to take place in order
to meet future challenges.
Tel.(+354) 595 3000

Fax. (+354) 595 3001
WWW.VAKI.IS
FEATURE
Technology roundup
MAG Seal Deterrent
At the time of the Aquaculture UK conference and exhibition, the MAG Seal
Deterrent had only been on the market for
six weeks - a new exciting piece of kit set to
save fish farms a fortune.
Of course we at IAF were keen to learn
the facts and Mal Scott, general manager for
Mohn Aqua UK, based in Forres, Scotland,
was more than happy to talk us through
the product.
The Airmar DB11 used to be imported
and sold here in the UK by Mohn Aqua.
The DB11 was for a long time,
the best Seal Deterrent on the market but now, with Airmars blessing
Mohn Aqua have taken the DB11 and
redesigned it for the better, creating
what is now known as the MAG Seal
Deterrent.
It is made fully in the UK and has been
built in consultation with, approved and
tested by Airmar.
Sturdy foundations
Its foundations are sturdy, using much

of the technology that the DB11 originally
incorporated.
Just like the DB11 the MAG Seal
Deterrent sends out an omnidirectional
pulse that hurts seals ear drums, yet with the
MAG deterrent, The pulse on each projector can be set to go off at different intervals
and for varied lengths of time, making the
sequence appear random.
In the past, some seals had learned to
predict a pattern.
The MAG Seal Deterrent is 50 percent
more effective than the DB11 and so it
further helps prevent losses. Its only been
on the market for a few months.
A company reported UK91,000 loss
then got a new MAG Seal Deterrent box
fitted and didnt lose a single fish.
Companies have to keep good records
of seal attacks and seal deterrents.
Mal explained all supermarkets audit the
Aquaculture America 2015

Aquaculture Center of the Plate
fish farms where they source their fish, using

standard industry auditors in the UK like the
RSPCA and Freedom Food Alliance.
None of the old systems would tell you if
the system was faulty, the only way of knowing
was to lose fish to seals and with the MAG Seal
Deterrent its easy to find out. explained Mal.
Fault detection can be done daily with
the MAG Seal Deterrent. A main problem
that used to go undetected quite often was
a damaged projector cable. But when you
go through the test sequence each day these things are easy to identify.
The product works by firing a pulse that
can cause pain to a seals eardrums within 60
metres of a fish farm. Seals can get used to
noise but not pain; yet it wont deafen seals
as alternates through many frequencies.
MAG was conscientious when it came
to cetaceans (whales, porpoises and other
mammals) and is confident that the MAG
Seal Deterrent causes little acoustic interference to them.
21-22 Kuntai Hotel

Beijing, China
SEPTEMBER
2014
part of:
February 19-25, 2015

New Orleans, Louisiana
THE NATIONAL CONFERENCE & EXPOSITION OF
Associate Sponsors
Americas Tilapia Alliance

American Veterinary Medical Association
Aquacultural Engineering Society
Aquaculture Association of Canada
Catfish Farmers of America
Global Aquaculture Alliance
American Veterinary Medical Association
International Association of Aquaculture

Economics and Management
Latin American Chapter WAS
Striped Bass Growers Association
US Shrimp Farming Association
US Trout Farmers Association
World Aquatic Veterinary Medical Association
For More Information Contact:

Conference Manager
P.O. Box 2302 | Valley Center, CA 92082 USA
Tel: +1.760.751.5005 | Fax: +1.760.751.5003
Email: worldaqua@aol.com | www.was.org
Aquatic China 2014
Beijing
New Orleans Marriott
Throughout the world consumers behaviour

and attitude towards food has been
changing and, as a result, the industries
supplying food need to focus on the
exchange of information in order to meet
these new demands.
The emphasis of the Aquatic China 2014 two-day
conference is creating an opportunity pathway for those in
Chinas aquaculture industry to connect with some of the
worlds experts on aquaculture research, science, nutrition,
feed formulation, economic production, food safety,
quality assurance and certication.
www.aquafeed.co.uk/aquaticchina
FEATURE
Dryden Aqua active filtration media
Feed barge innovations for the Faroe Islands
JT Electric and Sandgrevstur joined forces to create innovative

feed barge solutions for Bakkafrost, the leading producer of top
quality salmon in the Faroe Islands.
Oddvald Olsen, Bakkafrosts farming manager has been working in the sea-farming industry for nearly 30 years. During that
time he has been following the development of feed barges.
In his opinion, traditional feed barges are not suitable for the
farming environment in the Faroes.
Mr Olsen had been contemplating the idea of creating a suitable
solution for many years. Now, JT Electrics Olavur Thomsen and
Sandgrevsturs Gordon Martin Midjord have made that idea a reality.
Some were of the opinion, of course that we went back in
time by rebuilding out-of-date cargo vessels into feed barges,
explained Olsen.
But as these vessels are built for sailing the open seas and the hold is
quite suitable for silos, I was convinced they were right for the project.
The capacity to carry
Sandgrevstur largely sell and transport raw material for concrete and asphalt production. They are always on the look out for
ships that have the capacity to carry a large amount of cargo and
they always know which ships are on the market.
This combined with JT Electrics knowledge of feeding systems
makes for a winning union.
Back in August 2013 Skavahamer - the first of the custommade feed barges was delivered to a Bakkafrost fish farm.
Skaverhamer was a succeeded by a second vessel Svarthamar,
which was delivered to another Bakkafrost feeding site in April this year.
Each fish farmer was involved with the process of designing the
barge to meet the requirements of the site.
The feed barges are unique and built according to customer
demands yet they share defining characteristics. Each barge is
extremely stable and suited for exposed sea. They are high capacity and can carry 600 tonnes of feed or more.
Each feed barge has a very long berth side enabling feed and
work-boats to safely lie alongside and both have a high life expectancy due to the thickness of the steel from which it is made and
each vessel has large fuel and water carriage capacity.
The up-cycling aspect of these feed barges is appealing and
is economically rewarding. JT Electric explained it is not always
about using the most expensive materials, it is more about using
the materials that are right for the job. And in this case they hit
the nail on the head.
The barges work just as well as I had imagined explained Mr
Oddvald who says, We are quite satisfied with them as they are
suited to their position in the open sea, where the waves are high
from time-to-time.
Dryden Aquas exhibition stand at

Aquaculture UK 14 was laden with little
sample sachets of emerald green Active
Filter Media (AFM) that people were urged
to pick up and pocket.
I have pinned the little sachet onto my
notice board at work!
For me - it serves the purpose of a
souvenir and brings back memories of
Aviemore and Aquaculture UK; forget stuffing a suitcase full of
haggis and bagpipes. Staring at this little sachet of AFM is enough
to take me back to the highlands.
Obviously, it is so much more than a souvenir and the little
sachets also fell into the hands of
some of the big names in aquaculture; all of whom could be seeking innovative filtration solutions
within the aqua sector for filtration
purposes.
AFM is made in the most
sophisticated glass plant in Europe from recycled Scottish green
glass cullet and bottles. The Dutch olympic team train in AFMfiltered pools and thats understandable as this report shows AFM
is confirmed to be twice as good as the best sand or glass filtration
media in cleaning water.
Let me just conclude by saying how charismatic and informative
Drydens representatives were. Analytical chemist Christi Ashley Sing
and engineer Mutassim Ghzali were great ambassadors for the product.
www.drydenaqua.com
Stirling graduate appointed by Meriden Animal Health
University of Stirling graduate Kat Konstanti has been appoint

to the position of International Technical Support Specialist for
Meriden Animal Health.
Ms Konstantis main focus will be to support the drive and
growth of Meriden's products in the aquaculture industry through
her technical knowledge and understanding of the market.
She recently graduated with a Masters in Sustainable
Aquaculture. During her studies at Stirling in Scotland, Ms
Konstanti investigated several aspects of aquatic animal culture
and gained a solid understanding of the principles that surround
the aquaculture industry.
With a focus in aquatic animal health control, nutrition, food
safety and practical feed production, Kat's studies have set her up
well for her career with Meriden. Kat will also be providing additional technical support to the other species areas of the business;
however her main focus will be on aqua.
"Meriden has gained a solid base in the aquaculture industry since
re-formulating its flagship product to create Orego-Stim Aquatract
and developing Phyconomix," says Kat speaking of her appointment.
"It is my goal to continue the development of these products
within the aquaculture industry which is in dire need of effective,
natural and sustainable products."
Orego-Stim Aquatract has been formulated to reduce mortality, increase harvest weight per area and provide support against
stress during vaccination and grading. The product is available in
both liquid and powder form.
Phyconomix is a ready-to-use range of algae-based products
that mirrors optimal larval diets encountered in the wild. Available
in powder and liquid form, the nutritionally complete products
produce healthier, more resistant post larvae for on-growing.
FEATURE
Higher waves, stronger currents do

not upset Faroe fish farmers
Battered by extreme weather and sea conditions in a natural environment far more hostile than most other places, Faroese fish farms
are built to last, using the most robust equipment in the world,
according to Vnin Aquaculture.
For most fish farmers, a wave height of eight metres is rather
unthinkable, not to mention a current strength of 0.8 metres per
second. Now go to the Faroe Islands and you will soon see that such
conditions are considered nothing out of the ordinary - that is, they
are quite common during winter in certain locations, as measured
in 100-hour blocks.
Extreme conditions by Faroese standards, is quite a different thing.
Back in November 2011, Landsverk, the Faroese Public Works
Agency, recorded wave heights of up to 19.7m, in fact the highest
ever since records began in the late 1960s - possibly the highest on
record anywhere, according to the agency.
Even on that occasion, Faroese fish farms largely suffered no
significant damages, however, one installation had its anchorage
compromised and started drifting.
I remember this person was nervous about his fish farm which
had shifted position by some 70m in a very short time, said Signar
Poulsen, manager at Vnin Aquaculture.
One of his larger floating frames had snapped and was only
being held together by the net cage itself, which fortunately was
made of very strong Dyneema netting.
So this was an emergency situation and we had three service
teams mobilised to make sure the fish farm remained safe. It turned
out to be intact except for the anchors used for keeping it in place
and the one floating frame which had been broken in two but was
held together by the net cage itself. We had it all repaired and back
in place in a matter of hours.
The anchors were of the most robust kind but they had been
dragged across the seabed by the force of the sea with the upper
parts completely deformed. So the person was very happy to see
everything resolved and the installation back in place with no damage to the fish farm.
Mr Poulsen added, But such incidents are extremely rare in the
Faroe Islands; I cannot recall any other time that something like this
happened.
Three times stronger
Out of a total of 36, two fish farming locations in the Faroe

Islands regularly have currents of up to 0.8 metres per second while
two other have wave heights of up to eight metres. As far as concerns equipment, the ability to withstand the elements is a standard
requirement.
Today, every aquaculture installation in the Faroes uses equipment from Vnin Aquaculture, Mr Poulsen says.
Our offerings range from complete solutions to component
parts, from net cages, plastic cages, to mooring systems and accessories.
Vnin net cages are usually made from nylon, dyneema, polyester
or polyethylene. What separates a Vnin net cages from others is
the design of the net cage. A Vnin net cage is designed in particular
way which enables it to be used at more exposed and shallow sites.
Fish farms are essentially underwater installations and according to
Vnin, their mooring system outperforms other systems on the market, much thanks to a unique design that includes a shock absorbing
function that enables the installations to remain firmly moored to the
seabed while seamlessly withstanding the forces of the sea.
We have 14 departments spread over the whole North Atlantic
Ocean, spanning five countries. Canada, Greenland, Norway, Faroe
Islands and Denmark, he says.
Vnin net cages and mooring systems undergo rigorous quality
tests in order to ensure strength and quality is never compromised.
All Vnin products come with certifications.
Remote interface assists controlling

feed and fish in transit
that is less complicated through more simplified controls of just

four buttons.
International Aquafeed was interested to learn at Aquaculture
UK 2014 about the installation of RIU3 on monitoring multiple
trailers carrying live fish simultaneously.
This utilises five direct inputs and five relay inputs to monitor
the fish accurately and ultimately lead to reduced operating costs.
Arvotec, the Finnish company who have previously featured in our
magazine, use real-time software from Pentair in their products.
Ropes from Knox
ing; no algae or other materials in the water are able to stick to it.
The benefits of the technology have been developed with other
partners to deliver superior technology with friendly, built-in anti-seal
strength ropes for fish farmers.
The technology is at a very high level but is not just for aquaculture, says the company.
Pentairs new Remote Interface Unit (RIU3) is a modular system

that offers a high level of monitoring and control when it comes
to feed in transit and in storage.
The original RIU was a great achievement in linking the various stages of fish transportation. However, the new RIU3 which
took a year in development and is based on customer inputs, is
set to further its capabilities while providing a user experience
Star Netting is a product with a worldwide patent pending for the

fibrous polymers used and consists of new ropes from W&J Knox
a company first established in 1778 and having a range of purposes
to meet many challenges in fish farming.
The unique properties are hydrophobic qualities and easy clean-
FEATURE
Kaycees twin-dose syringe
Kaycee is offering a new twin-dose syringe that is the culmination of

significant research and development in response to the needs of
the aquaculture industry.
Samuel and Adam Sesemann told International Aquafeed magazine that Kaycee has been building high-quality, hand-held repeater
syringes serving the international animal health industry for over 50
years.
For use with all oil and water-based vaccines, it is known for
reliable dose accuracy while still being easy to maintain with fully
replaceable spare parts.
With its distinctive

blue grip and polished
chrome finish it has
changed little over the
years and due to its
truly ergonomic and
well-balanced design
their syringes are comfortable to use, allowing
long sessions while minimising operator-fatigue
and ultimately reducing
costs.
Built with chromeplated metal to ensure a long life and endure the rigours of outdoor
use in the agriculture and aquaculture industries.
As with all our syringes the hand-operated, twin-dose repeater
syringe has been designed for use with all oil and water based vaccine and specifically designed to deliver two vaccines of differing
viscosity in the same dose.
It has two adjustable dose ranges of 0.05ml each, 0.1ml each or
0.05ml and 0.1ml. Staying true to the design of our current syringe
range it is comfortable to handle, ergonomic in design, allows for
long sessions minimising operator fatigue and will ultimately reduce
the costs of vaccination, says the company.
Kaycee Veterinary Products Ltd was founded in 1962 and has
been owned and run by the Sesemann family since 1976. Based in
England, their products are shipped internationally.
Extruder OEE for the Production of Fish Feed
AMANDUS KAHL GmbH & Co. KG, Dieselstrasse 5-9, D-21465 Reinbek / Hamburg,
Phone: +49 40 727 71 0, Fax: +49 40 727 71 100, info@amandus-kahl-group.de
www.akahl.de
Aquaculture UK 2014 - EXPO
BOC Geoff Hamilton, Carl

Hastings, Richard Randle,
David Stolk, Keith, Nicholson
and Heribert Schneeberger
MSD ANIMAL HEALTH

Keith Morris, Dafydd Morris,
Charis Gould and Chris
Haecke
BORIS NETS John Howard
PHARMAQ Chris mitchel

and Ben North
KAYCEE Adam Sesemann

and Samual Sesemann
LIFT UP Liam Heffernan

and Jarle Ragnhildstveit
HYGIENE TECHNIK
Stuart Ferguson, Alasadair
Dempster and David
Ferguson
HVALPSUND NET Casper

Petersen
EUROPHARMA Ross
Beedie and Alan Dykes
FISH GUARD Ross Beedie
DRYDEN AQUACULTURE
Christi Ashley-Sing and
Mutassim Ghazali
SUNDERLAND MARINE
Allan Lyons and James
Simison
MASKINFABRIKKEN APOLLO
Soren Madsen and B.N.
Ebbesen
AQUATIC SOLUTIONS A/S

Bjarke Sorensen and Ole
Enggaard Pedersen
STINGRAY ODD Mikkelson

and John A Breivik
FUSION MARINE Gino

Bawn, Rhuaraidh Edwaards
and Iain Forbes
MOHN AQUA Malcolm

Scott and Martin Scott
XELECT Proff. Ian Johnson

and Dr. Daniel Garcia de la
Serrano
FERGUSON TRANSPORT
Carol Mackinnon, Colleen
Maclean and Alisdair Ferguson
FRAANTECH Bjorn Ove

Skjeie and Michel Masson
STEEN HANSEN Rolf

Mork-Knudsen, Thale SteenHansen and John Skomsy
SALSNES FILTERS
Oyvind Prestvik
MISDALE TRANSPORT Sandy

MacKenzie, Alison Holden, Tore
Jacobsen and Petter Gunnarstein
SEA SCARER Baxter Binnie

and Maureen Elen
EWOS Lindsey Pollock and

Karen McCloud
AKVA left to right

Ian Lawson, Kjell-Egil Riska,
Derek Fergusson, Brian
Knowles
AQUALINE Hans Olav Ruo
BIOMAR Sarah Cook,

Margaret Conry, John
Carmichael, Andy Young
and Emma Matheson
RK BIO ELEMEMNTS
Robert Knudson
TODD FISHERIES Dr Keith

Todd and Errin Todd
OCEA Malvinus Gong,

Raymond Horne, Tore
Laastad and Adam Bialecki
CALITRI TECHNOLOGY
Giuseppe Calitri and David
Calitri
KJ Joannes Morkore
AQUA GEN Andy Reece,

Ann Vik Mariussa and Jacob
Soldal
FAIVRE Aubert Faivre and

Frederic Faivre
ACE AQUATIC Nathan

Pyne-Carter and Ross PyneCarter
PENTAIR Allen Hirsh,

Marco Pistrin and Jeffrey
Sanchez
STORVIK Derik Watson,

Lorraine Campbell, Sven
Arve Tronsgard and Knut
Botngard
MORENOT Yngue
Askeland and Nina
Odette Hildre
LAND CATCH Keith

Drynan, Louise Curtis and
David Danson
EGERSUND NETS
Tom a Hatleskog
FISH VET GROUP

Chris Mathews and Matt
Metselaarhijs
RIDGEWAY BIOLOGICALS TOM MORROW TARPORLINS

Helen Groves
Chris Townslea and Gary
Cunningham
SKRETTING Mark Weir,

Lisa Buckley, Will Jewison
and Robert Hughes
COASTAL CAGES
Martin Carr
AQUAPHARMA
Nathan Moreland
JT Electric - To the left is Ri

Kals and to the right is
Rni Petersen
BADINOTTI Charlie
Hunter and Alessandro
Ciattaglia
GRADING SYSTEMS LTD

Johny Johnson
TUFROPES
Ashutosh Sinha
GAELFORCE David Wood

and Paul Maclean
STEINVIK Steve Ball and

W & J KNOX Sandra Cain,
Alisdair Binning Kanwal Malik, Pauline Robinson,
Finlay Oman, Samantha Whyte
SAL - David Elo
DESMI Lee Roberts and

Simon Withington
OCEN TOOLS
AQUACULTURE Chris
Hyde and Chloe Newman
STERNER AQUATECH UK
VNIN
- Roger Webb, Graham Signar Poulsen and Sigvald
Eden, Darren Hanson, Chris
Jacobsen
Stewart and Jim Neill
2. Peter Duncan
3. Mati Nitibhon
5. Jayden Harris-Walker
6. Magali Soufflet
10. Ian Nielsen
11. Iman sudrajat
15. Romi Novriadi
15. Claire Webber, Australian Southern Bluefin Tuna Industry Association
PHOTOSHOOT / PHOTOCOMP
WINNERS
First Place Winner

'Hatching'
by Bernd Ueberschr, Germany
I was very pleased to learn that one of my photos was award-winning in

the World Aquaculture 2014 Conference Photo Competition.
Taking the winning photo "Hatching" was a very special moment and great
luck. Although I am working with fish larvae in aquaculture and in field
studies for more than 25 years, there was hardly a comparable situation
with hatching larvae AND my special camera equipment with me ... I am
glad, that this photo was made available to the public audience at the
WAS!, says Bernd Ueberschr, of Kiel, Germany.
Second Place Winner

Glorification of the Dead aquacultured Thunnus
albacares (Yellowfin tuna )- by Akihiro Shiroza, USA
Akihiro is a marine biologist and artist from Japan but was educated and lives in
Coral Gables, Florida, USA. The image is a product of his work using scientifically
collected larval specimens and magnification up to 200 times the size of the
natural body sizes.
"My most recent work as an artist stems from interacting, on a quotidian
basis, with dead specimens and reflecting on my role as a larval fish collector
and taxonomist. Using scientifically collected larval specimens, I glorify the
fish through embalming rituals of cleaning, chemical treatment, and digital
transformation.
"The finished pieces are digital retouched collages of multiple super-macro
photographs of chemically treated larval fish, some magnified up to 200 times
to the size of their mature bodies. I conceived the concept and images after sorting and identifying larval fish all day, every day, under the microscope. Prior
to identification, and while using needles and forceps, I take my time to clean the specimens, and free them from dust and other foreign objects attached to
their surface, as an act of respect to the deceased before their last judgment in the Big Book of Records.
"Its only then, when I ask what they are, that they finally speak to me," he adds. More of his work can be found at: http://www.studioelcondor.com/aki.html
Third Place Winner

Thumbs up for aquaculture
by Greg Marett, USA
Third prize winner is Greg Marett of the AVID Program 'Pearl industry
development in the Western Pacific'. The image, 'Thumbs up for aquaculture'
was taken this year at the Nago Island Mariculture and Research Facility in
New Ireland Province in the northeaster most region of Papa New Guinea.
Thank you to our Sponsors

WAS Adelaide and IAF wish to thank the sponsors of the competition: The competition's Gold Prize Sponsor is Gold Coast Tiger Prawns of Queensland, Australia,
Silver Prize Sponsor Baader Seafood Innovations of Germany with International Aquafeed providing the third place winner's prize. Additional sponsors included AQ1
Systems of Tasmainia, Australia, and LMC Training and RadAqua, both of Queensland, Australia.
STUDENT CATEGORY
S
Winner
'Basil and Goldfish
by Bonnie Philp, Australia
"I took this photo during my science class where we are learning about
aquaculture and aquaponics. The idea behind the photo is to show how
simple aquaponics can be and how any type of fish can be used to grow
plants. We have built our own systems in class and it has been fun watching
the plants grow," says Bonmie Philp.
The Prizes
Second place winner

Big Bubbles
by Rachel Cortese, Australia
Open:
1st PRIZE AU$1000
"This is a photo of my Goldfish at home, I really enjoy

keeping fish and have a few tanks at home. Its a cool
photo because it really shows the detail of the fish,
especially its eyes. I study aquaculture at TAFE and
am doing my Certificate III and really enjoy it. I see
aquaculture as the future of food production, as long
as we can make it sustainable," says Rachel Cortese.
2nd Prize Au$750

3rd Prize AU$500
Student:
1st Prize AU$750
2nd Prize AU$500
3rd Prize AU$250
Third place winner

NFT Aquaponics
by Shae Butler, Australia
"This is a photo of the Home Aquaponics system that I made at school

for science class. We are learning about Aquaponics at school and were
challenged to design a set up that can be used at home so I designed this.
We have a bigger tank in the class where we are growing Barramundi, they
are heaps more fun than Platy's and Goldfish," says Shae Butler.
About our student winners

All of the entries are from 'Year 12' students studying aquaculture at Broome Senior High School, Broome which is located approximately 2000km north of Perth on
Australia's west coast and is famous for Cable Beach and Pearls.
"The students are given the option to study a Certificate II or Certificate III in Aquaculture at Broome Aquaculture Centre with the High School curriculum
supporting what the students are learning at TAFE. The course has been developed over a number of years and is aimed at teaching students how to think sustainably
and to think about alternative methods of food production," says Mr Andy Smyth of Broome Senior High School.
See more photo competition entries at:
http://bit.ly/IAFphotocomp
FEATURE
MICROALGAE: A sea of opportunities

for the aquaculture industry
by Dr Keith Filer, Alltech
lgae, a buzzword in the biofuel

industry a few years ago and a
diverse group of simple organisms, are the new game changer
in the animal feed industry.
Algae also contribute to the air we breathe,
producing nearly 50 percent of the oxygen in
the atmosphere and directly supporting the
ocean life, thereby playing a major role in
global productivity.
There are an estimated 800,000 species of
algae that range from single-celled microorganisms to multi-celled organisms, such as the
200-foot long giant kelp.
Algae produce carbohydrates, oils, protein,
vitamins, pigments and organic materials.
New applications
While macroalgae (seaweed) dominate

the global aquatic plant production, the
microalgae industry is growing rapidly
as scientists continue to find new appli-
CASE STUDY
High-quality micro-algae
concentrates used in early
developmental aquafeeds
by Pieter Boelens, Chief Operation
Officer, Evodos
icro-algae provide an important direct or indirect feed

source for early developmental stages of many farmed
finfish, shellfish and invertebrate species.
Hatcheries typically cultivate micro-algae
in-house, but commercial concentrates are
starting to be used, as a substitute.
Commercially available concentrates offer a
convenient source for micro-algae hatcheries.
The number of micro-algae producers
delivering algae concentrates to the hatcheries
is growing. Only those micro-algae producers,
which are delivering the right quality concentrate, are successful.
From an aquaculture perspective, the key
desire attributes for micro-algae concentrates are:
High cell concentration without damaged cells
Increased shelf life
Easy to suspend uniformly in water
cations for the freshwater and marine

species.
Today, the freshwater Chlorella and
Arthrospira are primarily used for human
dietary supplements and ingredients for animal
feed. Other species are used for the extraction
of high-valued components such as vitamins,
w-fatty acids, natural pigments and antioxidants.
Microalgae are required in larval nutrition,
either fed directly in the case of mollusks and
peneid shrimp or indirectly as live prey food in
small fish larvae (Spolaoree, et al.).
The nutritional composition and biochemical diversity of microalgae have generated an
enormous amount of interest in a variety of
applications. Microalgae can have high protein
content with an amino acid profile that can
provide essential amino acids.
The lipid content can reach 70 percent,
with a high concentration of omega-3 and
omega-6 fatty acids. Microalgae can be a valuable source of vitamins and minerals as well.
Most commercial production of micro-
Regularly available and affordable

The company Evodos focuses on 'harvesting'
micro-algae concentrates out of open ponds
and photo bioreactors (PBR's) for aquafeed.
With the Evodos micro-algae harvesting
solution you harvest a high quality micro-algae
concentrate, the micro-algae cells are intact
and undamaged.
During the harvesting process, the microalgae dont change in structure and temperature. All valuable components inside the
micro-algae cells are fully retained.
Key micro-algae strains
Evodos has a growing client base by achieving a very high quality output with micro-algae
species that play an important role in the
Aquaculture market, like Dunaliella, Tetraselmis,
Nannochloropsis, Chlorella, Diatoms and more.
Today, these key micro-algae strains are available as concentrates processed by Evodos units.
These are marketed as total replacements for
living micro-algae or serve as a back-up against
crashes and out-of-season shortages or supplement to live micro-algae produced in-house.
Available micro-algae concentrates also
enables smaller enterprise to operate without
an in-house micro-algae production capacity.
One of the successful micro-algae producers is Tomalgae, a biotech company which
algae is done autotrophically in open outdoor circulating raceways or ponds. Under

autotrophic growing conditions, microalgae
use light energy to fix carbon dioxide, their
carbon source into hydrocarbons with oxygen
discharged as a waste product. However poor
light diffusion; microbial, chemical and physical
contamination; downstream processing and
the growth of zooplankton and other species
are all drawbacks of an open system.
Photobioreactors (PBR) have improved
productivity of autotrophic production
through the careful control of growth limiting
and environmental parameters, however PBRs
have not been deemed successful or economical for producing low cost, high volume
end-products for the feed industry.
The other commercial production method in growing algae is the heterotrophic
system. Heterotrophic species get their
energy from organic carbon compounds
in much the same way as yeast, bacteria
and animals. By eliminating light from the
develops micro-algae based products for the

aquaculture market. With the Evodos units,
Tomalgae produces high quality micro-algae
concentrate mainly for the larval stage.
The diatoms belong to one of the most
economically important groups of algae.
For various applications, it is often very
important that while algae cultures are concentrated via centrifugation, the cells are not damaged and keep their integrity after the processing.
Traditional methods of centrifugation typically bring a serious damage to the cells breaking or opening their frustules that usually dramatically reduces the quality of the microalgal
biomass obtained. In contrast, recently I repeatedly had a chance to process large volumes of
diatoms using The Evodos Dynamic Settler.
The results of these tests proved to be
uniformly identical: the perfect quality of concentrated microalgal (diatom) paste no diatoms cells were detected that exhibited any
signs of mechanical damage, says Professor
Viktor Chepurnov, Tomalgae.
With the Evodos micro-algae harvesting
solution algae producers can produce the
right quality micro-algae concentrates necessary for the aquaculture market: high quality
micro-algae concentrate that is equal to the
quality of living micro-algae.
www.evodos.eu
FEATURE
production process, any fermenter (such
as those used for production of medicines,
beverages and food additives) can be used
for heterotrophic algal growth. Reaching
100,000 liters in size, these fermenters can
generate large volumes of highly productive
cultures making them less expensive than
the autotrophic system.
One of the main differences between
autotrophic and heterotrophic systems is the
added nutritional benefits from heterotrophic
algae. The heterotrophic method maintains
a closed, controlled system that provides a
more consistent, traceable and pure algal
product that is more beneficial for the feed
industry. For example, by manipulating the
physical and chemical properties of the cultural medium, several species of microalgae
can overproduce and accumulate higher levels
of specific fatty acids. Xu et. al (2006) demonstrated that C. protothecoides had a lipid
content as high as 55 percent, approximately
four times greater than when grown autotrophically.
Omega-3 fatty acid
In another study, Barclay et. al (1994)

showed that omega-3 fatty acid productivity was two to three times higher when
produced in heterotrophic rather than autotrophic conditions.
Microalgae that contain large quantities of
high quality eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and

docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)are now being
commercialised as sustainable alternative
sources to fish oil. By providing a clean and
consistent source of omega-3 fatty acids and
high quality protein, heterotrophic microalgae
offer more nutrition components to a diet
than the autotrophic method.
The Marine Ingredients Organization
(IFFO) sees microalgae as the most promising
and sustainable alternative sources to EPA and
DHA in fish oil.
Algal oils are now being commercialized
as sustainable alternative sources to fish oils.
They have been shown to be nutritionally
equivalent and can successfully enrich larval
feed and replace fish oil in fish diets.
Alltech has focused its research efforts on
algae for the past five years, purchasing one
of the largest heterotrophically grown microalgae facilities in 2010. The 100,000-square
foot state-of-the art facility in Winchester,
Kentucky, uses proprietary algal technology
to process heterotrophic algae because of its
nutritional benefits.
A series of experiments in tilapia and trout
were performed to evaluate the nutritional
value of a high DHA strain of alga (SP1) produced by Alltechs Algae facility.
The algae were included at low levels in
tilapia diets to evaluate the uptake of DHA in
the fillet and added at high levels in trout to
determine the impact on performance. The

tilapia fed 0.4 percent SP1 in the diet had
higher DHA levels at the end of the 13-week
feeding trial.
The 15 percent SP1 inclusion rate in the
rainbow trout diet improved weight gain and
also increased DHA levels in the fillet.
These trials indicated that heterotrophic
microalgae can be included in tilapia and trout
diets to increase DHA level in fish meat as
well as improve fish performance. Work will
continue with this strain of alga to define the
nutritional value in marine species and shrimp.
The benefits of feeding

microalgae
A two-fold contribution, the aquaculture industry can see the benefits of feeding microalgae to
fish as well as marketing the enriched product to
consumers. This can mean improving return while
creating a healthier population of both humans and
aquaculture all at the same time.
Beside the nutritional improvement that
microalgae can bring to fish and food, it is
one of the only biomass material that allows
production with daily harvest all year round.
This could bring more security to an everchanging market, and provide some options
for the aquaculture industry, especially when
fish oil supplies are depleting as it continues
to be sold to the human side for a higher
dollar amount.
Evodos delivers micro-algae harvesting solutions

Harvest a high quality concentrate equal to living micro-algae
Micro-algae is harvested intact and undamaged which increases shelf life
Proven replacement or supplement for living micro-algae
No chemicals or additives needed for harvesting
Algae Harvesting Excellence

W
P
E
www.evodos.eu
+31 76 571 1170
info@evodos.eu
EXPERT TPIC
EXPERT TOPIC
SALMON
Welcome to Expert Topic. Each issue will take an in-depth look
at a particular species and how its feed is managed.
EXPERT TPIC
2
5
1
USA
Farmed on land
salmon
and-based aquaculture is a growing alternative that eliminates the risk of spreading waste, diseases or parasites in
open waters. Closed containment systems do, however,
share a key area of concern with their water-based counterparts,
and thats how many fish it takes to grow the larger ones that
humans eat. System owners also have to filter out fish waste or
develop markets for products like fish fertilizer.
Building an intricate indoor system of tanks and tubes costs
far more than growing Atlantic salmon in nets or cages in open
waters. The technology, which helps conserve water resources on
land, has been evolving for more than a decade, but few businesses
have been able to make it financially viable says the report.
As a research facility, the Freshwater Institute isnt aiming to sell
salmon year-round. Its fish wont hit the market again for another
eight to 10 months, and previous salmon harvests have been
donated to places such as the anti-hunger nonprofit D.C. Central
Kitchen. In the meantime, institute director Joseph Hankins has
opened the facilitys doors to aquaculture businesses and investors looking to adapt and scale up the recirculating aquaculture, or
closed containment, technology.
The Freshwater Institutes first batch of land reared Salmon
was delivered to markets in Maryland and Virginia in late March
and will be available through mid-May at area Wegmans seafood
counters and on more than a dozen restaurant menus. That means
Washington consumers can get the first taste of the only Atlantic
salmon in the United States grown with this technology.
2
EXPERT TPIC
A history of
aquaculture
and salmon
in Chile
n the early 1990s, according to FAO,

the total harvest from aqua cultivation
centres in Chile did not exceed 80,000
tonnes.
However, by 2004 they had reached

688,000 tonnes.
A massive increase in production which
has, despite some difficulties continued.
Likewise in exported volumes, from 30,000
to 430,000 tonnes in that same period. In
dollar terms this has meant from US$100
million in 1990 to US$1600 million in 2004
and as at 2013 this figure has moved to close
toUS$4000 million.
Salmonid species have been dominant,
both in harvest volume and export values.
Other important species include bivalve
molluscs (oysters, scallops and mussels) and
cultivation of the Gracilaria algae. Turbot
cultivation has registered a gradual growth
from one tonne (1991) to 249 tonnes (2004).
Many exotic aquatic species were introduced into Chile back as far as the 1850s but
it was not until the early 1900s -1920s that
Salmon were imported.
According to report by E.A. Tulian, the
Argentinian Government employed the services
of John W. Titcomb (Bureau of Fisheries in USA)
for a number of months, especially to bring a
number of salmon/trout species from USA.
Titcomb also chose the site for the first
hatchery at Lago Nahuel Huapi, situated in the
Andes Mountains, within three to five kms of
the Chilean boundary.
According to the report as of March I,
1905, the fish in the ponds at the Nahuel
Huapi hatchery were counted and there were
found to be 8500 brook trout, 3800 lake
trout, and 1800 landlocked salmon.
They measured from six to eight inches in
length. A large number were accidentally lost
during the latter part of the year, but in May,
1906 they had a considerable number of each
of these species in the ponds. The death rate

in all three from the time hatched, in March,
1904, until May, 1906 was as low as would
have been found at anyone of the more successful trout hatcheries in the United States.
By 1908 a lot of some 25,000 brook trout
eggs were shipped from the Nahuel Huapi
hatchery to Santiago, Chile on the railroad
that crosses from Buenos Aires to Valparaiso,
not far from the Argentinian boundary, at the
request of the Chilean government, to be
hatched in a small hatchery belonging to that
government located in the Andes Mountains.
Also in 1908 there was an effort to bring
in other species from UK and on that trip
they were given 20,000 Atlantic salmon eggs
that were secured from the Earl of Denbigh's
fisheries in North Wales.
The story is a little patchy but it seems
due to poor packing and timing there was
some urgency in getting them to a hatchery
and some of those eggs ended up in Chile
in possibly the highest hatchery in the world.
The hatchery is still operating today, albeit in
a minor capacity.
Most of the credit is given to The Fisheries
Development Institute (IFOP) who were
instrumental in importing the first Coho
salmon which are recorded as arriving into
Chile in 1921 and over the next 50-plus years
the Institute looked to cutting-edge technologies from abroad to cultivate various aquatic
species and invited foreign experts to share
their specialist knowledge here.
Foundation Chile
In 1976 Foundation Chile was formed, an

institution dedicated to scientific research and
technology transfer.
It was formed as a public-private partnership by 50 percent Government of Chile
and 50 percent by ITT. Its mission was to
introduce high impact innovations to increase
Chile's competitiveness in world markets.
Aquaculture systems were highlighted as
an important prospect.
In 1978 the governments contribution
grew with the establishment of the Fisheries
Department and the National Fisheries
Service, Sernapesca.
Between 1978 and 1980 a series of private
initiatives, including those by Fundacion Chile,
lead to the creation of various companies
dedicated exclusively to salmon farming.
In the early 1980s a small group of visionary entrepreneurs invested in an uncertain
and unknown business - one considered a
high-risk venture at the time and began
salmon farming in Chile.
In 1982 the first company created by
Fundacion Chile was formed: Salmon Antarctic
Ltda, seven years later this company was sold
to a Japanese company for US$22 million.
The second Fundacion Chile company, Sea
Harvest Tongoy, which manages the develop34 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | July-August 2014
ment of the culture of the Japanese oyster

was then formed and in 1992 the organisation was credited with developing the Turbot
aquaculture industry in Chile.
By 1985 36 salmon farms were operating
in Chile and total production exceeded 1200
tonnes. A year later, the salmon industry
boom began, with production topping 2100
tonnes per annum and feasibility studies
churning out impressive return on investment
figures.
Salmon in Chile today
That same year, as evidence of definite consolidation within the salmon farming
industry, the Salmon and Trout Producers
Association AG was formed, known as
Salmon Chile today.
From that time on, the associations main
objective has been to secure a seal of quality
for the production and promotion of Chilean
salmon across global markets. It established
minimum requirements at the processing
plants of its member companies in order to
obtain the best quality product.
In 1990 the industry moved into species
reproduction and the first Chilean Coho
salmon roe were cultivated.
This step represented the first scientific
advancement in Chile and heralded the real
takeoff point for rapid growth of the industry.
At the same time, major improvements in
salmon feeding were made and the subsequent increase in volume necessitated a more
professional industry.
Dry foods with a higher lipid content and
a more efficient lipid-protein balance were
introduced.
In 2003 the industry developed a Code
of Good Practice, the first of its kind in Chile.
An industry crisis followed
With good comes the bad and in July

2007 a farm site in Chiloe officially reported
the first case of Infectious Salmon Anemia
(ISA). The disease is caused by a virus of
the Orthomyxoviridae family, of the genus
Isavirus, which affects Atlantic salmon grown
in sea water.
The disease created an industry crisis
that affected its production processes and
regional development in infected areas. While
EXPERT TPIC
it doesnt affect humans, it does cause fish
mortality. It was also diagnosed in the 1980s
in Norway and later in Canada, Scotland, the
Faroe Islands and the United States.
The crisis required the rapid setting up of
a public-private partnership to tackle the issue.
Measures taken included a governmental
body issuing initial resolutions as contingency
measures and subsequent resolutions for
monitoring and control. During this time, the
association worked with member companies
These were underpinned by thematic

analyses focused on concessions, production
infrastructure and improved health conditions
including various action plans aimed at the
detection of diseases, vaccinations, the use of
drugs and restrictions on roe imports.
The association coordinated joint projects
with companies in the industry to establish
44 health measures to promote self-regulation and a public-private partnership. These
included modifying existing legislation, in particular to the General Law on Fisheries and
Aquaculture and adopting new regulations.
Over time, and through the effort and dedication of all involved, recovery is now evident
within the industry.
Second largest producer
to promote self-regulation and fostered relationships with government bodies.

As with any crisis, the process generated
opportunities that drove the development
of a new production model for the industry.
This included a series of measures concerning
healthy intervals, coordinated treatment and
maximum densities.
The salmon aquaculture industry is currently the second largest export sector in
Chile and after Norway, Chile is the second
largest producer of salmon globally. It has generated more than 60,000 direct and indirect
jobs and operates in over 70 markets.
Markets have been forged in developing
areas like Brazil and other Latin American
countries and there is also a push into China
and Russia. Demand as of now is strong so
there is still some depth to the marketability
of the product.
According to FAO on human resources,
there is an adequate availability of research-
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labour force to respond to the increasing
demand by industry and public and private
research programs.
Universities and higher education institutions are actively training human resources
oriented towards the satisfaction of the
industrys requirements in production (marine
biologists, veterinarians, fishing engineers,
aquaculture engineers), processing (industrial
and food engineers) and marketing (commercial engineers).
There is also a growing specialisation in
service areas such as environmental impact
assessment, disease diagnosis and treatment,
biotechnology, market studies and foreign
trade, among others. The Government has
a ProChile group which is very helpful in the
trade arena.
Annual plan of action
Perhaps the most important milestone

of the last few years has been the official
publishing of the National Aquacultural Policy,
which established objectives, principles and
strategies associated to the activitys sustainable development.
This important instrument of public-private
participation also established annual plans of
action (for the years 2004 and 2005), which
have been achieved satisfactorily based on the
FAO report.
3
EXPERT TPIC
Krill
improves
fillet
yield and
quality
A NEW COMMERCIAL-SCALE
PROJECT REVEALED THAT KRILL
FEED IMPROVES SALMON FILLET
QUALITY AND QUANTITY
he results from the commercialscale project are unusually clear.

Fish that received feed with krill
offered higher fillet yields than the
control group - says Sigve Nordrum, Aker
BioMarine.
The fillets' firmness was greater and the
incidence of gaping lower in fish fed with krill.
The quality improvements could be of major
importance to the processing industry and to
consumers' experience, he says.
The trial
BioMar and Aker BioMarine documented

the value of the fish feed containing krill,
developed by BioMar and called Quick.
QuickTM increases food uptake and
growth in farmed salmon. In this major
commercial-scale project, salmon were fed
BioMar QuickTM. Researchers compared this
group of salmon with the control group of
fish that received BioMar feed without krill.
The trial examined 260-farmed salmon,
bred on five sites in Norway.
The fish were analysed by one of Europe's
largest institutes for applied research within
the fields of fisheries, aquaculture and food,
Nofirma. Research examined 14 groups of
fish (between May 2013 and January 2014)
from the standpoints of yield and quality,
including body shape and organ condition, for
example heart and liver index and fat content.
Fillet quality is determined, in part, by
its colour, firmness and gaping. Another
determinant is fat deposition around the
organs. Fat deposition can affect metabolism
and effective metabolism is important for the
filet quality.
Of course, good taste, smell and storage
capabilities are equally vital.
The results
Krill-fed salmon weighed significantly

more than the control group (4.6kg and
4.3kg, respectively).
Likewise, the filet yield for the krill feed
group was significantly higher (63.7% vs
60.8%). This 2.7 peercent increase correlated with the significantly thicker fillet 4-5
percent thicker and firmer than the control
group.
In summary, the feed with krill stimulated
the development of more and firmer muscle.
This in turn led to less gaping (7 percent vs
20 percent) and higher yield. There were no
negative effects of the fish examined.
Norfimas study supports earlier experiments on krill-fed Atlantic salmon.
Independent studies at Norways
Aquaculture Protein Center showed that
dietary krill meal, compared with fish meal,
stimulated feed intake and growth in salmon
(see http://www.nofima.no/filearchive/hlbrosjyre-2012-web_2.pdf).
And a commercial-scale feed trial in Chile

showed that young Atlantic salmon eat more
and grow faster and bigger with krill
added to their diet.
Farmed salmon use the nutrients in the
feed to store fat and build muscle. More
muscle improves the fillet quantity and
quality.
Researchers believe the increased feed
intake may be due, in part, to the improved
palatability of krill-based diets.
Long-term collaboration for

sustainability
Aker BioMarine and BioMar are also

collaborating with other companies and
international environmental organisations to (1) assure krills essential role in
marine ecosystems and (2) minimise the
risk of krill fishery impacting ecosystem
health.
Krill are small crustaceans, like shrimp,
that maintain the vital dynamics in the food
chain between microscopic plants and larger
animals, such as seals and whales.
Krill are the most abundant animal species
on the planet.
Though hard to measure, because of their
large home range, the biomass is estimated
between 120-600 million tonnes. Because
of their position in the food chain, changes
that affect krill have repercussions that flow
through the rest of the ecosystem.
Research is underway to examine the
human and environmental changes on krill,
that is warmer and more acidic oceans.
In June 2014 the British Antarctic Survey
and WWF co-hosted a workshop on krill
conservation in the Scotia Sea and Antarctic
Peninsula region. The workshop involved
participants from the scientific, conservation
and fishery sectors.
It concluded that the current catch levels
are unlikely problematic, but uncertainties
about fishery impact increase with catch
levels.
Thus, in the management of krill fishery,
a research and development strategy is critical. Broadening dialogues and availability of
information is equally critical.
Aker BioMarine is taking pro-active
initiatives to do just that as it continues to
pioneer further development, Nordrum
said.
Salmon fillet gap
EXPERT TPIC
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10.01.14 10:03
6/10/14 2:49 PM
4HEAT-STABLE PROTEASE
EXPERT TPIC
IN SALMONID FEEDS
Experiences from Canada and Chile

by M.A. Kabir Chowdhury, PhD, Jefo Nutrition Inc., Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
Dr Pedro Cardenas Villarroal, Alinat Chile, Chile
olatility of supply, price and quality

of commonly-used ingredients and
lack of proper characterisation of
their components are forcing aquaculture feed manufacturers to use high safety
margins for nutrients while formulating a feed.
derived from pancreas or secretory cells of

the intestinal epithelium in slightly alkaline
environment achieved by pancreatic secretion
of bicarbonates and bile acids from the gall
bladder (see Figure 1).
The absorption of nutrients occurs in the
intestine by optimising the intestinal surface
area within the constraints of the coelomic
cavity. Presence of exogenous protease can
influence the rate of reactions in the intestine
enhancing nutrient utilisation efficiency of the
animals.
Effects of protease in aquaculture feed can
be manifested in more digestible proteins in
feed, improved digestibility of nutrients in an
ingredient, better mucosal health, growth and
feed conversion of the farmed aquatic animals.
Trials with shrimp, crab, salmonids, carps,
tilapia, pangasius, seabream and other species have shown significant improvement in
growth, feed conversion or nutrient utilisation
efficiency. In studies with salmonids species, addition of protease in feed not only
improved the protein quality of the feed but
also stimulated gut health, growth, and feed
conversion helping the bottom line of feed
manufacturers and producers.
Improving protein quality
In several in-vitro and in-vivo studies with

the Jefo protease, a marked improvement in
protein digestibility of ingredient and feed was
observed.
In a study conducted at the University
of Saskatchewan of Canada, addition of the
protease to a co-extruded canola-pea based
Techniques such as cooking, conditioning,
diets resulted in significant improvement in
soaking and finally, using enzymes for various
apparent digestibility of crude protein, energy,
components are increasingly used to improve
lipid and dry matter (P<0.05) in rainbow trout
the quality of ingredients in feed or to reduce
(see Figure 2A) (Drew et al. 2005).
the variations in their quality.
The improvement was less pronounced in
Besides phytase (for phosphorus) and
the co-extruded flax-pea based diets.
some carbohydrases, dietary proteolytic
Availability of more digestible nutrients
enzymes are gaining attention in recent years,
also resulted in improved feed conversion and
mainly because of the need for better utilisagrowth of rainbow trout fed diets containing
tion of proteins from existing sources.
with the protease (see Figures 2B and 2C).
Protease breaks down large, indigestible
In another in-vivo study conducted at
and insoluble proteins to highly digestible
the Universidad Catolica de Temuco with
smaller peptides and some free amino acids.
three species of salmonids (coho salmon,
These small chain peptides may also contain
Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout), both
some bioactive properties influencing ingesprotein and carbohydrate digestibility were
tion, digestion, absorption, and assimilation of
improved significantly in fish fed the treatnutrients in animals.
ment diets containing the protease than
These intrinsic properties of protease
those fed the control diets (Chowdhury
enzymes are encouraging for nutritionists
2012).
and feed formulators as they allow them
In an in-vitro digestibility
to include more low-digestible
study
at the Universidad de
protein ingredients without
Figure 1: Addition of an exogenous protease in feed during
Concepcion
of Chile, protein
compromising the quality of
manufacturing and how it affects the protein quality of feed and
fate of nutrients in the intestine of animals
digestibility of commercially
the feed.
extruded (extrusion temp.
120oC) salmonids feeds with
The influence of
and without protease was
exogenous protease
determined using the HClIn the intestine of animals,
Pepsin method. The method
polypeptides are digested to
involved grinding of the feed
smaller peptides and amino
samples followed by HClacids by several enzymes
EXPERT TPIC
Pepsin digestion for 16 hours and
then, separation of solids.
The protein digestibility of a
feed was then determined using
the following equation:
Protein Digestibility (%) = 100
x (Initial CP Final CP)/Initial CP
The protein digestibility was
analysed in three different hydrolysing conditions (temperature
and pH). In all three cases, sig-
ing the protease compared to

those fed the control diets (see
Table 1).
Similarly, height (m), density
and structure of intestinal villi also
showed a marked improvement
in fish fed the protease diets (see
Figure 4).
Increased availability of nutrients coupled with increased
intestinal nutrient absorption
Figure 2: (A) ADC of crude protein in co-extruded flax:pea and

canola:pea diets with and without Jefo protease in rainbow
trout; (B) Feed conversion and (C) specific growth rate of
rainbow trout fed co-extruded flax:pea and canola:pea with and
without Jefo protease
nificantly more digestible protein

was reported in feeds containing
the protease than in those without (see Figure 3).
Growth performance
and intestinal health
Several growth and digestibility trials conducted in Canada

and Chile showed significant
improvement in performance of
the test animals fed diets contain-
capacity resulted in the better

growth and feed conversion in
treatment animals.
Challenges for using

a protease enzyme
Issues with heat-stability

have been a major hindrance
for the use of enzymes in aquafeed.
Very few enzymes in the market today are truly heat-stable.
EXPERT TPIC
In addition, it is difficult for feed manufacturers to compare efficacy of various
enzymes to improve the protein quality of
their feed using traditional or prescribed
enzymatic activity assays. Traditional or
prescribed enzymatic assays rely on specific substrate, which may not be suitable
for a feed.
Feedmills must be able to rapidly and
accurately test complete feeds for the
presence of a protease as part of their QA/
QC process. The in-vitro protein digestibility assays provide a solution to this
problem enabling feed manufacturers to
test the effects of an enzyme not by measuring activity but in real term, the quality
of proteins.
This innovative solution should be standardised and utilised as a tool to compare
effects of different enzymes on a particular
feed.
Preference to multi-enzyme containing
protease-complex has also been a rising
phenomenon.
All enzymes are proteins and adding a protease in the cocktail creates a
situation where other enzymes become
the nearest substrate for the protease.
While it is acceptable to use all the
carbohydrases together, using protease
in a cocktail usually reduces the efficacy
of other enzymes.
Several published and unpublished trials
with carps, shrimp and salmonids showed
lower beneficial effects of multi-enzyme compared to a single protease or a proteasecomplex.
If intended, it is recommended to use
protease either separately or in a protected
form in a multi-enzyme cocktail to prevent
hydrolysis of other enzymes.
Figure 3: Protein
digestibility (%) of
extruded salmonids
feeds with and without
protease as determined
by HCl-Pepsin method
at three different
hydrolyzing conditions
Figure 4.
Structure of
intestinal villi
in rainbow
trout fed diets
with and
without Jefo
protease
Conclusion
Apart from their availability and

poor nutrient characterisation, imbalanced amino acid profiles, poor digestibility of nutrients, presence of various
anti-nutritional factors has been limiting
the use of some novel ingredients in
aquaculture feed.
Using a protease enzyme would therefore
be a useful solution to address these unknown
factors.
It can be assumed that in the near
future, similar to phytase, protease enzymes
would become an essential component of
feed as a cost-effective solution to improve
the quality of salmonids feeds.
Table 1. Growth performance and intestinal villi height of rainbow trout fed diets containing
graded level (0, 175, 250 ppm) of Jefo protease
Initial
body
weight
(g)
Treatments
References:
Chowdhury, M.A.K. 2012. Aquafeed: Advances in
Processing & Formulation, Autumn Issue.
Drew et al. 2005. Animal Feed Science and
Technology, 119:117-128
Final
body
weight
(g)
Specific
growth
rate
(SGR, %)
Thermalunit Growth
Coefficient
(TGC)
FCR
Villi size
(m)
Control
390
850a
0.92a
2.52a
1.43b
630a
Control + 175 ppm protease
402
971b
1.05b
2.94b
1.35a
663b
Control + 250 ppm protease
399
987b
1.07b
3.03b
1.33a
737b
Notes: Different letters in a column denote significant differences (P<0.05) among the treatments
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Shellfish
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5
EXPERT TPIC
KING
N
O
M
L
SA
ew Zealand (NZ) has no native

Salmonid species and in these
days of high biosecurity it
always makes you wonder how
imported species have become established.
In the case of salmon in New Zealand
it seems that colonists back in the 19th
Century were keen to have access to
pleasures that were associated with the very
wealthy the right to hunt and to fish for
salmon and trout.
At that time NZ rivers were devoid of
sporting fish hence species were imported.
One of the main organisations behind
this work was the Auckland Acclimatisation
Society (AAS), which is still in existence today.
AAS was New Zealands first such society
and was established around 1861.
Many others soon followed, including in
Whanganui and Nelson in 1863, and Otago
and Canterbury in 1864. Their rules were very
similar to the British Acclimatisation Society
and focused on introducing all manner of new
species as long as they were innoxious. By
1866, the British society had merged with the
Ornithological Society.
New Zealand became the standard setting for a network of regional acclimatisation societies that lasted almost 130 years
although their role later changed. Their
activities received government sanction, but
not financial support.
In 1867, the first of a series of Animal
Protection Acts in NZ protected many introduced animals and formally recognised the
acclimatisation societies. The importation of
trout was enabled by the Salmon and Trout
Act, passed in the same year.
Exchange agreements
Species exchange agreements were made

between New Zealand societies and those
The successful transposing of

Chinook salmon to New Zealand
overseas. At first many societies had gardens

for propagating new plant species, but these
were soon shed in favour of focusing on
animals, as a result, hatcheries were built for
breeding trout and aviaries for raising game
birds, for release into the wild.
Farmer and rabbit inspector, Lake Ayson, is
regarded as being the main person responsible for introducing Chinook salmon into New
Zealand.
He had apparently seen the successful
introduction of Brown Trout in the late 1800s
(strangely introduced from Tasmania) and
had some first-hand knowledge through being
appointed curator of the Masterton trout
hatchery. In 1898 he became the Fisheries
Commissioner for the country and as a priority decided to identify fish species that would
be suitable for New Zealand. Whilst in the
USA on a research trip he was offered half a
million Chinook ova free-of-charge and from
there history was created.
King Salmon
Chinook or quinnat salmon (Oncorhynchus

tshawytscha) are native to the north-west
coast of North America and north-east Asia
but are known in New Zealand by the term
King Salmon. New Zealand appears the only
place in the world where Chinook salmon
have become established successfully outside
their natural range.
Other species such as Atlantic and
Sockeye were also imported and from the
records there was a strong feeling that
the Government had backed the wrong
species but history now shows that is not
the case.
Chinook are the largest species of the
Salmonidae family in New Zealand, commonly reaching 1015 kilograms. Most
adults are three years old when they
spawn. When they enter river mouths on
their spawning runs, they are very silvery in

colour but this gets duller the longer they
stay in fresh water.
The fish are found mainly on the South
Islands east coast, from the Waiau River in
North Canterbury to the Clutha River in
South Otago. There are also small runs in the
Paringa, Taramakau and Hokitika Rivers on the
West Coast and the renowned fisheries are
the Waitaki, Rangitt, Rakaia and Waimakariri
rivers.
The taking of water for irrigation has seen
these rivers suffer from river mouth closure
in summer. Reports have it that in the 2000s
they were no longer regarded as good salmon
fisheries.
Small landlocked Chinook salmon can also
be caught in some South Island lakes such as
Lake Wakatipu. Dams on the Clutha River
prevent them migrating to sea, so they never
grow to any great size (they are typically less
than one kilogram). Occasionally stray salmon
are found in North Island Rivers.
Ocean ranching plans

and canal farms
In the 1970s and 1980s there were also

plans for ocean ranching commercialising the fishery based on the theory that
hundreds of thousands of salmon would be
hatched from ova and released. They would
go to sea and feed at no cost and come back
as adults to be harvested. The plans went
ahead and the salmon were released, but they
did not come back.
In the 2000s commercial salmon farms
operated at South Island freshwater sites such
as Waikoropup Springs near Tkaka, and the
Tekapo canal in the Mackenzie country.
Most sea farming occurs in the
Marlborough Sounds, Stewart Island and
Akaroa Harbour, while fresh water operations in Canterbury, Otago and Tasman
EXPERT TPIC
utilise ponds, raceways and hydro canals for
grow out operations.
The salmon are born in land-based hatcheries and transferred to sea pens or fresh
water farms to grow out to harvest size.
New Zealand has very focused farming
practices, strict bio-security procedures and
absence of any native salmon species mean
that the King Salmon are raised without need
for vaccines or antibiotics.
Code of Practice
The New Zealand Salmon Farmers

Associations
Finfish
Aquaculture
Environmental Code of Practice states that
raw material for fish feeds should come from
sustainably managed fisheries.
Temperature is an important factor in
determining fish health and growth. King
Salmon thrive in cooler waters and best
growth is achieved at a temperature of
12-17C. King Salmon take around 12-18
months to grow in sea water. Depending on
market requirements, the salmon are harvested at an average of approximately 3.5 - 4.0kg.
Farm site selection is very critical and
remains the subject of much debate and, as
has been seen recently with legal challenges in
the New Zealand Supreme Court.
Farms tend to be placed in areas with
strong currents to flush the cages and improve
the rearing environment and minimise the
effects of waste on the environment. The

Global Aquaculture Performance Index
(GAPI), developed by Dr John Volpe and
the Seafood Ecology Research Group at
the University of Victoria, Canada, rated
New Zealand is the top performer of all 22
assessed salmon farming countries, with a
country score of 73.
While GAPI only considers the production of Chinook salmon in New Zealand,
according to FAO production data,
Chinook salmon actually accounted for all
marine finfish production in New Zealand
in 2007.
Relatively low, dispersed production drives
New Zealands cumulative country score up
to 90among the highest cumulative scores
of all assessed countries.
ducing around 500 tonnes in 2011 and with

a NZ$20 million expansion, including a processing factory and a value-added plant, they
believe they will be turning out 2000 tonnes
in 2014 onwards.
New Zealand King Salmon has been
through application processes to increase its
2011 production of 7500 tonnes of salmon a
year to 15,000 tonnes by 2015-16. Only a small
percentage of farms have been granted permission through Supreme Court rulings so the
chances of this happening have been stalled.
Overall NZ King Salmon remains a strong
player in the New Zealand Seafood industry
but its future is being questioned by a strong
conservation movement and people who
would like to see little if anything in the
pristine waters of the Marlborough Sounds
Dominance of the
domestic market
References:
Initially the industry was driven by the

export market but currently the domestic
market is absorbing some 60-70 percent of
production. The main organisations involved
in arms are NZ King Salmon (60-70 percent
of NZ production), Sanford (20-25 percent)
and Mount Cook Alpine Salmon.
Mt Cook Alpine Salmon is driving a bold
NZ$20 million expansion plan to fuel a 1400
percent production increase for the company
within four years. This organisation was pro-
Swimming Upstream by Jennifer Haworth

http://web.uvic.ca/~gapi/results/browse/
newZealand.html
http://www.nurturedseafood.com/aquaculture-innz/industry-overview/key-facts/
http://aquaculture.org.nz/wp-content/
uploads/2012/05/NZ-Aquaculture-Facts-2012.pdf
http://www.seafoodnewzealand.org.nz/our-industry/
key-facts/
http://www.teara.govt.nz/
VIV China 2014

September 23-25, 2014 | Beijing, China
SAVE
THE DATE
The international Feed-to-Meat
platform for mainland China
INDUSTRY EVENTS
3-5 September 14
9th Shanghai International Fishery &

Seafood Expo (SIFSE2014), Shanghai
New International Expo Centre,
2345 Longyang Road, Shanghai,
China
Web: www.sifse.com
9-10 September 14
International Conference on
Fisheries and Aquaculture (ICFA),
Hotel Galadari 64 Lotus Road,
Colombo 1, Sri Lanka- 2014
Web: http://aquaconference.com
18-19 September 14
4-7 October 14
Latin American & Caribbean

Aquaculture 2014, President
Intercontinental Guadalajara
Web: www.was.org
11-14 October 14
EuroTier 2014, Messegelnde

Hannover, Germany
Web: www.eurotier.com
14-17 October 14
Aquaculture Europe 2014, San

Sebastian, Spain
Web: www.easonline.org
7th Protein Summit 2014, Hilton

Rotterdam, Weena 10, 3012
CM.Rotterdam
Web: www.bridge2food.com
22-24 October 14
21-22 September 14
22-25 October 14
Aquatic China (in conjunction with

VIV China), New China International
Exhibition Center (NCIEC) Beijing,
China
Web: www.aquafeed.co.uk/aquticchina
23-25 September 14
VIV China, New China International

Exhibition Center (NCIEC), Hall
West 1 and 2, 88 Yu Xiang Road,
Tianzhu Area, Shunyi district, Beijing,
China
Web: www.viv.net
6-7 October 14
INDUSTRY EVENTS
ILDEX Myanmar 2014, Tatmadaw

Exhibition Hall, Yangon, Myanmar
Web: www.vnuexhibitionsap.com
FIGAP 2014, Expo Guadalajara,

Guadalajara, Jalisco Mxico
Web: www.figap.com
AquaSur 2014, Puerto Montt, Chile

Web: www.aqua-sur.cl
22-27 October 14
Vietstock 2014, Saigon Exhibition

and Convention Center, Ho Chi
Minh City, Vietnam
Web: www.vietstock.org
12-14 November 14
ILDEX Cambodia 2014, Phnom

Penh Hotel, Cambodia
Web: www.vnuexhibitionsap.com
26-30 May 15
World Aquaculture 2015, Jeju Island,

Korea
Web: www.was.org
6-7 October 14
Myanmar Aqua Fisheries 2014,

Tatmadaw Hall Yangon Myanmar
Web: www.myanmar-aquafisheries.com
Find event information visit

www.aquafeed.co.uk/events.php
Showcasing the worlds best fish

Malaysia takes advantage
he Malaysia International
Seafood Exposition
was linke d to the
A q u a c u l t u r e a n d Tr a d e
Conference and the Grouper,
Snapper & Barramundi Seminar
between June 19-21, 2014 at
the Putra World Trade Centre
in Kuala Lumpur.
There is a new air of affluence
about the country and much
to like.
It was good to see government and industry engaged in
all aspects of this event and
it will be interesting to see if
this really assists the development of aquaculture into the
future.
The Plenar y was a combination of Asian Aquaculture
and Sustainability learnings
from Network of Aquaculture
Centres in Asia-Pacific (NACA)
delivered by Dr Derun Yuan
and Monitoring System for
Export to the European Union
from European Commission
delivered by Jacky Le Gosles,
DVM.
Interesting but with the
centre of the world moving
to Asia, International Aquafeed
magazine wonders how much
longer Asian companies and
governments will endeavor to
Participe en
VIII VERSIN
22 al 25 de Octubre de 2014
Puerto Montt, Chile.
CHILE
La feria ms grande del

Hemisferio Sur
ms de
14re ci.0nt0o fe0riaml
PARA RESERVA Y
VENTA DE STAND
Viviana Ros
vrioso@editec.cl
(56-2) 2757 4264
42
pases
participantes
ms de
1.000
compaas
ms de
19.000
visitantes
LA EDITORIAL TCNICA Y DE NEGOCIOS LDER DE CHILE
comply to the rigorous and,

sometimes over complicated,
regulations from the EU?
Research emphasis on
feed
Erik Hempel, Nor-Fishing

F e d e r a t i o n s , d e l i ve r e d a
terrific presentation on Global
and Norway Marine Finfish
Aquaculture Tr ade which
was very informative and set
the tone for the future of the
industry.
He highlighted that whilst
freshwater finfish has been the
dominant aquaculture finfish
that marine cultured product
was making amazing headway
in production figures. In 2012
marine cultured finfish accounts
for 30 per cent of total production.
The emphasis of research
today is going into feed
formulas as that is one of the
main drawbacks to the marine
culture business because of the
species are carnivorous.
Having said that he suggested
that Norway was continue to
expand its salmon business and
produced 1.2 million tonnes in
2012.
He emphasised that from the
period from 1970 until now,
the focus had been on technological and economic improvements in production.
He said Automation has
led to a dramatic increase in
productivity; in 1994 for each
employee Norwegian aquaculture produced 64mt of salmon,
whilst in 2012, production
reached 333mt per employee.
As a result production costs
had dropped noticeably in the
early years, from over US$15
per kg to just over US$2 per
kg in 2005.
In later years production
costs per kg had increased
due to stricter regulations
and stronger focus on fish
health.
Over the years he highlighted
other improvements with larger
cages which are now fur ther
INDUSTRY EVENTS
away from the coastline, often
in ver y rough seas which has
created other challenges.
Cage sizes are now about 100
times larger than they were in
1980.
Adding to this other technologies such as feeders, biomass
measurement, net cleaners, feed
barges, well boats, underwater
lighting, and operational software
had been developed to the
extent that todays Norwegian
aquaculture industry has earned
a global reputation for being a
knowledge industry.
Status reports from

Asia
Excellent status reports were

given from Thailand, Malaysia,
Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia,
Vietnam, India and Bangladesh
and we will have information on
these in later editions.
N e i l s S ve n n e v i g , D a n i s h
Consultant specialising in tropical
aquaculture operating in Vietnam,
enlightened the audience with a
presentation on Prospects and

Challenges in Sea Cage Farming
in South East Asia.
In 2012, S E Asia together with
China, Hong and Taiwan farmed
2,225,000 tonnes of marine fish.
Yet the final figure of farmed
marine fish (excluding Milkfish)
actually in a marine environment
is as low as 22,000 tonnes.
Compare this to Norways
production of 1,300,000 tonnes
of salmonid in sea cages in 2012
under more hostile climatic
conditions and having a population of only five million when
compared with South East
Asias 620 million, says Neils
Svennevig.
Milkfish most farmed
The most farmed marine fish is

Milkfish with a production of 900
000 tonnes/year, one of the few
farmed, omnivore marine fish which
Neils felt needed more attention as
currently it is mainly sold in regional/
domestic and ethnic-expat markets.
If heat treated in the processing
then the whole fish including bone

can be eaten an excellent source
of calcium.
Highlighting that new farmed
marine fish are being tested
(Cobia; Barramundi /Asian Seabass;
; Groupers; Pompano; Yellowtails)
Neils queried what the competitive edge was in these areas.
Looking in a broader context
than only farmed fish of marine
origin, Neils said, Farmed tropical
carnivorous marine fish cannot
compete with costs of farmed
omnivorous tropical freshwater
fish like the current 4.4 million
tonnes Tilapia and 1.6 million
tonnes Pangasius, which suggests
farmed marine fish can only enter
the high-price segment, which is
limited in volume.
Neils continued, One of the
major challenges to marine fish
farming in South East Asia is that
most potential farmed species
presently does not have a large
global market willing to pay the
price of a farmed marine fish
unknown to the consumer.
Adding Value
cover artwork courtesy of AZTI-Tecnalia
Donostia San Sebastin

SPAIN
October 14-17, 2014
www.easonline.org
Organised by
the European Aquaculture Society
in cooperation with AZTI-Tecnalia
Demand (food security) is

forecasted to increase significantly and this will eventually
create the market for tropical
large-volume farmed marine fish
species, because South East Asia
is the region in the world with
the largest unexploited marine
areas of prime conditions for
marine fish farming, thus holding
the potential to become the
seafood basket of Asia.
Neils said, There are two marketing strategies, namely A: Focus
on competitive edge of the
specific marine fish farmed i.e.
the regional markets! And B: if the
species qualifies for the sashimi
segment, chances are good in the
global market as this high-price
segment is increasingly in global
demand also among youth.
Challenging the audience Neils
concluded It is not a lack of
available, appropriate technology
which is holding back such development but a lack of risk management (good practices) and a
lack of marketing".
INDUSTRY EVENTS
Monaco Blue Initiative
hosted in Latin America
conser vation.org/projects/pages/
ocean-health-index.aspx ).
The Ocean Health Index identifies people as part of a humanocean ecosystem and is the first
assessment tool that scientifically
measures key elements from all
dimensions of the oceans health
biological, physical, economic
and social to assess how sustainably people are using the
ocean.
More than 65 scientists and
par tners worked together to
develop the Index, which provides
an annual assessment of ocean
health using information from over
100 scientific databases.
Sustainable aqaculture in
America
Invited delegates pose for a photo at the 5th Monaco Blue Initiative (MBI),
held for the first time in Santiago, Chile. The event was presided over by
H.S.H. Prince Albert II of Monaco (centre front)
INDUSTRY EVENTS
he fifth edition of the

Monaco Blue Initiative
(MBI), held for the first
time in Latin America
- Santiago, Chile - was and interesting event which created some
excellent debate and, hopefully,
better understanding of some of
the issues for the future of the
ocean.
Presided over by H.S.H. Prince
Alber t II of Monaco, who founded
the MBI in 2010 to address overfishing and environmental mismanagement, this year's conference discussed several high
impact topics during the concentrated day-and-a-half event,
including aquaculture, governance on the high seas and how
to manage Marine Protected
Areas so they are financed over
time and include local populations.
The MBI is a platform coorganised by the Oceanographic
Institute, and the Prince Alber t II
of Monaco Foundation works as
a platform for exchange between
different sectors of activity and
stakeholders concerned with the
utilisation of the ocean. The aim

is to create synergies between
stakeholders concerned with the
protection of marine ecosystems and socio-economic development by bringing together
economic , political, scientific
and environmental exper ts to
discuss common issues towards
improved ocean protection.
During the event Prince Alber t
II of Monaco met with Chilean
President Michelle Bachelet
for preliminar y talks about the
International Marine Protected
Areas Congress which Chile will
host in 2017. This congress will
bring together major marineconservation players around the
world to promote cooperation
and initiatives to save the worlds
oceans.
Chiles coastline stretches more
than 6400kms (3700 miles), and
is taking a leader ship role in
the region due to the importance of the fishing and aquaculture industry in the country. The
oppor tunity to highlight Chilean
experiences in salmon aquaculture, the development of Marine
Protected Areas and regulation
of the high seas waters was taken

at MBI.
Invitation only
The MBI conference was an invite

only event and brought together
nearly 50 influential leaders in
ocean science and conservation,
industr y and government from
places as far as French Polynesia,
Europe, Nor th America, Costa
Rica and Australia.
For some par ticipants it was
a chance to build on recent
momentum in ocean conser vation, included the Our Ocean conference in June and last week's
release of the 18-month long study
by the Global Ocean Commission
(https://s3.amazonaws.com/missionocean_www_uploads/reports/
GOC+Full+Repor t.pdf ) along
with involvement by new state
actors in these efforts.
Ocean Health Index
Proceedings got under way at

an evening function at Club de la
Union where amongst a number of
announcements was a film narrated
by Harrison Ford about the Ocean
Health Index (see http://www.
After the opening addresses by

H.E. Bernard Fautrier and Robert
Calcagno for the MBI and Marcelo
Mena representing the Chilean
Government the first session was
under way. This was Sustainable
Aquaculture in America: Current
Status and Feedback with panelists
Daniel Pauly, Roy Palmer, Victor
Gallardo, Matias Medina, Carlos
Gallardo and facilitated by Juan
Carlos Castilla.
The importance of aquaculture in
respect of food security and nutrition was a strong centre piece. The
need of collaboration on responsible sustainability and productivity outcomes building capability
and capacity in areas such as food
safety, health control, improved
feed stocks that do not compete
with human foods, domestication
and genetic improvement, integration models, improved linkages
with food chain with due consideration to ecosystems integrity were
all highlighted.
It is an advantage to the antiseafood people to talk up overfishing where as you could just as
easily add the under-fished and
fully fished fisheries and say 71.2
percent of the worlds fisheries are
under-fished or fished at a sustainable level.
Maybe this is something that
INDUSTRY EVENTS
needs review as it does always give
a negative view.
There are pockets of the world
which need attention in fisheries
management and there are pockets
of the world which need to be
praised for their actions and activities. Ignoring the good and concentrating on the bad was considered something that needed attention.
It was noted that fisheries and
aquaculture is responsible for the
livelihoods of some 1-1.5 million
people, something between 12-15
percent of the worlds population,
and 40 percent of the worlds population lives within 100km (62 miles)
of shoreline.
Eradicating poverty
Dan Laffoley facilitated the Social

and Economic Development in
Marine Protected Areas (MPA)
with panelists Anthony Leclen,
Christophe Lefebvre, Tearii Alpha,
Sandra Bassudo and Alejandro
Fugueroa. The main emphasis
centered on eradicating pover ty,
integrating local communities,
broader strategic approach with
creation of road maps and goals
and an amazing story about school
children taking charge of a MPA in
French Polynesia.
After a great lunch of Chilean
Salmon we entered into the session
built around the Global Ocean
Commission which was facilitated
by Andres Velasco and consisted of
panelists Jose-Maria Figueres, Jose
Retamales, Kristina Gjerdes, Sylvia
Earle, Stephanie Belna and Karen
Sack.
Comments were strongly in favour
of action against Illegal, Unregulated
and Unrepor ted (IUU) fishing,
creation of the oceans own development goal, stronger governance
on high seas, stopping all fishing
subsidies and redirecting them to
positive actions and an independent
accountability board.
Finacing MPAs
The final session was facilitated

by Sebastian Troeng on Financing
Mechanisms in Marine Protected
Areas and consisted panelists MariaJose Gonzales, Charlotte Gobin,
Philippe Mondielli and Matt Rand.
Much focus was on ensuring there
were strategic plans with strong
outcomes as there were many

examples of funds being wasted.
The need to engage the community was emphasised and possible
positive case studies recorded so
that these can be promoted. There
was an open question to the floor
looking for ideas to engage the
world and the only one coming
forward was to get some agreement
to stop fireworks at Christmas/New
Year and to utilise the funds into
ocean activities with some promotion about the need to do this.
The worlds leading trade fair for animal production
Degradation does not wait
Overall there was some recognition that degradation of the oceans

will not wait for agreements to be
signed for its protection and sustainable utilisation.
The ocean is changing rapidly, generally quicker than governments can
work and thinkers/leaders need to
imagine the challenges that have
yet to face and take pro-active
actions.
Leaders must also use their positions to communicate the need to
explore and study and responsibly
use of what some call the "blue
hear t" of the planet because it is
the potential for many countries for
food security and nutrition.
Mr Palmer had pointed out that
the world is not meeting its obligations now as an estimated 842
million people are chronically hungry.
In Latin America the figure is about
50 million people or eight percent
of the population. At the top of our
minds that people are dying daily as
a result of hunger and malnutrition
and a child dies every six seconds
due to malnutrition.
Final word
We leave the final words to His

Serene Highness Prince Alber t II
of Monaco who told par ticipants
in his closing remarks at Santiago's
former National Congress building
that, "There is also a unique opportunity to build a better world. But,
he added, "we can't expect to fight
threats to the ocean if we cannot
fight poverty. The sea offers myriad
opportunities if we care for it in a
more manageable way. Think about
what comes next," he said.
"When tomorrow comes how are
we going to pursue the objectives
that brought us here today?"
Fish & More

Marketplace for Aquaculture
11 14 November 2014
Hanover, Germany
Innovations for modern sh
farming and water treatment
New practical approaches
for practical applications
at Forum Aquaculture
Answers to your questions
at the Aquaculture Advisory
Centre
Get-together for the industry
Showcase Growth in Water
www.eurotier.com/aquaculture
Hotline: +49 69 24788-265
E-Mail: expo@DLG.org
Dieses
Projekt
This project
is wird
von
derco-fi
Europischen
being
nanced
Gemeinschaft
by the European
kofinanziert.
Community
including
Decentral
Welcome to the market place, where you will find suppliers of products and services to the industry - with help from our
friends at The International Aquafeed Directory (published by Turret Group)
Additives
Chemoforma
+41 61 8113355
www.chemoforma.com
Evonik
+49 618 1596785
www.evonik.com
www.stifnet.com
Westeel
VAV
+1 204 233 7133
+31 71 4023701
www.westeel.com
www.vav.nl
Elevator & Conveyor Components

4B Braime
+44 113 246 1800
+31703074120
www.liptosa.com
www.sonac.biz
+33 2 41 72 16 80
www.tsc-silos.com
GMP+ International
+34 902 157711
+31 499 364800
STIF
+31 543 473979
Certification
Liptosa
Sonac
TSC Silos
www.go4b.com
www.gmpplus.org
Enzymes
Conveyors
Ab Vista
Vigan Enginnering
+44 1672 517 650
+32 67 89 50 41
Analysis
R-Biopharm
+44 141 945 2924
www.r-biopharm.com
+43 2272 6153310
www.buhlergroup.com
Evonik
+49 618 1596785
www.evonik.com
Animal Health & Nutrition
+1 450 799 2000
Bhler AG
+41 71 955 11 11
Amino acids
JEFO
Colour sorters
Romer Labs
www.romerlabs.com
www.abvista.com
www.vigan.com
www.jefo.com
Equipment for sale

ExtruTech Inc
Satake
+1 785 284 2153
+81 82 420 8560
www.extru-techinc.com
www.satake-group.com
Computer software
Event organisers
Adifo NV
Eurasia Trade Fairs
+32 50 303 211
+90 212 3471054
Cenzone
www.adifo.com
www.eurasiafairs.com
+1 760 736 9901
Format International Ltd
www.cenzone.com
+44 1483 726081
Bags
www.formatinternational.com
Mondi Group
Colour sorters
Extruders
Almex
+31 575 572666
www.almex.nl
+43 1 79013 4917
SEA S.r.l.
www.mondigroup.com
+39 054 2361423
Amandus Kahl
www.seasort.com
+49 40 727 710
Bin dischargers
Denis
+33 2 37 97 66 11
Coolers & driers
www.akahl.de
Consergra s.l
Andritz
+34 938 772207
+45 72 160300
www.consergra.com
www.andritz.com
Bentall Rowlands
FrigorTec GmbH
Brabender
+44 1724 282828
+49 7520 91482-0
+49 203 7788 0
www.bentallrowlands.com
www.frigortec.com
www.brabender.com
Chief Industries UK Ltd
Geelen Counterflow
+44 1621 868944
+31 475 592315
www.chief.co.uk
www.geelencounterflow.com
Croston Engineering
Muyang Group
+44 1829 741119
+86 514 87848880
www.croston-engineering.co.uk
www.muyang.com
Silo Construction Engineers
Wenger Manufacturing
+32 51723128
+1 785-284-2133
www.sce.be
www.wenger.com
www.denis.fr
Bulk storage
Silos Cordoba
+34 957 325 165
www.siloscordoba.com
Symaga
+34 91 726 43 04
www.symaga.com
Elevator buckets
Alapala
+90 212 465 60 40
www.alapala.com
Tapco Inc
+1 314 739 9191
www.tapcoinc.com
Buhler AG
+41 71 955 11 11
www.buhlergroup.com
Dinnissen BV
+31 77 467 3555
www.dinnissen.nl
Insta-Pro International
+1 515 254 1260
www.insta-pro.com
Ottevanger
+31 79 593 22 21
www.ottevanger.com
Zheng Chang
+86 21 64188282
www.zhengchang.com
Palletisers
Feed
Aller Aqua
+45 70 22 19 10
www.aller-aqua.com
+55 11 4873-0300
www.ehcolo.com
www.kepler.com.br
Obial
+34 973 21 60 40
+1 314 576 8886
Wynveen International B.V.
Kepler Weber Group
+45 75 398411
PAYPER, S.A.
Novus
www.novusint.com
Silos
Ehcolo A/S
+90 382 2662120
www.payper.com
www.obial.com.tr
Pellet binders
MYSILO
Akzo Nobel
+31 26 47 90 699
+90 382 266 2245
+46 303 850 00
www.wynveen.com
www.mysilo.com
www.bredol.com
Hatchery products
Symaga
Borregaard LignoTech
+34 91 726 43 04
+47 69 11 80 00
Reed Mariculture
www.symaga.com
+1 877 732 3276
www.lignotechfeed.com
www.reed-mariculture.com
PellTech
Tornum AB
+47 69 11 80 00
+46 512 29100
www.pelltech.org
www.tornum.com
Laboratory equipment
Bastak
+90 312 395 67 87
Pest control
+1 402 434 9102
+886 2226 96789

www.fine-tek.com
+33 2 97 89 25 30
www.rentokil.co.uk
www.aqualabo.fr
Pipe systems
Agromatic
Jacob Sohne
www.binmaster.com
FineTek Co., Ltd
Aqualabo
+44 0800 917 1987
Level measurement
BinMaster Level Controls
Sensors
Rentokil Pest Control
www.bastak.com.tr
+41 55 2562100
+49 571 9580
www.agromatic.com
www.jacob-pipesystems.eu
Dol Sensors
Used around
all industrial
Plants
sectors.
+45 721 755 55

www.dol-sensors.com
Andritz
Fr. Jacob Shne GmbH & Co. KG, Germany

Tel. + 49 (0) 571 95580 | www. jacob-pipesystems.eu
Vega
Visit us! www.pipe-systems.eu+45
72 160300
www.andritz.com
+44 1444 870055

www.vega.com/uk
Moisture analyzers
+31 318 545 754
+41 71 955 11 11
www.dishman-netherlands.com
+33 14 1475045
Muyang Group
www.chopin.fr
+86 514 87848880
Doescher & Doescher GmbH

+49 4087976770
Probiotics
www.nir-online.de
Packaging
Vacines
Recruitment
JCB Consulting
www.seedburo.com
+49 6227 732668
+44 7805 092067

www.cbpackaging.com
Mondi Group
+43 1 79013 4917
www.mondigroup.com
Ugur Makina
+90 (364) 235 00 26
www.ugurmakina.com
Ridgeway Biologicals
+44 1635 579516
www.ridgewaybiologicals.co.uk
Vacuum
+44 161 427 2402
Wynveen International B.V.
www.jcb-consulting.com
+31 26 47 90 699
www.wynveen.com
Rolls
Leonhard Brietenbach
+49 271 3758 0
www.breitenbach.de
OJ Hojtryk
+45 7514 2255
CB Packaging
www.nabim.org.uk
www.biomin.net
+1 312 738 3700
NIR-Online
+44 2074 932521
+43 2782 803 0
Seedburo
NIR systems
nabim
Biomin
Hydronix
www.hydronix.com
Training
www.muyang.com
www.doescher.com
+44 1483 468900
Dishman
Buhler AG
www.buhlergroup.com
CHOPIN Technologies
Shrimp feed additives
www.oj-hojtryk.dk
Safety equipment
Weighing equipment
Parkerfarm Weighing Systems
+44 1246 456729
www.parkerfarm.com
Yeast products
Leiber GmbH
+49 5461 93030
Rembe
www.leibergmbh.de
+49 2961 740 50
Lesaffre Feed Additives
www.rembe.com
Second hand equipment

Sanderson Weatherall
+44 161 259 7054
www.sw.co.uk
+33 3 20 81 61 00
www.lesaffre.fr
To include your company in the

International Aquafeed market place in
print, and a company page on our website
contact Tom Blacker.
+44 1242 267700 tomb@perendale.co.uk
The aquafeed interview
The aquafeed interview

O
nur Emre Solak is the Country Manager of Pharmaq in Turkey. Pharmaq are best known as one of the biggest fish health and
vaccine solution providers and is best known as one of the biggest fish health and vaccine solution providers.. It provides
environmentally sound, safe and efficacious health products to the global aquaculture industry through targeted research.
Pharmaqs vaccines are manufactured in a state-of-the-art production facility in Overhalla, Norway. Administration and Research and
Development activities are based in Oslo, Norway. With subsidiaries in Chile, United Kingdom, Vietnam and Turkey, Pharmaq has
around 165 employees. Our products are marketed in Europe, North and South America and Asia through an extensive network of
distributors and wholesalers.
When did you begin with Pharmaq and when

did Pharmaq begin in Turkish aquaculture?
I have been with Pharmaq since 2011s establishment of the
company. Pharmaq achieved its first license to operate in Turkey
in November 2013 and then brought the first product of Alpha
Ject 2000 to the Turkish market in January 2013. Since December
2013 another product came to market and we are working on
others also. I work closely with Donald Campbell, Sales and Business
Manager for the Mediterranean region and Norwegian colleagues as
well.
Which regions do you serve, and how

much of the market do you serve?
Dr Pedro Encarnao, Biomin
For the marine species , 30 percent of our customers are in the

Izmir region and 70 percent are in the Bodrum region in Turkey.
From June to November, we call it the vaccination season and so
we travel and meet with customers all around the region.
How does the operation work in Turkey? What

species are most common to vaccinate?
Seabass, seabream and trout are the main species. The operations
are well-rounded in that these are quality products for farmers, along
with education, guidance and follow up visits from Turkish staff.
However, there are several farms in Iran located along one river
which we count as our customers. We are trying to improve the
bio-security problems learnt in Chile and its sea-lice problems and
prevent them from taking place here.
Where is Turkey compared to Europe

on aquaculture disease management?
What are the current challenges?
The general trend in Turkey has been of developing resistance to
health problems and this is now done through vaccination rounds.
Comparing Turkey with Norway shows that Turkey is at the early
1990s stage with the use of antibiotics compared to vaccinations.
The general trend has been to use antibiotics in the past. A
proactive approach has been taken in Turkey to prevent diseases. As
antibiotics are phased out and replaced by vaccination the level of
disease is expected to drop dramatically in future.
What after-sales support does Pharmaq offer?

Pharmaq visits customers on their fish farms for follow-up support
of all kinds. Both local and the Norwegian Pharmaq personnel visit
regularly to develop the products for the regional challenges.
In simple terms, what is the overall plan

for Pharmaqs development in Turkey?
We will build to a point where our Mediterranean team acts as a
hub for the region through Turkey for the Turkish Republics and the
Middle East.
How is Turkish aquaculture working with

European, middle Eastern or Asian fish farmers
from your point-of-view in the development
of health in fish? And where is assistance
mainly coming from for the growing Turkish
fish farming market - is it through know-how,
academic research, training and education,
investments, technology and equipment?
Currently, there is not much of a serious study for fish health in
Turkey, but since our market is global most of the farm investments
are importing all kind of technology from the pioneer countries in
aquaculture.
For health management, we are doing the best we can by following
up new diseases and current situations. We are also working in a
close relationship with authorities and some universities but I can
say that academically Turkey still has some miles to cover in disease
management, especially with regard to bio-security at farms.
Off-shore fish farming was a good step taken also for the health
management combined with other necessities such as water flow
and depth. Turkey does not have separate guidelines for fish health
other than for farmed animals. But considering the new regulations
launched by the Ministry of Agriculture, such as pharmaq-vigilance,
we believe soon we will have a upper-scale system for monitoring
and controlling aquaculture health system nationwide.
An extended version of this interview can

be found on the Aquaculturists blog.
AQUACULTURE
INDUSTRY FACES
New Director of Research and Development at Zeigler Bros
eigler Bros. Inc has hired Dr Craig L. Browdy as Director of Research and Development. The
experience that Dr Browdy brings to this position will further strengthen the companys product and
technology development programs. With greater emphasis on R&D, Zeigler anticipates continued
leadership in the development and commercialisation of feeds and technologies to support
responsible expansion of profitable aquaculture systems worldwide.
Tim Zeigler, Vice President, Sales and Marketing explained, Scientific innovation has always been at the
heart of our corporate culture, and we see continuing investment in this area as a key component of our
future growth strategies.
Dr Browdy has over 30 years experience in aquaculture, managing commercial, academic, and government research programs. A
past president of the World Aquaculture Society, Dr Browdys research has focused on the application of aquaculture technologies to
improve availability of seafood resources. His work has applied basic science and innovative technology development to commercialisation of new products, advancement of production systems and improvement of fish and shrimp health and nutrition.
Im looking forward to working with the Zeigler team to further the development of aquaculture and to make contributions to the
application of effective products and technologies for Zeigler customers worldwide, he says.
Zeigler is a technology-based feed manufacturer, with a strong emphasis on customer satisfaction and nutritional innovation for all stages
of aquaculture development.The company reaches global markets through its franchising program and worldwide distribution network. In
2013, it was awarded for its excellence in exporting by the US Department of Commerce.
Zeigler has a dedicated team specialising in aquaculture production, feed processing, nutrition, biology and international logistics.
Knowledgeable and passionate employees are absolutely essential to the companys highly diverse and unique product offerings. We see
Craigs hiring enhancing our executive leadership team and reinforcing our commitment to continued excellence in research and technical
service, says Tim Markey, Director of Nutrition.
Ms Marie Smedley gives winning presentation at Aquaculture UK
nternational Aquafeed attended all six conference at Aquaculture UK 2014, hosted by Novartis,
and which featured talks by PhD and Masters students from Scottish universities. The winning
presentation was delivered by Ms Marie Smedley entitled 'Nutrition as a tool to improve
performance in Triploid Atlantic salmon (salmo salar) in freshwater and seawater production.'
Ms Smedley if studying at the Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Scotland.
She is completing a PhD study into Atlantic salmon Triploids. Sponsoring this study were Biomar and
Marine Harvest Scotland. Triploids are sterile fish which have three chromosomes in their genetic make
up and can be seen as sustainable to farm commercially. The fish are still not perfect because they display
reduced tolerance to sub-optimal environments, she told her audience. However, she understands that it is not a sustainable solution in
terms of cost to farm on a larger scale. Ms Smedley believes that Triploids and phosphorus to be a winning combination; she explained
that their phosphorous requirement must be met from the diet and cannot be met by freshwater or seawater environments.
Howard Dryden, Chairman and Founder of Dryden Aqua wins award
arlier this year Dr Howard Dryden, Chairman and Founder of Scottish company Dryden
Aqua Ltd, was presented with the Director award for Sustainability Leadership by The
Institute of Directors. Dryden Aqua was founded by Dr Dryden in 1980. Over the years
those at the company have dedicated their time and energy to making the world a better
place through specialising in water quality and innovative treatment technology. The company has
recently set up Eco-India, a project looking to pose a solution to arsenic-affected water stressed
regions of India.
AB Vista appointments Bela Szalmas as business manager
s part of its continuing expansion into Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), AB Vista has
appointed Bela Szalmas to the newly created role of Business Manager for Hungary, the
Czech Republic, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Slovenia, Serbia and Croatia.The move follows the recent
European launch of the revolutionary Quantum Blue phytase, and the ongoing success of
the next generation xylanase Econase XT.
Bringing a wealth of experience in animal nutrition and technical feed additives to the role, Mr Szalmas joins
AB Vista from DuPont, where he was business manager for a number of countries in the region. A graduate
from the University of Debrecens Department of Agricultural Sciences, he has also previously worked for
Panadditiv, the distributor for AB Vista products in a number of the countries for which he is now responsible as a dedicated AB Vista
Business Manager.
Were delighted to welcome Bela to the team, and I have no doubt that his experience in the region and with our products will be invaluable in the development of AB Vista business in CEE, states Ari Kiviniemi, AB Vistas Global Sales Director.
Having the right expertise on the ground is critical, and a large part of Belas role will be to help customers get the maximum
value out of AB Vista products and services as we expand sales in the region.
Your challenge is our passion.

The superior methione source for your aquafeed.
DL-Methionine
for Aquaculture
Find out more by scanning

this code with the QR-reader
of your mobile-camera.
www.evonik.com/feed-additives
feed-additives@evonik.com
Aquafeed complete solutions

from a single source.
Turn to Bhler for one of the most comprehensive lines of aquafeed process technology available anywhere: from raw
material handling, cooking and shaping through extrusion to drying and coating of finished products. With an extensive
know-how and a passion for quality we ensure not only product uniformity and production efficiency, but also maximum
sanitation and safety. Bhler gentle processing at its best. www.buhlergroup.com/aquafeed
Innovations for a better world.

July - August 2014 - International Aquafeed FULL EDITION

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I N C O R P O R AT I N G

Tilapia farming in China

AN INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE FOR THE AQUACULTURE FEED

The future of science is in good hands - Alltech Young Scientist Winners

Tilapia farming in China

Professor Simon Davies

Our current issue

Aquatic China 2014 in Beijing from September 21-22, 2014

The flavour dimension

The future of science is in good hands

their research before a panel

resources that they will need to achieve increased production in

or all of us who work in

July-August 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 3

However, recent research has

ll over the world, more

Johan den Hartog, managing

HACCP is the core of a

It should not be a surprise that

Already a long time ago, the

1) identify possible hazards

However, GMP+ International

safety level in the company

Over the years and in close

4 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | July-August 2014

deciding what assurance

eni Siga who comes

Send your news

Roy Palmer, director, Aquaculture

e have had an exciting

I gave an update on the latest

that will bring and invited people

July-August 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 5

Research Organisation, The Volcani

We have 15 new volunteers

other herds in the same region

by Dominique P Bureau, member

Today, many cows in Canadian

At the end of the same Century,

What does this have to

6 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | July-August 2014

to identify good growth potential of their animals (in terms of

GSSI 'Global Benchmark Tool

reminder - the GSSI

KinOmega & Seanamico get Friends of the Sea

relevance, applicability and usability of its 'Global Benchmark

FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department

775,408 US$ is the total value of

Peruvian producer, said Norway's

orways Food Safety

High levels of HCBs in fishmeal reported in

AwF agrees an action agenda for next six months

What does fish have to do with food and nutrition security?

July-August 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 7

Adding value at Aquaculture

Alistair Lane, executive director, European

or more than two years now, the

Renowned chef prepares

In the opening plenary session, the renowned

and feeds will feature very strongly here, with

On October 16th, a special event is being

Huon launches US$3.5M Feed Barge

oday, Huon Aquaculture