Chap16 Et Student Solutions

LINE AND
17 SURFACE
INTEGRALS
17.1 Vector Fields (ET Section 16.1)
Preliminary Questions
1. Which of the following is a unit vector field in the plane?
(a) F = y, x

y x
(b) F = ,
x 2 + y2 x 2 + y2

y x
(c) F = 2 ,
x + y2 x 2 + y2
SOLUTION
(a) The length of the vector y, x is

y, x = y2 + x 2
This value is not 1 for all points, hence it is not a unit vector field.
(b) We have

2 2

y x y x
, = +
x 2 + y2 x 2 + y2 x 2 + y2 x 2 + y2

y2 x2 y2 + x 2
= + 2 = =1
x +y
2 2 x +y 2 x 2 + y2
Hence the field is a unit vector field, for (x, y) = (0, 0).
(c) We compute the length of the vector:

2 2
2
y x y x
y + x2 1
=
x 2 + y2 , x 2 + y2 = x 2 + y2
+
x 2 + y2
2 = 2 + y2
x +y
2 2 x
Since the length is not identically 1, the field is not a unit vector field.
2. Sketch an example of a nonconstant vector field in the plane in which each vector is parallel to 1, 1.
SOLUTION The non-constant vector x, x is parallel to the vector 1, 1.
−→
3. Show that the vector field F = −z, 0, x is orthogonal to the position vector O P at each point P. Give an example
of another vector field with this property.
SOLUTION The position vector at P = (x, y, z) is x, y, z. We must show that the following dot product is zero:
x, y, z · −z, 0, x = x · (−z) + y · 0 + z · x = 0

S E C T I O N 17.1 Vector Fields (ET Section 16.1) 563
Therefore, the vector field F = −z, 0, x is orthogonal to the position vector. Another vector field with this property is
F = 0, −z, y, since
0, −z, y · x, y, z = 0 · x + (−z) · y + y · z = 0
4. Give an example of a potential function for yz, x z, x y other than ϕ (x, y, z) = x yz.
SOLUTION Since any two potential functions of a gradient vector field differ by a constant, a potential function for the
given field other than φ (x, y, z) = x yz is, for instance, φ1 (x, y, z) = x yz + 1.
Exercises
1. Compute and sketch the vector assigned to the points P = (1, 2) and Q = (−1, −1) by the vector field F = x 2 , x .
SOLUTION The vector assigned to P = (1, 2) is obtained by substituting x = 1 in F, that is,
F(1, 2) = 12 , 1 = 1, 1
Similarly,

F(−1, −1) = (−1)2 , −1 = 1, −1
y
F(P) = 〈1, 1〉
1
x
1
−1
F(Q) = 〈1, −1〉
3. Compute and sketch the vector assigned to the points P = (0, 1, 1) and Q = (2, 1, 0) by the vector field F =
Compute and sketch the vector assigned to the points P = (1, 2) and Q = (−1, −1) by the vector field F =
x y, z 2 , x .
−y, x.
SOLUTION To find the vector assigned to the point P = (0, 1, 1), we substitute x = 0, y = 1, z = 1 in F = x y, z 2 , x.
We get
F(P) = 0 · 1, 12 , 0 = 0, 1, 0
Similarly, F(Q) is obtained by substituting x = 2, y = 1, z = 0 in F. That is,
F(Q) = 2 · 1, 02 , 2 = 2, 0, 2
z
F(Q) = 〈2, 0, 2〉 F(P) = 〈0, 1, 0〉
In Exercises 5–13, sketch the following planar vector fields by drawing the vectors attached to points witheinteger r coor-
er
dinates Compute the vector
in the rectangle −3 ≤ assigned
x, y ≤ to
3. the points
Instead = (1, 1,
of Pdrawing 0)vectors
the = (2,their
and Q with 1, 2)true
by the vector
lengths, fields
scale them , and 2 . to
er , if necessary
r r
avoid overlap.
5. F = 1, 0
SOLUTION The constant vector field 1, 0 is shown in the figure:
y
3
2
1
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1
−2
−3
564 C H A P T E R 17 L I N E A N D S U R FA C E I N T E G R A L S (ET CHAPTER 16)
7. F = 0, x
F = xi
SOLUTION We sketch the vector field F(x, y) = 0, x:
9. F = 1, 1
F = yj
SOLUTION We sketch the graph of the constant vector field F(x, y) = 1, 1:

x y
, 2
11. F =F = 2x 2 i +2 yj
x + y x + y2
SOLUTION

y −x
13. F = 2 −y , x
F =x +2y x2 , +2y 2
2 2 2
x +y x +y
SOLUTION
x
S E C T I O N 17.1 Vector Fields (ET Section 16.1) 565
In Exercises 14–17, match the planar vector field with the corresponding plot in Figure 7.
y y
2 2
0 x 0 x
−2 −2
−2 0 2 −2 0 2
(A) (B)
y y
2 2
0 x 0 x
−2 −2
−2 0 2 −2 0 2
(C) (D)
FIGURE 7
15. F = 2x + 2, y
F = 2, x
SOLUTION We compute the images of the point (0, 2), for instance, and identify the corresponding graph accordingly:
F(x, y) = 2x + 2, y ⇒ F(0, 2) = 2, 2 ⇒ Plot(C)
17. F = x + y, x − y
F = y, cos x
SOLUTION We compute the images of the point (0, 2), for instance, and identify the corresponding graph accordingly:
F(x, y) = x + y, x − y ⇒ F(0, 2) = 2, −2 ⇒ Plot(A)
In Exercises 18–21, match the three-dimensional vector field with the corresponding plot in Figure 8.
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
FIGURE 8
19. F = x, 0, z
F = x, y, z
SOLUTION This vector field is shown in (A) (by process of elimination).
21. F = 1,
1, 1
x y z
F=
SOLUTION constant vector
The , field 1, 1, 1 ,isshown in plot (C).
x 2 + y2 + z2 x 2 + y2 + z2 x 2 + y2 + z2
In Exercises 22–25, find a potential function for the vector field F by inspection.

23. F = ye x y , xe x y
F = x, y
∂ϕ ∂ϕ
SOLUTION The function ϕ (x, y) = e x y satisfies ∂ x = ye x y and ∂ y = xe x y , hence ϕ is a potential function for the
given vector field.
2
25. F = 2x ze x2 , 0, 2e x
2
F = yz , x z , 2x yz
2 ∂ϕ ∂ϕ 2 ∂ϕ 2
SOLUTION The function ϕ (x, y, z) = ze x satisfies ∂ y = 0, ∂ x = 2x ze x and ∂z = e x , hence ϕ is a potential
function for the given vector field.
27. Which of (A) or (B) in Figure 9 is the contour plot eof a potentiale function for the vector field F? Recall that the
r r
gradientFind potential
vectors functions fortothe
are perpendicular thevector curves.F = 3 and G = 4 in R3 .
level fields
r r
2
−1
−2
−2 −1 0 1 2
2 2
1 1
0 0
−1 −1
−2 −2
−2 −1 0 1 2 −2 −1 0 1 2
(A) (B)
FIGURE 9
SOLUTION By the equality ∇ ϕ = F and since the gradient vectors are perpendicular to the level curves, it follows that
the vectors F are perpendicular to the corresponding level curves of ϕ . This property is satisfied in (B) and not satisfied
in (A). Therefore (B) is the contour plot of ϕ .

ϕ = lnof
29. LetWhich r , (A)
where r =in Figure
or (B)
2 . Express ∇ ϕ in terms of the unit radial vector e in R2 .
x 2 + y10 is the contour plot of a potential function of ther vector field F?
1/2 1/2
SOLUTION Since r = (x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) , we have ϕ = ln (x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) = 12 ln(x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ). We compute the
partial derivatives:
∂ϕ 1 2x x
= = 2
∂x 2 x 2 + y2 + z2 r
∂ϕ 1 2y y
= = 2
∂y 2 x 2 + y2 + z2 r
∂ϕ 1 2z z
= = 2
∂z 2 x 2 + y2 + z2 r
Therefore, the gradient of ϕ is the following vector:

∂ϕ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ x y z 1 x y z er
∇ϕ = , , = 2, 2, 2 = , , =
∂ x ∂y ∂z r r r r r r r r
Match the force fields (a)–(c) with (A)–(C) in Figure 11. Note that the vectors (A)–(C) indicate direction but are
Further Insights and Challenges
not drawn to indicate magnitude.
31. Show that any vector field of the form F = f (x), g(y), h(z) has a potential function. Assume that f , g, and h are
(a) One positive and one negative charge
continuous.
(b) Two positive charges
SOLUTION Let F(x), G(y), and H (z) be antiderivatives of f (x), g(y), and h(z), respectively. That is, F
(x) = f (x),
(c) Two positive charges and one negative charge
G
(y) = g(y), and H
(y) = h(z). We define the function
ϕ (x, y, z) = F(x) + G(y) + H (z)
Then,
∂ϕ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ
= F
(x) = f (x), = G
(y) = g(y), = H
(z) = h(z)
∂x ∂x ∂z
Therefore, ∇ ϕ = F, or ϕ is a potential function for F.
In this exercise, we show that the vector field F in Figure 12 is not a gradient vector field. Suppose that a
potential function ϕ did exist.
S E C T I O N 17.2 Line Integrals (ET Section 16.2) 567
33. Show that if ∇ ϕ (x, y) = 0 for all (x, y) in a disk D in R2 , then ϕ is constant on D. Hint: Given points P = (a, b)
and Q = (c, d) in D, let R = (c, b) (Figure 13). Use single-variable calculus to show that ϕ is constant along the
segments P R and R Q and conclude that ϕ (P) = ϕ (R).
Q = (c, d)
P = (a, b)
R = (c, b)
Disk D
FIGURE 13
SOLUTION Given any two points P = (a, b) and Q = (c, d) in D, we must show that
ϕ (P) = ϕ (Q)
−→
We consider the point R = (c, b) and the segments P R and R Q. (We assume that (c, b) is in D; if not, just use

R = (a, d).)
y
Q = (c, d)
P = (a, b)
R = (c, b)
D
∂ϕ ∂ϕ
Since ∂ x (x, y) = 0 in D, in particular ∂ x (x, b) = 0 for a ≤ x ≤ c. Therefore, for a ≤ x ≤ c we have
x x
∂ϕ
ϕ (x, b) = (u, b) du + ϕ (a, b) = 0 du + ϕ (a, b) = k + ϕ (a, b)
a ∂u a
Substituting x = a determines k = 0. Hence,
ϕ (x, b) = ϕ (a, b) for a ≤ x ≤ c
In particular,
ϕ (c, b) = ϕ (a, b) ⇒ ϕ (R) = ϕ (P) (1)

∂ϕ ∂ϕ
Similarly, since ∂ y (x, y) = 0 in D, we have ∂ y (c, y) = 0 for b ≤ y ≤ d. Therefore for b ≤ y ≤ d we have
y y
∂ϕ
ϕ (c, y) = (c, v) dv + ϕ (c, b) = 0 dv + ϕ (c, b) = k + ϕ (c, b)
b ∂v b
Substituting y = b gives ϕ (c, b) = k + ϕ (c, b) or k = 0. Therefore,
ϕ (c, y) = ϕ (c, b) for b ≤ y ≤ d
In particular,
ϕ (c, d) = ϕ (c, b) ⇒ ϕ (Q) = ϕ (R) (2)
Combining (1) and (2) we obtain the desired equality ϕ (P) = ϕ (Q). Since P and Q are any two points in D, we
conclude that ϕ is constant on D.
17.2 Line Integrals (ET Section 16.2)

1. What is the line integral of the constant function f (x, y, z) = 10 over a curve C of length 5?

SOLUTION Since the length of C is the line integral C 1 ds = 5, we have

10 ds = 10 1 ds = 10 · 5 = 50
C C
2. Which of the following have a zero line integral over the vertical segment from (0, 0) to (0, 1)?
(a) f (x, y) = x (b) f (x, y) = y
(c) F = x, 0 (d) F = y, 0
(e) F = 0, x (f) F = 0, y
SOLUTION The vertical segment from (0, 0) to (0, 1) has the parametrization
c(t) = (0, t), 0≤t ≤1
Therefore, c
(t) = 0, 1 and c
(t) = 1. The line integrals are thus computed by
1
f (x, y) ds = f (c(t)) c
(t) dt (1)
C 0
1
F · ds = F (c(t)) · c
(t) dt (2)
C 0
(a) We have f (c(t)) = x = 0. Therefore by (1) the line integral is zero.
(b) By (1), the line integral is
1
1 1 1
f (x, y) ds = t · 1 dt = t 2 = = 0
C 0 2 0 2
(c) This vector line integral is computed using (2). Since F (c(t)) = x, 0 = 0, 0, the vector line integral is zero.
(d) By (2) we have
1 1
F · ds = t, 0 · 0, 1 dt = 0 dt = 0
C 0 0
(e) The vector integral is computed using (2). Since F (c(t)) = 0, x = 0, 0, the line integral is zero.
(f) For this vector field we have
1 1 1
t 2 1 1
F · ds = F (c(t)) · c
(t) dt = 0, t · 0, 1 dt = t dt = = = 0
C 0 0 0 2 0 2
So, we conclude that (a), (c), (d), and (e) have an integral of zero.
3. State whether true or false. If false, give the correct statement.
(a) The scalar line integral does not depend on how you parametrize the curve.
(b) If you reverse the orientation of the curve, neither the vector nor the scalar line integral changes sign.
SOLUTION
(a) True: It can be shown that any two parametrizations of the curve yield the same value for the scalar line integral,
hence the statement is true.
(b) False: For the definition of the scalar line integral, there is no need to specify a direction along the path, hence
reversing the orientation of the curve does not change the sign of the integral. However, reversing the orientation of the
curve changes the sign of the vector line integral.

4. Let C be a curve of length 5. What is the value of F · ds if
C
(a) F(P) is normal to C at all points P on C?
(b) F(P) = T(P) at all points P on C, where T(P) is the unit tangent vector pointing in the forward direction along the
curve?
SOLUTION
(a) The vector line integral is the integral of the tangential component of the vector field along
the curve. Since F(P) is
normal to C at all points P on C, the tangential component is zero, hence the line integral C F · ds is zero.
(b) In this case we have
F(P) · T(P) = T(P) · T(P) = T(P)2 = 1
Therefore,

F · ds = (F · T) ds = 1 ds = Length of C = 5.
C C C
Exercises
1. Let f (x, y, z) = x + yz and let C be the line segment from P = (0, 0, 0) to (6, 2, 2).
(a) Calculate f (c(t)) and ds = c
(t) dt for the parametrization c(t) = (6t, 2t, 2t) for 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.

(b) Evaluate f (x, y, z) ds.
C
SOLUTION
(a) We substitute x = 6t, y = 2t, z = 2t in the function f (x, y, z) = x + yz to find f (c(t)):
f (c(t)) = 6t + (2t)(2t) = 6t + 4t 2
We differentiate the vector c(t) and compute the length of the derivative vector:
d √ √
c
(t) = 6t, 2t, 2t = 6, 2, 2 ⇒ c
(t) = 62 + 22 + 22 = 44 = 2 11
dt
Hence,
√
ds = c
(t) dt = 2 11 dt
(b) Computing the scalar line integral, we obtain

1 1 √
f (x, y, z) ds = f (c(t)) c
(t) dt = (6t + 4t 2 ) · 2 11 dt
C 0 0

√
√ 2 4 3 1 √ 4 26 11
= 2 11 3t + t = 2 11 3 + =
3 0 3 3

F = y 2Exercise
3. LetRepeat , x 2 and1 let C be
with thethe y = x −1 for 1c(t)
parametrization ≤ x=≤(3t,
2, oriented
t, t) for 0from
≤ t left
≤ 2.to right.
(a) Calculate F(c(t)) and ds = c
(t) dt for the parametrization c(t) = (t, t −1 ).

(b) Calculate the dot product F(c(t)) · c
(t) dt and evaluate F · ds.
C
SOLUTION

(a) We calculate F (c(t)) by substituting x = t, y = t −1 in F = y 2 , x 2 . We get
2
F(c(t)) = (t −1 ) , t 2 = t −2 , t 2
We compute c
(t):
d −1
c
(t) = t, t = 1, −t −2 ⇒ ds = 1, −t −2 dt
dt
y
x
1 2
(b) We compute the dot product:

F(c(t)) · c
(t) = t −2 , t 2 · 1, −t −2 = t −2 · 1 + t 2 · (−t −2 ) = t −2 − 1
Computing the vector line integral, we obtain

2 2 2
1 1
F · ds = F (c(t)) · c
(t) dt = (t −2 − 1) dt = −t −1 − t = − − 2 − (−1 − 1) = −
C 1 1 1 2 2
the integral of the given scalar

In Exercises 5–8, calculate
function or vector field over the curve c(t) = (cos t, sin t, t)
Let F = z 2 , x, y and let C be the path c(t) = 3 + 5t 2 , 3 − t 2 , t for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2.
for 0 ≤ t ≤ π .
(a) Calculate F(c(t)) and ds = c
(t) dt.

5. f (x, y, z) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2
(b) Calculate the dot product F(c(t)) · c
(t) dt and evaluate F · ds.
C
SOLUTION
Step 1. Compute c
(t). We differentiate c(t):
d
c
(t) = cos t, sin t, t = − sin t, cos t, 1
dt
Hence,
√
c
(t) = (− sin t)2 + cos2 t + 12 = sin2 t + cos2 t + 1 = 2
√
ds = c
(t) dt = 2 dt
Step 2. Write out f (c(t)). We substitute x = cos t, y = sin t, z = t in f (x, y, z) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 to obtain
f (c(t)) = cos2 t + sin2 t + t 2 = 1 + t 2
Step 3. Compute the line integral. Using the Theorem on Scalar Line Integrals we obtain
π π
√ √ t 3 π √ π3
(x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) ds = f (c(t)) c
(t) dt = (1 + t 2 ) 2 dt = 2 t + = 2 π +
C 0 0 3 0 3
7. F = x, y, z
f (x, y, z) = x y + z
SOLUTION
Step 1. Calculate the integrand. We write out the vectors:
c(t) = (cos t, sin t, t)

F (c(t)) = x, y, z = cos t, sin t, t
c
(t) = − sin t, cos t, 1
The integrand is the dot product:
F (c(t)) · c
(t) = cos t, sin t, t · − sin t, cos t, 1 = − cos t sin t + sin t cos t + t = t
Step 2. Evaluate the integral. We use the Theorem on Vector Line Integrals to evaluate the integral:
π π
1 π π2
F ds = F (c(t)) · c
(t) dt = t dt = t 2 =
C 0 0 2 0 2
9. Calculate the total mass of a circular piece of wire of radius 4 cm centered at the origin whose mass density is
y, 2, z 3
ρ(x, y) F==x 2 xg/cm.
SOLUTION The total mass is the following integral:

M= x 2 ds
C
We use the following parametrization of the wire:
c(t) = (4 cos t, 4 sin t), 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π
Hence,

c
(t) = −4 sin t, 4 cos t ⇒ c
(t) = (−4 sin t)2 + (4 cos t)2 = 4
We compute the line integral using the Theorem on Scalar Line Integrals. We get
2π 2π
M= ρ (c(t)) c
(t) dt = (4 cos t)2 · 4 dt
0 0
2π 2π

= 64 cos2 t dt = 64
t
+
sin 2t = 64 · 2π = 64π g
2 4 2
0 0
11. The values of a function f (x, y, z) and vector field F(x, y, z) are given at six sample points along the path ABC in
Calculate thethe
total
linemass of a metal tubeFinalong
the helical shape c(t) = (cos t, sin t, t 2 ) (distance in centimeters) for
Figure 11. Estimate integrals of f and √ ABC.
0 ≤ t ≤ 2π if the mass density is ρ(x, y, z) = z g/cm.
Point f (x, y, z) F(x, y, z)

(1, 16 , 0) 3 1, 0, 2
(1, 12 , 0) 3.3 1, 1, 3
(1, 56 , 0) 3.6 2, 1, 5
(1, 1, 16 ) 4.2 3, 2, 4
(1, 1, 12 ) 4.5 3, 3, 3
(1, 1, 56 ) 4.2 5, 3, 3
C = (1, 1, 1)
A = (1, 0, 0) y
x B = (1, 1, 0)
FIGURE 11
SOLUTION
C = (1, 1, 1)
P6 = (1, 1, 5/6)
P5 = (1, 1, 1/2) 4/6
A = (1, 0, 0) 2/6 2/6 y
4/6 P = (1, 1, 1/6)
4
x B = (1, 1, 0)
P1 = (1, 1/6, 0) P3 = (1, 5/6, 0)
P2 = (1, 1/2, 0)
We write the integrals as sum of integrals and estimate each integral by a Riemann Sum. That is,

3
6
f (x, y, z) ds = f (x, y, z) ds + f (x, y, z) ds ≈ f (Pi ) si + f (Pi )si (1)
ABC AB BC i=1 i=4

F · ds = F · ds + F · ds = (F · T)ds + (F · T)ds
ABC AB BC AB BC
On AB, the unit tangent vector is T = 1, 0, 0, hence F · T = F1 . On BC, the unit tangent vector is T = 0, 0, 1, hence
F · T = F3 . Therefore,

3
6
F ds = F1 ds + F3 ds ≈ F1 (Pi ) si + F3 (Pi ) si (2)
ABC AB BC i=1 i=4
We consider the partitions of AB and BC to three subarcs with equal length si = 13 , therefore (1) and (2) give

1
f (x, y, z) ds ≈ ( f (P1 ) + f (P2 ) + f (P3 ) + f (P4 ) + f (P5 ) + f (P6 ))
ABC 3

1
Fds = (F1 (P1 ) + F1 (P2 ) + F1 (P3 ) + F3 (P4 ) + F3 (P5 ) + F3 (P6 ))
ABC 3
We now substitute the values of the functions at the sample points to obtain the following approximations:

1
f (x, y, z) ds ≈ (3 + 3.3 + 3.6 + 4.2 + 4.5 + 4.2) = 7.6
ABC 3

1 14 2
F · ds ≈ (1 + 1 + 2 + 4 + 3 + 3) = =4
ABC 3 3 3
13. Figure 13 shows three vector fields. In each case, determine whether the line integral around the circle (oriented
Estimate the line integrals of f (x, y) and F(x, y) along the quarter circle (oriented counterclockwise) in Figure
counterclockwise) is positive, negative, or zero.
12 using the values at the three sample points along each path.
Point f (x, y) F(x, y)

A 1 1, 2
B −2 1, 3
C 4 −2, 4
(A) (B) (C)

FIGURE 13
SOLUTION The vector line integral of F is the integral of the tangential component of F along the curve. The positive
direction of a curve is counterclockwise.
T
For the vector field in (A), the line integral around the circle is zero because the contribution of the negative tangential
components from the upper part of the circle is the same as the contribution of the positive tangential components from
the lower part. For the vector in (B) the contribution of the negative tangential component appear to dominate over the
positive contribution, hence the line integral is negative. In (C), the vector field is orthogonal to the unit tangent vector at
each point, hence the line integral is zero.
In Exercises 15–22,whether
Determine computethethe line
line integralaround
integrals of the scalar function
the curves over counterclockwise)
(oriented the curve. in Figures 14(A) and (B) are
positive or negative. What is the value of the line integral in Figure 14(C)? Explain.
15. f (x, y, z) = z 2 , c(t) = (2t, 3t, 4t) for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2
SOLUTION
Step 1. Compute c
(t) We have
d √
c
(t) = 2t, 3t, 4t = 2, 3, 4 ⇒ c
(t) = 22 + 32 + 42 = 29
dt
Step 2. Write out f (c(t)) We substitute z = 4t in f (x, y, z) = z 2 to obtain:
f (c(t)) = 16t 2
Step 3. Compute the line integral. By the Theorem on Scalar Line Integrals we have
2 2 √
√ √ 16 3 2 128 29
f (x, y, z) ds = f (c(t)) c
(t) dt = 16t 2 · 29 dt = 29 · t = ≈ 229.8
C 0 0 3 0 3
√
17. f (x,f (x,
y) =y, z)1=+3x y, 2yy+=z,x 3 c(t)
9x− for 0=≤(2x +
≤ t,
1 2 − t, 2t) for −2 ≤ t ≤ 1

SOLUTION The curve is parametrized by c(t) = t, t 3 for 0 ≤ t ≤ 1
Step 1. Compute c
(t). We have
d 3
c
(t) = t, t = 1, 3t 2 ⇒ c
(t) = 1 + 9t 4
dt
√
Step 2. Write out f (c(t)). We substitute x = t, y = t 3 in f (x, y) = 1 + 9x y to obtain

f (c(t)) = 1 + 9t · t 3 = 1 + 9t 4
Step 3. Compute the line integral. We use the Theorem on Scalar Line Integrals to write
1 1 1
f (x, y) ds = f (c(t)) c
(t) dt = 1 + 9t 1 + 9t dt =
4 4 1 + 9t 4 dt
C 0 0 0

9t 5 1
= 14 = 2.8
=t+
5 0 5
2
19. f (x, y, z) = xe z3 , piecewise linear path from (0, 0, 1) to (0, 2, 0) to (1, 1, 1).
y
f (x, y) = 7 , y = 14 x 4 for 1 ≤ x ≤ 2
x
SOLUTION Let C1 be the segment joining the points (0, 0, 1) and (0, 2, 0) and C2 be the segment joining the points
(0, 2, 0) and (1, 1, 1). We parametrize C1 and C2 by the following parametrization:
C1 : c1 (t) = (0, 2t, 1 − t), 0 ≤ t ≤ 1

C2 : c2 (t) = (t, 2 − t, t), 0 ≤ t ≤ 1
For C = C1 + C1 we have

f (x, y, z) ds = f (x, y, z) ds + f (x, y, z) ds (1)
C C1 C2
We compute the integrals on the right hand side.

• The integral over C1 : We have
d √ √
c
1 (t) = 0, 2t, 1 − t = 0, 2, −1 ⇒ c
1 (t) = 0+4+1= 5
dt
f (c(t)) = xe z = 0 · e(1−t) = 0
2 2
Hence,
1 1
f (x, y, z) ds = f (c1 (t)) c
1 (t) dt = 0 dt = 0 (2)
C1 0 0
• The integral over C2 : We have
d √ √
c
2 (t) = t, 2 − t, t = 1, −1, 1 ⇒ c
2 (t) = 1+1+1= 3
dt
2 2
f (c2 (t)) = xe z = tet
Hence,
1
2√
f (x, y, z) ds = tet 3 dt (3)
C2 0
Using the substitution u = t 2 we find that

1√ √
3 u 3
f (x, y, z) ds = e du = (e − 1) ≈ 1.488
C2 0 2 2
Hence,

f (x, y, z) ds ≈ 1.488
C
21. f (x, y, z) = 2x 2 + 8z, c(t) = (e√t , t 2 , t), 0 ≤ t ≤ 1

f (x, y, z) = x 2 z, c(t) = (et , 2t, e−t ) for 0 ≤ t ≤ 1
SOLUTION
Step 1. Compute c
(t).
d t 2 t
c
(t) = e , t , t = e , 2t, 1 ⇒ c
(t) = e2t + 4t 2 + 1
dt
Step 2. Write out f (c(t)). We substitute x = et , y = t 2 , z = t in f (x, y, z) = 2x 2 + 8z to obtain:
f (c(t)) = 2e2t + 8t
Step 3. Compute the line integral. We have

1 1
f (x, y, z) ds = f (c(t)) c
(t) dt = (2e2t + 8t) e2t + 4t 2 + 1 dt
C 0 0
We compute the integral using the substitution u = e2t + 4t 2 + 1, du = 2e2t + 8t dt. We get:
e2 +5 2
2 3/2 e +5 2 2 3/2

f (x, y, z) ds = u 1/2 du = u = (e + 5) − 23/2
C 2 3 2 3
2 3
f (x, y, z) = 3zy−1 + 12x z, c(t) = (t, √t , t3 ), 0 ≤ t ≤ 2
2
In Exercises 23–35, compute the line integral of the vector field over the oriented curve.

23. F = x 2 , x y , line segment from (0, 0) to (2, 2)
SOLUTION The oriented line segment is parametrized by
c(t) = (t, t), t varies from 0 to 2.

Therefore,

F (c(t)) = x 2 , x y = t 2 , t · t = t 2 , t 2
d
c
(t) = t, t = 1, 1
dt

F (c(t)) · c
(t) = t 2 , t 2 · 1, 1 = t 2 + t 2 = 2t 2

We now use the Theorem on vector line integral to compute C F · ds:
2 2
2t 3 2 16
F · ds = F (c(t)) · c
(t) dt = 2t 2 dt = =
C 0 0 3 0 3

25. F = x 2 , x y , circle x 2 + y 2 =2 9 oriented clockwise
F = 4, y, quarter circle x + y 2 = 1 with x, y ≤ 0 oriented counterclockwise
SOLUTION
x
3
The oriented path is parametrized by
c(t) = (3 cos t, 3 sin t); t is changing from 2π to 0.

We compute the integrand:

F (c(t)) = x 2 , x y = 9 cos2 t, 9 cos t sin t
c
(t) = −3 sin t, 3 cos t

F (c(t)) · c
(t) = 9 cos2 t, 9 cos t sin t · −3 sin t, 3 cos t = −27 cos2 t sin t + 27 cos2 t sin t = 0
Hence,
0 0
F · ds = F (c(t)) · c
(t) dt = 0 dt = 0
C 2π 2π
+ y,2x c(t) = (1 + t −1 , t 2 ) for 1 ≤ t ≤ 2

27. F = x y, xy−x
F= e , e , piecewise linear path from (1, 1) to (2, 2) to (0, 2)
SOLUTION
Step 1. Calculate the integrand. We write the vectors and compute the integrand:

c(t) = 1 + t −1 , t 2

F (c(t)) = x y, x + y = 1 + t −1 t 2 , 1 + t −1 + t 2 = t 2 + t, 1 + t −1 + t 2
d
c
(t) = 1 + t −1 , t 2 = −t −2 , 2t
dt

F (c(t)) · c
(t) = t 2 + t, 1 + t −1 + t 2 · −t −2 , 2t = t 2 + t −t −2 + 1 + t −1 + t 2 · 2t
= −1 − t −1 + 2t + 2 + 2t 3 = 2t 3 + 2t + 1 − t −1
Step 2. Evaluate the integral. The vector line integral is

2 2 2
t4
F · ds = F (c(t)) · c
(t) dt =
2t 3 + 2t + 1 − t −1 dt = + t 2 + t − ln t
C 1 1 2 1

16 1
= + 4 + 2 − ln 2 − + 1 + 1 − ln 1 = 11.5 − ln 2
2 2

29. F = 3zy −1 , 4x, −y , c(t) = (et , et2, t)1 for −1 ≤ t ≤ 1
F = y + z, x, y, c(t) = (t + t , 3 t 3 , 2 + t) for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2
SOLUTION
Step 1. Calculate the integrand. We write out the vectors and compute the integrand:

c(t) = et , et , t

F (c(t)) = 3zy −1 , 4x, −y = 3te−t , 4et , −et

c
(t) = et , et , 1

F (c(t)) · c
(t) = 3te−t , 4et , −et · et , et , 1 = 3te−t · et + 4et · et − et · 1 = 3t + 4e2t − et
Step 2. Evaluate the integral. The vector line integral is:

1 1 1 1

F · ds = F (c(t)) · c
(t) dt = 3t + 4e2t − et dt = 0 + 4e2t − et dt = 2e2t − et
C −1 −1 −1 −1

= 2e2 − e − 2e−2 − e−1 = 2 e2 − e−2 − e − e−1 ≈ 12.157

−y x
31. F =F = 2x − 2y,, y 2− z, z, , line segment
circle from
of radius R (0,
with 0) to (1,
0,center 4, 4)origin oriented counterclockwise
at the
x + y x + y2
SOLUTION
x
R
The path has the following parametrization:
c(t) = R cos t, R sin t , 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π
Step 1. Calculate the integrand. We have

−y x −R sin t R cos t 1
F (c(t)) = 2 , = , = − sin t, cos t
x + y2 x 2 + y2 R 2 cos2 t + R 2 sin2 t R 2 cos2 t + R 2 sin2 t R
d
c
(t) = R cos t, R sin t = −R sin t, R cos t = R − sin t, cos t
dt
1
F (c(t)) · c
(t) = − sin t, cos t · R − sin t, cos t = sin2 t + cos2 t = 1
R
Step 2. Evaluate the integral. We obtain the following integral:
2π 2π
F · ds = F (c(t)) · c
(t) dt = 1 dt = 2π
C 0 0

33. F = z 2 , x, −y
y , c(t) =x (cost, tan t, t) for 0 ≤ t ≤ π4
F= 2 , , the square with vertices (1, 1), (1, −1), (−1, −1), and (−1, 1) in the counterclock-
x + y2 x 2 + y2
wise direction
SOLUTION
Step 1. Calculate the integrand. The vectors are:
c(t) = (cos t, tan t, t)

F (c(t)) = z 2 , x, y = t 2 , cos t, tan t

d 1
c
(t) = cos t, tan t, t = − sin t, , 1
dt cos2 t
The integrand is the dot product
1

1
F (c(t)) · c
(t) = t 2 , cos t, tan t · − sin t, 2
, 1 = −t 2 sin t + + tan t
cos t cos t
Step 2. Evaluate the integral. The Theorem on vector line integrals gives the following integral:
π /4 π /4
1
F · ds = F (c(t)) · c
(t) dt = −t 2 sin t + + tan t dt
C 0 0 cos t
π /4 π /4 π /4
1
= t 2 cos t − 2t sin t − 2 cos t + ln + tan t − ln(cos t)
0 cos t 0 0

π2 1 π 1 1 √ 1
= · √ −2· · √ −2· √ − (−2) + ln 2 + 1 − ln 1 − ln √ − ln 1
16 2 4 2 2 2
π2 π √ √ √ π (π − 8) √ √
= √ − √ − 2 + 2 + ln 1 + 2 + ln 2 = √ + ln 2 + 2 + 2 − 2 ≈ 1.139
16 2 2 2 16 2

35. F = z 3 , yz,1x , circle
1 of radius 2 in the yz-plane with center at the origin oriented clockwise when viewed from
F =
the positive x-axis , , 1 , c(t) = (t 3 , 2t, t 2 ) for 0 ≤ t ≤ 1
y +1 z+1
3
SOLUTION
The oriented path has the following parametrization:
c(t) = (0, 2 cos t, 2 sin t)
t is changing from 2π to 0.
Step 1. Calculate the integrand. We write out the vectors and compute the integrand:
c(t) = (0, 2 cos t, 2 sin t)

F (c(t)) = z 3 , yz, x = 8 sin3 t, 4 cos t sin t, 0
c
(t) = 0, −2 sin t, 2 cos t

F (c(t)) · c
(t) = 8 sin3 t, 4 cos t sin t, 0 · 0, −2 sin t, 2 cos t = −8 cos t sin2 t
Step 2. Evaluate the integral. We obtain the following vector line integral:
0 0 2π
sin3 t 2π
F · ds = F (c(t)) · c
(t) dt = −8 cos t sin2 t dt = 8 sin2 t cos t dt = 8 =0
C 2π 2π 0 3 0
Let f (x, y, z) = x −1 yz and let 2

C be the curve parametrized by c(t) = (ln t, t, t ) for 2 ≤ t ≤ 4. Use a

x−y x+y
37. Use a CAS to calculate e ,e · ds to four decimal places, where C is the curve y = sin x for
C
0 ≤ x ≤ π , oriented from left to right.
π
SOLUTION Using the parameterization c(t) = t, sin t, our integral becomes et−sin t , et+sin t · 1, cos t dt,
0
which is calculated to be −4.5088.

In Exercises 38–39, calculate the line integral of F = e z , e x−y , e y over the given path.
39. The path ABC in Figure 16

The path from P to Q in Figure 15
z
C = (0, 0, 6)
A = (2, 0, 0) B = (0, 4, 0)
y
x
FIGURE 16
SOLUTION
C = (0, 0, 6)
C3 C2
A = (2, 0, 0) B = (0, 4, 0)
C1 y
x
We denote by C1 , C2 , C3 the oriented segments from A to B, from B to C and from C to A. We parametrize these paths
by,
C1 :c1 (t) = (1 − t)(2, 0, 0) + t (0, 4, 0) = (2 − 2t, 4t, 0), 0 ≤ t ≤ 1 c

1 (t) = −2, 4, 0
C2 :c2 (t) = (1 − t)(0, 4, 0) + t (0, 0, 6) = (0, 4 − 4t, 6t), 0 ≤ t ≤ 1 ⇒ c
2 (t) = 0, −4, 6
C3 :c3 (t) = (1 − t)(0, 0, 6) + t (2, 0, 0) = (2t, 0, 6 − 6t), 0 ≤ t ≤ 1 c
3 (t) = 2, 0, −6
Since C = C1 + C2 + C3 we have,
3

F · ds = F · ds (1)
C i=1 Ci
We compute the integrals on the right-hand side:

1
F · ds = e0 , e2−6t , e4t · −2, 4, 0 dt = 1, e2−6t , e4t · −2, 4, 0 dt
C1 0
1 1
2 2 2
= −2 + 4e2−6t dt = −2t − e2−6t = e2 − e−4 − 2
0 3 0 3 3
1 1
F · ds = e6t , e−4+4t , e4−4t · 0, −4, 6 dt = −4e−4+4t + 6e4−4t dt
C2 0 0
1
3 3 5
= −e−4+4t − e4−4t = e4 + e−4 −
2 0 2 2
1 1
F · ds = e6−6t , e2t , e0 · 2, 0, −6 dt = 2e6−6t − 6 dt
C3 0 0
1
1 1 19
= − e6−6t − 6t = e6 −
3 0 3 3
We substitute these values in (1) to obtain the solution:

2 2 2 −4 3 4 5 1 6 19
F · ds = e − e −2 + e + e−4 − + e −
C 3 3 2 2 3 3
1 6 3 4 2 2 65 1 −4
= e + e + e − + e
3 2 3 6 3
In Exercises
Let C41–44,
be the let
pathF be thePvortex
from vector
to Q in field
Figure 17 (so-called
that traces because it swirls
C1 , C2 , and C3 inaround the origin
the orientation as shownSuppose
indicated. in Figure 18)
that
−y
x
F · ds = F5,= 2 F 2· ,ds 2= 8, 2 F · ds = 8
C x C+ y x + y C
1 3
Determine:

(a) F · ds (b) F · ds (c) F · ds
−C3 C2 −C1 −C3
(d) What is the value of the line integral of F over the path that traverses the loop C2 four times in the clockwise
direction?

−y x
FIGURE 18 Vector field F = , .
x 2 + y2 x 2 + y2

41. Let I = F · ds, where C is the circle of radius 2 centered at the origin oriented counterclockwise (Figure 18).
C
(a) Do you expect I to be positive, negative, or zero?
(b) Evaluate I .
(c) Verify that I changes sign when C is oriented in the clockwise direction.
SOLUTION
(a) When the circle is oriented counterclockwise, the dot product of F with the unit tangent vector at each point along
the circle is positive. Therefore, we expect the vector line integral I to be positive.
(b)
x
2
The circle of radius 2 oriented counterclockwise has the parametrization:
c(t) = (2 cos t, 2 sin t), 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π
Hence,

−2 sin t 2 cos t
1
F (c(t)) = , = − sin t, cos t
4 cos2 t + 4 sin2 t 4 cos2 t + 4 sin2 t 2
c
(t) = −2 sin t, 2 cos t
Therefore, the integrand is the dot product,

1
F (c(t)) · c
(t) = − sin t, cos t · −2 sin t, 2 cos t = sin2 t + cos2 t = 1
2
We obtain the following integral:
2π 2π
F · ds = F (c(t)) · c
(t) dt = 1 dt = 2π
C 0 0
(c) When C is oriented in the clockwise direction, the parameter t is changing from 2π to 0, therefore, the line integral
is,
0 2π
F · ds = F (c(t)) · c
(t) dt = − 1 dt = −2π
C 2π 0
x
2

43. Calculate F · ds, where A is the arc of angle θ0 on the circle of radius R centered at the origin oriented counter-
ComputeA F · ds, where C R is the circle of radius R centered at the origin oriented counterclockwise. Show
clockwise. Note: ACbegins
R at (R, 0) and ends at (R cos θ0 , R sin θ0 ).
that the result is independent of R.
SOLUTION We use the following parametrization for A:
c(θ ) = (R cos θ , R sin θ ), 0 ≤ θ ≤ θ0

y
(R cos q 0, R sin q 0 )
q0
x
(R, 0)
Hence,
c
(θ ) = −R sin θ , R cos θ

−y x −R sin θ R cos θ
F (c(θ )) = 2 , = ,
x + y2 x 2 + y2 R 2 cos2 θ + R 2 sin2 θ R 2 cos2 θ + R 2 sin2 θ

−R sin θ R cos θ − sin θ cos θ
= , = ,
R2 R2 R R

− sin θ cos θ
F (c(θ )) · c
(θ ) = , · −R sin θ , R cos θ = sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1
R R
We now compute the line integral using the Theorem on vector line integrals. We get:
θ0 θ0
θ
F · ds = F (c(θ )) · c
(θ ) d θ = 1 d θ = θ 00 = θ0
A 0 0
45. Calculate the line integral of the constant vector field F = 2, −1, 4 along the segment P Q, where:
Let a > 0, b < c. Show that the integral of F along the segment from P = (a, b) to Q = (a, c) is equal to the
(a) P = (0,
angle P0,O0), Q =is (1,
Q (O the0, 0)
origin).
(b) P = (0, 0, 0), Q = (4, 3, 5)
(c) P = (3, 2, 3), Q = (4, 8, 12)
SOLUTION
(a) The segment P Q, where P = (0, 0, 0) and Q = (1, 0, 0) is parametrized by
c(t) = (t, 0, 0), 0≤t ≤1
Therefore, c
(t) = 1, 0, 0 and we obtain the integral,
1 1 1
F · ds = F (c(t)) · c
(t) dt = 2, −1, 4 · 1, 0, 0 dt = 2 dt = 2
C 0 0 0
(b) The segment P Q, where P = (0, 0, 0) and Q = (4, 3, 5) has the parametrization,
c(t) = (4t, 3t, 5t), 0≤t ≤1
Therefore, c
(t) = 4, 3, 5 and we obtain the following integral:
1 1 1
F · ds = F (c(t)) · c
(t) dt = 2, −1, 4 · 4, 3, 5 dt = 25 dt = 25
C 0 0 0
(c) The segment P Q, where P = (3, 2, 3) and Q = (4, 8, 12) has the parametrization,
c(t) = (3 + t, 2 + 6t, 3 + 9t), 0≤t ≤1
Therefore, c
(t) = 1, 6, 9 and we obtain the line integral
1 1 1
F · ds = F (c(t)) · c
(t) dt = 2, −1, 4 · 1, 6, 9 dt = 32 dt = 32
C 0 0 0
47. Figure 19 shows the vector field F(x, y) = x, x.

Show that if F is a constant vector field and C is any oriented path from P to Q, then
(a) Are F · ds and F · ds equal? If not, which
is larger?
AB DC −→
F · ds = F · P Q
(b) Which is smaller: the line integral of F over the path
C ADC or ABC?
y
B C
D
A
x
FIGURE 19
SOLUTION
(a) Since x is constant on AB and DC, F(x, y) = x, x is also constant on these segments.
y
l
B C
l l
A l D
x
a1 a2
Let a1 and a2 denote the constant values of x on the segments AB and DC respectively, and l denote the lengths of these
segments. By Exercise 46 we have

F · ds = a1 , a1 · 0, l = a1 · 0 + a1 · l = a1 l
AB

F · ds = a2 , a2 · 0, l = a2 · 0 + a2 · l = a2 l
DC

Since a1 < a2 we have AB F · ds < DC F · ds.
(b) We compute the integral over BC. This segment is parametrized by:
c(t) = (a1 + lt, b) , 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.
Hence,
F (c(t)) = x, x = a1 + lt, a1 + lt , c

(t) = l, 0
F (c(t)) · c
(t) = a1 + lt, a1 + lt · l, 0 = a1 l + l 2 t
Thus,
1
l 2 t 2 1 l2
F · ds = a1 l + l 2 t dt = a1 lt + = a1 l +
BC 0 2 t=0 2
We see that the line integral does not depend on b, therefore,

F · ds = F · ds (1)
AD BC
In part (a) we showed that:

F · ds < F · ds (2)
AB DC
Combining (1) and (2) gives:

F · ds = F · ds + F · ds < F · ds + F · ds = F · ds
ABC AB BC DC AD ADC
49. Calculate the work done by the force field F = x, y, z along the path (cos t, sin t, t) for 0 ≤ t ≤ 3π .
Calculate the work done by a field F = x + y, x − y when an object moves from (0, 0) to (1, 1) along each of
the paths The
SOLUTION x 2 anddone
y = work x =byy 2the
. force field F is the line integral:

W = F · ds
C
We compute the integrand:
F (c(t)) = x, y, z = cos t, sin t, t

d
c
(t) = cos t, sin t, t = − sin t, cos t, 1
dt
F (c(t)) · c
(t) = cos t, sin t, t · − sin t, cos t, 1 = − cos t sin t + sin t cos t + t = t

3π 3π
t 2 3π 9π 2
W = F (c(t)) · c
(t) dt = t dt = =
0 0 2 0 2

Further Let
Insights
I = and Challenges
f (x, y, z) ds. Assume that f (x, y, z) ≥ m for some number m and all points (x, y, z) on C. Which
51. of
Asthe
observed in Cthe text, the value of a scalar line integral does not depend on the choice of parametrization. Prove
following conclusions is correct? Explain.
this directly. Namely, suppose that c1 (t) and c(t) are two parametrizations of C and that c1 (t) = c(ϕ (t)), where ϕ (t) is
(a) I ≥ m
an increasing function. Use the Change of Variables Formula to verify that
(b) I ≥ m L, where L is the length of C
d b
f (c1 (t))c
1 (t) dt = f (c(t))c
(t) dt
c a
where a = ϕ (c) and b = ϕ (d).

SOLUTION We compute the integral ab f (c(t)) c
(t) dt using the substitution t = ϕ (u), a = ϕ (c), b = ϕ (d). We
get:
b ϕ −1 (b)

f (c1 (t)) c
(t) dt = f c ϕ (t) c
ϕ (t) ϕ
(u) du (1)
a ϕ −1 (a)
Since ϕ is an increasing function, ϕ

(u) > 0 for all u, therefore:

c ϕ (u) ϕ
(u) = c
ϕ (u) ϕ
(u) (2)
By the Chain Rule for vector valued functions, we have,

d
c ϕ (u) = ϕ
(u)c
ϕ (u) (3)
du
Combining (2) and (3) gives:

c ϕ (u) ϕ
(u) = d c ϕ (u) = d c1 (u) = c
(u) (4)
du du 1
We substitute (4) in (1) to obtain:

b d d
f (c(t)) c
(t) dt = f (c1 (u)) c
1 (u) du = f (c1 (t)) c
1 (t) dt
a c c
The last step is simply replacing the dummy variable of integration u by t.

53. Use Eq. (8) to calculate the average value of f (x, y) = x − y along the segment from P = (2, 1) to Q = (5, 5).
Suppose we wish to compute the average value of a continuous function f (x, y, z) along a curve C of length L.
Given a large number N , divide C into N consecutive arcs C1 , . . . , C N , each of length L/N , and let Pi be a sample
1
point in Ci (Figure 20). Then the points Pi are somewhat evenly spaced along the curve and the sum f (Pi )
N i=1
SOLUTION We can parametrize this line segment by
c(t) = (2 + 3t, 1 + 4t), 0≤t ≤1
Therefore,
√
c
(t) = 3, 4 ⇒ c
(t) = 9 + 16 = 5
We compute the length of the curve,

1 1√ √
L= c
(t) dt = 5 dt = 5
0 0
Thus, using our values for x and y given above, we find that
1 1
1 1 1 1
Av( f ) = x − y dt = √ (2 + 3t) − (1 + 4t) dt = √ 1 − t dt = √
L C 5 0 5 0 2 5
55. The temperature (in degrees centigrade) at a point P on a circular wire of radius 2 cm centered at the origin is equal
Use Eq.
to the square (8) to
of the calculate
distance fromthePaverage
to P0 =value of Compute
(2, 0). x y along the curve y =
the average x 2 for 0 ≤along
temperature x ≤ 1.
the wire.
SOLUTION
P = (x, y)
P0 = (2, 0)
x
The temperature at a point P(x, y) on the wire is given by the function,
T (x, y) = (x − 2)2 + y 2
The length of the wire is the length of the circle of radius 2, L = 2π · 2 = 4π . Therefore, the average temperature along
the wire is,

1 1
Av(T ) = T ds = (x − 2)2 + y 2 ds
L C 4π C
To compute the line integral, we parametrize the circle by:
c(t) = (2 cos t, 2 sin t), 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π .
Then,

c(t) = −2 sin t, 2 cos t ⇒ c
(t) = 4 sin2 t + 4 cos2 t = 2
We express T in terms of the parameter:
T (c(t)) = (x − 2)2 + y 2 = (2 cos t − 2)2 + (2 sin t)2 = 4 cos2 t − 8 cos t + 4 + 4 sin2 t

= 4 cos2 + sin2 t + 4 − 8 cos t = 8(1 − cos t)
We obtain the integral,

2π 2π 2π
1
1 4 4 · 2π
Av(T ) = T (c(t)) c (t) dt = 16(1 − cos t) dt = t − sin t = =8
4π 0 4π 0 π 0 π
57. Let F = y, x. Prove that if C is any path from (a, b) to (c, d), then
Let F = x, 0. Prove that if C is any path from (a, b) to (c, d), then

F · ds = cd
1 −2 ab 2
C F · ds = (c − a )
C 2
SOLUTION
S E C T I O N 17.3 Conservative Vector Fields (ET Section 16.3) 583
(c, d)
(a, b)
We denote a parametrization of the path by:
c(t) = (x(t),
SOLUTION
(a) This statement is always true, since every gradient vector field is conservative.
(b) If F is conservative on a connected domain D, then F has a potential function D and consequently the cross partials
of F are equal in D.
(c) If the cross partials of F are equal in a simply-connected region D, then F is a gradient vector field in D.

4. Let C, D, and E be the oriented curves in Figure 15 and let F = ∇ ϕ be a gradient vector field such that F · ds = 4.
C
What are the values of the following integrals?

(a) F · ds (b) F · ds
D E
y
Q
C
D
E
P
x
FIGURE 15
SOLUTION Since F is a gradient vector field the integrals over closed paths are zero. Therefore, by the equivalent
conditions for path independence we have:

(a) D F · ds = C F · ds = 4

(b) E F · ds = −C F · ds = − C F · ds = −4
Exercises
1. Let ϕ (x, y, z) = x y sin(yz). Evaluate ∇ ϕ · ds, where c is any path from (0, 0, 0) to (1, 1, π ).
c
SOLUTION By the Fundamental Theorem for Gradient Vector Fields, we have:

∇ ϕ · ds = ϕ (1, 1, π ) − ϕ (0, 0, 0) = 1 · 1 sin π − 0 = 0
c
In Exercises 3–8, verify that F = ∇ ϕ and evaluate the line integral of F over the given path.
Let F be the gradient of ϕ (x, y, z) = x y + z 2 . Compute the line integral of F along:
3, 6y,
(a)= The
3. F line segment z) =(1,
ϕ (x, y,from + 1)
3x 1, 3yto 2) = (t, 2t −1 ) for 1 ≤ t ≤ 4
2 ; (1, 2,c(t)
(b) A circle
SOLUTION Theingradient of ϕ = 3x + 3y is:
the x z-plane 2
(c) The upper half of a circle of radius 4 with its center(0, 1, 1) in the yz-plane, oriented clockwise
∂ϕ ∂ϕ
∇ϕ = , = 3, 6y = F
∂ x ∂y
Using the Fundamental Theorem for Gradient Vector Fields, we have:

1 1 9
F · ds = ϕ (c(4)) − ϕ (c(1)) = ϕ 4, − ϕ (1, 2) = 3 · 4 + 3 · − (3 · 1 + 3 · 4) = −
c 2 4 4

5. F = x y2 , x 2 2y , ϕ (x, y)2 = 12 x 2 y 2 ; upper half of the unit circle centered at the √
origin oriented counterclock-
F = sin y , 2x y cos y , ϕ (x, y) = x sin y 2 ; line segment from (2, 0) to (3, π )
wise
SOLUTION We compute the gradient of ϕ (x, y) = 12 x 2 y 2 :

∂ϕ ∂ϕ
∇ϕ = , = x y2, x 2 y = F
∂ x ∂y
We now use the Fundamental Theorem of Gradient Vector Fields. The terminal point is Q = (−1, 0) and the initial point
is P = (1, 0), therefore:

1 1
F · ds = ϕ (Q) − ϕ (P) = ϕ (−1, 0) − ϕ (1, 0) = · (−1)2 · 02 − · 12 · 02 = 0
c 2 2
y
x
Q = (−1, 0) P = (1, 0)

7. F = ye z , xe z , x ye z , 2 ϕ (x, y, z) = x ye z ; c(t) = (t 2 , t 3 , t − 1) for 1 ≤ t ≤ 2
F = y + 2x z, x, x , ϕ (x, y, z) = x y + x 2 z; any path from (1, 2, 1) to (3, 1, 0)
SOLUTION We verify that F is the gradient of ϕ :

∂ϕ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ
∇ϕ = , , = ye z , xe z , x ye z = F
∂ x ∂y ∂z
We use the Fundamental Theorem for Gradient Vectors with the initial point c(1) = (1, 1, 0) and terminal point c(2) =
(4, 8, 1), to obtain:

F · ds = ϕ (4, 8, 1) − ϕ (1, 1, 0) = 32e − 1
c

9. Find a potential function for F = 2x y + 5, x 2 − 4z, −4y and evaluate
x z
F= , , ln(x − y) , ϕ (x, y, z) = z ln(x − y);
x−y y−z
F · ds
ellipse 2x + 3(y − 4)2 = 12 in the clockwise direction
2
c
where c(t) = (t 2 , sin(π t), et −2t ) for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2.

2
SOLUTION We find a potential function ϕ (x, y, z) for F, using the following steps.
∂ϕ
Step 1. Use the condition ∂ x = F1 . ϕ is an antiderivative of F1 = 2x y + 5 when y and z are fixed, therefore,

ϕ (x, y, z) = (2x y + 5) d x = x 2 y + 5x + g(y, z) (1)
∂ϕ
Step 2. Use the condition ∂ y = F2 . We have,
∂ 2
x y + 5x + g(y, z) = x 2 − 4z
∂y
x 2 + g y (y, z) = x 2 − 4z ⇒ g y (y, z) = −4z
We integrate with respect to y, holding z fixed:

g(y, z) = −4z d y = −4zy + h(z)
Combining with (1) gives:
ϕ (x, y, z) = x 2 y + 5x − 4zy + h(z) (2)

∂ϕ
Step 3. Use the condition ∂z = F3 . We have,
∂ 2
x y + 5x − 4zy + h(z) = −4y
∂z
−4y + h
(z) = −4y
h
(z) = 0 ⇒ h(z) = c
Substituting in (2) we obtain the general potential function:
ϕ (x, y, z) = x 2 y + 5x − 4zy + c
To compute the line integral we need one of the potential functions. We choose c = 0 to obtain the function,
ϕ (x, y, z) = x 2 y + 5x − 4zy
We now use the Fundamental Theorem for Gradient Vector Fields to evaluate the line integral:

F · ds = ϕ γ (2) − ϕ γ (0) = ϕ (4, 0, 1) − ϕ (0, 0, 1) = 20 − 0 = 20
c

11. Find the line
Verify theintegral
cross-partials 2x yz, x 2and
of F =condition 2 y over any path from (0, 0, 0) to (3, 2, 1).
z, xfind a potential function for
SOLUTION We first show that the cross partials condition is satisfied:
F = 2x yz −1 + yz, x 2 z −1 + x z, −x 2 yz −2 + x y
∂ F1 ∂
on the domain {z = 0}. = (2x yz) = 2x z
∂y ∂y ∂ F1 ∂ F2
⇒ =
∂ F2 ∂ 2 ∂y ∂x
= x z = 2x z
∂x ∂x
∂ F2 ∂ 2
= x z = x2
∂z ∂z ∂ F2 ∂ F3
⇒ =
∂ F3 ∂ 2 ∂z ∂y
= x y = x2
∂y ∂y
∂ F3 ∂ 2
= x y = 2x y
∂x ∂x ∂ F3 ∂ F1
⇒ =
∂ F1 ∂ ∂x ∂z
= (2x yz) = 2x y
∂z ∂z
Since the cross partials condition is satisfied at all points, F is conservative. We find a potential function for F.
∂ϕ
Step 1. Use the condition ∂ x = F1 . ϕ is an antiderivative of F1 = 2x yz when y and z are fixed. Therefore:

ϕ (x, y, z) = 2x yz d x = x 2 yz + g(y, z) (1)
∂ϕ
Step 2. Use the condition ∂ y = F2 . By (1) we have:
∂ϕ
= x 2 yz + g(y, z) = x 2 z
∂y
x 2 z + g y (y, z) = x 2 z ⇒ g y (y, z) = 0
It follows that g(y, z) = h(z). Substituting in (1) gives
ϕ (x, y, z) = x 2 yz + h(z) (2)

∂ϕ
Step 3. Use the condition ∂z = F3 . This condition along with (2) gives:
∂
= x 2 yz + h(z) = x 2 y
∂z
x 2 y + h
(z) = x 2 z
h
(z) = 0 ⇒ h(z) = C
Substituting in (2) we get
ϕ (x, y, z) = x 2 yz + C
Since only one potential function is needed, we choose the one corresponding to C = 0. That is,
ϕ (x, y, z) = x 2 yz
Using the Fundamental Theorem for Gradient Vectors we obtain:

F · ds = ϕ (3, 2, 1) − ϕ (0, 0, 0) = 32 · 2 · 1 − 0 = 18
c
In Exercises 12–17, determine whether the vector field is conservative and, if so, find a potential function.
13. F = 0, x, y
F = z, 1, x
∂F ∂F ∂F ∂F
SOLUTION Since ∂ y1 = ∂∂y (0) = 0 and ∂ x2 = ∂∂x (x) = 1, we have ∂ y1 = ∂ x2 . Therefore F does not satisfy the
cross-partial condition, hence F is not conservative.

15. F = y, x,2z 3
F = y , 2x y + e z , ye z
SOLUTION We examine whether the field F = y, x, z 3 satisfies the cross partials condition.
∂ F1 ∂
= (y) = 1
∂y ∂y ∂ F1 ∂ F2
⇒ =
∂ F2 ∂ ∂y ∂x
= (x) = 1
∂x ∂x
∂ F2 ∂
= (x) = 0
∂z ∂z ∂ F2 ∂ F3
⇒ =
∂ F3 ∂ 3 ∂z ∂y
= z =0
∂y ∂y
∂ F3 ∂ 3
= z =0
∂x ∂x ∂ F3 ∂ F1
⇒ =
∂ F1 ∂ ∂x ∂z
= (y) = 0
∂z ∂z
Since F satisfies the cross partials condition everywhere, F is conservative. We find a potential function for F.
∂ϕ
Step 1. Use the condition ∂ x = F1 . ϕ is an antiderivative of F1 = y when y and z are fixed. Therefore:

ϕ (x, y, z) = y d x = yx + g(y, z) (1)
∂ϕ
Step 2. Use the condition ∂ y = F2 . By (1) we have:
∂
(yx + g(y, z)) = x
∂y
x + g y (y, z) = x ⇒ g y (y, z) = 0
Therefore, g(y, z) = g(z). Substituting in (1) gives:
ϕ (x, y, z) = yx + g(z) (2)

∂ϕ
Step 3. Use the condition ∂z = F3 . Using (2) we have:
∂
(yx + g(z)) = z 3
∂z
1 4
g
(z) = z 3 ⇒ g(z) = z +c
4
Substituting in (2) gives the following general potential function:
1
ϕ (x, y, z) = yx + z 4 + c
4
Choosing c = 0 we obtain the potential:
z4
ϕ (x, y, z) = yx + .
4

17. F = cos z, 2y, −x sin z
F = cos(x z), sin(yz), x y sin z
SOLUTION We examine whether F satisfies the cross partials condition:
∂ F1 ∂
= (cos z) = 0
∂y ∂y ∂ F1 ∂ F2
⇒ =
∂ F2 ∂ ∂y ∂x
= (2y) = 0
∂x ∂x
∂ F2 ∂
= (2y) = 0
∂z ∂z ∂ F2 ∂ F3
⇒ =
∂ F3 ∂ ∂z ∂y
= (−x sin z) = 0
∂y ∂y
∂ F3 ∂
= (−x sin z) = − sin z
∂x ∂x ∂ F3 ∂ F1
⇒ =
∂ F1 ∂ ∂x ∂z
= (cos z) = − sin z
∂z ∂z
We see that the conditions are satisfied, therefore F is conservative. We find a potential function for F.
∂ϕ
Step 1. Use the condition ∂ x = F1 . ϕ (x, y, z) is an antiderivative of F1 = cos z when y and z are fixed, therefore:

ϕ (x, y, z) = cos z d x = x cos z + g(y, z) (1)
∂ϕ
Step 2. Use the condition ∂ y = F2 . Using (1) we get:
∂
(x cos z + g(y, z)) = 2y
∂y
g y (y, z) = 2y
We integrate with respect to y, holding z fixed:

g(y, z) = 2y d y = y 2 + g(z)
Substituting in (1) gives
ϕ (x, y, z) = x cos z + y 2 + g(z) (2)

∂ϕ
Step 3. Use the condition ∂z = F3 . By (2) we have
∂
x cos z + y 2 + g(z) = −x sin z
∂z
−x sin z + g
(z) = −x sin z
g
(z) = 0 ⇒ g(z) = c
Substituting in (2) we obtain the general potential function:
ϕ (x, y, z) = x cos z + y 2 + c
Choosing c = 0 gives the potential function:
ϕ (x, y, z) = x cos z + y 2 .

1 −1
F=
19. LetCalculate , the work
. Calculate
expendedthe when
work against F is
required
moved to move
O an object from (1, 1) to (3,and
4) along
P Q inany path 16
in
x y a2 particle
from to Q along segments OP Figure
in the presence
the first quadrant. of the force field F = x , y 2 . How much work is expended moving in a complete circuit around the
square?
SOLUTION F is a conservative force, since F = −∇ ϕ with potential energy ϕ (x, y) = ln y − ln x. The work required
to move an object from (1, 1) to (3, 4) along any path C is equal to the change in potential energy:

Work against F = − F · ds = ϕ (3, 4) − ϕ (1, 1) = (ln 4 − ln 3) − (ln 1 − ln 1) = ln 4 − ln 3
C
21. Let FThe vector

be the fieldfield
vector F ininFigure
Figure17
17.is Let
horizontal
P Q, Qand appears
R, and to the
P R be depend on only
segments the figure
in the x-coordinate.
with theSuppose that
orientations
g(x), 0. Prove that
F = indicated.

(a) Is F · ds positive, negative, or zero?
F · ds = F · ds
PR PR PQ
(b) What is the value of F · ds?
QR b
by showing that both integrals are equal to g(x) d x.
a
P Q
x
a b
FIGURE 17
SOLUTION The vector field F has the form:
F = g(x), 0
Since ∂∂Fy1 = ∂∂y (g(x)) = 0 and ∂∂Fx2 = 0, we have ∂∂Fy1 = ∂∂Fx2 consequently F is conservative. Therefore:

F · ds = F · ds + F · ds (1)
PR PQ QR
The vector field F is orthogonal to Q R, therefore the tangential component of F at each point along Q R is zero. We
conclude that:

F · ds = 0
QR
Substituting in (1) we get:

F · ds = F · ds
PR PQ
Let’s try it again, this time using the hint. We compute the integral along P Q, using the parametrization
P Q : c(t) = (t, y0 ), a≤t ≤b
we get:
b b b b
F · ds = F (c(t)) · c
(t) dt = g(t), 0 · 1, 0 dt = g(t) dt = g(x) d x
PQ a a a a
If we now compute the integral along P R with the parameterization
P R : c(t) = (t, y(t)), a ≤ t ≤ b,
we get the same thing:

b b b b

F · ds = F (c(t)) · c
(t) dt = g(t), 0 · 1, y
dt = g(t) dt = g(x) d x
PR a a a a
We see, again, that these are equal.
−1 2(in −1
23. How much energy to carry a 2-kg object from sea level along any path to the top of a hill that
joules) does it take
is 1,000Let F = Assume
m high?
2 , 2z log(x y) .
x z , ythatzthe force of gravity F is constant −mg in the vertical direction, where g = 9.8 m/s2 . Hint:
Find(a)
a potential F=∇
function
Verify that ϕ ,F.
for where ϕ (x, y, z) = z 2 log(x y).

SOLUTION The force of gravity is F = 0,
(b) Evaluate F · ds, where c(t) = et , 0, e2t−mg, 1 ≤ t ≤ F3.= −∇ ϕ for ϕ (x, y, z) = mgz. The work performed
, t 2 fortherefore
by the gravitationalcfield is the line integral of F over the path. Since F is conservative, the energy is independent of the

path connecting the two points. Using the Fundamental1Theorem for Gradient Vector Fields we have:
(c) Evaluate F · ds for any path c from P = ( 2 , 4, 2) to Q = (2, 3, 3) contained in the region x > 0, y > 0,
c
z > 0. W = − F · ds = ϕ (z = 1000) − ϕ (z = 0) = mg · 1000 = 2 · 9.8 · 103 = 19,600 joules
c
(d) Why was it necessary to specify that the path lie in the region where x, y, and z are positive?

−y x
Further
LetInsights
F = 2 and , Challenges
2 2
be the vortex vector field. Determine

F · ds for each of the paths in Figure 18.
x +y 2 x x+ y y c
25. The vector field F = , is defined on the domain D = {(x, y) = (0, 0)}.
x 2 + y2 x 2 + y2
(a) Show that F satisfies the cross-partials condition on D.
(b) Show that ϕ (x, y) = 12 ln(x 2 + y 2 ) is a potential function for F.
(c) Is D simply connected?
(d) Do these results contradict Theorem 4?
SOLUTION
(a) We compute the partials of F:

∂ F2 ∂ y −2x y
= = 2
∂x ∂x x 2 + y2 x 2 + y2

∂ F1 ∂ x −2yx
= = 2
∂y ∂y x 2 + y2 x 2 + y2
The cross partials are equal in D.
(b) We compute the gradient of ϕ (x, y) = 12 ln x 2 + y 2 :

∂ϕ ∂ϕ 1 2x 2y x y
∇ϕ = , = , = , =F
∂x ∂x 2 x 2 + y2 x 2 + y2 x 2 + y2 x 2 + y2
(c) D is not simply-connected since it has a “hole” at the origin.
(d) The requirement in Theorem 4 (that the domain be simply connected) is a sufficient condition for a vector field with
equal cross-partials to have a potential function. It is not necessary, since as in our example, even if the domain is not
simply-connected the field may have a gradient function. Moreover, for any closed curve in D, ϕ have the same value
after completing one round along c. This is perhaps best seen by noting that ϕ = log(r ) in polar coordinates, which will
be independent of θ . Therefore,

F · ds = 0
c
Hence, F is conservative.
PQ
17.4 Parametrized Surfaces and Surface Integrals (ET Section 16.4)

1. What is the surface integral of the function f (x, y, z) = 10 over a surface of total area 5?
SOLUTION Using Surface Integral and Surface Area we have:

f (x, y, z) d S = f ((u, v)) n(u, v) du dv = 10n(u, v) du dv
S D D

= 10 n(u, v) du dv = 10 Area(S) = 10 · 5 = 50
D
2. What interpretation can we give to the length n of the normal vector for a parametrization (u, v)?
SOLUTION The approximation:

Area Si j ≈ n u i j , vi j Area Ri j
tells that n is a distortion factor that indicates how much the area of a small rectangle Ri j is altered under the map φ .
j + 0.02
Φ Sij
Rij
j
u
ui ui + 0.01
3. A parametrization maps a rectangle of size 0.01 × 0.02 in the uv-plane onto a small patch S of a surface. Estimate
Area(S) if Tu × Tv = 1, 2, 2 at a sample point in the rectangle.
SOLUTION We use the estimation
Area(S) ≈ n(u, v)Area(R)
where n(u, v) = Tu × Tv at a sample point in R. We get:

Area(S) ≈ 1, 2, 2 · 0.01 · 0.02 = 12 + 22 + 22 · 0.0002 = 0.0006
+ 0.02
Φ S
R
u
u u + 0.01

4. A small surface S is divided into three small pieces, each of area 0.2. Estimate f (x, y, z) d S if f (x, y, z) takes
S
the values 0.9, 1, and 1.1 at sample points in these three pieces.
SOLUTION We use the approximation obtained by the Riemann Sum:

f (x, y, z) d S ≈ f Pi j Area Si j = 0.9 · 0.2 + 1 · 0.2 + 1.1 · 0.2 = 0.6
S ij
S E C T I O N 17.4 Parametrized Surfaces and Surface Integrals (ET Section 16.4) 591
5. A surface S has a parametrization whose domain is the square 0 ≤ u, v ≤ 2 such that n(u, v) = 5 for all (u, v).
What is Area(S)?
SOLUTION Writing the surface area as a surface integral where D is the square [0, 2] × [0, 2] in the uv-plane, we have:

Area(S) = n(u, v) du dv = 5 du dv = 5 1 du dv = 5Area(D) = 5 · 22 = 20
D D D
6. What is the outward-pointing unit normal to the sphere of radius 3 centered at the origin at P = (2, 2, 1)?
SOLUTION The outward-pointing normal to the sphere of radius R = 3 centered at the origin is the following vector:

cos θ sin φ , sin θ sin φ , cos φ (1)
P = (2, 2, 1) 2
2 y
We compute the values in (1) corresponding to P = (2, 2, 1): x = y = 2, z = 1 hence 0 ≤ θ ≤ π2 and 0 < φ < π2 . We
get:
√
2
z 1 1 2 2
cos φ = = ⇒ sin φ = 1 − =
ρ 3 3 3

x 2 1 1 1
cos θ = = √ = √ ⇒ sin θ = 1 − = √
ρ sin φ 3· 2 2 2 2 2
3
Substituting in (1) we get the following unit normal:
√ √
1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1
√ · ,√ · , = , ,
2 3 2 3 3 3 3 3
Exercises
1. Match the parametrization with the surface in Figure 16.
(a) (u, cos v, sin v) (b) (u, u + v, v)
(c) (u, v 3 , v)
(d) (cos u sin v, 3 cos u sin v, cos v)
(e) (u, u(2 + cos v), u(2 + sin v))
x y
(i) (ii) (iii)
x y
x
y
3. Show that (u, v) = (2u + 1, u − v, 3u + v) parametrizes the plane 2x − y − z = 2. Then:

(a) Tu , (r,
Show that
Calculate θ) =
Tv , and n(u, cos θ , r sin θ , 1 − r 2 ) parametrizes the paraboloid z = 1 − x 2 − y 2 . Describe the grid
(r v).
curves of this parametrization.
(b) Find the area of S = (D), where D = {(u, v) : 0 ≤ u ≤ 2, 0 ≤ v ≤ 1}.

(c) Express f (x, y, z) = yz in terms of u and v and evaluate f (x, y, z) d S.
S
SOLUTION We show that x = 2u + 1, y = u − v, and z = 3u + v satisfy the equation of the plane,
2x − y − z = 2(2u + 1) − (u − v) − (3u + v) = 4u + 2 − u + v − 3u − v = 2
Moreover, for any x, y, z satisfying 2x − y − z = z, there are values of u and v such that x = 2u + 1, y = u − v, and
z = 3u + v, since the following equations can be solved for u and v:
x = 2u + 1
y =u−v x −1 x −1
⇒ u= , v= −y
z = 3u + v 2 2
2x − y − z = 2
We conclude that (u, v) parametrizes the whole plane 2x − y − z = 2.

(a) The tangent vectors Tu and Tv are:
∂φ ∂
Tu = = (2u + 1, u − v, 3u + v) = 2, 1, 3
∂u ∂u
∂φ ∂
Tv = = (2u + 1, u − v, 3u + v) = 0, −1, 1
∂v ∂v
The normal vector is the following cross product:

i j k
1 3 2 3 2 1
n(u, v) = Tu × Tv = 2 1 3 =
−1 i − j + k
0 −1 1 0 1 0 −1
1
= 4i − 2j − 2k = 4, −2, −2
(b) That area of S = (D) is the following surface integral:

√
Area(S) = n(u, v) du dv = 4, −2, −2 du dv = 24 1 du dv
D D D
√ √ √
= 24 Area(D) = 24 · 2 · 1 = 4 6
(c) We express f (x, y, z) = yz in terms of the parameters u and v:

f φ (u, v) = (u − v)(3u + v) = 3u 2 − 2uv − v 2
Using the Theorem on Surface Integrals we have:

f (x, y, z) d S = f φ (u, v) n(u, v) du dv = 3u 2 − 2uv − v 2 4, −2, −2 du dv
S D D
√ 1 2 2 √ 1 3 2
= 24 3u − 2uv − v 2 du dv = 24 u − u 2 v − v 2 u dv
0 0 0 u=0
1 √
√ 2
√ 2 2 3 1 32 6
= 24 8 − 4v − 2v dv = 24 8v − 2v − v =
0 3 0 3
5. Let (x, z) = (x, y, x y).

Let S =
(a) Calculate Tx(D),
, T y , and = {(u, v) : u 2 + v 2 ≤ 1, u ≥ 0, v ≥ 0} and is as defined in Exercise 3.
n(x,Dy).
where
(a) Calculatethe
surface area of S.
(b) Let S be the part of the surface with parameter domain D = {(x, y) : x 2 + y 2 ≤ 1, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0}. Verify the
following
(b) Evaluate (x − y) dusing
formula and evaluate polar
S. Hint: coordinates:
Use polar coordinates.
S
1 dS = 1 + x 2 + y2 d x d y
S D
(c) Verify the following formula and evaluate:
π /2 1
z dS = (sin θ cos θ )r 3 1 + r 2 dr d θ
S 0 0
SOLUTION
(a) The tangent vectors are:
∂φ ∂
Tx = = (x, y, x y) = 1, 0, y
∂x ∂x
∂φ ∂
Ty = = (x, y, x y) = 0, 1, x
∂y ∂y
The normal vector is the cross product:

i j k
0 y 1 y 1 0
n(x, y) = Tx × T y = 1 0 y =
1 i − j + k
0 x 0 x 0 1
1 x
= −yi − xj + k = −y, −x, 1
(b) Using the Theorem on evaluating surface integrals we have:

1 dS = n(x, y) d x d y = −y, −x, 1 d x d y = y2 + x 2 + 1 d x d y
S D D D
y
x
0 1
We convert the integral to polar coordinates x = r cos θ , y = r sin θ . The new region of integration is:
π
0 ≤ r ≤ 1, 0≤θ≤ .
2
We get:
π /2 1 π /2 1
1 dS = r + 1 · r dr d θ =
2 r + 1 · r dr d θ
2
S 0 0 0 0
√
π /2 2 √ π /2 √ 2 2−1 π
u 2 2−1
= du d θ = dθ =
0 1 2 0 3 6
(c) The function z expressed in terms of the parameters x, y is f ((x, y)) = x y. Therefore,

z dS = x y · n(x, y) d x d y = x y 1 + x 2 + y2 d x d y
S D D
We compute the double integral by converting it to polar coordinates. We get:
π /2 1 π /2 1
z dS = (r cos θ )(r sin θ ) 1 + r 2 · r dr d θ = (sin θ cos θ )r 3 1 + r 2 dr d θ
S 0 0 0 0

π /2 1
= (sin θ cos θ ) d θ r 3 1 + r 2 dr (1)
0 0
We compute each integral in (1). Using the substitution u = 1 + r 2 , du = 2r dr we get:

√
1 1 2 du 2 +
u 5/2 3/2
u 2 2 1
r 3 1 + r 2 dr = r 2 1 + r 2 · r dr = u 3/2 − u 1/2 = − =
0 0 1 2 5 3 1 15
Also,
π /2 π /2
sin 2θ cos 2θ π /2 1
sin θ cos θ d θ = dθ = − =
0 0 2 4 0 2
We substitute the integrals in (1) to obtain the following solution:

√
2 2 + 1 √
1 2+1
z dS = · =
S 2 15 15
In Exercises 7–10,Scalculate
A surface Tu , Tv , and n(u,
has a parametrization (u,v)v)forwhose
the parametrized
domain D issurface at the
the square in given
Figurepoint. Then findthat
17. Suppose theequation
has the
of the tangent plane
following normaltovectors:
the surface at that point.
7. (u, v) = (2u + v, u − 4v, 3u); =A)

un( 1, = v2,
=10
4 , n(B) = 1, 3, 0
SOLUTION The tangent vectors are the following vectors,
n(C) = 3, 0, 1 , n(D) = 2, 0, 1
∂ ∂
f (x, y, z) d S, where = (2u + v, u − 4v, 3u) = 2, 1, 3
Tu =f is a function
Estimate ∂u ∂u such that f ((u, v)) = u + v.
S
∂ ∂
Tv = = (2u + v, u − 4v, 3u) = 1, −4, 0
∂v ∂v
The normal is the cross product:

i j k
1 3 2 3 2 1
n(u, v) = Tu × Tv = 2 1 3 =
−4 i − j + k
1 0 1 0 1 −4
−4 0
= 12i + 3j − 9k = 3 4, 1, −3
The equation of the plane passing through the point P : (1, 4) = (6, −15, 3) with the normal vector 4, 1, −3 is:
x − 6, y + 15, z − 3 · 4, 1, −3 = 0
or
4(x − 6) + y + 15 − 3(z − 3) = 0
4x + y − 3z = 0
9. (θ , φ ) = (cos θ sin φ , sin θ sin φ , cos φ ); θ = π2 , φ = π4

(u, v) = (u 2 − v 2 , u + v, u − v); u = 2, v = 3
SOLUTION We compute the tangent vectors:
∂ ∂
Tθ = = (cos θ sin φ , sin θ sin φ , cos φ ) = − sin θ sin φ , cos θ sin φ , 0
∂θ ∂θ
∂ ∂
Tφ = = (cos θ sin φ , sin θ sin φ , cos φ ) = cos θ cos φ , sin θ cos φ , − sin φ
∂φ ∂φ

i j k

n(θ , φ ) = Tθ × Tφ = − sin θ sin φ cos θ sin φ 0

cos θ cos φ sin θ cos φ − sin φ

= − cos θ sin2 φ i − sin θ sin2 φ j + − sin2 θ sin φ cos φ − cos2 θ cos φ sin φ k

= − cos θ sin2 φ i − sin θ sin2 φ j − (sin φ cos φ )k
The tangency point and the normal at this point are,

√ √
π π π π π π π 2 2
P= , = cos sin , sin sin , cos = 0, ,
2 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 2
π π 1 1 1 1
n , = − j − k = − (j + k) = − 0, 1, 1
2 4 2 2 2 2
√ √
The equation of the plane orthogonal to the vector 0, 1, 1 and passing through P = 0, 22 , 22 is:
√ √
2 2
x, y − ,z − · 0, 1, 1 = 0
2 2
or
√ √
2 2
y− +z− =0
2 2
√
y+z = 2
11. Use the normal vector computed in Exercise 8 to estimate the area of the small patch of the surface (u, v) =
(u 2 − v(r, θ )v,=u(r−cos
2, u + θ , r sin θby, 1 − r 2 );
v) defined r = 12 , θ = π4
2 ≤ u ≤ 2.1, 3 ≤ v ≤ 3.2
SOLUTION We denote the rectangle D = {(u, v) : 2 ≤ u ≤ 2.1, 3 ≤ v ≤ 3.2}. Using the sample point corresponding
to u = 2, v = 3 we obtain the following estimation for the area of S = (D):
Area(S) ≈ n(2, 3)Area(D) = n(2, 3) · 0.1 · 0.2 = 0.02n(2, 3) (1)
In Exercise 8 we found that n(2, 3) = 2 −1, −1, 5. Therefore,

√
n(2, 3) = 2 12 + 12 + 52 = 2 27
Substituting in (1) gives the following estimation:

√
Area(S) ≈ 0.02 · 2 · 27 ≈ 0.2078.
13. A surface S has a parametrization (u, v) with domain 0 ≤ u ≤ 2, 0 ≤ v ≤ 4 such that the following partial
Sketch the small patch of the sphere whose spherical coordinates satisfy
derivatives are constant:
π π π π
− 0.15∂≤θ≤ + 0.15, ∂ −4, 0.1 ≤ φ ≤ + 0.1
2 = 2,20, 1 , 4= 0, 3 4
∂u ∂v
Use the normal vector computed in Exercise 9 to estimate its area.
What is the surface area of S?
SOLUTION Since the partial derivatives are constant, the normal vector is also constant. We find it by computing the
cross product:

i j k
∂ ∂
n = Tu × Tv = × = 2 0 1 = −2j = 0, −2, 0 ⇒ n = 2
∂u ∂v 4 0 3
We denote the rectangle D = {(u, v) : 0 ≤ u ≤ 2, 0 ≤ v ≤ 4}, and use the surface area to compute the area of S =
(D). We obtain:

Area(S) = n du dv = 2 du dv = 2 1 du dv = 2 · Area(D) = 2 · 2 · 4 = 16
D D D
15. ShowLetthatSthe
be ellipsoid
the surface with parametrization

(u, v) = (3 x+2sin v) y 2u, (3
cos z+sin
2 v) sin u, v
+ + =1
a
for 0 ≤ u, v ≤ 2π . Using a computer algebra system: b c
S from several
is parametrized
(a) Plot by different viewpoints. Is S best described as a “vase that holds water” or a “bottomless vase”?
(b) Calculate the normal vector n(u, v).
(φ , θ ) = (a cos θ sin φ , b sin θ sin φ , c cos φ )
(c) Calculate the surface area of S to four decimal places.
Express the surface area of the ellipsoid as an integral but do not attempt to evaluate it.
SOLUTION
(a) We show the graph of S here.
4 −4
−2
2 0
2
6 0 4
6
4 −2 4
−4 2
2 0
0
4 4
2 2
0 0
−2 −2
−4 −4
Note that it is best described as a “bottomless vase”.

(b) We compute the tangent and normal vectors:
∂
Tu = = (3 + sin v)(− sin u), (3 + sin v)(cos u), 0
∂u
∂
Tv = = cos v cos u, cos v sin u, 1
∂v

i j k

n(u, v) = Tu × Tv = (3 + sin v)(− sin u) (3 + sin v)(cos u) 0

cos v cos u cos v sin u 1
= ((3 + sin v) cos u)i + ((3 + sin v) sin u)j − ((3 + sin v) cos v)k
Hence,

n(u, v) = (3 + sin v) 1 + cos2 v
We obtain the following area:

2π 2π
Area(S) = n du dv = (3 + sin v) 1 + cos2 v du dv ≈ 144.0181
D 0 0
17. Use spherical coordinates to compute the surface area of a sphere of radius R.
Let S be the surface z = ln(5 − x 2 − y 2 ) for 0 ≤ x, y ≤ 1. Using a computer algebra system:
SOLUTION The sphere of radius R centered at the origin has the following parametrization in spherical coordinates:
(a) Calculate the surface area of S to four decimal places.

(b) Calculate (x θ2 y, 3φ )d S=to
(Rfour θ sin φ , R
cos decimal sin θ sin φ , R cos φ ), 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π , 0 ≤ φ ≤ π
places.
S
The length of the normal vector is:
n = R 2 sin φ
Using the integral for surface area gives:

2π π
2π π
Area(S) = n d θ d φ = R 2 sin φ d φ d θ = R2 d θ sin φ d φ
D 0 0 0 0
π

= 2π R 2 · − cos φ = 2π R 2 · 2 = 4π R 2
0
19. Compute the the

integral 2 over the octant of the unit sphere centered at the origin, where x, y, z ≥ 0.
of xof
Compute integral z over the upper hemisphere of a sphere of radius R centered at the origin.
SOLUTION The octant of the unit sphere centered at the origin, where x, y, z ≥ 0 has the following parametrization in
spherical coordinates:
π π
(θ , φ ) = (cos θ sin φ , sin θ sin φ , cos φ ), 0≤θ≤ , 0≤φ≤
2 2
The length of the normal vector is:
n = sin φ
The function x 2 expressed in terms of the parameters is cos2 θ sin2 φ . Using the theorem on computing surface integrals
we obtain,
π /2 π /2 π /2 π /2
x2 d S = cos2 θ sin2 φ (sin φ ) d φ d θ = cos2 θ sin3 φ d φ d θ
S 0 0 0 0
π /2
π /2 π /2 θ sin 2θ sin2 φ cos φ 2 π /2
= cos2 θ d θ sin3 φ d φ = + · − − cos φ
2 4 3 3
0 0 θ =0 φ =0
π 2 π
= · =
4 3 6

Show21–32,
In Exercises hemisphere x 2f +
that thecalculate 2+
(x,yy, z)zd2S=forR 2the ≥ 0 issurface
, z given parametrized by
and function.
S
(r, θ ) = (r cos θ , r sin θ , R 2 − r 2 )
21. (u, v) = (u cos v, u sin v, u), 0 ≤ u, v ≤ 1; f (x, y, z) = z(x 2 + y 2 )

SOLUTION
Step 1. Compute the tangent and normal vectors. We have:
∂ ∂
Tu = = (u cos v, u sin v, u) = cos v, sin v, 1
∂u ∂u
∂ ∂
Tv = = (u cos v, u sin v, u) = −u sin v, u cos v, 0
∂v ∂v

i j k

n = Tu × Tv = cos v sin v 1

−u sin v u cos v 0

= (−u cos v)i − (u sin v)j + u cos2 v + u sin2 v k
= (−u cos v)i − (u sin v)j + uk = −u cos v, −u sin v, u
We compute the length of n:

√ √
2 2
n = (−u cos v) + (−u sin v) + u = u 2 cos2 v + sin2 v + 1 = u 2 · 2 = 2|u| = 2u
2
Notice that in the region of integration u ≥ 0, therefore |u| = u.

Step 2. Calculate the surface integral. We express the function f (x, y, z) = z x 2 + y 2 in terms of the parameters u,
v:

f (, (u, v)) = u u 2 cos2 v + u 2 sin2 v = u · u 2 = u 3

1 1 1 1 √
f (x, y, z) d S = f (, (u, v)) n du dv = u 3 · 2u du dv
S 0 0 0 0
1 √
1√ 1 √ u 5 2
= 2 dv u 4 du = 2· =
0 0 5 5
0
23. x 2 + y 2 = 4, 0 ≤ z ≤ 4; f (x, y, z) = e−z

(r, θ ) = (r cos θ , r sin θ , θ ), 0 ≤ r ≤ 1, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π ; f (x, y, z) = x 2 + y 2
SOLUTION The cylinder has the following parametrization in cylindrical coordinates:
(θ , z) = (2 cos θ , 2 sin θ , z), 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π , 0 ≤ z ≤ 4
Step 1. Compute the tangent and normal vectors. The tangent vectors are the partial derivatives:
∂ ∂
Tθ = = (2 cos θ , 2 sin θ , z) = −2 sin θ , 2 cos θ , 0
∂θ ∂θ
∂
Tz = (2 cos θ , 2 sin θ , z) = 0, 0, 1
∂z
The normal vector is their cross product:

i j k

n(θ , z) = Tθ × Tz = −2 sin θ 2 cos θ 0 = (2 cos θ )i + (2 sin θ )j = 2 cos θ , 2 sin θ , 0

0 0 1
The length of the normal vector is thus

√
n(θ , z) = (2 cos θ )2 + (2 sin θ )2 + 0 = 4 cos2 θ + sin2 θ = 4 = 2
Step 2. Calculate the surface integral. The surface integral equals the following double integral:
2π 4
f (x, y, z) d S = f ((θ , z)) n d θ dz = e−z · 2 d θ dz
S D 0 0

2π 4 −z 4
= 2 dθ e−z dz = 4π · −e = 4π 1 − e−4

0 0 0
25. z = 4 − x 2 −2y 2 , 2z ≥ 0; f (x, y, z) = z(x 2 + y 2 )

z = 4 − x − y , z ≥ 0; f (x, y, z) = z
SOLUTION We use the formula for the surface integral over a graph:

f (x, y, z) d S = f (x, y, g(x, y)) 1 + gx2 + g 2y d x d y (1)
S D
Since z = g(x, y) = 4 − x 2 − y 2 , we have:

f (x, y, g(x, y)) = 4 − x 2 − y 2 x 2 + y 2 = 4 − x 2 + y 2 x 2 + y2

1 + gx2 + g 2y = 1 + (−2x)2 + (−2y)2 = 1 + 4 x 2 + y 2
The domain of integration D is determined by the inequality:
D : z = 4 − x 2 − y2 ≥ 0 ⇒ x 2 + y2 ≤ 4
y
2
D
x
−2 0 2
−2
By (1) we obtain:

f (x, y, z) d S = 4 − (x 2 + y 2 ) · (x 2 + y 2 ) 1 + 4(x 2 + y 2 ) d x d y
S D
We convert the integral to polar coordinates x = r cos θ , y = r sin θ to obtain:
2π 2
f (x, y, z) d S = 4 − r 2 r 2 1 + 4r 2 · r dr d θ
S 0 0
2
2
= 2π 4r 3 1 + 4r 2 dr − r 5 1 + 4r 2 dr (2)
0 0

We compute the integrals using the (somewhat unusual) substitution u = 1 + 4r 2 , du = 4r
u dr . This gives:
2 2 √
17 u 2 − 1
4r 3 1 + 4r 2 dr = r 2 1 + 4r 2 · 4r dr = u 2 du
0 0 1 4
√17 4 √ √
u − u2 1 u5 u 3 17 391 17 + 1
= du = − =
1 4 4 5 3 1 30
√ 2
2 2 u2 − 1 √17
17 u2 1
r 5 1 + 4r 2 dr = r 4 1 + 4r 2 · r dr = · du = u 6 − 2u 4 + u 2 du
0 0 1 16 4 64 1
⎛ √ ⎞ √
u 3
17
1 ⎝ u7 2u 5 ⎠ = 7769 17 − 1
= − +
64 7 5 3 840
1
Substituting the integrals in (2) gives:
√ √ √
391 17 + 1 7769 17 − 1 3179 17 + 29 π
f (x, y, z) d S = 2π − = ≈ 98.26
S 30 840 420
27. y = 9 − z 2 , 20 ≤ x, z ≤ 3; f (x, y, z) = z
y = 9 − z , 0 ≤ x ≤ z ≤ 3; f (x, y, z) = 1
SOLUTION We use the formula for the surface integral over a graph y = g(x, z):

f (x, y, z) d S = f (x, g(x, z), z) 1 + gx2 + gz2 d x dz (1)
S D
Since y = g(x, z) = 9 − z 2 , we have gx = 0, gz = −2z, hence:

1 + gx2 + gz2 = 1 + 4z 2
f (x, g(x, z), z) = z
The domain of integration is the square [0, 3] × [0, 3] in the x z-plane. By (1) we get:
3 3 3
3 3
f (x, y, z) d S = z 1 + 4z 2 dz d x = 1 dx z 1 + 4z 2 dz = 3 z 1 + 4z 2 dz
S 0 0 0 0 0
We use the substitution u = 1 + 4z 2 , du = 8z dz to compute the integral. This gives:

3 37 1/2 √
u 37 37 − 1
f (x, y, z) d S = 3 z 1 + 4z 2 dz = 3 du = ≈ 56
S 0 1 8 4
29. Part of the plane x + y + z = 1, where x, y, z ≥ 0; f (x, y, z) = z

(u, v) = (u, v 3 , u + v), 0 ≤ u, v ≤ 1; f (x, y, z) = y
SOLUTION We let z = g(x, y) = 1 − x − y and use the formula for the surface integral over the graph of z = g(x, y),
where D is the parameter domain in the x y-plane. That is:

S D
We have, gx = −1 and g y = −1 therefore:
√
1 + gx2 + g 2y = 1 + (−1)2 + (−1)2 = 3
We express the function f (x, y, z) = z in terms of the parameters x and y:
f (x, y, g(x, y)) = z = 1 − x − y
The domain of integration is the triangle D in the x y-plane shown in the figure.
z
x+y=1
y D
x x
S: x + y + z = 1, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, z ≥ 0 0 1
By (1) we get:
1 1−y 1−y
√ √ 1 x2
f (x, y, z) d S = (1 − x − y) 3 d x d y = 3 x− − yx dy
S 0 0 0 2 x=0
√
√ 1 2 (1 − y)2 3 1
= 3 (1 − y) − dy = 1 − 2y + y 2 d y
0 2 2 0
√ √
3 y 3 1 3
= y − y2 + =
2 3 0 6
31. Part of the surface x = z 3 , where 0 ≤ x, y ≤ 1; f (x, y, z) = x 2

Region in the plane x + y + z = 0 contained in the cylinder x + y 2 = 1; f (x, y, z) = x z
SOLUTION We let z = g(x, y) = x 1/3 and use the formula for the surface integral over a graph:

S D
where D is the square [0, 1] × [0, 1] in the x y-plane. We compute the integrand in (1):

1 −2/3 1
gx = x , gy = 0 ⇒ 1 + gx + g y = 1 + x −4/3
2 2
3 9
f (x, y, g(x, y)) = x

1 1 1
1 −4/3 1
f (x, y, z) d S = x 1+ x dx dy = x 1 + x −4/3 d x
S 0 0 9 0 9
We compute the integral using the substitution 13 x −2/3 = tan θ . Then:

1 −4/3 1
1+ x = 1 + tan2 θ =
9 cos θ
8/3 d θ = − 1 cos θ d θ
2 1 9 1 2
− x −5/3 d x = dθ ⇒ x dx = − · x
9 cos2 θ 2 cos2 θ 18 sin4 θ
Hence:

1 −4/3 1 cos θ
1+ x · x dx = − dθ
9 18 sin4 θ
We obtain the following integral, which we compute by substituting u = sin θ , du = cos θ d θ :
10
1
()
tan−1
1
3
3

tan−1 1 sin tan−1 1 = √1
3 1 cos θ 1 3 10 1
f (x, y, z) d S = − d θ = − du
S π /2 18 sin θ
4 18 1 u4
√
1 1 1/( 10) 1 √
= · 3 = 10 10 − 1 ≈ 0.567
54 u 1 54
33. Let S be the sphere of radius R centered at the origin. Explain the following equalities using symmetry:
Part of theunit
sphere centered
at the origin, where x ≥ 0 and |y| ≤ x; f (x, y, z) = x
(a) x dS = y dS = z dS = 0
S S S
(b) x2 d S = y2 d S = z2 d S
S S S
4
Then show, by adding the three integrals in part (b), that x 2 d S = π R4 .
S 3
SOLUTION
(a) Since the sphere is symmetric with respect to the yz-plane, the surface integrals of x over the hemispheres on the
two sides of the plane cancel each other and the result is zero. The two other integrals are zero due to the symmetry of
the sphere with respect to the x z and x y-planes.
(b)
Since the sphere is symmetric with respect to the x y, x z and yz-planes,
2 interchanging x and y in2 the integral for
2
S x d S does not change the value of the integral and the result is S y d S. The equality for S z d S is explained
similarly.
On the sphere, we have x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = R 2 so, using properties of integrals, the integral for surface area, and the
surface area of the sphere of radius R we obtain:

x2 d S + y2 d S + z2 d S = x 2 + y 2 + z2 d S = R2 1 dS
S S S S S
= R 2 · Area(S) = R 2 · 4π R 2 = 4π R 4
Combining with (b) we conclude that the value of each of the integrals is 43 π R 4 . That is:

4
x2 d S = y2 d S = z2 d S = π R4 .
S S S 3
35. Find the area ofthe portion of the plane 2x + 3y + 4z = 28 lying above the rectangle 1 ≤ x ≤ 3, 2 ≤ y ≤ 5 in the
x y-plane.
Calculate (x y + e z ) d S, where S is the triangle in Figure 18 with vertices (0, 0, 3), (1, 0, 2), and (0, 4, 1).
S
Hint: Find the equation of the plane containing the triangle.
SOLUTION We rewrite the equation of the plane as:
x 3
z = g(x, y) = − − y+7 (1)
2 4
The domain of the parameters is the rectangle D = [1, 3] × [2, 5] in the x y-plane. Using the integral for surface area and
the surface integral over a graph we have:

Area(S) = 1 dS = 1 + gx2 + gz2 d x d y (2)
S D
y
5
x
0 1 3
By (1) we have:
√
1 3 1 9 29
gx = − , g y = − ⇒ 1 + gx2 + gz2 = 1 + + =
2 4 4 16 4
We substitute in (2) to obtain:
√ √ √ √ √
29 29 29 29 3 29
Area(S) = dx dy = 1 dx dy = Area(D) = ·3·2=
D 4 4 D 4 4 2
f (x, y, z) = 2 2 + y 2 + z 2 )−1 over the cap of the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4 defined by

37. Compute thethe
What is integral
area ofofthe portion of zthe(xplane 2x + 3y + 4z = 28 lying above the domain D in the x y-plane in
z ≥ Figure
1. 19 if Area(D) = 5?
SOLUTION We use spherical coordinates to parametrize the cap S.
(θ , φ ) = (2 cos θ sin φ , 2 sin θ sin φ , 2 cos φ )

D : 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π , 0 ≤ φ ≤ φ0
The angle φ0 is determined by cos φ0 = 12 , that is, φ0 = π3 . The length of the normal vector in spherical coordinates is:
n = R 2 sin φ = 4 sin φ

−1
We express the function f (x, y, z) = z 2 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 in terms of the parameters:

f (θ , φ ) = (2 cos φ )2 4−1 = cos2 φ
Using the theorem on computing the surface integral we get:

2π π /3

f (x, y, z) d S = f (θ , φ ) n d φ d θ = cos2 φ · 4 sin φ d φ d θ
S D 0 0

2π π /3 cos φ π /3
= 4 dθ cos2 φ sin φ d φ = 8π −
0 0 3 0

1 1 1 7 7π
= 8π − − − = 8π · =
8 6 3 24 3
39. Let S be the portion

of the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9, where 1 ≤ x 2 + y 2 ≤ 4 and z ≥ 0 (Figure 20). Find a
f (x, y,
Calculateof S in polar
parametrization z) = z(x 2 and
coordinates + y 2use
) d itS,towhere S is the hemisphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = R 2 , z ≥ 0.
compute:
S
(a) The area of S (b) z −1 d S
S
1 2
y
FIGURE 20
SOLUTION
D
x
1 2 3
We parametrize S by spherical coordinates as follows:
(θ , φ ) = (3 cos θ sin φ , 3 sin θ sin φ , 3 cos φ )

D : 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π , φ0 ≤ φ ≤ φ1
The angles φ0 and φ1 are determined by,

1 1
sin φ0 = ⇒ φ0 = sin−1
3 3
2 2
sin φ1 = ⇒ φ1 = sin−1
3 3
z
f1
f0
x
y
The length of the normal is:
n = R 2 sin φ = 9 sin φ
(a) Using the integral for the surface area we have,

2π sin−1 (2/3)
2π sin−1 (2/3)
Area(S) = n d φ d θ = 9 sin φ d φ d θ = 9 dφ sin φ d φ
D 0 sin−1 (1/3) 0 sin−1 (1/3)
√ √
φ1 =sin−1 (2/3) √ √
5 8
= 18π − cos φ −1
= 18π − + = 6π 8 − 5 ≈ 11.166
φ0 =sin (1/3) 3 3
3
2
3
1
f1 f0
5 8
(b) We express the function f (x, y, z) = z −1 in the terms of the parameters:

sec φ
f (θ , φ ) = (3 cos φ )−1 =
3
Using the surface integral as a double integral we obtain:

2π φ 1 2π φ 1
sec φ
z −1 d S = f (θ , φ ) n d φ d θ = · 9 sin φ d φ d θ = 3 tan φ d φ d θ
S D 0 φ0 3 0 φ0
φ1 =sin−1 (2/3)
2π φ1
= 3 dθ tan φ d φ = 6π ln(sec φ )
0 φ0 −1 φ0 =sin (1/3)

3 3 8
= 6π ln √ − ln √ = 6π ln = 3π ln 1.6 ≈ 4.43
5 8 5
41. Find the surface area of the portion S of the cone 2 = x 2 + y 2 , where z ≥ 0, contained within the cylinder
Find the surface area of the part of the cone x 2 + zy 2 = z 2 between the planes z = 2 and z = 5.
2 2
y + z ≤ 1.

SOLUTION We rewrite the equation of the cone as x = ± z 2 − y 2 . The projection of the cone onto the yz-plane is
obtained by setting x = 0 in the equation of the cone, that is,

x = 0 = z 2 − y 2 ⇒ z = ±y
Since on S, z ≥ 0, we get z = |y|. We conclude that the projection of the upper part of the cone x 2 + y 2 = z 2 onto the
yz-plane is the region between the lines z = y and z = −y on the upper part of the yz-plane. Therefore, the projection
D of S onto the yz-plane is the region shown in the figure:
z
y2 + z2 = 1 z= 1 − y2
z = −y z=y
y
− 1 1
2 2
The area of S is the surface integral:

Area(S) = dS
S

We compute the integral using a surface integral over a graph. Since x = g(y, z) = ± z 2 − y 2 we have,
z y
gz = ± , gy = ±
z2 − y2 z − y2
2
Hence, (notice that z ≥ 0 on S):

√

z2 y2 2z 2 z 2
1 + g 2y + gz2 = 1+ 2 + = =
z − y2 z2 − y2 z2 − y2 z2 − y2
√
z 2
Area(S) = 1 + g 2y + gz2 d y dz = dz d y
D D z2 − y2
Using symmetry gives:
1/(√2) √1−y 2 √ √ √
√ 1/( 2) 1−y 2

z 2 z dz
Area(S) = 2 dz d y = 2 2 dy (1)
0 y z2 − y2 0 y z2 − y2

We compute the inner integral using the substitution u = z 2 − y 2 , du = uz dz. We get:
√1−y 2 √1−y 2 √1−2y 2
z dz u du
= = du = 1 − 2y 2
y z2 − y2 0 u 0
√
We substitute in (1) and compute the resulting integral using the substitution t = 2y. We get:
1/(√2) √ 1 1
dt π π
Area(S) = 1 − 2y 2 d y = 2 2 1 − t2 √ = 2 1 − t 2 dt = 2 · =
0 0 2 0 4 2
43. Prove a famous result of Archimedes: The surface area of the portion of the sphere of radius r between two horizontal
planes zFind
= athe
andintegral
z = b of e2x+yztoover
is equal the following
the surface area offaces of the cube of portion
the corresponding side 2 inofFigure 21.
the circumscribed cylinder (Figure
22). (a) The top face (b) The face PQRS
b
a
FIGURE 22
SOLUTION We compute the area of the portion of the sphere between the planes a and b. The portion S1 of the sphere
has the parametrization,
(θ , φ ) = (r cos θ sin φ , r sin θ sin φ , r cos φ )
where,
D1 : 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π , φ0 ≤ φ ≤ φ1
If we assume 0 < a < b, then the angles φ0 and φ1 are determined by,
b b
cos φ0 = ⇒ φ0 = cos−1
r r
a −1 a
cos φ1 = ⇒ φ1 = cos
r r
b r a r
f1
f0
The length of the normal vector is n = r 2 sin φ . We obtain the following integral:

2π φ1 2π φ2
Area (S1 ) = nd φ d θ = r 2 sin φ d φ d θ = r 2d φ sin φ d φ
D1 0 φ0 0 φ1
cos−1 a
r a b
= 2π r 2 − cos φ = 2π r 2 − + = 2π r (b − a)
φ =cos−1 br r r
The area of the part S2 of the cylinder of radius r between the planes z = a and z = b is:
Area (S2 ) = 2π r · (b − a)
We see that the two areas are equal:
Area (S1 ) = Area (S2 )

45. Use Eq. (13) to compute the surface area of z = 4 − y 2 for 0 ≤ y ≤ 2 rotated about the z-axis.
Surfaces of Revolution Let S be the surface formed by revolving the region underneath the graph z = g(y) in
Since
the yz-plane
SOLUTION c≤=
forg(y) y ≤4 − y 2 , wethe
d about have g
(y)
z-axis = −2y.
(Figure 23).By Eq. (13)
Assume ≥ 0. the following integral,
wec obtain
that
2 a point (0, a, b) aboutthe
(a) Show that the circle generated byrotating 2 is parametrized by
z-axis
Area(S) = 2π |y| 1 + (−2y) d y = 2π
2 y · 1 + 4y 2 d y
0 (a cos θ , a sin θ , b), 0 ≤ θ 0≤ 2π
(b) Show that S is parametrized by
(y, θ ) = (y cos θ , y sin θ , g(y))

We compute the integral using the substitution u = 1 + 4y 2 , du = 8y d y. We get:

17
du 2 u 3/2 17 π √
Area(S) = 2π u 1/2 · = 2π · = 17 17 − 1 ≈ 36.18
1 8 3 8 1 6
47. Area of a Torus Let T be the torus obtained by rotating the circle in the yz-plane of radius a centered at (0, b, 0)
Describe the upper 2 + y 2 = z 2 for 0 ≤ z ≤ d as a surface of revolution (Figure 2) and use
about the z-axis (Figure 24).half
Weof the cone
assume thatxb > a > 0.
Eq. (13)
(a) Use to compute
Eq. (13) to showits surface area.
that
b+a
ay
Area(T) = 4π dy
b−a a 2 − (b − y)2
z z
b−a
b+a
b y
y
x x
FIGURE 24 The torus obtained by rotating a circle of radius a.
(b) Show that Area(T) = 4π 2 ab. Hint: Rewrite the integral using substitution.
SOLUTION
(a) Using symmetry, the area of the surface obtained by rotating the upper part of the circle is half the area of the torus.
z
b−a
b+a
b
y
x

The rotated graph is z = g(y) = a 2 − (y − b)2 , b − a ≤ y ≤ b + a. So, we have,
−2(y − b) y−b
g
(y) = = −
2 a 2 − (y − b)2 a 2 − (y − b)2

(y − b)2 a 2 − (y − b)2 + (y − b)2 a
1 + g
(y)2 = 1 + = =
a − (y − b)
2 2 a − (y − b)
2 2
a 2 − (y − b)2
We now use symmetry and Eq. (13) to obtain the following area of the torus (we assume that b − a > 0, hence y > 0):
b+a b+a
ay
Area (T) = 2 · 2π |y| 1 + g
(y)2 d y = 4π dy (1)
b−a b−a a 2 − (y − b)2
(b) We compute the integral using the substitution u = y−b 1

a , du = a d y. We get:
b+a 1 1 2 1 1
ay a 2 u + ab a u + ab a2 u ab
dy = a du = du = du + du
b−a a − (y − b)
2 2 −1 a −a u
2 2 2 −1 1−u 2 −1 1−u 2 −1 1 − u2
The first integral is zero since the integrand is an odd function. We get:
b+a 1 1 π
ay ab−1

dy = 2 du = 2ab sin u = 2ab −0 = π ab
b−a 1 − u2 2
a 2 − (y − b)2 0 0
Substituting in (1) gives the following area:
Area (T) = 4π · π ab = 4π 2 ab
49. Compute the surface area of the torus in Exercise 47 using Pappus’s Theorem.
Pappus’s Theorem Also called Guldin’s Rule, Pappus’s Theorem states that the area of a surface of revolution
S is equal to the length L of the generating curve times the distance traversed by the center of mass. Use Eq. (13) to
prove Pappus’s Theorem. If C is the graph z = g(y) for c ≤ y ≤ d, then the center of mass is defined as the point
SOLUTION The generating curve is the circle of radius a in the (y, z)-plane centered at the point (0, b, 0). The length
of the generating curve is L = π a.
z
2πb
L = 2πb
b−a
b b+a
y
The center of mass of the circle is at the center (y, z) = (b, 0), and it traverses a circle of radius b centered at the origin.
Therefore, the center of mass makes a distance of 2π b. Using Pappus’ Theorem, the area of the torus is:
L · 2π a = 2π a · 2π b = 4π 2 ab.
51. Calculate the gravitational potential ϕ for a hemisphere of radius R with uniform mass distribution.
Potential due to a Uniform Sphere Let S be a hollow sphere of radius R with center at the origin with a
SOLUTION In Exercise 50(b) we expressed the potential ϕ for a sphere of2radius R. To find the potential for 2a hemi-
uniform mass distribution of total mass m [since S has surface area 4π R , the mass density is ρ = m/(4π R )]. The
sphere of radius R,
gravitational we needϕ only
potential to modify
(P) due to S atthe limitsP of
a point =the
(a,angle
b, c) is to 0 ≤toφ ≤ π2 . This gives the following integral:
φ equal
π /2
Gm π /2 2π sin φ d θ d φ ρ d S Gm sin φ d φ
ϕ (0, 0, r ) = ϕ (r ) = − −G =− · 2π
4π 0 SR 2 +(xr 2−−a)2Rr+ cos
(y − 4 π
0 2
φ b) + (z − c) 0
2 2
R 2 + r 2 − 2Rr cos φ
(a) Use symmetry to conclude /2 the potential depends only on the distance r from P to the center of the sphere.
Gm πthat sin φ d φ
=to
Therefore, it suffices for a point P = (0, 0, r ) on the z-axis (with r = R).
−compute ϕ (P)
4π 0 2 + r 2 − 2Rr cos φ
(b) Use spherical coordinates to showRthat ϕ (0, 0, r ) is equal to
π 22π 2
−Gm u =
We compute the integral using the substitution R + r − 2Rr d θ φd,φ du = 2Rr sin φ d φ . We obtain:
sin φcos

4π 0 2R 2 2+ r 2 − 2Rr cos φ R 2 +r 2
2 2 du 0
Gm R +r 2Rr Gm R +r −1/2 Gm
ϕ (r ) = − √ =− u du = − · 2u 1/2
2
(c) Use the substitution u =(R−r
2
R +
2 2 u 4Rr
) r − 2Rr cos φ to(R−r show) that
2 4Rr u=(R−r )2
1/2 1/2
Gm Gm
=− R 2 + r 2ϕ (0, 0,−r ) (R
= − r )2 |R + r=| −
−mG − |R − r | R 2 + r 2 − |R − r |
2Rr 2Rr 2Rr
(d) Verify formula (11) for ϕ .

53. Let S be the part of the graph z = g(x, y) lying over a domain D in the x y-plane. Let φ = φ (x, y) be the angle
The surface of a cylinder of radius R and length L has a uniform mass distribution ρ (the top and bottom of
between the normal to S and the vertical. Prove the formula
the cylinder are excluded). Use Eq. (10) to find the gravitational
potential at a point P located along the axis of the
cylinder. dA
Area(S) =
D | cos φ |
SOLUTION
z
n
f = f(x, y)
S
(x, y, g(x, y))
D y
Using the Surface Integral over a Graph we have:

Area(S) = 1 dS = 1 + gx2 + g 2y d A (1)
S D
In parametrizing the surface by φ (x, y) = (x, y, g(x, y)), (x, y) = D, we have:
∂
Tx = = 1, 0, gx
∂x
∂
Ty = = 0, 1, g y
∂y
S E C T I O N 17.5 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (ET Section 16.5) 607
Hence,

i j k

n = Tx × T y = 1 0 gx = −gx i − g y j + k = −gx , −g y , 1
0 1 gy

n = gx2 + g 2y + 1
k n
−k
There are two adjacent angles between the normal n and the vertical, and the cosines of these angles are opposite numbers.
Therefore we take the absolute value of cos φ to obtain a positive value for Area(S). Using the Formula for the cosine of
the angle between two vectors we get:

|n · k| | −gx , −g y , 1 · 0, 0, 1 | 1
| cos φ | = = =
nk 2
1+g +g ·1 2 1 + g2 + g2
x y x y

dA
Area(S) =
D | cos φ |
17.5 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (ET Section 16.5)

1. Let F be a vector field and (u, v) a parametrization of a surface S, and set n = Tu × Tv . Which of the following
is the normal component of F?
(a) F · n (b) F · en
SOLUTION The normal component of F is F · en rather than F · n.

2. The vector surface integral F · dS is equal to the scalar surface integral of the function (choose the correct
S
answer):
(a) F
(b) F · n, where n is a normal vector
(c) F · en , where en is the unit normal vector

SOLUTION The vector surface integral
S F ·
dS is defined as the scalar surface integral of the normal component of
F on the oriented surface. That is, S F · dS = S (F · en ) d S as stated in (c).

3. F · dS is zero if (choose the correct answer):
S
(a) F is tangent to S at every point.
(b) F is perpendicular to S at every point.

SOLUTION Since S F · dS is equal to the scalar surface integral of the normal component of F on S, this integral is
zero when the normal component is zero at every point, that is, when F is tangent to S at every point as stated in (a).

4. If F(P) = en (P) at each point on S, then F · dS is equal to (choose the correct answer):
S
(a) Zero (b) Area(S) (c) Neither
SOLUTION If F(P) = en (P) at each point on S, then,:

F · dS = (en · en ) d S = en 2 d S = 1 d S = Area(S)
S S S S
Therefore, (b) is the correct answer.


5. Let S be the disk x 2 + y 2 ≤ 1 in the x y-plane oriented with normal in the positive z-direction. Determine F · dS
S
for each of the following vector constant fields:
(a) F = 1, 0, 0
(b) F = 0, 0, 1
(c) F = 1, 1, 1
SOLUTION The unit normal vector to the oriented disk is en = 0, 0, 1.
(a)
Since F · en = 1, 0, 0 · 0, 0, 1 = 0, F is perpendicular to the unit normal vector at every point on S, therefore
S F · dS = 0.
(b) Since F = en at every point on S, we have:

F · dS = (en · en ) d S = en 2 d S = 1 d S = Area(S) = π
S S S S
(c) For F = 1, 1, 1 we have:

F · dS = (F · en ) d S = 1, 1, 1 · 0, 0, 1 d S = 1 d S = Area(S) = π
S S S S

6. Estimate F · dS, where S is a tiny oriented surface of area 0.05 and the value of F at a sample point in S is a
S
vector of length 2 making an angle π4 with the normal to the surface.
SOLUTION
en F
π
S
4
P
Since S is a tiny surface, we may assume that the dot product F · en on S is equal to the dot product at the sample point.
This gives the following approximation:

F · dS = (F · en ) dS ≈ (F(P) · en (P)) dS = F(P) · en (P) 1dS = F(P) · en Area(S)
S S S S
That is,

F · dS ≈ F(P) · en (P)Area(S) (1)
S
We are given that Area(S) = 0.05. We compute the dot product:

π 1 √
F(P) · en (P) = F(P)en (P) cos =2·1· √ = 2
4 2
Combining with (1) gives the following estimation:
√
F · dS ≈ 0.05 2 ≈ 0.0707.
S

7. A small surface S is divided into three pieces of area 0.2. Estimate F · dS if F is a unit vector field making
S
angles of 85, 90, and 95◦ with the normal at sample points in these three pieces.
SOLUTION
F en
en F en
F
P1 P3
P2
S1 S3
S2
We estimate the vector surface integral by the following sum:

F · dS = F (P1 ) · en (P1 ) Area (S1 ) + F (P2 ) · en (P2 ) Area (S2 ) + F (P3 ) · en (P3 ) Area (S3 )
S
= 0.2 (F (P1 ) · en (P1 ) + F (P2 ) · en (P2 ) + F (P3 ) · en (P3 ))
We compute the dot product. Since F and en are unit vectors, we have:
F (P1 ) · en (P1 ) = cos 85◦ ≈ 0.0872

F (P2 ) · en (P2 ) = cos 90◦ = 0
F (P3 ) · en (P3 ) = cos 95◦ ≈ −0.0872
Substituting gives the following estimation:

F · dS ≈ 0.2(0.0872 + 0 − 0.0872) = 0.
S
Exercises
1. Let F = y, z, x and let S be the oriented surface parametrized by (u, v) = (u 2 − v, u + v, v 2 ) for 0 ≤ u ≤ 2,
−1 ≤ v ≤ 1. Calculate:
(a) n and F · n as functions of u and v
(b) The normal component of F to the surface at P = (3, 3, 1) = (2, 1)

(c) F · dS
S
SOLUTION
(a) The tangent vectors are,
∂ ∂ 2
Tu = = u − v, u + v, v 2 = 2u, 1, 0
∂u ∂u
∂ ∂ 2
Tv = = u − v, u + v, v 2 = −1, 1, 2v
∂v ∂v

i j k

n = Tu × Tv = 2u 1 0 = (2v)i − (4uv)j + (2u + 1)k = 2v, −4uv, 2u + 1

−1 1 2v
We write F = y, z, x in terms of the parameters x = u 2 − v, y = u + v, z = v 2 and then compute F · n:

F ((u, v)) = y, z, x = u + v, v 2 , u 2 − v

F ((u, v)) · n(u, v) = u + v, v 2 , u 2 − v · 2v, −4uv, 2u + 1

= 2v(u + v) − 4uv · v 2 + (2u + 1) u 2 − v
= 2u 3 − 4uv 3 + 2v 2 + u 2 − v
(b) At the point P = (3, 3, 1) = (2, 1) we have:
F(P) = 3, 1, 3
n(P) = 2 · 1, −4 · 2 · 1, 2 · 2 + 1 = 2, −8, 5
n(P) 2, −8, 5 1
en (P) = = √ = √ 2, −8, 5
n(P) 4 + 64 + 25 93
Hence, the normal component of F to the surface at P is the dot product:
1 1 13
F(P) · en (P) = 3, 1, 3 · √ 2, −8, 5 = √ (6 − 8 + 15) = √
93 93 93
(c) Using the definition of the vector surface integral and the dot product in part (a), we have:
2 1

F · dS = F φ (u, v) · n(u, v) du dv = 2u 3 − 4uv 3 + 2v 2 + u 2 − v dv du
S D 0 −1
2
2 1 1
= 2u 3 v − uv 4 + v 3 + u 2 v − v 2 du
0 3 2 v=−1
2
2 1 2 1
= 2u 3 − u ++ u2 − − −2u 3 − u − − u 2 − du
0 3 2 3 2
2
4 2 4u 2
= 4u 3 + 2u 2 + du = u 4 + u 3 + = 24
0 3 3 3 0
3. Let S be the square in the x y-plane shown in Figure 13, oriented with the normal pointing in the positive z-direction.
Compute the surface integral of the vector field F = x, y, x + y over the portion S of the paraboloid z =
Estimate
x 2 + y 2 lying over the disk x 2 + y 2 ≤ 1.
F · dS
S
where F is a vector field whose values at the labeled points are
F( A) = 2, 6, 4, F(B) = 1, 1, 7

F(C) = 3, 3, −3, F(D) = 0, 1, 8

SOLUTION The unit normal vector to S is en = 0, 0, 1. We estimate the vector surface integral S F · dS using the
division and sample points given in Figure 12.
y
A B
C D
x
1
Each subsquare has area 14 , therefore we obtain the following estimation:

1
F · dS ≈ (F( A) · en + F(B) · en + F(C) · en + F(D) · en ) ·
S 4
1
= (2, 6, 4 · 0, 0, 1 + 1, 1, 7 · 0, 0, 1 + 3, 3, −3 · 0, 0, 1 + 0, 1, 8 · 0, 0, 1) ·
4
1
= (4 + 7 − 3 + 8) · =4
4
In Exercises 5–17, compute the surface integral over the given oriented surface.
Suppose that S is a surface in R3 with a parametrization whose domain D is the square in Figure 13. The
= y,ofz,ax,
values
5. F function
planef 3x − 4y +field
, a vector z =F,1, and the normal vector n = Tu × Tv at (P) are given for the four sample
≤ x, yin≤D1,in the
0points following table.
upward-pointing Estimate the surface integrals of f and F over S.
normal
SOLUTION We rewrite the equation of the plane as z = 1 − 3x + 4y, and parametrize the plane by:
Point
in D y) =
P(x, f (x, y, 1F− 3x + 4y) n
Here, the parameter domain is the square D =A{(x, y)3: 0 ≤2, ≤ 1} in1,
x,6,y4 the1,x1
y-plane.
B 1 1, 1, 7 1, 1, 0
Step 1. Compute the tangent and normal vectors.
C 2 3, 3, −3 1, 0, −1
∂D ∂5 0, 1, 8 2, 1, 0
Tx = = (x, y, 1 − 3x + 4y) = 1, 0, −3
∂x ∂x
∂ ∂
Ty = = (x, y, 1 − 3x + 4y) = 0, 1, 4
∂y ∂y

i j k

Tx × T y = 1 0 −3 = 3i − 4j + k = 3, −4, 1
0 1 4
Since the plane is oriented with upward pointing normal, the normal vector n is:
n = 3, −4, 1
Step 2. Evaluate the dot product F · n. We write F in terms of the parameters:
F ((x, y)) = y, z, x = y, 1 − 3x + 4y, x
The dot product F · n is thus
F ((x, y)) · n = y, 1 − 3x + 4y, x · 3, −4, 1 = 3y − 4(1 − 3x + 4y) + x = 13x − 13y − 4
Step 3. Evaluate the surface integral. The surface integral is equal to the following double integral:
1 1
F · dS = F ((x, y)) · n(x, y) d x d y = (13x − 13y − 4) d x d y
S D 0 0
1 1 1
13x 2 13 5y 13y 2 1
= − 13yx − 4x dy = − 13y − 4 d y = − = −4
0 2 x=0 0 2 2 2 0

zx 2 , hemisphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9,
7. F = 0, 3,
F = e , z, x , (r, s) = (r s, r + s, r ),
z ≥ 0, outward-pointing normal
0 ≤ r ≤ 1, 0 ≤ s ≤ 1, oriented by Tr × Ts
SOLUTION We parametrize the hemisphere S by:
π
(θ , φ ) = (3 cos θ sin φ , 3 sin θ sin φ , 3 cos φ ), 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π , 0 ≤ φ ≤
2
Step 1. Compute the normal vector. As seen in the text, the normal vector that points to the outside of the hemisphere is:

n = Tφ × Tθ = sin φ cos θ sin φ , sin θ sin φ , cos φ
For 0 ≤ φ ≤ π2 we have sin φ cos φ ≥ 0, therefore n points to the outside of the hemisphere.
Step 2. Evaluate the dot product F · n. We express the vector field in terms of the parameters:

F (θ , φ ) = 0, 3, x 2 = 0, 3, 9 cos2 θ sin2 φ
Hence:

F (θ , φ ) · n(θ , φ ) = 0, 3, 9 cos2 θ sin2 φ · sin φ cos θ sin φ , sin θ sin φ , cos φ

= sin φ 3 sin θ sin φ + 9 cos2 θ sin2 φ cos φ
= 3 sin θ sin2 φ + 9 cos2 θ sin3 φ cos φ

F · dS = F (θ , φ ) · n(θ , φ ) d θ d φ
S D
π /2 2π
= 3 sin θ sin2 φ + 9 cos2 θ sin3 φ cos φ d θ d φ
0 0
π /2 2π π /2 2π
= 3 sin θ sin2 φ d θ d φ + 9 cos2 θ sin3 φ cos φ d θ d φ
0 0 0 0

π /2 2π π /2 2π
= sin2 φ d φ 3 sin θ d θ + 9 sin3 φ cos φ d φ cos2 θ d θ
0 0 0 0
⎛ ⎞
4 φ π /2 2π
φ sin 2φ π /2 π
9 sin θ sin 2θ

= − −3 cos θ |θ =0 + ⎝
2
⎠ +
2 4 φ =0 4 2 4 θ =0
φ =0
9 9π
=0+ ·π =
4 4

9. F = e z , z, x , z = 9 − x 2 − y 2 , z ≥ 0, upward-pointing normal √
1 3
F = x, y, z, part of sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1, where ≤ z ≤
SOLUTION , inward-pointing normal
2 2
Step 1. Find a parametrization. We use x and y as parameters and parametrize the surface by:

(x, y) = x, y, 9 − x 2 − y 2
The parameter domain D is determined by the condition z = 9 − x 2 − y 2 ≥ 0, or x 2 + y 2 ≤ 9. That is:

" #
D = (x, y) : x 2 + y 2 ≤ 9

∂ ∂
Tx = = x, y, 9 − x 2 − y 2 = 1, 0, −2x
∂x ∂x
∂ ∂
Ty = = x, y, 9 − x 2 − y 2 = 0, 1, −2y
∂y ∂y
We compute the cross product of the tangent vectors:

i j k

Tx × T y = 1 0 −2x = (2x)i + (2y)j + k = 2x, 2y, 1

0 1 −2y
Since the z-component is positive, the vector points upward, and we have:
n = 2x, 2y, 1
Step 3. Evaluate the dot product F · n. We first express the vector field in terms of the parameters x and y, by setting
z = 9 − x 2 − y 2 . We get:

F ((x, y)) = e z , z, x = e9−x −y , 9 − x 2 − y 2 , x
2 2
We now compute the dot product:

F ((x, y)) · n(x, y) = e9−x −y , 9 − x 2 − y 2 , x · 2x, 2y, 1 = 2xe9−x −y + 2y(9 − x 2 − y 2 ) + x
2 2 2 2
Step 4. Evaluate the surface integral.

y
x
3
The surface integral is equal to the following double integral:

2xe9−(x +y ) + 2y 9 − (x 2 + y 2 ) + x d x d y
2 2
F · dS = F ((x, y)) · n(x, y) d x d y =
S D D
We convert the integral to polar coordinates to obtain:
3 2π
2
F · dS = 2r cos θ e9−r + 2r sin θ (9 − r 2 ) + r cos θ r d θ dr
S 0 0
3 2π 3

2r 2 e9−r + r 2 sin θ − 2r 2 (9 − r 2 ) cos θ
2
= dr = 0 dr = 0
0 θ =0 0
2 i + 2j − xk, portion of the plane x + y + z = 1 in the octant x, y, z ≥ 0, upward-pointing normal

11. F =F y= sin y, sin z, yz, rectangle 0 ≤ y ≤ 2, 0 ≤ z ≤ 3 in the (y, z)-plane, normal pointing in negative
x-direction
SOLUTION
n
S
1 y
1
x
We parametrize the surface by:
(x, y) = (x, y, 1 − x − y),
using the parameter domain D shown in the figure.

y
x
0 1

∂ ∂
Tx = = (x, y, 1 − x − y) = 1, 0, −1
∂x ∂x
∂ ∂
Ty = = (x, y, 1 − y) = 0, 1, −1
∂y ∂y

i j k

Tx × T y = 1 0 −1 = i + j + k = 1, 1, 1
0 1 −1
Since the normal points downward, the z-component must be negative, hence:
n = −1, −1, −1
Step 2. Evaluate the dot product F · n.

y
0≤x≤1−y
x
0 1
We compute the dot product:

F ((x, y)) · n = y 2 , 2, −x · −1, −1, −1 = −y 2 − 2 + x
1 1−y 1
x 2 1−y
F · dS = F ((x, y)) · n d x d y = −y 2 − 2 + x d x d y = −y 2 x − 2x + dy
S D 0 0 0 2 x=0
1 1
2 (1 − y)2 3 2 (y − 1)2
= −y (1 − y) − 2(1 − y) + dy = y − y + 2(y − 1) + dy
0 2 0 2

y4 y3 (y − 1)3 1 1 1 1 11
= − + (y − 1)2 + = − − 1 − =−
4 3 6 0 4 3 6 12

13. F = x z, yz, z −1 , disk of radius 3 at height 4 parallel to the x y-plane, upward-pointing normal
F = x, y, e , cylinder x 2 + y 2 = 4, 1 ≤ z ≤ 5, outward-pointing normal
z
SOLUTION
z
n
3
4
We parametrize the surface S by:
(θ , r ) = (r cos θ , r sin θ , 4)
with the parameter domain:
D = {(θ , r ) : 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π , 0 ≤ r ≤ 3}

∂ ∂
Tθ = = (r cos θ , r sin θ , 4) = −r sin θ , r cos θ , 0
∂θ ∂θ
∂ ∂
Tr = = (r cos θ , r sin θ , 4) = cos θ , sin θ , 0
∂r ∂r

i j k

Tθ × Tr = −r sin θ r cos θ 0 = −r sin2 θ − r cos2 θ k = −r k = 0, 0, −r
cos θ sin θ 0
Since the orientation of S is with an upward pointing normal, the z-coordinate of n must be positive. Hence:
n = 0, 0, r
Step 2. Evaluate the dot product F · n. We first express F in terms of the parameters:
1

F ((θ , r )) = x z, yz, z −1 = r cos θ · 4, r sin θ · 4, 4−1 = 4r cos θ , 4r sin θ ,
4
We now compute the dot product:

1 r
F ((θ , r )) · n(θ , r ) = 4r cos θ , 4r sin θ , · 0, 0, r =
4 4
2π 3 3
r r r 2 3 9π
F · dS = F ((θ , r )) · n(θ , r ) dr d θ = dr d θ = 2π dr = 2π · =
S D 0 0 4 0 4 8 0 4

15. F = 0, 0, e y+z , boundary of unit cube 0 ≤ x, y, z ≤ 1, outward-pointing normal
F = x y, y, 0, cone z 2 = x 2 + y 2 , x 2 + y 2 ≤ 4, z ≥ 0, downward-pointing normal
SOLUTION
F
D
G
O
A y
C
x
B
We denote the faces of the cube by:

S1 = Face O ABC S2 = Face DG E F S3 = Face ABG F
S4 = Face OC D E S5 = Face BC DG S6 = Face O AF E
• On S1
1 (x, y) = (x, y, 0)
and n1 = 0, 0, −1. Thus,

F (1 (x, y)) · n1 = 0, 0, e y · 0, 0, −1 = −e y
• On S2
2 (x, y) = (x, y, 1)
and n2 = 0, 0, 1. Thus,

F (2 (x, y)) · n2 = 0, 0, e y+1 · 0, 0, 1 = e y+1
• On any other surface Si , 3 ≤ i ≤ 6, we have
F (1 (x, y)) · ni = 0,
because the z-component of ni = 0 and the x, y components of F equal 0. Thus,

1 1 1 1
F · dS = F · dS + F · dS = −e y d x d y + e y+1 d x d y
S S1 S2 0 0 0 0
1 1 1
= e y+1 − e y d x d y = e y+1 − e y d y
0 0 0
1 1

= e (e − 1) d y = (e − 1)e = (e − 1)2
y y
0 0

17. F = y, z, 0, 2(u, v) = (u 3 − v, u + v, v 2 ), 0 ≤ u ≤ 2, 0 ≤ v ≤ 3, downward-pointing normal
F = 0, 0, z , (u, v) = (u cos v, u sin v, v), 0 ≤ u ≤ 1, 0 ≤ v ≤ 2π , upward-pointing normal
SOLUTION
Step 1. Compute the tangent and normal vectors. We have,
∂ ∂ 3
Tu = = u − v, u + v, v 2 = 3u 2 , 1, 0
∂u ∂u
∂ ∂ 3
Tv = = u − v, u + v, v 2 = −1, 1, 2v
∂v ∂v

i j k

Tu × Tv = 3u 2 1 0 = (2v)i − 6u 2 v j + 3u 2 + 1 k = 2v, −6u 2 v, 3u 2 + 1
−1 1 2v
Since the normal is pointing downward, the z-coordinate is negative, hence,

n = −2v, 6u 2 v, −3u 2 − 1
Step 2. Evaluate the dot product F · n. We first express F in terms of the parameters:

F ((u, v)) = y, z, 0 = u + v, v 2 , 0
We compute the dot product:

F ((u, v)) · n(u, v) = u + v, v 2 , 0 · −2v, 6u 2 v, −3u 2 − 1
= −2v(u + v) + 6u 2 v · v 2 + 0 = −2vu − 2v 2 + 6u 2 v 3
3 2
F · dS = F ((u, v)) · n(u, v) du dv = −2uv − 2v 2 + 6u 2 v 3 du dv
S D 0 0
3 2 3 3
4
= −u 2 v − 2v 2 u + 2u 3 v 3 dv = 16v 3 − 4v 2 − 4v dv = 4v 4 − v 3 − 2v 2 = 270
0 u=0 0 3 0

19. Let er be the unit radial vector and r = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 . Calculate the integral of F = e−r er over:
(a) Let S be the oriented
The upper-hemisphere of x 2half-cylinder
+ y2 + z2 = in 9,
Figure 14. In (a)–(f),normal
outward-pointing determine whether F · dS is positive, negative,
S
(b) The octant x, y, z ≥ 0 of the unit sphere centered at the origin
or zero. Explain your reasoning.
(a) F = i
SOLUTION
(b) F = j
(c) F = k
(a) We parametrize the upper-hemisphere by, (d) F = yi
(e) F = −yj (f) F = xj
: x = 3 cos θ sin φ , y = 3 sin θ sin φ , z = 3 cos φ

" π#
D = (θ , φ ) : 0 ≤ θ < 2π , 0 ≤ φ <
2
The outward pointing normal is (see Eq. (4) in sec. 17.4):
n = 9 sin φ er
We compute the dot product F · n on the sphere. On the sphere r = 3, hence,
F · n = e−r er · n = e−3 er · 9 sin φ er = 9e−3 sin φ er · er = 9 e−3 sin φ

2π π /2
F · dS = (F · n) d φ d θ = 9e−3 sin φ d φ d θ
S D 0 0
π /2 π /2

= 18π e−3 sin φ d φ = 18π e−3 − cos φ = 18π e−3
0 0
(b) We parametrize the first octant of the sphere by,
: x = cos θ sin φ , y = sin θ sin φ , z = cos φ

" π π#
D = (θ , φ ) : 0 ≤ θ < , 0 ≤ φ <
2 2
The outward pointing normal is (as seen above):
n = 1 sin φ er
We compute the dot product F · n on the sphere. On the sphere r = 1, hence,
F · n = e−r er · n = e−1 er · sin φ er = e−1 sin φ er · er = e−1 sin φ

π /2 π /2
F · dS = (F · n) d φ d θ = e−1 sin φ d φ d θ
S D 0 0
π /2
π −1 π /2 π −1 π
= e sin φ d φ = e − cos φ = e−1
2 0 2 0 2
er
er charge located at the origin is E = k 2 , where k is a constant. Calculate the flux of
21. The electric field due to a point
Show that the flux of F = 2 through a sphere centered at the origin r does not depend on the radius of the sphere.
r
E through the disk D of radius 2 parallel to the x y-plane with center (0, 0, 3).

SOLUTION Let r = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 and r̂ = x 2 + y 2 . We parametrize the disc by:
(r̂, θ ) = (r̂ cos θ , r̂ sin θ , 3)

∂
Tr̂ = = cos θ , sin θ , 0
∂ r̂
∂
Tθ = = −r̂ sin θ , r̂ cos θ , 0
∂θ

i j k

n = Tr̂ × Tθ = cos θ sin θ 0 = 0, 0, r̂
−r̂ sin θ r̂ cos θ 0
Now,
er k r̂ zk r̂
E · n = k 2 · 0, 0, r̂ = 3 x, y, z · 0, 0, 1 = 3
r r r
Since on the disk z = 3, we get:
r̂
E · n = 3k 3 and r = r̂ 2 + 9
r
so E · n = 3k √ r̂ 3 .
r̂ 2 +9
2π 3 3
3k r̂ r̂
E · dS = 3/2 d r̂ d θ = 6π k d r̂
D 0 0 r̂ 2 + 9 0 r̂ 2 + 9 3/2
Substituting u = r̂ 2 + 9 we get:

1 1 √
E · dS = 6π k −√ = 2 − 2 πk
P 3 18

23. Let v = x, 0, z be the velocity x 2 field zof2a fluid in R3 . Calculate the flow rate (in ft3 /s) through the upper
2ft/s)
y(in
Let S
hemisphere of be
thethe x + y + z+ = 1 (z +
2
ellipsoid
sphere 2 2 ≥ 0). = 1. Calculate the flux of F = z, 1, 0 over the portion of S
4 3 2
where x, y, z ≤ 0 with upward-pointing normal. Hint: Parametrize S using a modified form of spherical coordinates
SOLUTION We use the spherical coordinates:
(θ , φ ).
x = cos θ sin φ , y = sin θ sin φ , z = cos φ
with the parameter domain

π
0 ≤ θ < 2π , 0≤φ≤
2
The normal vector is (see Eq. (4) in Section 17.4):

n = Tφ × Tθ = sin φ cos θ sin φ , sin θ sin φ , cos φ
We express the function in terms of the parameters:

v = x, 0, z = cos θ sin φ , 0, cos φ
Hence,

v · n = cos θ sin φ , 0, cos φ · sin φ cos θ sin φ , sin θ sin φ , cos φ = sin φ cos2 θ sin2 φ + cos2 φ
The flow rate of the fluid through the upper hemisphere S is equal to the flux of the velocity vector through S. That is,
π /2 2π
v · dS = cos2 θ sin3 φ + sin φ cos2 φ d θ d φ
S 0 0
π /2
2π π /2
= cos2 θ d θ sin3 φ d φ + 2π sin φ cos2 φ d φ
0 0 0

1 2π 3
= π · 0 + 2π = ft /s
3 3

25. Calculate the flow rate of a fluid with velocity field v = x, y, x 2 y (in2 ft/s) 2through the portion of the ellipse
y 2 the flow rate through the upper hemisphere of the sphere x + y + z 2 = R 2 (z ≥ 0) for v as in
x 2 Calculate
+
Exercise 23.= 1 in the x y-plane, where x, y ≥ 0, oriented with the normal in the positive z-direction.
2 3
SOLUTION We use the following parametrization for the surface (see remark at the end of the solution):
: x = 2r cos θ , y = 3r sin θ , z = 0
π
0≤θ ≤ , 0≤r ≤1 (1)
2
3 y
2
x
Step 1. Compute the tangent and normal vectors. We have,

∂ ∂
Tr = = (2r cos θ , 3r sin θ , 0) = 2 cos θ , 3 sin θ , 0
∂r ∂r
∂ ∂
Tθ = = (2r cos θ , 3r sin θ , 0) = −2r sin θ , 3r cos θ , 0
∂θ ∂θ

i j k

Tr × Tθ = 2 cos θ 3 sin θ 0 = 6r cos2 θ + 6r sin2 θ k = 6r k
−2r sin θ 3r cos θ 0
Since the normal points to the positive z-direction, the normal vector is,
n = 6r k = 0, 0, 6r
Step 2. Compute the dot product v · n. We write the velocity vector in terms of the parameters:

v = x, y, x 2 y = 2r cos θ , 3r sin θ , 4r 2 cos2 θ · 3r sin θ

= 2r cos θ , 3r sin θ , 12r 3 cos2 θ sin θ
Hence,
v · n = 12r 3 cos2 θ sin θ · 6r = 72r 4 cos2 θ sin θ
Step 3. Compute the flux. The flow rate of the fluid is the flux of the velocity vector through S. That is,

π /2 1 1 π /2
v · dS = 72r 4 cos2 θ sin θ dr d θ = 72r 4 dr cos2 θ sin θ d θ
S 0 0 0 0

72 5 1 cos3 θ π /2 72 1 24
= r − = · 0 + = = 4.8 ft3 /s
5 0 3 θ =0 5 3 5
Remark: We explain why (1) parametrizes the given portion of the ellipse. At any point (x, y) which satisfies (1) we
have,
x 2 y 3
+ = r 2 cos2 θ + r 2 sin2 θ = r 2 ≤ 1
2 3
2 2
Therefore (x, y) is inside the ellipse x2 + 2y = 1. The limits of θ determine the part of the region inside the ellipse
in the first quadrant.
In Exercises 26–27, let T be the triangular region with vertices (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), and (0, 0, 1) oriented with upward-
pointing normal vector (Figure 15). Assume distances are in meters.
27. Calculate the flow rate through T if v = −j m/s.

A fluid flows with constant velocity field v = 2k (m/s). Calculate:
(a) The flow rate through T z
(b) The flow rate through the projection of T onto the x y-plane [the triangle with vertices (0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0), and
(0, 0, 1)
(0, 1, 0)]
v = 2k
(0, 1, 0)
y
(1, 0, 0)
x
FIGURE 15

SOLUTION We compute the flow rate through T . Since the unit normal vector is en = √1 , √1 , √1 we have,
3 3 3

1 1 1 −1
v · en = 0, −1, 0 · √ , √ , √ = √
3 3 3 3
Therefore, the flow rate through T is the following flux:
√
−1 √ 3 1 −1
v · dS = (v · en ) d S = √ d S = −Area(S)/ 3 = − √ =
S S S 3 2 3 2
The upward pointing normal to the projection D of T onto the x y-plane is n = 0, 0, 1. Since v = 0, −1, 0 is
orthogonal to n, the flux of v through D is zero.
In Exercises
Prove29–30,
that if Sa is
varying
the partcurrent i(t) zflows
of a graph through
= g(x, a long
y) lying over straight
a domainwire
D ininthe
thex y-plane,
x y-planethen
as in Example 5. The
μ i
current produces a magnetic fieldB whose magnitude at a distance r from the wire is B = 0 T, where μ0 =
∂g ∂g 2π r
4π · 10−7 T-m/A. Furthermore, B pointsF into · dSthe
= page at −F 1 P−inFthe
points + F3 d x d y
2 x y-plane.
S D ∂x ∂y
29. Assume that i(t) = t (12 − t) A (t in seconds). Calculate the flux (t), at time t, of B through a rectangle of
dimensions L × H = 3 × 2 m, whose top and bottom edges are parallel to the wire and whose bottom edge is located
d = 0.5 m above the wire (similar to Figure 11). Then use Faraday’s Law to determine the voltage drop around the
rectangular loop (the boundary of the rectangle) at time t.
SOLUTION
y
L=3m Loop C
Rectangle R
H=2m
P = (x, y)
0.5 m
x
Wire
We choose the coordinate system as shown in the figure. Therefore the rectangle R is the region:
R = {(x, y) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 3, 0.5 ≤ y ≤ 2.5}
Since the magnetic field points into the page and R is oriented with normal vector pointing out of the page (as in Example
5) we have B = −Bk and n = en = k. Hence:
μ i
B · n = B (−k) · k = −B = − 0
2π r
μ i
The distance from P = (x, y) in R to the wire is r = y, hence, B · n = − 2π0 y . We now compute the flux (t) of B
through the rectangle R, by evaluating the following double integral:
3 2.5
μ i μ i 3 2.5 1
(t) = B · dS = B · n dy dx = − 0 dy dx = − 0 dy dx
R R 0 0.5 2π y 2π 0 0.5 y

3μ i 2.5 d y 3μ i 3μ i 2.5
=− 0 = − 0 (ln 2.5 − ln 0.5) = − 0 ln
2π 0.5 y 2π 2π 0.5
−3 · 4π · 10−7 ln 5
= t (12 − t) = −9.65 × 10−7 t (12 − t) T/m2
2π
We now use Faraday’s Law to determine the voltage drop around the boundary C of the rectangle. By Faraday’s Law,
the voltage drop around C, when C is oriented according to the orientation of R and the Right Hand Rule (that is,
counterclockwise) is,

d d
E · dS = − =− −9.65 · 10−7 t (12 − t) = 9.65 · 10−7 · 2(6 − t) = 1.93 · 10−6 (6 − t) volts
C dt dt
C
R
Assume that i = 10e−0.1t A (t in seconds). Calculate the flux (t), at time t, of B through the isosceles triangle
of base 12 cm and height 6 cm, whose bottom edge is 3 cm from the wire, as in Figure 16. Assume the triangle is
oriented with normal vector pointing out of the page. Use Faraday’s Law to determine the voltage drop around the

er
31. A point mass m is located at the origin. Let Q be the flux of the gravitational field F = −Gm 2 through the cylinder
r
x 2 + y 2 = R 2 for a ≤ z ≤ b, including the top and bottom (Figure 17). Show that Q = −4π Gm if a < 0 < b (m lies
inside the cylinder) and Q = 0 if 0 < a < b (m lies outside the cylinder).
b R
m
y
x a
FIGURE 17
SOLUTION Let the surface be oriented with normal vector pointing outward.
n z
b R
m
y
n
x a
We denote by S1 , S2 and S3 the cylinder, the top and the bottom respectively. These surfaces are parametrized by:
• S1 :
1 (θ , z) = (R cos θ , R sin θ , z), 0 ≤ θ < 2π , a ≤ z ≤ b, n = R cos θ , sin θ , 0
• S2 :
2 (θ , r ) = (r cos θ , r sin θ , b), 0 ≤ θ < 2π , 0 ≤ r ≤ R, n = 0, 0, r
• S3 :
3 (θ , r ) = (r cos θ , r sin θ , a), 0 ≤ θ < 2π , 0 ≤ r ≤ R, n = 0, 0, −r
Using properties of integrals we have,

Q= F · dS = F · dS + F · dS + F · dS (1)
S S1 S2 S3
Let us assume that a < 0. We compute the integrals over each part of the surface S separately.
• S1 : On S1 , we have:
er Gm
F (1 (θ , z)) = −Gm 2 = − 3/2 R cos θ , R sin θ , z
r R + z2
2
Hence,
Gm Gm R 2
F (1 (θ , z)) · n(θ , z) = − 3/2 R cos θ , R sin θ , z · R cos θ , sin θ , 0 = − 3/2
R2 + z2 R2 + z2

2π b b
Gm R 2 2 dz
F · dS = − 3/2 dz d θ = −2π Gm R 3/2
S1 0 a R +z
2 2 a R + z2
2
We compute the integral using the substitution z = R tan t. This gives:

tan−1 b tan−1 b
R cos t R
F · dS = −2π Gm R 2 2
dt = −2π Gm sin t
−1 a R −1
S1 tan R t=tan Ra

b a
= −2π Gm − (2)
b2 + R 2 a2 + R2
b2 + R2
b
a
R
(
sin tan−1
b
R)= b
b2 + R2
• S2 :
er Gm
F (2 (θ , r )) = −Gm 2 = − 3/2 r cos θ , r sin θ , b
r r 2 + b2
Hence,
Gm Gmbr
F (2 (θ , r )) · n(θ , r ) = − 3/2 r cos θ , r sin θ , b · 0, 0, r = − 3/2
r +b
2 2 r + b2
2

2π R R
Gmbr r dr
F · dS = − 3/2 dr d θ = −2π Gmb 3/2
S2 0 0 r +b
2 2 0 r + b2
2
We compute the integral using the substitution t = r 2 + b2 , dt = 2r dr , and we get:

R 2 +b2 2 2
dt 1 R +b 1 1
F · dS = −π Gmb = 2π Gmb √ = 2π Gmb − (3)
S2 b2 t 3/2 t t=b2 b2 + R 2 b
• S3 :
er Gm
F (3 (θ , r )) = −Gm 2 = − 3/2 r cos θ , r sin θ , a
r r 2 + a2
Gm Gmar
F (3 (θ , r )) · n(θ , r ) = − 3/2 r cos θ , r sin θ , a · 0, 0, −r = 3/2
r +a
2 2 r + a2
2
√
Hence, by the same computation as for S2 we get (notice that since a < 0, we have a 2 = −a):
2π R 2 2
Gmar 1 R +a
F · dS = 3/2 dr d θ = −2π Gma √
S3 0 0 r 2 + a2 t t=a 2

1 1 1 1
= −2π Gma −√ = −2π Gma + (4)
R2 + a2 a2 R2 + a2 a
Substituting (2), (3), and (4) in (1) we get:

b a 1 1 1 1
Q = −2π Gm − + 2π Gmb − − 2π Gma +
b2 + R 2 a2 + R2 b2 + R 2 b R2 + a2 a
= −2π Gm − 2π Gm = −4π Gm
√
If 0 < a < b the only difference is in the integral in (4). In this case a = a therefore,

1 1 1 1
F · dS = −2π Gma −√ = −2π Gma − .
S3 R2 + a2 a2 R2 + a2 a
Therefore, adding the integrals gives:

b a 1 1 1 1
Q = −2π Gm − + 2π Gmb − − 2π Gma −
b2 + R 2 a2 + R2 b2 + R 2 b R2 + a2 a
= −2π Gm + 2π Gm = 0
In Exercises 32–33, let S be the surface with parametrization

u u u
(u, v) = 1 + v cos cos u, 1 + v cos sin u, v sin
2 2 2
for 0 ≤ u ≤ 2π , − 12 ≤ v ≤ 12 .
33. It is not possible to integrate a vector field over S because S is not orientable. However, it is possible to
Use a computer algebra system.
integrate functions over S. Using a computer algebra system:
(a) Plot S and confirm visually that S is a Möbius strip.
(a) Verify that
(b) The intersection of S with the x y-plane is the unit circle (u, 0) = (cos u, sin u, 0). Verify that the normal
vector along this circle is 3 u 1
n(u, v)2 = 1 + v 2 + 2v cos + v 2 cos u
4 u
2
u
2
u
(b) Compute the surface area of S to four n(u,
decimal cos u sin , sin u sin , − cos
0) = places.
2 2 2
2 2 2
(c) As u varies (x
(c) Compute from+0yto + ) d point
2πz, the (u,
S to four decimal
0) moves once around the unit circle, beginning and ending at (0, 0) =
places.
(2π , 0) = (1,S 0, 0). Verify that n(u, 0) is a unit vector which varies continuously but that n(2π , 0) = −n(0, 0).
This shows that S is not orientable, that is, it is not possible to choose a nonzero normal vector at each point on S
SOLUTION
in a continuously
(a) Using a CAS, we varying
discovermanner
that (if it were possible, the unit normal vector returns to itself rather than its negative
when carried around the circle). u u
∂n ∂n 1 3u
n(u, v) = × = −v cos + 2 cos u + v cos sin ,
∂u ∂v 2 2 2 2

1 3u
v + 2 cos(u/2) + 2v cos(u) − 2 cos − v cos(2u) ,
4 2
u u
− cos 1 + v cos
2 2
and after taking the norm of this, we find that
3 u 1
n(u, v)2 = 1 + v 2 + 2v cos + v 2 cos u
4 2 2
(b) We calculate the area of S as follows:
1/2 2π
3 u 1
A(S) = n(u, v) du dv = 1 + v 2 + 2v cos + v 2 cos u du dv ≈ 6.3533
−1/2 0 4 2 2
(c) We proceed as follows. Since

u 2 u 2 u 2
x 2 + y2 + z2 = 1 + v cos cos u + 1 + v cos sin u + v sin
2 2 2
and

3 u 1
1 + v 2 + 2v cos + v 2 cos u
n(u, v) =
4 2 2
2 2 2
2 + y2 +
then, substituting these expressions into the double integral S (x + y + z ) d S = S (x
1 1
z )n(u, v) dudv, and integrating over 0 ≤ u ≤ 2π , − 2 ≤ v ≤ 2 , we find that
2

(x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) d S ≈ 7.4003
S
CHAPTER REVIEW EXERCISES

1. Compute the vector assigned to the point P = (−3, 5) by the vector field:
(a) F = x y, y − x
(b) F = 4, 8
Chapter Review Exercises 623

(c) F = 3x+y , log2 (x + y)
SOLUTION
(a) Substituting x = −3, y = 5 in F = x y, y − x we obtain:
F = −3 · 5, 5 − (−3) = −15, 8
(b) The constant vector field F = 4, 8 assigns the vector 4, 8 to all the vectors. Thus:
F(−3, 5) = 4, 8
x+y
(c) Substituting x = −3, y = 5 in F = 3 , log2 (x + y) we obtain

F = 3−3+5 , log2 (−3 + 5) = 32 , log2 (2) = 9, 1
In Exercises
Find 3–6, sketch
a vector theFvector
field in the field.
plane such that F(x, y) = 1 and F(x, y) is orthogonal to G(x, y) = x, y for all
x, y.
3. F(x, y) = y, 1
SOLUTION Notice that the vector field is constant along horizontal lines.
F = 〈y, 1〉
5. ∇ ϕF(x,
, where ϕ (x,
y) =
2
1 = x − y
4,y)
SOLUTION The gradient of ϕ (x, y) = x 2 − y is the following vector:

∂ϕ ∂ϕ
F(x, y) = , = 2x, −1
∂ x ∂y
This vector is sketched in the following figure:
y
∇j = 〈2x, −1〉
In Exercises 7–14,determine whether or not thevector field is conservative and, if so, find a potential function.
4y −x
F(x, y) = y ,
7. F(x, y, z) = sin x,2e ,
x + 16yz 2 x + 16y 2
2
Hint:
SOLUTION We examine
Show that F isthe crossvector
a unit partials of tangent
field 1 =family
F. SincetoFthe sin x, F = e y , Fx32=+z4y
of2 ellipses we2= c2 .
have:
∂F1 ∂F2 ∂F3

=0 =0 =0
∂y ∂z ∂x ∂F1 ∂F2 ∂F2 ∂F3 ∂F3 ∂F1
⇒ = , = , =
∂F2 ∂F3 ∂F1 ∂y ∂x ∂z ∂y ∂x ∂z
=0 =0 =0
∂x ∂y ∂z
Since the cross partials are equal, F is conservative. We denote the potential field by ϕ (x, y, z). So we have:
ϕx = sin x ϕy = e y ϕz = z
By integrating we get:

ϕ (x, y, z) = sin x d x = − cos x + C(y, z)
ϕy = C y = e y ⇒ C(y, z) = e y + D(z)
ϕ (x, y, z) = − cos x + e y + D(z)
z2
ϕz = Dz = z ⇒ D(z) =
2
2
We conclude that ϕ (x, y, z) = − cos x + e y + z2 . Indeed:

∂ϕ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ
∇ϕ = , , = sin x, e y , z = F
∂ x ∂y ∂z

1 x 2 z, 2z 2 y
9. F(x, y, z) = x yz,
F(x, y, z) = 2,24, e z
SOLUTION No. We show that the cross partials for x and z are not equal. Since the equality of the cross partials is a
necessary condition for a field to be a gradient vector field, we conclude that F is not a gradient field. We have:
∂ F1 ∂
= (x yz) = x y
∂z ∂z ∂ F1 ∂ F3
⇒ =
∂ F3 ∂ ∂z ∂x
= (2z 2 y) = 0
∂x ∂x
Therefore the cross partials condition is not satisfied, hence F is not a gradient vector field.

y −1 1 2z
11. F(x, y, z)y,=
F(x, z) =1 +x yx22z,, tan
x 2 yz,x, x 2 y2
2
SOLUTION We examine the cross partials of F. Since F1 = y

, F2 = tan−1 x, F3 = 2z we have:
1+x 2
∂F1 1
=
∂y 1 + x2 ∂F1 ∂F2
⇒ =
∂F2 1 ∂y ∂x
=
∂x 1 + x2
∂F2
=0
∂z ∂F2 ∂F3
⇒ =
∂F3 ∂z ∂y
=0
∂y
∂F3
=0
∂x ∂F3 ∂F1
⇒ =
∂F1 ∂x ∂z
=0
∂z
Since the cross partials are equal, F is conservative. We denote the potential field by ϕ (x, y, z). We have:
y
ϕx = , ϕ y = tan−1 (x), ϕz = 2z
1 + x2
By integrating we get:

y
ϕ (x, y, z) = d x = y tan−1 (x) + c(y, z)
1 + x2
ϕ y = tan−1 (x) + c y (y, z) = tan−1 (x) ⇒ c y (y, z) = 0 ⇒ c(y, z) = c(z)
Hence ϕ (x, y, z) = y tan−1 (x) + c(z). ϕz = c

(z) = 2z ⇒ c(z) = z 2 . We conclude that ϕ (x, y, z) = y tan−1 (x) + z 2 .
Indeed:

∂ϕ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ y −1 x, 2z = F
∇ϕ = , , = , tan
∂ x ∂y ∂z 1 + x2
2x

13. F(x, y, z) = xe , ye2z, ze2y
F(x, y) = x 2 y, y 2 x
SOLUTION We have:
∂ F3 ∂ 2y
= ze = 2ze2y
∂y ∂y
∂ F2 ∂ 2z
= ye = 2ye2y
∂z ∂z
Since ∂∂Fy3 = ∂∂z

F2
, the cross-partials condition is not satisfied , hence F is not conservative.

4· ds,
4 y 3 ϕ (x, y, z) = x 4 y 3 z 2 and c(t) = (t 2 , 1 + t, t −1 ) for 1 ≤ t ≤ 3.
F(x, y) =∇ ϕ
15. Calculate y x 3 , xwhere
c
SOLUTION The initial point P and the terminal point Q are the following points:

P = c(1) = 12 , 1 + 1, 1−1 = (1, 2, 1)
1

Q = c(3) = 32 , 1 + 3, 3−1 = 9, 4,
3
Using the Fundamental Theorem for Gradient Vector Fields we obtain:
2
1
∇ϕ · ds = ϕ (Q) − ϕ (P) = 94 · 43 · − 14 · 23 · 12 = 46,648
c 3

Find 17–20,
In Exercises a gradient vectorthe
compute field
lineofintegral = g(y),
the form Ff (x, h(x)
y) ds for thesuch
giventhat F(0, 0)
function and 1, 1,
=path where g(y) and h(x) are
or curve.
differentiable functions. Determine all suchCvector fields.
17. f (x, y) = x y, the path c(t) = (t, 2t − 1) for 0 ≤ t ≤ 1
SOLUTION
Step 1. Compute ds = c
(t) dt. We differentiate c(t) = (t, 2t − 1) and compute the length of the derivative vector:
√
c
(t) = 1, 2 ⇒ c
(t) = 12 + 22 = 5
Hence,
√
ds = c
(t) dt = 5 dt
Step 2. Write out f (c(t)) and evaluate the line integral. We have:
f (c(t)) = x y = t (2t − 1) = 2t 2 − t
Using the Theorem on Scalar Line Integral we have:

1 1 √ √
√ 2 3 1 2 1 √ 2 1 5
f (x, y) ds = f (c(t)) c
(t) dt = 2
2t − t 5 dt = 5
t − t = 5 − =
0 0 3 2 0 3 2 6
C
y √
19. f (x, y, z) = e x − √ , the path c(t) = 2 ln t,2 2t, 12 t 2 for 1 ≤ t ≤ 2
f (x, y) = x − y,
2 2z the unit semicircle x + y = 1, y ≥ 0
SOLUTION
Step 1. Compute ds = c
(t) dt. We have:

d √ 1 1 √
c
(t) = ln t, 2t, t 2 = , 2, t
dt 2 t

2 2

1 √ 2 1 1 1
c (t) = + 2 + t2 = + 2 + t 2= + t = +t
t t2 t t
Hence:

1
ds = c
(t) dt = t + dt
t
Step 2. Write out f (c(t)) and evaluate the integral.

√
y 2t 1
f (c(t)) = e x − ln t
√ =e − √ 1 =t−
2 2z 2 2 · 2t 2 t
We use the Theorem on Scalar Line Integrals to compute the line integral:
2 2
1 1
f (x, y) ds = f (c(t)) c
(t) dt = t− t+ dt
1 1 t t
C
2 2
1 t3 1 8 1 1 11
= t2 − 2 dt = + = + − +1 =
1 t 3 t 3 2 3 6
1
21. Find the total mass of an L-shaped rod consisting of the segments (2t, 2) and (2, 2 − 2t) for 0 ≤ t ≤ 1 (length in
f (x, y, z) = x + 2y + z, the helix c(t) = (cos t, sin t, t) for −1 ≤ t ≤ 3
centimeters) with mass density ρ(x, y) = x 2 y g/cm.
SOLUTION
A = (0, 2) B = (2, 2)
x
C = (2, 0)
The total mass of the rod is the following sum:

M= x 2 y ds + x 2 y ds (1)
AB BC
The segment AB is parametrized by c1 (t) = (2t, 2), 0 ≤ t ≤ 1. Hence
c
1 (t) = 2, 0 , c
1 (t) = 2
and
f (c1 (t)) = x 2 y = (2t)2 · 2 = 8t 2 .
The segment BC is parametrized by c2 (t) = (2, 2 − 2t), 0 ≤ t ≤ 1. Hence
c
2 (t) = 0, −2 , c
2 (t) = 2
and
f (c2 (t)) = x 2 y = 22 (2 − 2t) = 8 − 8t.
Using these values, the Theorem on Scalar Line Integrals and (1) we get:
1 1 1
16t 3 1
2 = 40 = 13 1
M= 8t 2 · 2 dt + (8 − 8t) · 2 dt = + 16t − 8t
0 0 3 0 0 3 3

23. Calculate y 3 d x + x 2 y d y, where C1 is the zoriented curve in Figure 1(A).
C1F = ∇ ϕ , where ϕ (x, y, z) = x ye , and compute
Calculate F · ds, where
C
(a) C is any curve from (1, 1, 0) to (3,
y e, −1). y
(b) C is the boundary of the square−30 ≤ x, y ≤ 1 oriented counterclockwise.
−3 C2
C1
x x
3 3
(A) (B)
FIGURE 1
SOLUTION We compute the line integral as the sum of the line integrals over the segments AO, O B and the circular
arc BA.
y
A
3
B
x
0 3

The vector field is F = y 3 , x 2 y . We have:

F · ds = F · ds + F · ds + F · ds (1)
C1 AO OB arc B A
We compute each integral separately.

• The line integral over AO. The segment AO is parametrized by c(t) = (0, −t), −3 ≤ t ≤ 0 . Hence:

F (c(t)) = y 3 , x 2 y = −t 3 , 0
c
(t) = 0, −1

F (c(t)) · c
(t) = −t 3 , 0 · 0, −1 = 0
Therefore:
0
F · ds = F (c(t)) · c
(t) dt = 0 (2)
AO −3
• The line integral over O B. We parametrize the segment O B by c(t) = (t, 0), 0 ≤ t ≤ 3 . Hence:

F (c(t)) = y 3 , x 2 y = 0, 0
c
(t) = 1, 0
F (c(t)) · c
(t) = 0
Therefore:
3
F · ds = F (c(t)) · c
(t) dt = 0 (3)
OB 0
• The line integral over the circular arc B A. We parametrize the circular arc by c(t) = (3 cos t, 3 sin t), 0 ≤ t ≤ π .
2
Then c
(t) = −3 sin t, 3 cos t and F (c(t)) = y 3 , x 2 y = 27 sin3 t, 27 cos2 t sin t . We compute the dot product:

F (c(t)) · c
(t) = 27 sin3 t, cos2 t sin t · −3 sin t, 3 cos t = 81 − sin−4 t + cos3 t sin t
We obtain the integral:

π /2
F · ds = 81 − sin4 t + cos3 t sin t dt
arc B A 0
π /2
sin3 t cos t 3 t sin 2t cos4 t
= 81 − − −
4 4 2 4 4
t=0

3π 1 243 1
= 81 − + =− π + 20 (4)
4·4 4 16 4
Combining (1), (2), (3), and (4) gives:

243
F · ds = 0 + 0 − π + 20.25 ≈ −27.463
C1 16

√
y (x
In Exercises
Let F(x, y) =
25–28, 9y − ythe
compute 3 , eline integral F · ds.
2 − 3x) and let Cfor thethe
2 be given vectorcurve
oriented fieldin
and path.1(B).
Figure
c
(a) Show that
F is not conservative.
2y x
25. (b) y) = that2
F(x,Show F2· ,ds 2= 0 without , explicitly computing the integral. Hint: Consider the direction of F along the
x +C24y x + 4y 2

edges of the square.
the path c(t) = cos t, 12 sin t for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π
SOLUTION
Step 1. Calculate the integral F (c(t)) · c
(t).

1
c(t) = cos t, sin t
2

2y x 2 · 12 · sin t cos t
F (c(t)) = 2 , = ,
x + 4y 2 x 2 + 4y 2 cos2 t + 4 · 14 sin2 t cos2 t + 4 · 14 sin2 t

sin t cos t
= , = sin t, cos t
cos2 t + sin2 t cos2 t + sin2 t

1
c
(t) = − sin t, cos t
2
The integral is the dot product:

1 1 1 1
F (c(t)) · c
(t) = sin t, cos t · − sin t, cos t = − sin2 t + cos2 t = cos 2t − sin2 t
2 2 2 2
Step 2. Evaluate the line integral.
2π 2π
1 1 sin 2t t sin 2t 2π π
F · ds = F (c(t)) · c
(t) dt = cos 2t − sin2 t dt = − + =−
0 0 2 2 4 4 8 0 2
C

27. F(x, y) = x 2 y, y 2 z, 2z 2 x , 2 the path c(t) = e−t , e−2t , e−3t for 0 ≤ t < ∞
F(x, y) = 2x y, x + y , the part of the unit circle in the first quadrant oriented counterclockwise.
SOLUTION
Step 1. Calculate the integrand F (c(t)) · c
(t).

c(t) = e−t , e−2t , e−3t

c
(t) = e−t , −2e−2t , −3e−3t

F (c(t)) = x 2 y, y 2 z, z 2 x = e−2t · e−2t , e−4t · e−3t , e−6t · e−t = e−4t , e−7t , e−7t

F (c(t)) · c
(t) = e−4t , e−7t , e−7t · e−t , −2e−2t , −3e−3t = −e−5t − 2e−9t − 3e−10t
Step 2. Evaluate the line integral.

∞ ∞
F · ds = F (c(t)) · c
(t) dt = −e−5t − 2e−9t − 3e−10t dt
0 0
C

1 −5R 2 −9R 3 1 2 3 13 13
= lim e + e + e−10R − + + =0− =−
R→∞ 5 9 10 5 9 10 18 18

3
F = ∇ ϕ , where ϕ (x, y, z) F=· 4x
29. Consider the line integrals ds2for
ln(1the
+vector
y 4 + zfields F and
2 ), the pathpaths
c(t) c=int Figure 2. tWhich
, ln(1 + 2 ), et two
for 0of≤the
t ≤line
1 integrals
c
appear to have a value of zero? Which of the other two is negative?
y y
x x
(A) (B)
y y
Q
P
P Q
x x
(C) (D)
FIGURE 2
SOLUTION In (A), the line integral around the ellipse appears to be positive, because the negative tangential compo-
nents from the lower part of the curve appears to be smaller than the positive contribution of the tangential components
from the upper part.
In (B), the line integral around the ellipse appears to be zero, since F is orthogonal to the ellipse at all points except
for two points where the tangential components of F cancel each other.
In (C), F is orthogonal to the path, hence the tangential component is zero at all points on the curve. Therefore the
line integral C F · ds is zero.
In (D), the direction of F is opposite to the direction of the curve. Therefore the dot product F · T is negative at each
point along the curve, resulting in a negative line integral.
31. Find constants a, b, c such that
Calculate the work required to move an object from P = (1, 1, 1) to Q = (3, −4, −2) against the force field
F(x, y, z) = −12r −4 x, y, z (distance
(u,inv)meters,
= (u +force in +
av, bu where r = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 . Hint: Find a
v, 2u − c)
Newtons),
potential function for F.
parametrizes the plane 3x − 4y + z = 5. Calculate Tu , Tv , and n(u, v).
SOLUTION We substitute x = u + av, y = bu + v and z = 2u − c in the equation of the plane 3x − 4y + z = 5, to
obtain:
5 = 3x − 4y + z = 3(u + av) − 4(bu + v) + 2u − c = (5 − 4b)u + (3a − 4)v − c
or
(5 − 4b)u + (3a − 4)v − (5 + c) = 0
This equation must be satisfied for all u and v, therefore the following must hold:
5
5 − 4b = 0 b=
4
4
3a − 4 = 0 ⇒ a =
3
5+c =0 c = −5
We obtain the following parametrization for the plane 3x − 4y + z = 5:

4 5
φ (u, v) = u + v, u + v, 2u + 5
3 4
We compute the tangent vectors Tu and Tv :

∂φ 5 ∂φ 4
Tu = = 1, , 2 ; Tv = = , 1, 0
∂u 4 ∂v 3

i j k 5 1 5
2 1 2
n = Tu × Tv = 1 5 2 = 4 i − 4 j + 4 4 k
4 1 0 0 3 1
4 1 0 3
3

8 5 8 2
= −2i + j + 1 − k = −2, , −
3 3 3 3
33. Let S be the surface parametrized by

Calculate the integral of f (x, y, z) = e z−y over
the portion 6x + 4y + z = 24, where x, y, z ≥ 0.
of the plane
v v
(u, v) = 2u sin , 2u cos , 3v
2 2
for 0 ≤ u ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ v ≤ 2π .
(a) Calculate the tangent vectors Tu and Tv , and normal vector n(u, v) at P = (1, π3 ).
(b) Find the equation of the tangent plane at P.
(c) Compute the surface area of S.
SOLUTION
(a) The tangent vectors are the partial derivatives:
∂ϕ ∂ v v v v
Tu = = 2u sin , 2u cos , 3v = 2 sin , 2 cos , 0
∂u ∂u 2 2 2 2
∂ϕ ∂ v v v v
Tv = = 2u sin , 2u cos , 3v = u cos , −u sin , 3
∂v ∂v 2 2 2 2
The normal vector is their cross-product:

i j k
2 cos v2 0 2 sin v 0 v
j + 2 sin 2v 2 cos v2
n = Tu × Tv = 2 sin v2 2 cos v2 0 = v i − 2
v v k
u cos v −u sin v 3 −u sin 2 3 u cos
2 3
u cos
2 −u sin 2
2 2
v v v v
= 6 cos i − 6 sin j + −2u sin2 − 2u cos2 k
2 2 2 2
v v v v
= 6 cos i − 6 sin j − 2uk = 6 cos , −6 sin , −2u
2 2 2 2
π
At the point P = 1, 3 , u = 1 and v = π3 . The tangents and the normal vector at this point are,
π π π √
Tu 1, = 2 sin , 2 cos , 0 = 1, 3, 0
3 6 6
√
π π π 3 1
Tv 1, = 1 · cos , −1 · sin , 3 = ,− ,3
3 6 6 2 2
π π π √
n 1, = 6 cos , −6 sin , −2 · 1 = 3 3, −3, −2
3 6 6
π √
(b) A normal to the plane is n 1, 3 = 3 3, −3, −2 found in part (a). We find the tangency point:
π π π π √
P = φ 1, = 2 · 1 sin , 2 · 1 cos , 3 · = 1, 3, π
3 6 6 3
The equation of the tangent plane is, thus,
√ √
x − 1, y − 3, z − π · 3 3, −3, −2 = 0
or
√ √
3 3(x − 1) − 3 y − 3 − 2(z − π ) = 0
√
3 3x − 3y − 2z + 2π = 0
(c) In part (a) we found the normal vector:

v v
n = 6 cos , −6 sin , −2u
2 2
We compute the length of n:

v v
n = 36 cos2 + 36 sin2 + 4u 2 = 36 + 4u 2 = 2 9 + u 2
2 2
Using the Integral for the Surface Area we get:
2π 1 1
Area(S) = n(u, v) du dv = 2 9 + u 2 du dv = 4π 9 + u 2 du
D 0 0 0

u 2 9 1
1√ 9 √ 9

= 4π u + 9 + ln u + 9 + u 2 = 4π 10 + ln 1 + 10 − ln 3
2 2 u=0 2 2 2
√
√ √ √ 1 + 10
= 2 10π + 18π ln 1 + 10 − 18π ln 3 = 2 10π + 18π ln ≈ 38.4
3
35. Express the surface area of the surface z = 10 − x 2 − y 2 , −1 ≤ x ≤ 1, −3 ≤ y ≤ 3 as a double integral.

Plot the surface with parametrization
Evaluate the integral numerically using a CAS.
SOLUTION We use the Surface Integral over (u, v) =Let
a graph. (u + 4v,y)2u=−10
g(x, v,− x 2 − y 2 . Then gx = −2x, g y = −2y hence
5uv)

1+forgx−1+≤g yv ≤=1, −1
2 2 1 +≤ + 4y
4xu2 ≤ 2 . The area at the surface is the following integral which we compute using a CAS:
1. Express the surface area as a double integral and use a computer algebra system to
compute the area numerically.
3 1
Area(S) = 1 + gx 2 + g y 2 d x d y = 1 + 4x 2 + 4y 2 d x d y ≈ 41.8525
D −3 −1

2
37. Calculate x 2+ y 2 e−z d S, where S is the cylinder
√ with equation x 2 + y 2 = 9 for 0 ≤ z ≤ 10.
Evaluate S x y d S, where S is the surface z = 3x + y 2 , −1 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1.
S
SOLUTION We parametrize the cylinder S by,
(θ , z) = (3 cos θ , 3 sin θ , z)
0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π , 0 ≤ z ≤ 10.
We compute the tangent and normal vectors:

∂φ ∂
Tθ = = 3 cos θ , 3 sin θ , z = −3 sin θ , 3 cos θ , 0
∂θ ∂θ
∂φ ∂
Tz = = 3 cos θ , 3 sin θ , z = 0, 0, 1
∂θ ∂θ

i j k
3 cos θ 0 −3 sin θ 0 −3 sin θ 3 cos θ
n = Tθ × Tz = −3 sin θ 3 cos θ 0 =
i − j + k
0 1 0 1 0 0
0 0 1
= (3 cos θ )i + (3 sin θ )j = 3 cos θ , sin θ , 0
We compute the length of the normal vector:

n = 3 cos2 θ + sin2 θ + 0 = 3

We now express the function f (x, y, z) = x 2 + y 2 e−z in terms of the parameters:

f φ (θ , z) = x 2 + y 2 e−z = 9 cos2 θ + 9 sin2 θ e−z = 9e−z
Using the Theorem on Surface Integrals, we obtain:

10 2π 10
−z 10
x 2 + y 2 e−z d S = 9e−z 3 d θ dz = 27 · 2π −z
e dz = 54π −e

S 0 0 0 z=0

= 54π −e−10 + 1 ≈ 54π
39. Let S be a small patch of surface with a parametrization (u, v) for 0 ≤ u, v ≤ 0.1 such that the normal vector
n(u,v) Let S be
for (u, v) the upper
= (0, 0) ishemisphere
n = 2, −2,x 24. y 2 +Eq.
+ Use z 2 (1)
= in z ≥ 0. For
1, Section 17.4each of the functions
to estimate (a)–(d),
the surface determine
area of S. whether
SOLUTION f d S is positive, zero, or negative (without evaluating the integral). Explain your reasoning.
S
(a) f (x, y, z) = y 3 (b)y f (x, y, z) = z 3
(c) f (x, y, z) = x yz (d) f (x, y, z) = z 2 − 2
n(0, 0)
Φ S
0.1
P = Φ(0, 0)
R
u x
(0, 0) 0.1

We use Eq. (1) in section 17.4 with u i j , vi j = (0, 0), Ri j = R = [0, 0.1] × [0, 0.1] in the (u, v)-plane and Si j =
S = (R), in the (x, y)-plane to obtain the following estimation for the area of S:
Area(S) ≈ n(0, 0)Area(R)
That is:
√
Area(S) ≈ 2, −2, 4 0.12 = 22 + (−2)2 + 42 · (0.1)2 = 0.02 6 ≈ 0.049

Let S41–46,
In Exercises be the compute
upper hemisphere F · dS
of for
the the given
sphere x 2oriented
+ y 2 + surface
z 2 = 9 or let (r, θ ) =surface.
andparametrized (r cos θ , r sin θ , 9 − r 2 ) be
its parametrization by cylindrical S coordinates (Figure 3).

y, z) = y,
(a) Calculate
41. F(x, thex 2normal
y, e x z vector
, x2 + n= × −3
y 2 T=r 9, ≤ the
Tθ at 3, (2, π3 ).
z ≤point
outward-pointing
(b) Use Eq. (1) in Section 17.4 to estimate the surface area of (R), where R is the small domain defined by
normal
SOLUTION The part of the cylinder is parametrized by: π π
2 ≤ r ≤ 2.1, ≤ θ ≤ + 0.05
3 3
(θ , z) = (3 cos θ , 3 sin θ , z), 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π , −3 ≤ z ≤ 3
z
3 3
y
−3
x

∂ ∂
Tθ = = 3 cos θ , 3 sin θ , z = −3 sin θ , 3 cos θ , 0
∂θ ∂θ
∂ ∂
Tz = = 3 cos θ , 3 sin θ , z = 0, 0, 1
∂z ∂z
We compute the cross product:
Tθ × Tz = ((−3 sin θ )i + (3 cos θ )j) × k = (3 sin θ )j + (3 cos θ )i = 3 cos θ , 3 sin θ , 0
The outward pointing normal is (when θ = 0, the x-component must be positive):
n = 3 cos θ , 3 sin θ , 0

Step 2. Evaluate the dot product F · n. We write F(x, y, z) = y, x 2 y, e x z in terms of the parameters by substituting
x = 3 cos θ , y = 3 sin θ . We get:

F ((θ , z)) = 3 sin θ , 9 cos2 θ · 3 sin θ , e3z cos θ = 3 sin θ , 27 cos2 θ sin θ , e3z cos θ
Hence:

F ((θ , z)) · n = 3 sin θ , 27 cos2 θ sin θ , e3z cos θ · 3 cos θ , 3 sin θ , 0
= 9 sin θ cos θ + 81 cos2 θ sin2 θ
Step 3. Evaluate the surface integral. The surface integral is equal to the following double integral (we use the trigono-
metric identities sin θ cos θ = sin22θ and sin2 2θ = 12 (1 − cos 4θ )):
2π 3 2π 3
F · dS = F ((θ , z)) · n(θ , z) dz d θ = 9 sin θ cos θ + 81 cos2 θ sin2 θ d θ
S 0 −3 0 −3
2π 2
9 sin 2θ 6 · 9 2π 6 · 81 2π
=6 sin 2θ + 81 · dθ = sin 2θ d θ + (1 − cos 4θ ) d θ
0 2 2 2 0 8 0
2π 2π
cos 2θ
=
54
− + 243 θ − sin 4θ = 243 · 2π = 243 π ≈ 381.7
2 2 4 4 4 2
0 0
2 2 2
43. F(x, y, z)y,=
F(x, x ,−y,
z) = + y 2 , (u,
y , xz, −x, x 2 +v)y=
2 + z 2 = 4, z ≥ 0, outward-pointing normal
(u + 3v, v − 2u, 2v + 5), 0 ≤ u, v ≤ 1, upward-pointing normal
SOLUTION The upper hemisphere is parametrized by:
π
(θ , φ ) = (2 cos θ sin φ , 2 sin θ sin φ , 2 cos φ ), 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π , 0≤φ≤
2
As seen in section 17.4, since 0 ≤ φ ≤ π2 then the outward-pointing normal is:

n = 4 sin φ cos θ sin φ , sin θ sin φ , cos φ
We express F in terms of the parameters:

F (θ , φ ) = x 2 , y 2 , x 2 + y 2 = 4 cos2 θ sin2 φ , 4 sin2 θ sin2 φ , 4 sin2 φ cos2 θ + sin2 θ

= 4 cos2 θ sin2 φ , 4 sin2 θ sin2 φ , 4 sin2 φ
The dot product F · n is thus

F (θ , φ ) · n(θ , φ ) = 4 sin 4 cos3 θ sin3 φ + 4 sin3 θ sin3 φ + 4 sin2 φ cos φ

= 16 cos3 θ sin4 φ + sin3 θ sin4 φ + sin3 φ cos φ

F · ds = F (θ , φ ) · n(θ , φ ) d θ d φ
S D
π /2 2π
= 16 cos3 θ sin4 φ + sin3 θ sin4 φ + sin3 φ cos φ d θ d φ
0 0

2π π /2
= 16 cos3 θ d θ sin4 φ d φ
0 0
π /2
2π π /2
+ 16 sin3 θ d θ sin4 φ d φ + 32π sin3 φ cos v d φ
0 0 0

Since 02π cos3 θ d θ = 02π sin3 θ d θ = 0, we get:
π /2
3 sin4 φ π /2 1−0
F · ds = 32π sin φ cos φ d φ = 32π = 32π = 8π
S 0 4 φ =0 4

x ze x2y , z = x y, 0 ≤ x, y ≤ 1,
45. F(x, y, z) = 0, 0,
F(x, y, z) = normal
upward-pointing z, 0, z , (u, v) = (v cosh u, v sinh u, v), 0 ≤ u, v ≤ 1, upward-pointing normal
SOLUTION We parametrize the surface by:
(x, y) = (x, y, x y)
Where the parameter domain is the square:
D = {(x, y) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1}

∂ ∂
Tx = = x, y, x y = 1, 0, y
∂x ∂x
∂ ∂
Ty = = x, y, x y = 0, 1, x
∂y ∂y

i j k
0 y y 1 0
Tx × T y = 1 0 y = i − 1 j + k = −yi − xj + k = −y, −x, 1
1 x 0 x 0 1
0 1 x
Since the normal points upwards, the z-coordinate is positive. Therefore the normal vector is:
n = −y, −x, 1
Step 2. Evaluate the dot product F · n. We express F in terms of x and y:

F ((x, y)) = 0, 0, x ze x y = 0, 0, x(x y)e x y = 0, 0, x 2 ye x y
Hence:

F ((x, y)) · n(x, y) = 0, 0, x 2 ye x y · −y, −x, 1 = x 2 ye x y

F · ds = F ((x, y)) · n(x, y) d x d y
S D
1 1 1
1
= x 2 ye x y d y d x = x2 ye x y d y dx (1)
0 0 0 0
We evaluate the inner integral using integration by parts:

1 1 1
y x y 1 1 xy ex 1 ex 1
ye x y d y = e y=0 − e dy = − 2 e x y = − 2 ex − 1
0 x 0 x x x y=0 x x
Substituting this integral in (1) gives:

1 1 1

F · ds = xe x − e x − 1 d x = xe x d x − ex − 1 d x
0 0 0
S
1 1
x 1
= xe d x − e − x =
x xe x d x − (e − 2)
0 0 0
Using integration by parts we have:

1

F · d S = xe x − e x − (e − 2) = 1 − (e − 2) = 3 − e
S 0
47. Calculate the total charge on the cylinder

F(x, y, z) = 0, 0, z, 3x 2 + 2y 2 + z 2 = 1, z ≥ 0,
upward-pointing normal x 2 + y 2 = R2 , 0≤z≤H
if the charge density in cylindrical coordinates is ρ(θ , z) = K z 2 cos2 θ , where K is a constant.

SOLUTION The total change on the surface S is S ρ d S. We parametrize the surface by,
(θ , z) = (R cos θ , R sin θ , H z)
with the parameter domain,
0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π , 0 ≤ z ≤ 1.
We compute the tangent and normal vectors:

∂ ∂
Tθ = = R cos θ , R sin θ , H z = −R sin θ , R cos θ , 0
∂θ ∂θ
∂ ∂
Tz = = R cos θ , R sin θ , H z = 0, 0, H
∂z ∂z

i j k

n = Tθ × Tz = −R sin θ R cos θ 0
0 0 H

R cos θ 0 0 −R sin θ R cos θ
= i − −R sin θ j +
0 H 0 H 0 0 k
= (R H cos θ )i + (R H sin θ )j = R H cos θ , sin θ , 0
We find the length of n:

n = R H cos2 θ + sin2 θ = R H
We compute ρ ((θ , z)):
ρ ((θ , z)) = K (H z)2 cos2 θ = K H 2 z 2 cos2 θ

Using the Theorem on Surface Integrals we obtain:
2π 1
ρ · dS = ρ ((θ , z)) · n(θ , z) dz d θ = K H 2 z 2 cos2 θ · H R dz d θ
S D 0 0

1 2π K H 3 Rz 3 1 θ sin 2θ 2π
= K H 3 Rz 2 dz cos2 θ d θ = +
0 0 3 0 2 4 0
K H3R π
= · π = K H3R
3 3
x2
49. With v asthe
Find in flow
Exercise
rate 48,
of acalculate
fluid withthe flow rate
velocity v = the
across
field 2x,
part
y, xofythe elliptic
m/s acrosscylinder they 2cylinder
the part of + = 1 where
x 2 +x,yy2 ≥
= 0,9
4
≤z≤
and 0where x,4.y ≥ 0, and 0 ≤ z ≤ 4 (distance in meters).
SOLUTION The flow rate of a fluid with velocity field v = 2x, y, x y through the elliptic cylinder S is the surface
integral:

v · dS (1)
S
z
1 y
2
To compute this integral, we parametrize S by,

π
(θ , z) = (2 cos θ , sin θ , z), 0≤θ≤ , 0≤z≤4
2
y
x
0 ≤ θ ≤ π/2

∂ ∂
Tθ = = 2 cos θ , sin θ , z = −2 sin θ , cos θ , 0
∂θ ∂θ
∂ ∂
Tz = = 2 cos θ , sin θ , z = 0, 0, 1
∂z ∂z

i j k

n = Tθ × Tz = −2 sin θ cos θ 0 = (cos θ )i + (2 sin θ )j = cos θ , 2 sin θ , 0
0 0 1
Step 2. Compute the dot product v · n
v ((θ , z)) · n = 4 cos θ , sin θ , 2 cos θ sin θ · cos θ , 2 sin θ , 0 = 4 cos2 θ + 2 sin2 θ

= 2 cos2 θ + 2 cos2 θ + sin2 θ = 2 cos2 θ + 2
Step 3. Evaluate the flux of v. The flux of v in (1) is equal to the following double integral (we use the equality 2 cos2 θ =
1 + cos 2θ in our calculation):
4 π /2
v · dS = v ((θ , z)) · n d θ dz = 2 cos2 θ + 2 d θ dz
S D 0 0
π /2 π /2
sin 2θ π /2
=4 2
2 cos θ + 2 d θ = 4 (3 + cos 2θ ) d θ = 4 3θ + = 6π
0 0 2 θ =0

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LINE AND

x, y, z · −z, 0, x = x · (−z) + y · 0 + z · x = 0

F(1, 2) = 12 , 1 = 1, 1

Similarly, F(Q) is obtained by substituting x = 2, y = 1, z = 0 in F. That is,

F(Q) = 〈2, 0, 2〉 F(P) = 〈0, 1, 0〉

F(x, y) = 2x + 2, y ⇒ F(0, 2) = 2, 2 ⇒ Plot(C)

F(x, y) = x + y, x − y ⇒ F(0, 2) = 2, −2 ⇒ Plot(A)

ϕ (x, y, z) = F(x) + G(y) + H (z)

Substituting x = a determines k = 0. Hence,

ϕ (x, b) = ϕ (a, b) for a ≤ x ≤ c

ϕ (c, b) = ϕ (a, b) ⇒ ϕ (R) = ϕ (P) (1)

Substituting y = b gives ϕ (c, b) = k + ϕ (c, b) or k = 0. Therefore,

ϕ (c, y) = ϕ (c, b) for b ≤ y ≤ d

ϕ (c, d) = ϕ (c, b) ⇒ ϕ (Q) = ϕ (R) (2)

17.2 Line Integrals (ET Section 16.2)

c(t) = (0, t), 0≤t ≤1

F(P) · T(P) = T(P) · T(P) = T(P)2 = 1

(b) Computing the scalar line integral, we obtain

(b) We compute the dot product:

Computing the vector line integral, we obtain

 the integral of the given scalar

Step 2. Write out f (c(t)). We substitute x = cos t, y = sin t, z = t in f (x, y, z) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 to obtain

f (c(t)) = cos2 t + sin2 t + t 2 = 1 + t 2

c(t) = (cos t, sin t, t)

The integrand is the dot product:

c(t) = (4 cos t, 4 sin t), 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π

Point f (x, y, z) F(x, y, z)

Point f (x, y) F(x, y)

(A) (B) (C)

Step 2. Write out f (c(t)) We substitute z = 4t in f (x, y, z) = z 2 to obtain:

C1 : c1 (t) = (0, 2t, 1 − t), 0 ≤ t ≤ 1

We compute the integrals on the right hand side.

• The integral over C2 : We have

Using the substitution u = t 2 we find that

21. f (x, y, z) = 2x 2 + 8z, c(t) = (e√t , t 2 , t), 0 ≤ t ≤ 1

Step 2. Write out f (c(t)). We substitute x = et , y = t 2 , z = t in f (x, y, z) = 2x 2 + 8z to obtain:

Step 3. Compute the line integral. We have

c(t) = (t, t), t varies from 0 to 2.

The oriented path is parametrized by

c(t) = (3 cos t, 3 sin t); t is changing from 2π to 0.

+ y,2x c(t) = (1 + t −1 , t 2 ) for 1 ≤ t ≤ 2

Step 2. Evaluate the integral. The vector line integral is

The integrand is the dot product:

Step 2. Evaluate the integral. The vector line integral is:

The path has the following parametrization:

c(t) = R cos t, R sin t , 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π

Step 1. Calculate the integrand. We have

c(t) = (cos t, tan t, t)

The oriented path has the following parametrization:

c(t) = (0, 2 cos t, 2 sin t)

c(t) = (0, 2 cos t, 2 sin t)

The integrand is the dot product:

Let f (x, y, z) = x −1 yz and let 2

39. The path ABC in Figure 16

C1 :c1 (t) = (1 − t)(2, 0, 0) + t (0, 4, 0) = (2 − 2t, 4t, 0), 0 ≤ t ≤ 1 c

We compute the integrals on the right-hand side:

We substitute these values in (1) to obtain the solution:

The circle of radius 2 oriented counterclockwise has the parametrization:

c(t) = (2 cos t, 2 sin t), 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π

Therefore, the integrand is the dot product,

c(θ ) = (R cos θ , R sin θ ), 0 ≤ θ ≤ θ0

c(t) = (t, 0, 0), 0≤t ≤1

the integral of the given scalar

+ y,2x c(t) = (1 + t −1 , t 2 ) for 1 ≤ t ≤ 2