Climate Smart Agriculture in Gujarat, India

Combined Joint Agresco meeting
9-11 April 2014

at Junagadh Agricultural University
CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE
1
Dr. Kirit Shelat I.A.S. (Retd.)
Executive Chairman - National Council for Climate Change,
Sustainable Development & Public Leadership
Email ID: drkiritshelat@gmail.com
PART I
Climate Smart and Sustainable
2
Climate Smart and Sustainable
Agriculture
Why is Climate Smart Resilient and Sustainable Agriculture
need of time?
As per FAO estimate, by year 2050 world population will increase by one
third and food security will be required to be increased by 60 %.
Cumulative impact of climate change has effect on productivity since last
decade. Agriculture has become a high risk profession- farmers
increasingly prefer to migrate. As per NSSO 2005 estimate, in India 60% of
farmers are likely to be leave farming.
This has direct impact on socio-economic development process. Countries
after countries are facing social turmoil with growing local terrorism and
riots for food. In India this is reflected by expansion of Naxalite movement riots for food. In India this is reflected by expansion of Naxalite movement
and Maoist who act brutally, and attract young persons to snatch
property and income and has spread over 1/3of its total districts.
But with available knowledge and experience use of science and
technology, it is possible to make sustainable livelihood through
agriculture but this requires intensive efforts at ground level local level
where agriculture exists. If agriculture can be prioritized, this can be
converted into an opportunity
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Why is Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) need of time?
What CSA means:
It contributes to achievement of sustainable development goals
It integrates social, economical and environmental development to meet
challenge of providing sustainable (a) livelihood to farmers (b) food
security to hungry millions, and ( c) eradication of poverty.
It is composed of four pillars:
Sustainably increasing agriculture productivity and income
Adapting and building resilience to climate change Adapting and building resilience to climate change
Reducing and / or removing green house gas emission wherever possible
It uses agriculture as a major tool for mitigation of GHG CO
2
by laying
emphasis on its unique capacity to absorb CO
2
and release Oxygen
through photosynthesis process. It envisages to achieve this through (a)
increased cropping by reducing rain fed areas through integrated water
and river basin management (b) expansion of agriculture on wasteland,
wetland, degraded fallow areas and urban agriculture
(Source: Page IX - Climate Smart Agriculture Source Book)
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Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA)
It is an approach for addressing the development efforts towards the
technical policy and investment condition by mainstreaming agriculture in
overall development strategy
It makes agriculture smart enough to survive onslaught impact on climate
change. change.
The challenge before Agriculture Administration: - the Agri. Scientists,
Extension teams and agricultural organizations both Public and Private,
and of course Public leadership is to make this happen.
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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Sustainable development is a pattern of natural resource use that aims to meet
human needs while protecting the environment simultaneously.
This ensures that the need for resources can be met not only in the present, but also
in the infinite future.
The word Sustainable development has well-known implications.
It is a long-term activity. It involves the use of natural resources. It implies economic
National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership
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It is a long-term activity. It involves the use of natural resources. It implies economic
growth with socio economic and environmental content to provide sustainable
livelihood.
Sustainable livelihood means.....
Provide enough to all to live or exist,
It should not become less and that
There is gradual increase in income for better quality of life.
Climate Smart and Sustainable Agriculture
Despite change in climate and its adverse impact on crops/animals, income to
farmers should not decrease. It needs to provide opportunities to farmers to
have multiple source of income from agriculture, animal husbandry, fisheries-
milch cattle and poultry. So when one fails, other supports.
It provides opportunity to young members of family to acquire multiple skills,
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It provides opportunity to young members of family to acquire multiple skills,
support for setting up microenterprise locally, based on demand and supply
situation or set up protected agriculture, farmers with use of green house
technology.
It provides safety net at the time of natural calamities by way of crop
insurance for crops & animal husbandry.
It provides employment in community projects during lean season or at time
of drought or whenever needed.
Climate smart agriculture involves :
Crop pattern based on soil health & moisture analysis of an individual
piece of land to support crops which can be sustained by its soil.
Weather advisory long term- mediumterm short terminputs to take
precautionary action.
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precautionary action.
Immediate Agro advisory after unexpected weather changes have
occurred for timely corrective action to prevent crop loss.
Nutritional and preventive vaccination to cattle and poultry.
All these by direct communication to farmer at his doorstep.
And use all available scientific technology to make agriculture more
productive, less costly and linked with value added market mechanism.
Indian Situation
Indias success over six decades:
2 % to 3% sustainable agriculture growth.
Brought many out of poverty
Tackled many adverse climate and geographic challenges
Validated research into raise productivity
Several States & individual farmers with average productivity, higher than, or
equal to International level.
But there is unequal growth between agriculture and other sector like But there is unequal growth between agriculture and other sector like
services and manufacturing. Later have average growth of 8% - 10%. This is
Increasing rural and urban divide.
Further there unequal growth between farmers at local level in same village
with similar land, and, water resources, one makes profit and other fails
commits suicide.
Adverse impacts of climate change pushes even successful farmers back to
poverty
Farmers suicide / Large scale exodus to urban centers.
There are still about 30% farmers below poverty line.
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There are three kinds of impact of change in climate
A concurrent impact which is
taking place over the decades.
This has already affected
productivity and reduction in
water resources, while cost of
energy is growing higher
At local level action plan is needed to
provide by taking stock of what has
happened to soil and its productivity and
same about livestock due to changes in
weather increase in temperature etc
Unexpected change in weather
pattern during monsoon season
A contingency plan to modify cropping
pattern. This has to be part of local level
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pattern during monsoon season
like delayed rain, long intervals
for rain or heavy rain flood
has already affecting
Horticulture crops.
pattern. This has to be part of local level
(Taluka Level) action plan and
Comprehensive District Agriculture Plan
(CDAP). This is already prepared by Agri.
Universities but need to be made available
to farmers.
Major calamity like floods,
cyclone/tornado , cloud burst
etc
Need restoration strategy because such
disasters some time wipe out entire soil
strata and sweet water sources including
livestock and shelter
SOME BASIC DEFINITIONS
The climate impacts on agriculture are based on
historical, present, and future projections under climate
Change
Impact refers to the effects of climate change on
natural and anthropogenic systems.
In the case of CSA, the impact is felt in a variety of
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In the case of CSA, the impact is felt in a variety of
areas, including: landscapes, ecosystems, watersheds,
infrastructure, farms, agricultural production and
markets.
The assessment of impacts considers exposure to
climate effects and sensitivity to such exposure. It is
done in monetary and/or non-monetary terms.
SOME BASIC DEFINITION
Vulnerability is frequently defined as a function of potential
impacts (exposure and sensitivity to exposure) and adaptive
capacity (Carter et al., 2007)
Exposure is the extent to which the system is physically harmed
by climate change.
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Sensitivity is how affected a systemis after the exposure.
Adaptive capacity is the systems ability to avoid potential
damages, take advantage of opportunities, and cope with the
consequences of damages.
SOME BASIC DEFINITION
Resilience is the ability of a system and its component parts to
anticipate, absorb, accommodate, or recover from the effects of a
hazardous event in a timely and efficient manner (IPCC, 2012).
Adaptive capacity is the capacity of people to influence resilience.
A systemmay be made more resilient in a number of ways.
Managing human and environmental components of a system in a
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Managing human and environmental components of a system in a
manner that maintains the systems status quo (e.g. managing
water resources to better cope with drought)or transforming into
a new system when the current system becomes untenable (e.g.
eliminating irrigation and agricultural production if drought risk is
too extreme).
(Source: Climate Smart Agriculture Source Book)
Examples of projected Climate Change
Impacts on Crop production
EVENT POTENTIAL IMPACT
Cold periods becoming warmer and shorter in
days and nights becoming hotter
Increased yields in colder environments;
decreased yields in warmer environments;
increased outbreaks of new insect pests and
pathogens; potential impacts on crop
production
Heavy precipitation events increasing in
frequency .
Damage to crops; soil erosion; inability to
cultivate land owing to water logging of soils
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frequency . cultivate land owing to water logging of soils
Drought-affected area increases Land degradation and soil erosion; lower yields
from crop damage and failure; loss of farm
land
Intense tropical cyclone activity increases Damage to crops and livestock and shelter
High sea levels increase in incidence Salinization of irrigation water, estuaries and
freshwater systems; loss of farm land
Source: adapted from IPCC,2007, in FAO 2008
PART II
Climate Smart Agriculture
15
(CSA)
I. In the arena of climate change focus on development administration
II. Water Cycle
III. Soil Management
IV. Live stock Management
V. Weather forecasting and Agri. Advisory based on that
VI. Energy saving in farming VI. Energy saving in farming
VII. Value chain for Agro produce enhancing value
VIII. Multiple source of Income to farmers
IX. Bridging gaps in productivity.
X. With the active involvement of young farmers, women farmers and
Sarpanches of villages.
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CLIMATE CHANGE AND WATER CYCLE
Understanding impact of Climate Change on Water Cycle for Agriculture
Even without climate change, underground water resources are reducing due to
high discharge by tube wells both for agriculture but more for washrooms for
new urban enclaves.
There is increased competition for water resources by expanding industries, urban
areas and this drives away water meant agriculture even from irrigation dams.
With the temperature increase due to higher rate evaporation etc., there will be
reduced water availability. This will reduce also Soil Moisture having direct
impact on crop productivity and its sustainability. This causes drinking water impact on crop productivity and its sustainability. This causes drinking water
scarcity for cattle and human being and require migration plan.
Rise in sea level is already being experienced in villages of Dandi Navsari,
Cambay Anand resulting into direct loss of agri. land. This may need planed
shifting of village site and/or protection walls, and planting Bamboos, Mangroves
and casuarina.
Inundation from flood reduces arable land or wipe out surface soil surface.
Role of Agri. Scientist is to identify vulnerability of local area Taluka wise and give
Agro Advisory how to preserve and use water.
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Climate change and its impact on water cycle
Element of Water Cycle Climate Change
Annual precipitation Expected to increase globally during the 21
st
Century, with
potentially great spatial variations
Inter-annual variations
in precipitations
Expected to increase everywhere
Seasonal variability of
rainfall
Expected to increase everywhere
Delayed monsoon
Interim delay with in season
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Interim delay with in season
Soil moisture stress
(droughts)
Moisture stress to generally increase as a result of increasing
variability of rainfall distribution (longer periods without rain) and
increasing temperatures and deplete soil moisture faster than
natural vegetation
Floods Increased as a result of increasing frequency and intensity of
extreme rainfall events flood intensity can affect standing crops,
washing away of upper fertile crust of soil & cause soil erosion
(Navsari District)
Climate change and its impact on water cycle
Element of Water Cycle Climate Change
River discharge
(Kutch District)
Increased variability as a result of changes in rainfall
patterns. Changes in annual runoff expected to vary from
region to region
Groundwater Varies as a function of changes in rainfall volumes and
distribution. Impact is complex, with floods contributing to
increasing recharge,
and droughts leading to increased pumping
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and droughts leading to increased pumping
Evapotranspiration Increases as a function of temperature increases
Water quality (in
rivers, lakes and
aquifers)
Moderate impact through temperature increases
Salinity in rivers and
aquifers
Potentially high impact where sea water level
rise combines with reduced runoff and increased withdrawal
Agri. Scientists particularly Krishi Vigyan Kendra team need to identify what a
farmer need to do and what is required by Village Community and District .
Comprehensive approach like River Basin Management needed
Water Cycle - Vulnerability of Areas
Major
Agricultur
al System
Vulnerability
Typical response Main climate
options.
Main Climate
Change
exposure
Sensitivity Adaptive capacity
Kutch
North
Gujarat
Rainfall
variability,
droughts,
floods
High: mostly
rain fed agriculture,
marginal lands,
poor soil moisture
capacity
Low: high prevalence
of poverty, limited
options, knowledge,
social safety nets
and resources
Watershed
management and on farm water
storage for water conservation;
Integrated water resources
management in river basins;
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Gujarat
capacity and resources management in river basins;
investment in social
infrastructures
High
temperatures
rainfall
variability,
droughts
High: crop and
animal sensitivity to high
temperature
and droughts, high
population density
on marginal lands
Low: high prevalence
of poverty, limited
options, knowledge,
social safety nets
and resources,
limited capacity for
water storage
On-farm water
storage; crop insurance;
increased
productivity through better
crop-livestock
integration; integrated water
resources management
Water Cycle
Vulnerability of Areas All these districts
Major
Agricultur
al System
Vulnerability
Typical response Main climate
options.
Main Climate
Change
exposure
Valsad
Navsari
South &
Reduction in
annual rainfall,
increased
rainfall
variability,
Variable,
depending
on the region
and
level on reliance
Low adaptive
capacity for
agriculture in
water
scarce areas
Water conservation
where possible;
integrated water resources
management; crop
insurance; improved
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South &
Middle
gujarat
variability,
reduction in
runoff and
aquifer
recharge, high
temperatures,
higher
occurrence of
droughts and
floods
level on reliance
on agricultural
activities.
Agricultural
systems highly
sensitive to
changes in
temperature and
water availability.
scarce areas insurance; improved
floods and drought
management plans;
shifting out of
agriculture
Water Cycle
Vulnerability of Areas
Major
Agricultur
al System
Vulnerability
Typical response Main
climate options.
Main Climate
Change exposure
Junagadh
Saurashtra
Region
Increased
rainfall
variability,
reduced water
availability in
Medium to low. Some
high yielding varieties
more sensitive to
temperature and
water stress
Possibilities to
compensate
water
stress through
supplemental
On-farm storage
for supplemental
irrigation; integrated
water resources
management at river
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availability in
places.
water stress
Rain-fed agriculture
supplemental
irrigation in many
regions; low
capacity in water
scarce areas
management at river
basin level
Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 2013
RIVERBASIN MANAGEMENT
River is an important physical agent
that plays very vital role in
distribution of water and maintaining
equilibrium of water in hydrological
cycle. The area from where river
collects water is termed as watershed
or catchment area. The whole unit
can be defined as basin where set of
physical processes are interlinked
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physical processes are interlinked
with each other and maintain
relationships between biological and
non biological components.
It is well known truth that any major civilizations have developed around
river or in other wards within balanced watershed region due to
healthiness of natural resources. Management of such basin is the key to
maintain balanced water cycle. Shri K. C. Shroff, Veteran NGO, initiated this
through Shree Vivekanand Research & Training Institute (VRTI) in
Rukmavati River basin in Mandvi and Kutch which is in an arid area in State
of Gujarat, India.
Climate Change
Major culprit: CO
2
Emerging Approach
Low external input system
Land management
(Agriculture, grassland & forest)
Promoting Photosynthesis
Issues to tackle
Food & Water insecurity
Deteriorating soil health
Depleting water resources
Environmental Issues
Increasing temperature
Change in rainfall pattern
Change in season cycle
Tackling the Climate Change
Promoting Photosynthesis
Depleting water resources
Integrated
River Basin
Management
Promoting
Photosynthesis
to consume CO2
Food & water security
through better natural
resource management
Integrated River Basin Management Means.
The Integrated River Basin Management can be
defined as a process of coordinating conservation,
management and development of water, land and
related resources across sectors within a given river
basin.
An integrated approach using the whole River Basin
as a basis for holistic & sustainable planning, can
provide a good solution to ensure Economic, Social
and Environmental sustainability and ensure Food
& Water security.
Our Test Ground Rukmavati River Basin of Kachchh
- An Semi Arid Region
Rukmavati Basin
Dahinsara
Kurbai
Bheraiya
Samatra
No of Villages 46
Total population 108033
Total Area 59075 Hac.
Total Agricultural Land 33477 Hac.
Irrigates Land 10268 Hac.
Cultivable Wasteland 5649 Hac.
Forest Area 4282 Hac.
Don
Maska
Asambiya Mota
Punadi
Koday
Bhadai Moti
Mandvi
Drainage
River Bed
Waterbody
Rukamavati
Wshed
Stdudy Villages
4 0 4 8 Kilometers
N
Other Land 15671 Hac.
Approach & Methodology
There are four phases of the entire project:
Community Awareness
Participatory Planning
Participatory Implementation
Participatory Management
However there is overlapping of activities of these
phases
Problem Analysis Decision Matrix
Problem Strategy Activity Plan Expected Impact
Over exploitation of
Ground water
ground water
Recharge
Rainwater harvesting
structures like check
dams
Increase in water
table
Salinity ingress in
coastal aquifers
Checking sea water
intrusion
Construction of
Bandhara, sub
surface dyke
Improvement in
ground water quality
Poor quality drinking
water
Storing rain water Roof top rain water
harvesting, filter well
in tank
Availability of good
quality drinking
water
Decreasing crop
productivity &
Soil degradation
Mitigating ill effect of
chemicals and saline
irrigation water
Promoting use of
compost, green
manuring and drip
irrigation
Improvement in soil
quality, Increased
productivity
Problem Analysis Decision Matrix
Problem Strategy Activity Plan Expected Impact
Soil erosion and
reducing vegetative
cover
Soil moisture
conservation
Contour Trenches,
Staggered Trenches,
Silt Traps
Conservation of soil
and regeneration of
vegetative cover
Increased climate
driven risk in farming
Creating awareness
regarding climate
Village level agro-
met observatory,
Development of
weather based agro driven risk in farming regarding climate met observatory,
climate risk manager
weather based agro
advisory
Low return for
agricultural produce
& milk
Providing forward
and backward
linkage
Developing local
market, Pro-sumer
(Producer +
Consumer) society ,
Agro industrial
complex
Better return on
produce
IMPLEMENTATION PHASE
Activities as per strategy will be carried out through linkages with Govt.
departments and other funding agencies
Irrigation department
Forest Department (JFM)
Agriculture Department (RKVY, RADP)
Other Funding Agencies
CBO formed during planning phase are involved in each stage of
implementation
During the planning phase,
enthused by the project, the
chairman of the Sardar Patel
Sahbhagi Jal Sanchay Yojna
had sanctioned 51 check
dams in basin area of about
5.15 crore cost.
44 checkdams have been
constructed till date. constructed till date.
Achievements
Desilting In 20 structures, 5.5 MCFT water storage.
250 hectares of land benefited from this fertile soil.
Roof Top Rain Water Harvesting Structures 19
Distribution of Kitchen Garden kits - 350
Compost preparation - 19
Animal vaccination 1691 animals Animal vaccination 1691 animals
Formation of SHGs 30 (410 members)
Exposure tour 9 (186 beneficiaries)
Linkages with Government programmes
Rainfed Area Development Programme (RADP)
(Agriculture department): 922 farmers
Linkages with different government schemes for
farmers 412 farmers
Seed village 5 villages 250 farmers
Cotton demonstration 225 farmers Cotton demonstration 225 farmers
Accelerated Pulse Production Programme 1800
farmers
Linkages with Government programmes
Vocational trainings 13 (403 participants) trainings (
In coordination with Rural Technology Institute &
VRTI)
Group formation (ATMA):
Agriculture & Animal husbandry groups 70 (985members)
Farm schools (ATMA): 10 Farm schools (ATMA): 10
Capacity Building Workshops 4 (552 participants)
Total spending: Rs. 8 crores
Rukmavati Rural Agro Producer Company -
farmers producer company in Rukmavati
basin area has been formed.
Developing/improving degraded lands and
Gauchar
Activities In Progress
Gauchar
Activities In Progress
Weather base farm decision making .
Installation of Agromet observatory at VRTI campus.
Disseminating recorded data & IMD forecast of the
region through SMS in Gujarati
Also providing agro advisory based on weather
Agromet Observatory
Agro Advisory Bulletin
MANAGEMENT PHASE
As per our experience involvement of community
from planning to operation and management of
common asset is essential
After completion of the project, we will act as a
facilitator and provide guidance to basin level
institute institute
Way Forward
97 River Basins of Kachchh
Increasing greenery, more vegetative cover
More photosynthesis
Better solid waste management
Positive impact on climate change
CO
2
Fixation
Reduction in
METHANE
generation
Soil & Climate Change
Soil with moisture and sunlight makes agriculture production possible.
With inputs and combination of soil health and moisture, productivity
increases declines or remains stable.
The challenge is to that, in the changing weather parameters, stability
in productivity is maintained and wherever possible, increased. We have
to make this happen by farmers providing not only scientific inputs but
demonstrating its success.
This includes
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This includes
Bio-diversity
Integrated Soil Fertility Management System (ISFM)
Conservation of agriculture system
Organic and In-organic inputs
Agro-forestry , Perennial crops
Crop selection, crops which can be sustained in such conditions
Resource Conserving Technologies (RCTS)
Soil health and moisture analysis card for each farmer
Soil and Climate Change
The soil has direct impact of changes in climate and that in turn affects productivity
sustainability of crops that grow on it.
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Life Support
Services
Provision
Services
Regulating Services Cultural Services
The soil renews,
retains, and
delivers plant
nutrients and
provides physical
support to
plants.
Soil is the basis
for the provision
of food, fiber,
fuel and
medicinal
products that
sustain life.
The soil plays a
central role in
buffering, filtering
and moderating the
hydrological cycle.
(e.g. nitrogen,
Soil provides the
foundation for
settlement and
infrastructure.
Soils and their wider
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plants.
It sustains
biological
activity, diversity
and productivity.
sustain life. (e.g. nitrogen,
potassium,
phosphorus, calcium,
magnesium and
sulphur) that affect
plant production and
the climate.
Soils and their wider
ecosystems provide
spiritual or heritage
value.
Life Support
Services
Provision
Services
Regulating Services Cultural Services
The soil
ecosystem
provides habitat
for the dispersion
and dissemination
of seeds, which
ensures the
It holds
and
releases
water for
plant
growth
and water
Soil biodiversity contributes to
regulating soil pests and
diseases.
Soil micro-organisms process
and break down wastes and
dead organic matter (e.g.
manure, remains of plants,
Soils are the basis
for landscapes that
provide recreation
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ensures the
continued
evolution of the
gene pool.
and water
supply.
manure, remains of plants,
fertilizers and pesticides)
preventing them from building
up to toxic levels and entering
the water supply as pollutants
Soil Management for sustained crop productivity and climate change adaptation and
mitigation
Conventional
practices
Practices to enhance
Productivity and Adaptation
Practices to enhance mitigation
Soil tillage for annual
crops:
Hoeing or plugging
improves the seedbed
and uproots weeds.
However, it disturbs
microbes, destroys soil
drainage created by
soil fauna (e.g.
Conservation agriculture systems are practiced
advice. It involves three principles:
Minimizing soil disturbance (no-tillage)
through digging sticks or jab planter to plant
seeds or mechanized direct drill systems
(mechanized systems have been developed to
drill the seed through a vegetative layer and
may use herbicides to manage weeds).
Keeping the soil covered with a protective
The sequestration potential
increased after adoption of
improved management practices.
Although there may be slight
negative GHG impacts from
application of additional chemical
herbicides for weed control instead
of weed control by tillage.
soil fauna (e.g.
earthworms), speeds
decomposition of
organic matter and
releases CO2. It may
develop a compacted
layer or hardpan
which impedes plant
root growth and
rainwater percolation.
Keeping the soil covered with a protective
layer of mulch or crop residues which reduces
weed growth, reduces moisture loss, keeps the
soil cooler, reduces erosion by water and wind
and restores soil carbon (C) through
decomposition.
Rotating and diversifying crops to reduce crop
pests and diseases and use leguminous species
to replenish soil nutrients.
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mitigation
Conventional practices Practices to enhance
Fertilizer use:
A shortage of any one of the
nutrients required for plant
growth can limit crop yields.
Increased productivity is
needed to meet current and
future food demand. Balance
Integrated soil fertility
management (ISFM) aims to
make available required soil
nutrients by balancing
different onfarm soil organic
sources (amendments) with
nutrients from mineral
Nitrate leaching from overuse
of mineral fertilizers also
increases nitrous oxide
emissions add to GHG
emission.
Options to reduce losses and
emissions include:
us of fertilizer to meet this. But
dealers provide bulk fertilizer
bags and farmers tend to use
more than needed. It
increasing cost of cultivation
and nutrients are not taken up
by the crop but released into
water bodies and emitted into
the atmosphere which
releases GHG into the
atmosphere.
fertilizers (to address
deficiencies) and reducing
nutrient losses through soil
and water conservation based
on recommend made by soil &
health moisture analysis
change the fertilizer source
from ammonium-based to
urea, or switching to slow-
release fertilizers;
placement of fertilizer N near
the zone of active root
uptake;
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mitigation
Conventional
practices
Practices to enhance
Crop specialization
and annual harvesting:
Many crop production
systems progressively
decrease SOC as most
plant growth is above
ground and is
removed at harvest.
Often crop residues
Organic agriculture systems do not use inorganic
fertilizers or pesticides but use crop rotations and
mixed farm strategies, with mulch / composts /
animal manures /green manures to replenish soil
C, improve nutrient cycling and use by plants and
suppress weeds. The enhanced biodiversity
reduces pest outbreaks and severity of plant and
animal diseases.
Increasing the use of perennial crops and
Decisions to irrigate should factor in the
consideration of the cost and GHG
implications of mechanized systems.
Perennial crops and trees can sequester
substantial amounts of C and can store C
for longer periods than annuals in the
biomass of roots as well as in stems and
branches. The frequency of tillage is
reduced, protecting SOC and other soil Often crop residues
are removed for
fodder, fuel or
industrial applications
or are burned for pest
control (e.g. cotton).
Increasing the use of perennial crops and
maintenance of shrubs and trees in the farm
landscape improves soil resilience and provides
diverse products (food, fuel, fibre, timber, etc.)
while supporting ecosystem services.
Appropriate agro-forestry systems that integrate
crops trees with crops and restore SOM and N.
They enhance diversity, build healthier soils,
enhance crop and fodder production. Some
species provide fruits, timber and fuel-wood or
bio-energy. They can also reduce erosion and
provide water quality and habitat benefits through
shade and deep rooting, hence enhancing
resilience to climate change.
reduced, protecting SOC and other soil
functions. Other soil management
options in cropping systems include
breeding deep rooted crops and
managing fallow periods to increase soil
C stocks.
The C sequestration potential of agro-
forestry varies widely, depending on the
specific practice, individual site
characteristics and the time frame.
49
Soil Health Card
Soil Health Card based on crop selection system to include all Advisory
discussion.
This is already in practice and is key to sustainable agriculture growth in
Gujarat. It provides farmer information about status of soil health of his
land, need of supplemental nutrients, alternative crops that can grown,
average market price.
The Agro Advisory must lay emphasis on continuous testing of Soil and The Agro Advisory must lay emphasis on continuous testing of Soil and
provide Soil Health and Moisture Analysis to Farmers.
The Soil Health Card must include alternative crops including Mix crops,
Agro forestry that can be sustained on individual piece of land.
Farmers believe and like to follow written guidance.
Inform farmers about Soil heath card with change of water cycle. The
water also needs to be tested and analyzed and perception to be
provided.
50
mitigation
Conventional practices Practices to enhance
Soil crusting and degradation
in dry-lands:
This is a severe problem in
the Kutch Combay Tarapur
(Anand) and Dandi due to
wind erosion and loss of
In kutch under watershed programmes
and prevention of salinity ingress
programmes check dams, bandh,
villages, ponds, farms ponds, gully
plugging and protection wall have been
successfully used to meet this challenge.
Kutch Examples are in case
studies
wind erosion and loss of
SOM due to high
temperatures and burning.
When rain fails it can no
longer infiltrate the soil and
the region becomes
increasingly barren and arid.
successfully used to meet this challenge.
The latest approach integrated is river
basin management in rukmavati river
basin.
51
Energy and Climate Change Saving Practices
CSA OBJECTIVES
Energy
Smart
Food
objectives
Increased
Energy
Efficiency
Sustainable increases in
productivity and income
Strengthened resilience to
climate change and
variability
Agricultures reduced
impact on climate
change
General:
Savings on energy costs (after
upfront costs for technology have
been paid) will result in increased
profit if productivity is not
excessively decreased
Specific:
General:
Savings in energy costs will
result in increased income
available to enhance
adaptive capacity
Decreased dependence on
energy inputs (especially
General:
Improvements in energy
efficiency, whether due
to lower embedded
energy in inputs or on-
farm fuel
combustion, will reduce
GHG emissions in the Specific:
Practices such as replacement of
synthetic fertilizers with application
of agricultural residues or manure,
which require fewer external inputs
and increase yields, can contribute
to both increased energy efficiency
and sustainable increases in
productivity and income.
energy inputs (especially
fossil fuels) will tend to
reduce vulnerability to
shocks in energy prices
Some climate-proof
agricultural production and
energy systems may
result in lower energy
efficiency
GHG emissions in the
production chain
Source: Climate Smart Agriculture Handbook FAO 2013
52
Energy and Climate Change Saving Practices
CSA OBJECTIVES
Energy
Smart
Food
objectives
Increased
Energy
efficiency
Sustainable increases in productivity
and income
Strengthened
resilience to climate
change and variability
Agricultures reduced
impact on climate change
Practices that reduce external energy
inputs and (at least) maintain yields,
such as reduced or zero tillage, will
increase energy efficiency and
sustainably increase income. If such
practices are combined with others
that increase yields (such as nitrogen
fixing cover crops or manure trees),
Specific:
Practices such as
conservation
agriculture that
enhance crop cover,
soil water retention
and soil organic
matter may increase
Specific:
Practices such as reduced
or zero tillage, precision
agriculture, replacement of
synthetic fertilizers with
agricultural residues or
manure, elimination of
pesticides through fixing cover crops or manure trees),
this can contribute to both energy
efficiency and sustainable increases in
productivity and income.
There is also much scope for
enhanced post-harvest technologies
and practices that contribute to both
energy efficiency and sustainable
increases in productivity and income,
such as improved crop and food
storage, packaging and distribution.
matter may increase
resilience to drought
and extreme weather
events
Drip irrigation tends
to enhance resilience
and may increase
energy efficiency
through its impacts on
productivity
compared flow
irrigation through by
direct pumping.
pesticides through
integrated pest
management or enhanced
distribution logistics that
reduce fossil fuel
combustion will generally
lead to reduced GHG
emissions. Reduced or zero
tillage, in combination with
permanent crop cover,
crop rotation and
elimination of
agrochemicals may also
sequester carbon
53
Potential Benefits of the Key resource conserving technologies (RCTS) in
terms of climate change adaptation relative to conventional practices
Raised bed planting Less water use, improved drainage, better residue
management, less
lodging of crop, more tolerant to water stress
Leaf colour chart for N
management, nitrification
inhibitors
Reduces fertilizer N requirement, reduced N loss and
environmental pollution, reduced nitrous oxide emission
Crop residue management Moderates soil temperature, improves soil quality, reduces soil
erosion, reduces evaporation losses and conserves soil moisture,
54
erosion, reduces evaporation losses and conserves soil moisture,
increases C sequestration, avoids burning and reduces
environment pollution, increases tolerance to heat stress,
reduces weed infestation.
Sprinkler/drip irrigation Increases water and nutrient use efficiency, reduces GHG
emissions
Potential Benefits of the Key resource conserving technologies (RCTS) in
terms of climate change adaptation relative to conventional practices
RCT Potential benefits relative to conventional practices
Zero tillage Reduced water use, C sequestration, increases yield and
income, reduced fuel consumption, reduced GHG emission,
more tolerant to heat stress
Land leveling Reduced water use, reduced fuel consumption, reduced GHG
emissions, increased area for cultivation
55
emissions, increased area for cultivation
Direct drill seeding of rice Less requirement of water, time saving, better post-harvest
condition of field, deeper root growth, more tolerance to water
and heat stress, reduced methane emission
Diversification Efficient use of water, increased income, increased nutritional
security, conserve soil fertility, reduced risk
Source: Dr. J. C. Dagar, Ex. ADG (ICAR)
ADAPTATION MEASURES
Crop diversification
Cropping system Total variable
cost (Rs/ha/yr)
Net returns
(Rs/ha/yr)
WUE (Kg/m3) Electric
consumption
Maize-potato-
onion
83383 125023 130 1205
Groundnut-
potato-bajra
62435 111839 103 955
Maize-potato-
moong
64250 78588 105 93
moong
Maize-wheat-
moong
48255 72797 92 853
Rice-wheat 39318 59742 212 1963
Replacement of 5% area under Rice-wheat system (2.6 million ha) by alternative crops will
save 1.3 lakh ha-m irrigation water with additional net returns of Rs. 465 crores besides
162 million electric units thus contributing a lot in reducing GHGs
Source: Dr. J. C. Dagar, Ex. ADG (ICAR)
56
57
PART III
LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT
58
Effect of Seasonal Changes
Summer Drought
Monsoon Floods , Heavy Rains
& long period of monsoon.
Winter and severe cold Winter and severe cold
o Milk Animals
o Poultry
o Fisheries
Protection Against Climatic Change Milk Animals
Selection of breed
Shelter Design
Feeding practices
Mixing Ration
Drinking water
requirement
Breeding practices
Rearing Practices
Mixing Ration
o During extreme heat and
drought
o During monsoon and Flood
o During winter
Rearing Practices
Vaccination and
deceases prevention
Milking care before &
after
Protection Against Climatic Change Milk Animals
SELECTION OF MILK ANIMAL BREED
Two major zones
o Northern Gujarat (Dry) &
o Saurashtra
o South Gujarat (Humid )
Selection of breed within zone.
Indigenous cow breeds preferred are
Kankrej Gir
Protection Against Climatic Change
Milk Animals
SHELTER FOR MILK ANIMALS
50% effect of Climate change can be eliminated by properly
designed Shelter.
Key factors
o Ventilation and lighting
o Roofing and heat reflection
o Floor and wooden slits
o Sides with windows
o Cooling fans and water spray
o Spacing
A Typical sketch showing requirement of shelter
Milk Animals
Milk Animals
FEEDING PRACTICE
Feeding practice is very important to protect milk Feeding practice is very important to protect milk
animals against climate change.
Total feed is given to animals all 24 hours.
Feed has to be balanced with urea treated dry fodder
properly cut & mixed with silage green fodder,
concentrated feed and mineral mixture.
Avoid poor quality straws.
Climatic Change and Poultry
Production
As the ambient temperature reaches 34C
Mortality:
o Heavy meat type chickens (8.4%)
o Light layer type (0.84%) o Light layer type (0.84%)
o Native type (0.32%) chickens.
Feed Consumption:
Decreases in feed consumption ie
o At 31.6C : 108.3 g/bird/day
o At 37.9C : 68.9 g/ bird/day
Climatic Change and Poultry Production
Egg production:
Egg production decreases as given below
o decrease in broiler 7.5%
o decrease in layer 6.4%
As shed temperature rises from 28 to 42C, body
temperature increases from 41 to 45C during heat
periods. periods.
Beyond shed temp of 42C, birds would scrub led to
die.
Naked neck birds performed significantly better than
the normal birds at high temperatures with respect to
o Thermo tolerance,
o Growth,
o Feed efficiency
o Immunity
Climatic Change and Poultry
Production
Effect of Climate Change on Fisheries
Drought
Provide water linkage to all the ponds either by
water through tankers or by pumping water from
nearby reservoir. Alternatively capture the mature nearby reservoir. Alternatively capture the mature
fishes and send to market to reduce stocking density
or transfer others to alternative water ponds. In case
of Capture of Fisheries ie both marine and inland
fishes either migrate or not survive.
Flood and Cyclone
In case of Capture fisheries , floods will have positive
impact but flood will affect culture ponds which are
situated near the river. It damages the ponds and situated near the river. It damages the ponds and
also contaminates the culture. In such case harvest
the culture fish and wild fish which come with the
flood water. Repair the ponds, disinfect the ponds
with chemical after flood, and recharge the fresh
water.
Heat Wave and Cold Wave
Heat and cold wave affects the fish stock, in case of
capture marine and inland fishes will migrate to safer
place where as culture fisheries will have large affect as
fish growth will be retarded as well as breeding and
place where as culture fisheries will have large affect as
fish growth will be retarded as well as breeding and
rearing of fish larvae will be severely get affected. In
such case one has to exchange the water from time to
time during heat wave. During cold wave provide
heaters with thermostat to maintain constant water
temp and aerator to maintain the oxygen level.
Increase the fish density. Provide probiotics as well as
fresh and live feed.
Source: Dr. Mayur Vyas, formerly Managing Director of Sabarkantha District Milk Union, Gujarat
PART IV
CONTINGENCY PLAN
71
CONTINGENCY PLAN
CONTINGENCY PLAN UNDER UNFORESEEN CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS
When there may be unforeseen climate change effects observed in the
atmosphere due to increasing or decreasing climate parameters following
types impacts was observed in the climates.
The Contingency Plan are prepared by Agriculture University for each
district. The general remedial measures are as follows.
This should become part of Agro Advisory in current years Krishi
Mahotsav. Mahotsav.
Flowing hot wind,
Irrigate the crop at shorter interval
Protect the crops by growing the living hedge.
Show the 4-5 lines of sorghum crops around the field to protect against
wind effect
72
Flowing of a cold wind,
Irrigate the crop at shorter interval
Burn the waste grasses of hip in the field to create the warmer effects in the
field
Dry spell observed after the onset of monsoon
8-10 days break is not severe
If dry spell prolongs up to the 15 day
Irrigate the crop at critical stage of crop growth
Remedial measures:
Thinning and gap filling must be carried out in the field
If rainfall is not receive up to 25-30 days after on set of monsoon
Reduce the numbers of raw in the field and inter culturing operations must be
carried out in the field
Weeding operations should be carried out in time
Apply the supplementary irrigation in alternate furrow system in the field
Spry the crop with 2% solutions of Urea (Hy. Castor), Cotton, Arhar)
Delay the split application of Urea in the crops when rain is delayed
73
Monsoon is prolonged than Normal:
This situation is favorable to the crops
Rabi crop like gram can be easily shown on the residual moisture under
black soil condition
Water conservation operations carried out by the farmers:
1. Form the compartmental block in the field:
If slope is observed less than 1% in the field built up the farm bund If slope is observed less than 1% in the field built up the farm bund
opposite the slop direction in the field
2) Contoor farming:
If slope is observed 1-2% in the field contoor farming must be adopted
3) Strip cropping:
To prevent the soil erosion in the field strip cropping cultivation adopted
keeping with 6-8 raw in the field and show the sprading types crop to
avoid the soil erosion in the field
74
4) Sow the seeds on Ridge and Furrow system
Furrow should be dippen upto the 15-18 cms and spaced with 30-35 cms
apart. Keep 45 distance between two furrows
5) Plowing should be done in summer season
6) Form the contoor/graded bunds in the fields
It applicable there is slope is observed up to 1 to 6% in the field and total
rain fall received up 800 mm
7) Alternative use of land 7) Alternative use of land
Agro-forestry
Silvi-pasture Management
Agri-Horticulture
75
Work should be carried out by the Panchayat & Government:
Watershed Management
Construction of water harvesting structures
Common packages of practices to be adopted:
Select the crop resistance variety which can with stand with under Select the crop resistance variety which can with stand with under
aberrant weather conditions
Select the proper method of planning
Use sufficient quantities of organic manures in the field
Use various methods of water conservation in the field
Use advance method of micro-irrigation system
Source: Dr. Ratibhai Patel, formerly Senior Research Scientist, Anand Agricultural University,
Anand, Gujarat.
76
PART V
STRATEGY FOR RESTORATION
77
Climate change has brought in recent years, major calamities which has
affected entire agriculture and livelihood in affected areas.
To illustrate in the current year
Uttarakhand cloud bursting
Odessa cyclone
International level Philippines cyclone
At local flooding in Navsari district and part of Anand District
Such devastation can not be remedied by existing mitigation adaptation
strategies.
It needs total rehabilitation of agriculture activity which is not forming
part of current disaster Management strategies which caters emergency
situation and provide relief measures.
What is needed is total restoration strategy for reviving agriculture.
78
Impact of disaster and Action Needed
Permanent increase in sea level and
submergence of agriculture land.
Washing out of soil strata and spread of
salinity due to cyclone both underground
and over-ground.
Farmers have to be given alternative land
If feasible protection wall has to be
constructed along with plantation of
Bamboo, mangroves etc outside of the
wall
Soil replacement
New cropping pattern based on fresh Soil
Health & Moisture analysis along with
analysis of water.
Residing of sea level in certain areas
opening of barren saline land. a. sub soil water strata
b. water availability for irrigation
fromwells/tube wells
Making available certified seeds and other
inputs for cropping pattern suggested and
agro advisory on new crop management
Kutch case studies
Growing of Mangroves, Bamboos in such
areas to prevent salinity ingress.
79
Impact of disaster and Action Needed
Wastage of fields due to
floods in overflow river/
check dambursting
Reconstruction of check
dams on adoption of
River Basin Management
Cropping pattern based
on Soil Health & Moisture
Analysis along with
making available of seeds
and other inputs.
Loss of
tractors/storage of
bins/agriculture
Replacement by special scheme
bins/agriculture
implements.
Death of livestock and
poultry due to floods
There is a need to develop a specific agriculture restoration policy by expanding
current Relief Scheme.
80
PART VI
THE SUPPORT ACTIVITIES
81
THE SUPPORT ACTIVITIES
Multiple Source of Income
MULTIPLE SOURCE OF INCOME
Objective of climate smart agriculture is to make farmers and their
income resilient to climate change. This can be made by providing
multiple source of income. If one fails other sustains. This is initiative as
to be guided local public governance systemand civil society.
Poultry / Cattle with Crop
Crop system and livestock when they are together, waste of one is Crop system and livestock when they are together, waste of one is
resource for other. Milch cattle cows weekly cash flow to family when
incomes from crops are at the end of season. Animal like cow provide
gobar and urine which is manure to crops. While most crops residue is
feed to animals. Both reduces cost and enhance efficiency. Further
livestock constitute a capital which can be converted into cash and
incase even if one fail, other supports thus offer a way to escape
poverty and provide coping mechanism in vulnerable and variable
related environment.
82
Multiple Source of Income
Rice Fish: This can be concurrent production system and is prevalent in
some parts of our country. Can be useful to propagate rice growing areas
of Navsari and Anand. It can add to income and also provide balance diet.
Agro Forestry: Use of trees and shrubs as a part of agriculture system.
It prevents soil erosion
Facilitates water infiltration
Diminish impact if extreme weather Diminish impact if extreme weather
Trees also provide fodder to livestock improves soil fertility due to
enhanced nitrogen and carbon sinks
More of all, it sale of provides alternative income.
This already exists, but needs to be expanded.
Agriculture and Handicraft: Handicraft including tailoring provides alternate
source of income and sustains farmers in time of drought when both
livestock and crops provides low or no income.
83
CASE STUDIES FROM KUTCH
Sr.
No
Name Of
Village
Name
Of Block
Name of
Member
Occupa
tion
Best
Year
Income
Week
Year
Income
Livelihood Project Joined After
Income from
alternate
source
1
Charopadi
Nani
Abdasa
Sodha
Ladhubha
Aamrji
Farming 30000 8000
Animal
RLF
Farming Inputs
Sewing
machine
40000
2
Charopadi
Moti
Abdasa
Mandhara
Mariyamba
i Sidhik
Farming 50000 12000
Farmer
loan
Sewing
machine
Ration
shop
30000
Maheswari
3
Charoapdi
Moti
Abdasa
Maheswari
Tejbai
Vachiya
Farming 45000 15000
Floor
mill
Asset(Tractor ) 54000
4 Jethamalpar Abdasa
Bhatt
Bhupatram
Mohbatra
m
Farming 55000 30000
Animal
RLF
Land levelling 40000
5 Bhoa Abdasa
Chuahan
Khetubha
Bhojubha
Farming 30000 12000
Animal
RLF
Land levelling
Sewing
machine
Kitchen
Garden
55000
84
CASE STUDIES FROM KUTCH
6 Rodasar
Lakhap
at
Maheswari Kanbai
Gopal
Farming 50000 20000
Animal
RLF
Ration
Shop
Kitchen
Garden
72000
7 Ukir Abdasa
Luhar Hanifabai
Alimamad
Farming 30000 10000
Ration
Shop
Home
Floor Mill
Kitchen
Garden
Animal
RLF
48000
8 Ukir Abdasa
Luhar Kulsumbai
Haji
Farming 35000 12000
Sewing
machine
Animal
RLF
40000
9 Bara Abdasa
Maheswari Lakha
Karu
Farming 50000 25000
Seed
Support
Crop
Loan
Kishan
Credit
Card
Irrigated
Farming
100000
Animal Irrigated Diesel Crop
10 Bara Abdasa Jadeja Takhatsinh Farming 60000 20000
Animal
RLF
Irrigated
Farming
Diesel
Engine
Crop
Loan
90000
85
Bridge Productivity Gaps
Major challenge to Agri. Administration is reducing productivity gaps
Between farmers in one village
Between villages within same taluka
Brining up taluka average above State & National average.
86
Brining up taluka average above State & National average.
The analysis of Anand and Mandvi block illustrate this.
Mandvi-Rukmavati River Basin Current Agricultural Crops area
Sr. No Crop
Area
(ha)
Average
yield
(qt/ha)
Optimum
yield
(qt/ha)
Yield gap
(qt/ha)
Yield gap
%
Anand Block
Yield gap %
1
Groundnut
(K)
8624 15 22 -7 -31.8 -36.9
2 Hy. Cotton 5279 25 50 -25 -50.0 -24.3
3
Moogbean
(K)
3994 5 8 -3 -33.3 -39.6
4
Sesamum
(K)
3320 3 6 -3 -50.0 -29
(K)
5 Wheat 2651 30 40 -10 -25.0 -17
6 Hy. Castor 1651 30 50 -20 -40.0 -14
7 Hy. Bajra (K) 889 20 25 -5 -20.0 -29.6
8 Cluster bean 578 8 15 -8 -50.0 -32.6
9 Hy. Bajra (S) 228 25 35 -10 -28.6 -9.6
10
Groundnut
(S)
150 18 22 -4 -18.2 -36.9
11 Isabgol 60 8 12 -4 -33.3 -
Total 27424
87
Statement on Crop wise average yield and optimum yield
Anand Block Gujarat
Sr. No Crop
Area
(ha)
Average yield
(qt/ha)
Optimum yield
(qt/ha)
Yield gap (qt/ha)
1 Hy. Bajra (K) 2890 14.25 20.25 -6.00
2 Hy. Bajra (S) 8560 26.78 29.65 -2.87
3 Rice (K) 5455 32.00 38.50 -6.50
4 Rice (S) 35 40.80 49.84 -9.04
5 Tobacco (B) 7860 20.00 24.62 -4.62
6 Tobacco (C) 820 25.00 30.24 -5.24
7 Hy. Castor 390 20.00 23.38 -3.38
8 Pigeonpea 205 8.00 13.24 -5.24
9 Sesamum (K) 210 4.61 6.50 -1.89
10 Sesamum (S) 360 7.50 10.69 -3.19
11 Hy. Cotton 360 20.57 27.19 -6.62
88
Statement on Crop wise average yield and optimum yield
Anand Block Gujarat
12 Moog bean/
Green gram (S)
289 3.25 5.37 -2.12
13 Chickpea (G) 72 8.10 11.44 -3.34
14 Chickpea (V) 150 16.00 20.00 -4.00
15 Groundnut (S) 100 23.00 17.45 -6.45
16 Mustard 310 14.29 16.95 -2.66
17 Cluster bean 80 6.50 9.65 -3.15
18 Wheat 2610 35.20 42.53 -7.33
Source: District Agriculture Office, Anand (2010-11
89
Suggested Planning of Income for different enterprises of Agriculture
during 2011-12 & 2012-13 (Rs. In crore)
Sr. No. Name of Enterprise
Total Income of
2011-12
Additional income
to be received due
to suggested
planning
2012-13
% increased as
against previous
year
1 Field crop 172.36 15.61 9.06
2 Forage crop 59.03 6.66 11.28
3 Horticultural crop 144.06 2.91 2.02
4 Vegetables crop 115.19 12.58 10.92 4 Vegetables crop 115.19 12.58 10.92
Total A 490.64 37.76 8.32 (Av.)
5
Animal Husbandry & Live Stock
Management
68.20 2.58 3.78
6 Agro-forestry crops 50.0 2.00 4.00
7
Agro-Processing & value addition
units
12.50 1.00 8.00
Total B 130.70 5.58 5.26
Grand Total 621.34 43.34 7.00 % (Av.)
90
WEATHER FORECASTING
It is important to realize that erratic weather changes have already brought
huge adverse impacts on the entire Agriculture sector, Crops Horticulture,
Livestock and Poultry birds and Fisheries. But this can be mitigated by (a)
advance information about possible changes by FM Radio & TV (b) Agro-
Advisory followed by information of impending weather forecast and un-
usual pattern now available but is provided at only provincial level.
91
usual pattern now available but is provided at only provincial level.
It should also be provided at the local level.
In the Farmers Interaction Meet with
Experts during National Conference
organized by NCCSD at Anand Agricultural
University March, 2013, it was revealed
that only 10% of farmers have access to
weather forecasting.
.
It is the need of hour to communicate to
farmers about:
a. Possible rainfall pattern-long term
b. Mid-season correction, if any in same
c. Weekly forecast
d. More specific forecast on day to day basis
for unseasonal or heavy rain, high wind
velocity, frost and spell of heat and cold.
e. Agro-Advisory can be developed by
92
e. Agro-Advisory can be developed by
simulation model and communicate to
farmers in time to time. Only this can
prevent the crop failure.
f. While many of advance countries do have
technology and communication system,
most of developing countries do not have
this. There is, therefore, need for knowledge
transfer with international cooperation in
this regard.
WOMEN FARMERS
Women play important roles in agriculture production. These roles pertain to all
aspects of crop production / protection, management of livestock, farm animals /
husbandry and fisheries but are treated as workers and not farmers.
In recent times, women are increasingly replacing men in all farm activities they
are now new farmers no longer with partial responsibility and are required to
take all on farm decisions as men go out to urban centre/off farm urge for
employment. This is in addition to routine domestic and family functions (house-
keeping, cooking, children up bringing etc). This signifies a major shift in the roles
93
keeping, cooking, children up bringing etc). This signifies a major shift in the roles
and responsibilities.
Meeting of Women
Farmers at MGLI,
Ahmedabad
Efforts to build capacities of women in agriculture are, however,
constrained by the fact that agriculture tools, equipment and extension
communication strategies are predominantly men centred. The needs is
to ensure that women are adequately trained to take on farm decision,
made available appropriate tools and techniques that optimize on time
and reduce stress while handling them.
94
SGSY Training Programme for Self Help Groups
SMALL FARMERS
Attention of Extension team is on progressive farmers who are generally big
farmers. Small holders own majority of land in many countries. In India 80% of
farm holding are by small farmers. They need to be provided focused attention as
individual family unit on:
a) Soil Health Analysis Growth Card
b) Crop related guidance including market price & quality of product in demand
c) Adaptation measures needed for changed climate and provide information
related to its impact
95
related to its impact
d) Link to supply chain for inputs and demand chain for their products; direct
disbursement of subsidy including free inputs, and provide link with Banks
Finance.
e) Implement door-step approach to farmers at village in pre-monsoon for crop
guidance.
f) Monitor and inspect spurious seeds and fertilizer-mix and pesticides.
This can go a long way in developing sustainable agriculture all around and not
confined to rich.
RURAL YOUTH
Rural youth across the world are
becoming increasingly restless.
They look forward to higher
income at a rapid pace which
agriculture most often does not
provide and in the context of
climate change sometime lend
farmers into debt due to crop
96
farmers into debt due to crop
failure.
Mr. Gondaliya Sanjay in his Agri Business Centre
One major adverse impact on rural youth is they are misdirected by groups
which encourage internal violence, spread of terrorism and grab income of
others through brutality. In India, this is prevalent in some districts and is
known as Naxalism. Hence youth has to be
Oriented to scientific agriculture
Educated in multi-skills
Continued------
Moved to set up micro
enterprise or agro service centre
Adopt modern agriculture,
protected agriculture through
green house or otherwise
This has to be with addition of
modern infrastructure in village
97
modern infrastructure in village
which includes round the clock
Electric Power Supply.
Mr. Laheri Suraj in his Emu Farm
98
COMMUNITY BIO-GAS PLANT
The cow-dung and agriculture waste are the major cause of Methane, hence agriculture is
blamed for GHG emissions. The Chhota Udepur, a remote Tribal Taluka of Gujarat, India saw
a major community initiative in which about 3 to 4 slurry was utilized appropriately. Its
network of gas pipelines was laid for supply of gas to all of households. A Community
biogas plant set up after interaction with village community. The State Government
provided financial assistance though a registered cooperative society in the village. Animal
holder paid price for cow dung per kg. per month Rs.200/- for gas connection - 70
householders. A Vermicompost bed has been set up and slurry used for it. Liquid slurry is
not marketable but when it is converted into vermicompost can be transported to urban
centers in bags after meeting local demand. Thus it becomes marketable product, which is
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centers in bags after meeting local demand. Thus it becomes marketable product, which is
the key to success of the project.
Biogas Project Chhota Udepur Gujarat, India
The gobar and agri waste emanates
methane which affects environment, but
converted into Biogas, has a different value
and is a solution to the problem. The
Shroff Foundation Trust took this initiative
with convergence of government
departments with participation of local
community. In fact such efforts need to be
incentivized as we have agro waste and
cow dung in all our villages which are
inefficiently used.
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AGRO INDUSTRIES IN VILLAGES
Natural resource
management
Soil, Water, vegetation
etc.
Agro Industrial
R & D
To continuously assess
the opportunity, solve
problems & provide
Inputs management
Seeds, nutrients, pests
etc.
Capacity building through
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Agro Industrial
Complex
problems & provide
services
Capacity building through
Education, Training, Skill
development & on job
training
Services to farmers and other community
Climate & weather information, banking &
credit supply, trade in inputs & output, storage
and transport. Infrastructure, value addition
related knowledge. Processing expertise, market
linkages
Use of Biotechnology
Select the crop variety which are well adapted / resistant to high or low
conditions of temperature, rainfall, which stand with high wind velocity and
resistant to the pest and disease
Adopt the genetic modified (GM) crops variety which can highly resistant to the
pest i.e. approved BT Cotton
Use of BT Cotton. It is a best example for higher productivity with better
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Use of BT Cotton. It is a best example for higher productivity with better
export market. Nearly in recent years, we are able to export 120 million
bells of BT Cotton in export markets.
Similarly tissue culture plants of Banana (Grand T -9 Variety) provides to a
excellent results on farmers field and significantly gave the higher yields
and quality production for export market under the best advance
management practices
VERSATILITY OF
AGRI
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Hybrids
GM
Seeds
Farm
Energy
Water
Tissue
Culture
PLANTING
MATERIALS
Bio
Fuel
NATURAL
RESOURCES
Water
Soil
Health
Bio
Pesticides
(Botanicals,
Microbial)
Bio
Fertilizer
Diagnostics
Organic
Manure
NUTRITION
Weather
Forecast
PEST & DISEASE
MANAGEMENT
CASE STUDY : Transforming Dahod
104
Prior to 1974
poorest district in the state & country too
Roughly 90 % people in tribal villages
facing acute poverty
Migration rate in non-irrigated villages
between 50-70 %
The irrigation coverage 10 % in records, in
reality around 5 %
Agriculture yields poorest in the state
In 2010
Achieved food security
Housing conditions improved
School enrolment and attendance
increased manifolds
Ground water improved - CGWB
Irrigation coverage is around 30 %
450 community water resources
developed & managed by community
Agriculture yields poorest in the state
Milk production lowest in the state
Literacy rate - lowest in the state women
literacy in one digit
Landscape almost barren with hardly any
tree cover
Most forest land - without tree cover
No horticulture activity
No vegetable cultivation
No floriculture
developed & managed by community
2,500 village institutions - users groups
managing their affairs & assets
65 rivers and rivulets made perennial
through series of structures
migration rate 10-15 %
six crore trees planted with 50 %
survival at long run
About 25,000 farmers opted for
horticulture
105
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Economic, Social and Environmental Benefits of project
109
OF RESILIENCE
Vulnerability to climate change: Adaptation Strategies and Layers of
Resilience
110
Vulnerability to climate change: Adaptation Strategies and Layers of
Resilience
111
Summery
Key Recommendation to Farmers :
Unpredictable and erratic climatic patterns resulting from climate
change will affect crop production. This will have an impact on
farmer livelihoods and food availability. Climate-smart agriculture
provides management options to farmers to both adapt to, and
mitigate, climate change and maintain his income and look for
opportunity to increase it.
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Crop production must adapt - crop varietal selection, plant
breeding, cropping patterns and ecosystem management
approaches and become resilient to changes (frequency and
intensity).
Crop production can contribute to mitigating climate change by
reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions - for example by
reducing the use of/judiciously using inorganic fertilizers, avoiding
soil compaction or flooding to reduce methane emissions (e.g. in
paddy rice systems) and sequestering carbon (e.g. planting
perennial crops and grass species).
Farmers are the primary custodians of knowledge about their
environment, agro-ecosystems, crops and cropping patterns, and local
climatic patterns.
Adapting cropping practices and approaches will be related to local
farmers knowledge, requirements and priorities.
Sustainable crop production provides farmers with options for farming
sustainably, taking into account the local ecosystem and they how to
follow selection crops which can be sustained by soil based on soil
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follow selection crops which can be sustained by soil based on soil
health and moisture analysis of their land.
Integrated approaches such as crop-livestock systems, rice-fish systems
and agro-forestry diversify food sources and consequently strengthen
the resilience of farmers livelihoods. They also provide opportunities for
mitigating climate change but more precisely also increase their income
level and in worst circumstances maintain it.
CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE CHALLENGES TO AGRI ADMINISTRATION
Extension Education & Krishi Vigyan Kendras, District Extension Team ATMA
Communication to
farmers
Issues Suggested Measures
Soil Health Card
Weather forecasting
Make available Taluka
information (obtaining same
from Indian Metrological
Department, Pune to farmers.
Give Agro Advisory before and
during the season and even at
harvesting time.
Krishi Mahostsav
harvesting time.
SMS by KVK/ATMA
Productivity Gaps at village &
Taluka level
Advise correct selection of seeds,
balance use of fertilizer and right
pesticides.
Use of local TV cable Multiple Source of Income
Advise to those who do not have
how to obtain same under existing
schemes of Government
FM Radio, Helpline Soil Health & Soil Management
Soil testing at every season
providing of soil health card
Water conservation within farm
Crop selection based on Soil
Health & Moisture Analysis
Soil Management
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CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE CHALLENGES TO AGRI ADMINISTRATION
Extension Education & Krishi Vigyan Kendras, District Extension Team ATMA
Communication to
farmers
Saving of energy
Selection of right required
horsepower for
Pump
Tractor
Value addition to harvested
Grading
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Value addition to harvested
crops
Sorting
Packing before sending to sale
Woman farmers
New farmers - guide them for
Agri practices
Young farmers
Advise about availability of
higher income on farm/village
level value addition
Multiple skill
Micro enterprise
CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE - RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
Impact of Climate
Change
Vulnerability Assessment of
Block level
Block level agro advisory
Organic manure and pesticides
Contingency plan for every
block
Bio-diversity Mix crop pattern
Crop which may initially flourish
with increase in temperature
Agro forestry pattern
Agro Forestry Tissue culture
B T Cotton GM Crops
Selection of Agri equipments
and tools suitable to area
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CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE - RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
Impact of Climate
Change
Perennial crops
Balance mix of nutrients
organic & in organic
Development of salinity
resistant varieties
Yearly revision
Normal crop practices
based on changes that
have taken place.
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resistant varieties
Heat tolerant varieties
Development of
pesticides mix in
increased humidity
Development of vaccines
for new virus for
livestock
have taken place.
Communicating with
IMD Pune about local
weather parameters
CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE - EDUCATION
Development of syllabus based on Climate
Smart Agriculture
Redesigning and updating at regular
interval of course curriculum
Special Diplomas
Multiple skills
Weather advisory Special Diplomas Weather advisory
Water conservation management
Special training and refreshing course
Woman
Young farmers
Agri input dealers & Agro service centres
Sarpanches
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Dr. Kirit Shelat
National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development
and Public Leadership (NCCSD)
Post Box No. 4146, Navrangpura Post Office, Ahmedabad 380 009.
Gujarat, INDIA.
Phone: 079-26421580 (Off) 09904404393(M)
Email: info@nccsdindia.org Website: www.nccsdindia.org

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Combined Joint Agresco meeting

9-11 April 2014

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