3GPP TR 36.839 V11.1.

0 (2012-12)
Technical Report
3rd Generation Partnership Project;
Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network;
Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access E!UTRA";
#o$ilit% enhance&ents in hetero'eneous networks
Release (("
The present document has been developed within the 3
rd
Generation Partnership Project (3GPP
TM
) and may be further elaborated for the purposes of 3GPP.
The present document has not been subject to any approval process by the 3GPP

Orani!ational Partners and shall not be implemented.
This "eport is provided for future development wor# within 3GPP

only. The Orani!ational Partners accept no liability for any use of this $pecification.
$pecifications and "eports for implementation of the 3GPP
TM
system should be obtained via the 3GPP Orani!ational Partners% Publications Offices.
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3GPP TR 3)*+3, -((*(*. /.(/!(/" / Release ((
/o+e+!
7oreword..........................................................................................................................................................
- $cope......................................................................................................................................................
+ "eferences..............................................................................................................................................
3 8efinitions. symbols and abbreviations..................................................................................................
3.- 8efinitions...........................................................................................................................................................
3.+ $ymbols...............................................................................................................................................................
3.3 /bbreviations.......................................................................................................................................................
9 General...................................................................................................................................................
: ;et(et mobility performance evaluation................................................................................................
:.- $imulation study phases......................................................................................................................................
:.+ General $imulation assumptions.........................................................................................................................
:.+.- ;andover 7ailure Modellin..........................................................................................................................
:.+.-.- 8efinition of ;andover states..................................................................................................................
:.+.-.+ "57 modellin and definition of "57 states...........................................................................................
:.+.-.3 ;andover<P811; failure modellin.......................................................................................................
:.+.+ Pin=pon Modellin...................................................................................................................................
:.+.3 Typical "adio Parameter 1onfiurations.....................................................................................................
:.+.9 ;et(et mobility specific parameters............................................................................................................
:.+.: Modellin of additional features..................................................................................................................
:.3 $pecific assumptions for ;otspot simulation....................................................................................................
:.3.- 32 Placement and Trajectories for hotspot simulation................................................................................
:.3.+ /dditional $imulation assumptions for ;otspot calibration........................................................................
:.9 /dditional assumptions for lare area system simulations................................................................................
:.9.- 'mproved ;O failure and "57 modellin....................................................................................................
:.9.+ ;andover performance metrics for ;et(et lare area evaluation...............................................................
:.9.3 The 8efinition of $hort=To$ "ate................................................................................................................
:.9.9 32 Placement and Trajectories and cell placement for lare area simulation.............................................
:.9.: /dditional $imulation assumptions for 5are area calibration...................................................................
:.9.:.- 32 Placement and Trajectories and cell placement for lare area simulation calibration.....................
:.: $imulation results..............................................................................................................................................
:.:.- ;otspot calibration.......................................................................................................................................
:.:.-.- "57 results discussion...........................................................................................................................
:.:.-.+ ;O failures results discussion................................................................................................................
:.:.-.3 Pin=pon results discussion..................................................................................................................
:.:.+ 5are area calibration...................................................................................................................................
:.:.+.- "57 performance for ;et(et and leacy systems.................................................................................
:.:.+.+ ;andover failure performance for ;et(et and leacy systems.............................................................
:.:.+.3 $hort Time of $tay performance............................................................................................................
:.:.3 Overall observations from calibration simulations......................................................................................
:.:.9 Multiple picocell deployments.....................................................................................................................
:.:.9.- Multiple picocell deployment under full system load............................................................................
:.:.9.-.- Observations from Multiple picocell deployment simulations under full system load....................
:.:.9.+ Multiple picocell deployment under constant system load....................................................................
:.:.9.+.- Observations from Multiple picocell deployment simulations under constant system load............
:.:.: Performance with 8">................................................................................................................................
:.:.:.- $imulation study for ;andover and "57 performance with 8"> for ;et(et relative to macro
only systems...........................................................................................................................................
:.:.:.-.- $imulation assumptions and definitions...........................................................................................
:.:.:.-.+ $imulation results with 8"> for ;et(et relative to macro only systems........................................
:.:.:.+ $imulation study for ;andover and "57 performance with 8"> for different ;O types in
;et(et....................................................................................................................................................
:.:.:.+.- $imulation assumptions and definitions...........................................................................................
:.:.:.+.+ $imulation results with 8"> for different ;O types in ;et(et............................................................
:.:.:.3 Overall observations on ;andover performance in ;et(et with 8">.................................................
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:.:.? Performance with e'1'1..............................................................................................................................
:.:.?.- $imulation assumptions..........................................................................................................................
:.:.?.+ $imulation results...................................................................................................................................
:.:.?.3 1onclusions on mobility performance with e'1'1................................................................................
:.? Performance benefits of enhanced 32 mobility state estimation..........................................................
:.?.- Mobility speed estimation............................................................................................................................
:.?.+ Overall observations on Mobility speed estimation.....................................................................................
? $trateies for improved small cell discovery<identification..................................................................
?.- 8eployment scenarios........................................................................................................................................
?.+ Objectives for inter=fre@uency small cell measurements...................................................................................
?.3 /nalysis of e)istin inter=fre@uency measurements..........................................................................................
?.9 Potential enhancements for improved small cell discovery<identification........................................................
?.9.- $olution -A 5oner measurement period B+,C..............................................................................................
?.9.3 $olution DA 32 M$2 based measurements B+-.3+C......................................................................................
?.9.9 $olution -,A $mall cell sinal based control of measurements B++C............................................................
?.9.: $olution 9A Measurements without ap assistance B+3C...............................................................................
?.9.? $olution +A $mall cell discovery sinal in macro layer B+9C........................................................................
?.9.E $olution ?A 32 based pro)imity detection B+:. 33C.....................................................................................
?.9.F $olution :< EA Pro)imity detection based on macro<pico cell listenin B+?. +EC..........................................
?.9.D $olution FA Pro)imity detection with broadcast assistance B+F. 33C............................................................
?.: 2valuation results..............................................................................................................................................
E /utomatic "e=establishment procedures for mobility robustness.........................................................
F Mobility enhancements for Multi=1arrier (includin 1/) in ;e(0s with potentially different
1$Gs....................................................................................................................................................
D Overall observations from the study on ;et(et mobility......................................................................
Annex A: Detailed evaluation results on potential enhancements for inter-frequency small
cell measurements................................................................................................................
Annex B: Change history.....................................................................................................................
-oreword
This Technical "eport has been produced by the 3
rd
Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).
The contents of the present document are subject to continuin wor# within the T$G and may chane followin formal
T$G approval. $hould the T$G modify the contents of the present document. it will be re=released by the T$G with an
identifyin chane of release date and an increase in version number as followsA
Gersion ).y.!
whereA
) the first diitA
- presented to T$G for informationH
+ presented to T$G for approvalH
3 or reater indicates T$G approved document under chane control.
y the second diit is incremented for all chanes of substance. i.e. technical enhancements. corrections.
updates. etc.
! the third diit is incremented when editorial only chanes have been incorporated in the document.
3GPP
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1 &#o'e
The present document is intended the capture the output of the $tudy 'tem on ;et(et mobility improvements for 5T2.
The study aims to loo# at various mobility improvements such as possible improvements to support seamless and robust
mobility of users between 5T2 macro to pico cells in ;eteroeneous networ#s. better strateies to identify and evaluate
small cells. handover performance with and without e'1'1 features. improvements to re=establishment procedures etc. 't
is also e)pected to consider these in the conte)t of 1arrier areation in ;ome e(ode0s.
2 Re8ere+#e!
The followin documents contain provisions which. throuh reference in this te)t. constitute provisions of the present
document.
B-C 3GPP T" +-.D,:A IGocabulary for 3GPP $pecificationsI.
B+C 3GPP T$ 3?.-33A I2volved 3niversal Terrestrial "adio /ccess (2=3T"/)H "e@uirements for
support of radio resource manaementI.
B3C 3GPP T$ 3?.3,,A I2volved 3niversal Terrestrial "adio /ccess (2=3T"/) and 2volved 3niversal
Terrestrial "adio /ccess (etwor# (2=3T"/()H Overall descriptionH $tae +I.
B9C 3GPP T$ 3?.F-9A I2volved 3niversal Terrestrial "adio /ccess (2=3T"/)H 7urther advancements
for 2=3T"/ physical layer aspectsI
B:C 3GPP T$ 3?.33-A I2volved 3niversal Terrestrial "adio /ccess (2=3T"/)H "adio "esource
1ontrol (""1)H Protocol specificationI
B?C "+=--?-++A=/ttachment J2mail discussion BE:K3?CA ;et(et Mobility ;otspot 1alibration
"esultsL. T$G="/( MG+ meetin KE?
BEC "+=--?-,3A May forward with ;et(et simulationsH "enesas Mobile 2urope 5td.. T$G="/( MG+
meetin KE?
BFC "+=--:D-EA 1ell detection delay in ;et(etH ;uawei. ;i$ilicon. T$G="/( MG+ meetin KE?
BDC "+=-+-E,?A 2mail discussionA BE?K+,C = 5T2A ;et(et mobility calibration simulations. "/( MG+
meetin KEEbis
B-,C "+=-+-??,A 'mpact of 8"> to ;et(et Mobility Performance. "enesas Mobile 2urope 5td.. T$G=
"/( MG+ meetin KEEbis
B--C "+=-+,39FA 5are /rea $ystem $imulation results for ;et(et mobility. "enesas Mobile 2urope
5td.. T$G="/( MG+ meetin KEE
B-+C "+=-+--?3A ;et(et mobility and 8"> with #eep alive traffic. (o#ia 1orporation. (o#ia $iemens
(etwor#s. T$G="/( MG+ meetin KEEbis
B-3C "+=-++:++A 'nvestiatin pico deployments under hih system loadH 2ricsson. $T=2ricsson. T$G=
"/( MG+ meetin KEF
B-9C "+=-++F,9A ;et(et mobility performance with e'1'1. 'ntel 1orporation. T$G="/( MG+ meetin
KEF
B-:C "+=-++F-9A 'mpact of random pico cell deployment on the performance. 'ntel 1orporation. T$G=
"/( MG+ meetin KEF
B-?C "+=-++E+?A ;et(et Mobility Performance with 1ell "ane 2)pansion and /0$. "esearch 'n
Motion 3& limited. T$G="/( MG+ meetin KEF
B-EC "+=-+++?FA Performance evaluation for mobility in ;et(et with T8='1'1. (ew Postcom
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B-FC "+=-++?F:A ;etnet mobility performance with e'1'1. "enesas Mobile 2urope 5td
B-DC "+=--?-:-A $mall cell detection in ;et(et environment. (o#ia $iemens (etwor#s. (o#ia
1orporation. T$G="/( MG+ meetin KE?
B+,C "+=-+3-,+A 0ac#round search for small cell detection. (o#ia $iemens (etwor#s. (o#ia
1orporation. (TT 8O1OMO. '(1.. T$G="/( MG+ meetin KEF
B+-C "+=-++3?FA 2nhanced M$2 based small cell detection. (o#ia $iemens (etwor#s. (o#ia
1orporation. T$G="/( MG+ meetin KEF
B++C "+=-+-?+-A $mall cell sinal based control of inter=fre@uency measurements. (o#ia $iemens
(etwor#s. (o#ia 1orporation. T$G="/( MG+ meetin KEEbis
B+3C "+=-+,+EEA 2nhanced cell identification and measurements for 1/. (TT 8O1OMO. '(1.. T$G=
"/( MG+ meetin KEE
B+9C "+=-+,?:9A 'nter=fre@uency $mall 1ell 'dentification. Nualcomm 'ncorporated. T$G="/( MG+
meetin KEE
B+:C "+=-+-??:A 3sin pro)imity indication for small=cell discovery. "enesas Mobile 2urope 5td..
T$G="/( MG+ meetin KEEbis
B+?C "+=-+-9-EA $mall 1ell 8etection. 2ricsson. $T=2ricsson. T$G="/( MG+ meetin KEEbis
B+EC "+=-+-+9FA $mall 1ell 8iscovery in ;et(et. ;uawei. ;i$ilicon. T$G="/( MG+ meetin KEEbis
B+FC "+=-+-:3FA Pico cell detection issues. $amsun. T$G="/( MG+ meetin KEEbis
B+DC "P=--,93EA Mor# 'tem 8escriptionA 1arrier based ;et(et '1'1 for 5T2. T$G="/( meetin K:-
B3,C "+=-+,:+3A 2nhancements for $mall 1ell 8etection. (o#ia $iemens (etwor#s. (o#ia
1orporation. T$G="/( MG+ meetin KEE
B3-C "+=-+9,+EA Mobility $tate 2stimation and ;et(et. (o#ia $iemens (etwor#s. (o#ia 1orporation
T$G="/( MG+ meetin KEDC
B3+C "+=-+,?:+A On 32=speed=based methods for improvin the mobility performance in ;et(ets.
/lcatel=5ucent. T$G="/( MG+ meetin KEE
B33C "+=--93?+A On (etwor#=/ssisted Pico 1ell 8iscovery in 5T2 ;et(ets2 /lcatel=5ucent. T$G=
"/( MG+ meetin KE:
3 9e8$+$$o+!, !y:,o%! )+d ),,re;$)$o+!
3.1 9e8$+$$o+!
7or the purposes of the present document. the terms and definitions iven in T" +-.D,: B-C and the followin apply. /
term defined in the present document ta#es precedence over the definition of the same term. if any. in T" +-.D,: B-C.
Odefined termPA OdefinitionP.
3.2 &y:,o%!
7or the purposes of the present document. the followin symbols applyA
OsymbolP O2)planationP
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3.3 *,,re;$)$o+!
7or the purposes of the present document. the abbreviations iven in T" +-.D,: B-C and the followin apply. /n
abbreviation defined in the present document ta#es precedence over the definition of the same abbreviation. if any. in
T" +-.D,: B-C.
;et(et ;eteroeneous (etwor#s
;OQ1M8 ;andover 1ommand
;O7 ;andOver 7ailure
'$8 'nter $ite 8istance
M$2 Mobility $peed 2stimation
MT$ Minimum=time=of=stay
"57 "adio 5in# 7ailure
To$ Time of $tay
3 Ge+er)%
$eamless and robust mobility of users from 5T2 macro to small 0T$=layer. and vice versa. should be supported to enable
offload benefits. The objectives of the study as captured in the study item description document B"P=--,93FC areA
= 'dentify and evaluate strateies for improved small cell discovery<identification. ("/(+)
= 'dentify and evaluate ;et(et mobility performance under established "el=-, e'1'1 features e... /lmost 0lan#
$ubframe ("/(+. "/(- if re@uested by "/(+)
= 7urther study and define automatic re=establishment procedures that can help improve the mobility robustness of
;et(et 5T2 networ#s. 2valuate performance benefits of enhanced 32 mobility state estimation and related
functionalities. and other possible mobility solutions to ta#e different cell=si!es into account. ("/(+. "/(3)
= "obust mobility functionality under various supported assumptions for the availability of 32 measurements
(includin 8"> functionality) shall be ensured<ta#en into account as well as 32 power consumption and
comple)ity ("/(+. "/(9)
= 7urther study and define mobility enhancements for ;ome e(ode0s with multiple carriers (or 1/) with 1$Gs
(potentially different 1$G on different carriers) ("/(+. "/(3)
The study shall consider both networ# centric solutions and possible 32 assisted enhancements.
5 <e.e :o,$%$y 'er8or:)+#e e;)%u)$o+
5.1 &$:u%)$o+ !udy '()!e!
The simulation study will be conducted in different phasesA
'n the first phase. a small area focusin on the hotspot around a pico cell is simulated. 32Rs are either randomly placed
inside this small area or on the ede of the small area. This corresponds to the ;otspot simulation (see section :.3). Mith
this simple model. lare number of different confiurations can be simulated within acceptable time.
'n the second phase. a larer area focusin on the system as a whole with a number of macro and pico cells will be
simulated for evaluatin the impact of the pico cell deployment to the system. This corresponds to lare area system
model for the 32 movement and trajectory (see section :.9).
$imulation calibration is done initially for both ;otspot and 5are area phases with a pre=defined set of simulation
assumptions. These parameters are captured in sections :.3.+ and :.9.: respectively.
The calibration phase of the study was completed in "/(+KEE.
/fter calibration. companies have the freedom of usin different simulator modellin and parameters than used durin
calibration provided the differences in the modellin and metrics are described. The chec#list provided in BEC may be
ta#en into account for further ;et(et simulations.
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The followin areas of study have been identified after calibrationA
= The study should consider more pico cell deployments e... with pico cells placed within the macro cell coverae
and with more pico cells per macro cell.
= 'mpact of 8"> settin on ;O performance will also be investiated.
= 'mpact of 1"2<e'1'1 will be further studied
= 2valuate the impact of different load levels and ensure that ;O performance is ood for all realistic load levels.
5.2 Ge+er)% &$:u%)$o+ )!!u:'$o+!
This section captures the simulation assumptions that are in eneral applicable for both ;otspot and 5are area
simulations unless e)plicitly modified in the respective sections.
5.2.1 <)+do;er -)$%ure =ode%%$+7
7or the purpose of ;et(et mobility performance evaluations. the "adio 5in# 7ailure ("57) criterion and procedures are
employed to determine the handover failure and the followin definitions applyA
5.2.1.1 9e8$+$$o+ o8 <)+do;er !)e!
7or purpose of modellin. the handover procedure is divided into 3 states as shown in 7iure :.+.-.3.-.
$tate -A 0efore the event /3 enterin condition. as defined in B:C. is satisfiedH
$tate +A /fter the event /3 enterin condition. as defined in B:C. is satisfied but before the handover command is
successfully received by the 32H and
$tate 3A /fter the handover command is received by the 32. but before the handover complete is successfully sent by
the 32
5.2.1.2 R"- :ode%%$+7 )+d de8$+$$o+ o8 R"- !)e!
Definition 1A The occurrence of "57 can be cateori!ed into two distinctive statesA state - and state + of the
handover process.
"57 occurrences in states - and + should be loed and labelled with the state identifier for studyin the impact of the
handover related parameter confiurations on "57s and for handover failure calculation. Optionally. the "57s loed in
state - maybe further differentiated as true "57 events (due to shadowin or 32 out of radio coverae) or handover
failure events. "57s in state - under conditions that other suitable cell(s) is available (sinal strenth (i.e.. $'(")
stroner than =Fd0) may be accounted as a handover failure.
Definition 2A The "57 performance metric is defined asA the averae number of "57 occurrences per 32 per
second. "57 performance in states - and + are loed separately.
(ote that the final results can be the total number of "57s averaed over the total simulated 32 movin time of all the
simulated 32s. 't is e@uivalent to the "57s per 32 divided by averaed total movin time per 32. The time lasted in
state - and state + should not be treated separately.
7or the purpose of "57 monitorin. the basic 5- processin confiurations in non=8"> mode should beA 5- sample
rate is once every -,ms (i.e. radio frame). with the 5- samples filtered linearly over a slidin window of +,,ms (i.e. +,
samples) for Nout and -,, ms (i.e. -, samples) for Nin. respectively.
5.2.1.3 <)+do;er6P9//< 8)$%ure :ode%%$+7
Definition : / handover failure is counted if a "57 occurs in state +. or a P811; failure is detected in state + or
state 3.
7or calculatin the handover failures for the two statesA
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- !n state 2: when the 32 is attached to the source cell. a handover failure is counted if one of the followin
criteria is metA
-) Timer T3-, has been triered or is runnin when the ;OQ1M8 is received by the 32 (indicatin P811;
failure)
1
or
+) "57 is declared in the state +
- !n state : after the 32 is attached to the taret cell a handover failure is counted if the followin criterion is
metA
= taret cell downlin# filtered averae (the filterin<averain here is same as that used for startin T3-,)
wideband 1N' is less than the threshold Nout (=F d0) at the end of the handover e)ecution time (Table
:.-.9.-) in state 3.
2
7or the purpose of P811; failure condition monitorin in state +A The 5- sample rate is once every -,ms and the 5-
samples are filtered by a linear filter with a slidin window of +,,ms (i.e. +, samples).
7or the purpose of P811; failure condition monitorin in state 3A The 5- sample rate should be at least two samples
durin the 9,ms (i.e. the handover e)ecution time) and averaed over the number of samples.
(OT2 -A The handover failure definition 3 above is different from the handover failure definition in T$ 3?.33- B:C.
't serves the purpose of evaluatin the handover performance at both servin and taret cell while the
definition in T$ 3?.33- B:C is from the 32 point of view which only captures the failures in taret cell.
(OT2 +A P811; failure condition detection is based on power measurement with the simplified model for savin
simulation time to allow the calibration with various sets of confiurations and more efficient simulations.
Definition "A The handover failure rate is defined asA ;andover failure rate S (number of handover failures) < (Total
number of handover attempts).
The total number of handover attempts is defined asA Total number of handover attempts S number of handover failures
T number of successful handovers. The number of handover failures is in 8efinition 3.
7iure :.+.-.3.- and 7iure :.+.-.3.+ show e)amples of the trierin of the handover failures due to detected P811;
failure condition and "57 condition.
1
This models a radio lin#<P811; failure occurrin in source cells. This criterion is e@uivalent to the 1N' measurement criterion for trierin
the T3-, and #eepin T3-, runnin. /s a result. the 32 measurement report and<or the handover command will fail due to the bad radio
conditions and hence a handover failure is declared. 'f before ;OQ1M8 is issued the lon term averae wideband 1N' is above Nin. we consider
the radio lin# is recovered (e@uivalent to (3-- is set to -).
2
This represents the 85 P811; failure occurrin at the handover taret cell. /s a result. the 32 may not receive the 85 "/1; response
messaes after the receivin window is e)piredH hence. handover failure may occur.
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4i'ure 1*/*(*3*(5 A handover failure is declared when the criterion (" is &et in state /*
4i'ure 1*/*(*3*/5 A handover failure is declared when the criterion /" is &et in state /*
Mhen a 32 trac#s "57s accordin to T$ 3?.3,, B3C. Nout is monitored with a +,,ms window and Nin is monitored
with a -,,ms window (as specified in T$ 3?.-33 B+C). 0oth windows are updated once per frame. i.e. once every -, ms
with the measured wideband 1N' value.
The "57 and ;O failure modellin related parameters are shown in the table :.+.-.3.- belowA
Ta$le 1*/*(*3*(5 The para&eters for deter&ine the R64s and the P7889 failures*
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:te&s 7escription
>ou -8 d?
>$+ -6 d?
T310 1! ((e de8)u% ;)%ue $+ 36.331)
.310 1
T311
.o u!ed 8or #)%$,r)$o+ (!$+#e R"- re#o;ery $! +o !$:u%)ed $+
(e #)%$,r)$o+)
.311 1
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5.2.2 P$+7-'o+7 =ode%%$+7
The time that a 32 stays connected with a cell after a handover is used as the metric to evaluate the pin=pon
behaviour. The JTime of stayL in a cell / is the duration from when the 32 successfully sends a Jhandover completeL
(i.e. RRCConnectionReconfigurationComplete)=messae to the cell /. to when the 32 successfully sends a Jhandover
completeL = messae to cell B. The minimum time of stay connected with a cell models the time needed to allow a 32
to establish a reliable connection with the cell. plus the time re@uired for conductin efficient data transmission. 'f a 32
ma#es a handover from cell 0 to cell / and then ma#es a handover bac# from cell / to cell 0 (i.e. the oriinal source
cell in the first handover). and the time connected to the cell / was less than the minimum=time=of=stay (MT$). it is
considered as a pin=pon. 'n eneral. if the 32Rs time=of=stay in a cell is less than MT$. the handover may be
considered as an un=necessary handover.
Definition #A / handover from cell 0 to cell / then handover bac# to cell 0 is defined as a pin=pon if the time=of=
stay connected in cell / is less than a pre=determined MT$.
The e)amples of countin the Pin=pons are shown in the 7iure :.+.+.-.
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4i'ure 1*/*/*(5 Pin'!pon' &odellin'*
Definition $5 Pin=pon rate is defined as (number of pin=pons)<(total number of successful handovers e)cl.
handover failures).
%ecommended &'( value to be used for the simulation is 1 second.
The distribution of Jtime=of=stayL (187) should be collected for study of the pin=pon behaviour.
Mhenever there is a handover failure. the time of stay should not be loed.
5.2.3 Ty'$#)% R)d$o P)r):eer /o+8$7ur)$o+!
The recommended simulation parameter values are based on T$3?.F-9 B9C and are shown in the followin Table :.+.3.-.
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3GPP TR 3)*+3, -((*(*. /.(/!(/" (/ Release ((
Ta$le 1*/*3*(5 ;asic radio confi'urations for the 9etNet &o$ilit% si&ulation
5.2.3 <e.e :o,$%$y !'e#$8$# ')r):eer!
The followin table captures the additional recommended ;et(et mobility specific parametersA
Ta$le 1*/*0*(5 9etNet &o$ilit% specific para&eters
(OT2 -A The percentae of cell loadin means the percentae of the total resource bloc#s bein used in a cell
durin a iven period of time. There is no difference between 85 interference enerated by full buffered
bac#round users and full power transmission in all the "0s of the system bandwidth.
7ast fadin is included in the simulation since it may have a bi impact to low speed 32Rs handover performance.
't should be noted that T$3?.33- B:C re@uires that the time characteristics of the 53 filter to be preserved by scalin the
& value when the sample period is less than +,,ms.
3GPP
:te&s #acro cell Pico cell
@&9 1.532 k:, 500:
9$!)+#e-de'e+de+ ')( %o!! TR 36.813 [3] =)#ro-#e%% :ode% 1 TR 36.813 [3] P$#o #e%% :ode% 1
.u:,er o8 !$e!6!e#or! 19655 1
?& *+e++) 7)$+ $+#%ud$+7 /),%e %o!! 15d? 5d?
=& *+e++) 7)$+ 0 d?$ 0 d?$
&()dow$+7 !)+d)rd de;$)$o+ 8 d? 10 d?
/orre%)$o+ d$!)+#e o8 &()dow$+7
.AT01 ($! $! (e d$!)+#e w(ere
#orre%)$o+ $! 0.5 (+o 16e )! de8$+ed
$+ TR 36.813 ?.1.2.1.1)
25 : 25 :
&()dow #orre%)$o+ 0.5 ,ewee+ #e%%!6 1 ,ewee+
!e#or!
0.5 ,ewee+ #e%%!
*+e++) ')er+
The same 3D pattern as is
specifed in TR 36.814, Table
A.2.1.1-2 [4
A:+$, as is specifed in TR
36.814, Table A.2.1.1.2-3 [3]
/)rr$er -reBue+#y 6 ?)+dw$d( 2.0G(C6 10=(C 2.0G(C6 10=(C
?& To)% TD 'ower 36 d?: 30d?:
Pe+er)$o+ "o!! 20d? 20d?
*+e++) #o+8$7ur)$o+ 142 142
=$+$:u: d$!)+#e The same re!"irements as specifed in TR 36.814 [4.
:te&s 7escription
P$#o #e%% '%)#e:e+ * 8$4ed %o#)$o+(!) e.7., ) 0.5 @&9, 0.3 @&9 o+ (e ,ore!$7(
d$re#$o+. Ar r)+do:%y '%)#ed.
/e%% %o)d$+7 (.AT0 1) 100E, 50E
F0 !'eed 3 k:6(, 120k:6(, 30k:6(, 60k:6(
/()++e% :ode% 0$(er o+e o8 (e :ode%!, TF or @TF, #ou%d ,e u!ed. (8)! 8)d$+7
$+#%uded)
T$:eToTr$77er [:!] 30, 80, 160, 380
)3-o88!e [d?] -1, 0, 1, 2, 3
T=e)!ure:e+GPer$od, @+r), "1 8$%er$+7 $:e $+
T&36.133 [2]
200:! (o(er ;)%ue! #ou%d ,e )dded %)er)
")yer3 -$%er P)r):eer H 3, 1, 0
:e)!ure:e+ error :ode%%$+7 To o,)$+ (e 90E ,ou+d 8or 26- 2 d?, ) +or:)% d$!r$,u$o+ w$(
de;$)$o+ I 2 d? 6 (!Br(2)Jer8$+;(0.9)) I 1.216 d? #)+ ,e u!ed (re81
T&36.133 [2]). T(e R&RP :e)!ure:e+ error #)+ ,e )dded ,e8ore
or )8er "1 8$%er )! %o+7 )! (e error reBu$re:e+ :e+$o+ed ),o;e
$! :e ) (e $+'u o8 "3 8$%er.
-or #)%$,r)$o+ 'ur'o!e!, (ere $! +o :e)!ure:e+ error :ode%%$+7
w$( w$de,)+d />@ 8or r)d$o %$+k :o+$or$+7 )+d <A- de#$!$o+.
<)+do;er 're')r)$o+ (de#$!$o+) de%)y 50:!
<)+do;er e4e#u$o+ $:e 30:!
3GPP TR 3)*+3, -((*(*. /.(/!(/" (3 Release ((
5.2.5 =ode%%$+7 o8 )dd$$o+)% 8e)ure!
$uitable models for 8">. e'1'1. "57 recovery. traffic patterns etc. could be considered by companies in further
simulations. $olutions that will enable the use of lon 8"> periods for improved 32 power savins and user
e)perience. while still ensurin controlled mobility in a robust manner is identified as an important topic for study.
The model provided in BFC is considered as one suitable model for analy!in the impact of non 8"> intra=fre@uency
cell identification delay.
B2ditors (oteA Models for 8">. e'1'1. "57 recovery. traffic patterns etc should be contribution driven and not limit
allowed simulation models.C
5.3 &'e#$8$# )!!u:'$o+! 8or <o!'o !$:u%)$o+
5.3.1 F0 P%)#e:e+ )+d Tr)Ke#or$e! 8or (o!'o !$:u%)$o+
"eardin to the 32 placement and trajectories. two different approaches are allowed for small area simulation
(;otspot model)A
-) 'n a trial. a 32 is randomly placed on the ede of the hotspot around the pico cell. Then the 32 moves straiht in
a randomly pic#ed direction within an anle toward the pico cell. / trial is finished when the 32 hit the circle on
the other side.
+) /lternatively. 32s are initially randomly dropped within the hotspot around the pico cell. Then the 32 moves in
a random direction in a straiht line. Mhen 32s reach the ede of the hotspot it will bounce bac# in a random
direction but 32 movement is restricted to be within the hotspot.
/s an e)ample of the first approach shown in 7iure :.3.-.-. the pico cell is placed at the ,.3 '$8 from the e(0 on the
bore siht direction. / circle is drawn with pico cell centre location as its centre and +,,m as the diameter. / 32 is
placed randomly on the circle and let it move towards the pico cell at random anle with in T<= 9: derees with the
radius. The 32 doesnRt chane the direction and the speed until it reaches the circle then start another trial (e@uivalent
to that the 32 is initially placed in the circle at any location then moves straiht in a random direction and bounces bac#
at the circle with a random anle).
4i'ure 1*3*(*(5 Pico cell place&ent and the &o$ile trajectories for &o$ilit% si&ulation at hot spot*
5.3.2 *dd$$o+)% &$:u%)$o+ )!!u:'$o+! 8or <o!'o #)%$,r)$o+
The calibration for the hotspot is conducted to ensure companies adoptin the same basic simulation assumptions such
that the simulation results are comparable and repeatable.
3GPP
3GPP TR 3)*+3, -((*(*. /.(/!(/" (0 Release ((
7or simulator calibration purposes. the followin sets of the confiuration parameters in Table :.3.+.- are used for the
first phase of simulation. The simulation results will be captured in this T" document for reference.
Ta$le 1*3*/*(5 8onfi'uration para&eter sets for si&ulation cali$ration
Profile Set ( Set / Set 3 Set 0 Set 1
F0 !'eed [k:6(] L3, 30, 60, 120M L3, 30, 60, 120M L3, 30, 60, 120M L3, 30, 60, 120M L3, 30, 60, 120M
/e%% "o)d$+7 [E] 100 100 100 100 100
TTT [:!] 380 160 160 80 30
*3 o88!e [d?] 3 3 2 1 -1
"1 o "3 'er$od [:!] 200 200 200 200 200
R&RP "3 -$%er H 3 3 1 1 0
'n the Table :.+.3.=-. the number of pico cells in the sector of interest is -. Pico cell placement for simulation
calibrationA ,.: '$8 on the boresiht direction.
7or calibration purpose. althouh the macro=to=macro handovers should be simulated. loin the macro=to=macro
handover related metrics is not re@uired. ;owever. it is allowed to lo macro=to=macro handover results separately from
the macro<pico results. but the macro=to=macro handovers shall not be included into the total number of handovers for
macro<pico ;O failure rate calculation.
7or calibration purposes. a hotspot diameter of +,, m will be used.
T3-- is not used since "57 recovery is not simulated in the calibration.
Mhen either a ;O failure or a "57 is detected. the 32 will be removed from the simulation. 2ssentially. here this
means that the 32 is enerated aain (as a new call) after a failure.
5.3 *dd$$o+)% )!!u:'$o+! 8or %)r7e )re) !y!e: !$:u%)$o+!
5.3.1 @:'ro;ed <A 8)$%ure )+d R"- :ode%%$+7
4i'ure 1*0*(*(5 #odellin' of 9andover failure in state / for lar'e area si&ulations
;O failure in state + can have two reasonsH this te)t focuses on the first criterion in 8efinition 3. $ection :.+.-.3 (i.e..
Timer T3-, has been triered or is runnin when the ;OQ1M8 is received by the 32 (indicatin P811; failure)).
Mhen this criteria happens. the 32 is not removed from the simulation and T3-, is #ept runnin. 3ntil e)piry of T3-,.
if the "5M measurement is above Nin. the 32 will be bac# to state - with the source cell and have its T3-, stopped and
reset to !ero. 'f the "5M measurement is not above Nin. T3-, will e)pire and cause an "57 (see 7iure :.9.-.-). This
3GPP
3GPP TR 3)*+3, -((*(*. /.(/!(/" (1 Release ((
"57 will have a reason code of ;O failure. (ote that this is in addition to the ;O failure countin as per definition 3 in
section :.+.-.3. 'n lare scale simulation. the "57s with the reason code of ;O failure should be loed separately from
the conventional "57s.
"57 recovery should eventually be modelled in lare area simulation after the calibration. 1ompanies should have the
fle)ibility to choose a realistic "57 recovery model.
5.3.2 <)+do;er 'er8or:)+#e :er$#! 8or <e.e %)r7e )re) e;)%u)$o+
'n eneral. the performance evaluation metrics adopted for hot spot simulation can be also used for lare area system
simulation.
'n the lare area simulation. the impact of the handover failures to the system performance depends on how often the
handover and handover failure occurred. 'f handover rarely occur. even if handover failure rate is hih. the impact of the
handover failure to the system is still very limited. On the other hand. if the fre@uency of handovers and handover
failures are hih. the impact to the system performance will be much bier. Therefore. time factor should be introduced
as the lare area simulation performance metric. The eneric metrics are defined as the followsA
Definition )A The total number of handover failures per 32 per second is defined as the total number of handover
failures averaed over the total travel time of all the simulated 32s.
Definition *A The total number of successful handovers per 32 per second is defined as the total number of
successful handovers averaed over the total travel time of all the simulated 32s.
(OT2A 0ased on definitions E. F the relative handover failure rate defined in definition 9 can be derived asA
The handover failure rate S (The total number of handover failures per 32 per second) < (The total number of handover
failures per 32 per second T The total number of successful handovers per 32 per second). 'n order to observe the
;et(et mobility behaviour thorouhly. handover performance results should be loed separately for macro to macro
(macro=macro). macro to pico (macro=pico). pico to macro (pico=macro) and pico to pico (pico=pico) handovers. The
overall areated results should also be obtained. More specifically the followin additional metrics for lare area
;et(et mobility simulation should be usedA
-. The number of macro=pico handover failures per 32 per second.
+. The number of pico=macro handover failures per 32 per second.
3. The number of macro=macro handover failures per 32 per second.
9. The number of pico=pico handover failures per 32 per second.
:. The total number of handover failures per 32 per second.
?. The number of successful macro=pico handovers per 32 per second.
E. The number of successful pico=macro handovers per 32 per second.
F. The number of successful macro=macro handovers per 32 per second.
D. The number successful of pico=pico handovers per 32 per second.
-,. The total number of successful handovers per 32 per second.
--. The macro=pico handover failure rate S (The number of macro=pico handover failures per 32 per second) < (The
number of macro=pico handover failures per 32 per second T The number of successful macro=pico handovers
per 32 per second).
-+. The pico=macro handover failure rate S (The number of pico=macro handover failures per 32 per second) < (The
number of pico=macro handover failures per 32 per second T The number of successful pico=macro handovers
per 32 per second).
-3. The macro=macro handover failure rate S (The number of macro=macro handover failures per 32 per second) <
(The number of macro=macro handover failures per 32 per second T The number of successful macro=macro
handovers per 32 per second).
3GPP
3GPP TR 3)*+3, -((*(*. /.(/!(/" () Release ((
-9. The pico=pico handover failure rate S (The number of pico=pico handover failures per 32 per second) < (The
number of pico=pico handover failures per 32 per second T The number of successful pico=pico handovers per
32 per second).
-:. Overall handover failure rate S (Total number of handover failures per 32 per second) < (Total number of
handover failures per 32 per second T Total number of successful handovers per 32 per second).
't is beneficial to simulate the macro only system and the results could be used as the reference for comparison with the
results from ;et(et simulation. The relative results aainst the macro only system is useful. 1omparin the absolute
results amon the companies is also important to minimi!e the variance.
5.3.3 T(e 9e8$+$$o+ o8 &(or-To& R)e
The ITime of stayI in a cell / (as captured in section :.+.+) is the duration from when the 32 successfully sends a
Ihandover completeI (i.e. ""11onnection"econfiuration1omplete)=messae to the cell /. to when the 32
successfully sends a Ihandover completeI messae to another cell 0. / 32=stay with a cell where the condition To$ O
MT$ is met reardless of the cell from which 32 was handed in or the cell to which it was handed out. is considered a
short time of stay (Short ToS).
The more eneric $hort To$ metrics are defined as followsA
Definition +A A Short ToS is counted when a 32Rs time=of=stay in a cell is less than a predetermined minimum time=
of=stay parameter (MT$). i.e. a 32 with To$OMT$.
Definition 1,A A Short ToS rate is defined as the number of $hort To$ occurrences divided by the number of
successful handovers. '.e.
$hort To$ rate S (number of $hort To$ occurrences)<(total number of successful handovers)
Definition 11A Short ToS per UE per second is defined as the total number of $hort To$ occurrences divided by total
number of the 32s simulated and averaed over the total simulation time.
't is mandatory to lo the 187 of To$ for lare area simulation. The 187 of To$ should be loed separately for the
To$ with pico cells and macro cells.
5.3.3 F0 P%)#e:e+ )+d Tr)Ke#or$e! )+d #e%% '%)#e:e+ 8or %)r7e )re)
!$:u%)$o+
1ompanies are allowed to use either wrap=around or bouncin=circle model. Mhen submittin results. companies should
state which model is used.
7or wrap=around approach. the simulation area (within the contour of wrap=around area) should include at least + tiers
of macro sites.
7or the bouncin=circle approach. the simulation area within the bouncin=circle should include at least - tier of
complete macro sites. Only the results from the inner tiers of the macro sites will be loed. includin all the outer
border area of the sites and complete pico cells on the macro cell border if any.
7or both wrap=around model and bouncin=circle model. a 32 at any cell in the simulation area should e)perience the
interference from two tiers of macro cells.
/fter initially dropped at a random location. the 32 will randomly select a direction and move in straiht line at a
constant speed till hittin the simulation border.
7or the wrap=around model. when the 32 hit the simulation border (the wrap=around contour). it will wrap around and
enter the simulation area from a different point on the wrap=around contour
7or the bouncin=circle model. when the 32 hit the simulation border (the bouncin=circle). it will bounce bac# with a
random anle.
3GPP
3GPP TR 3)*+3, -((*(*. /.(/!(/" (3 Release ((
5.3.5 *dd$$o+)% &$:u%)$o+ )!!u:'$o+! 8or ")r7e )re) #)%$,r)$o+
This section provides additional simulation assumptions for 5are area calibration. 1ompanies have freedom to choose
different<additional confiurations after calibration.
5.3.5.1 F0 P%)#e:e+ )+d Tr)Ke#or$e! )+d #e%% '%)#e:e+ 8or %)r7e )re) !$:u%)$o+
#)%$,r)$o+
7or the calibration of lare area ;et(et mobility simulation. a fi)ed pico cell placement pattern is adopted as is shown
in 7iures :.9.:.-.- and :.9.:.-.+. with each macro site associated with ? pico cells. 2ach of the pico cells are placed at
the centre point on the border between two macro sites at ,.: '$8. This pico cell placement leads to an averae of -
pico cell per macro cell. 't duplicates the pico cell placement for the hotspot calibration over the entire simulation area.
The chane compared to hotspot calibration is the smallest. 't will be easier for data comparison. The random pico cell
placement could be chosen by companies later on.
4i'ure 1*0*1*(*(5 #acro and pico cell place&ent in the wrap!around &odel for cali$ration*
4i'ure 1*0*1*(*/5 #acro and pico cell place&ent in the $ouncin'!circle &odel for cali$ration*
3GPP
3GPP TR 3)*+3, -((*(*. /.(/!(/" (+ Release ((
The macro and pico cell placement shown in 7iure :.9.:.-.- is adopted for calibration with the wrap=around model. /
simple macro and pico cell placement is suested for calibration<common approach. The U+ tiersR model of -D macro
sites is used where pico cells are placed at the middle of macro<macro cell borders.
The macro and pico cell placement shown in 7iure :.9.:.-.+ is adopted for calibration with the bouncin=circle model.
7or the bouncin=circle approach. to save the simulation time. it is suested to have the simulation circle si!e of -.F
'$8. The time=of=stay when a bounce occurs is not loed.
The macro cell '$8 is :,, m.
7or lare area simulation calibration. when a simulation is started. a 32 is randomly placed in the simulation area
initially. 't is assumed that 32s are uniformly distributed over the simulation area.
$ince "57 recovery is not modelled for lare area calibration. a 32 is ta#en away when ;O failure occurs in state 3 or
a "57 (both with and without the reason code of ;O failure) occurs.
The set 3 of the confiuration parameters used in hotspot calibration (in Table :.3.+.-) is adopted for lare area
simulation calibration. / 32 speed of 3, #m<h is adopted for calibration of lare area ;et(et mobility simulation.
1ompanies are free to choose additional confiuration sets or speeds after the calibration phase.
5.5 &$:u%)$o+ re!u%!
5.5.1 <o!'o #)%$,r)$o+
The calibration results averaed over the results from all the participatin companies are captured in the followin
sections. The detailed calibration results from specific companies can be found in B?C.
$ome initial observations are also made from the averaed results. ;owever. it should be noted that these are initial
findins and no definite conclusions should be drawn from it now
5.5.1.1 R"- re!u%! d$!#u!!$o+
Ta$le 1*1*(*(*(5 Avera'e R64<UE<s si&ulation data in state ( and state /*
State Speed Set( Set/ Set3 Set0 Set1
To)% *;er)7e
o8 )%% (e
#o:')+$e!N
re!u%!
1
3 1.20-03 1.00-03 3.50-05 2.20-05 1.20-05
30 2.80-03 3.50-03 5.30-05 3.50-05 2.80-05
60 3.10-03 5.50-03 1.20-03 8.00-05 3.30-05
120 6.30-03 8.50-03 1.30-03 1.00-03 6.30-05
2
3 5.30-05 1.10-05 1.10-06 3.30-06 6.80-06
30 9.30-03 1.50-03 5.60-05 1.90-05 2.00-05
60 2.10-03 5.50-03 3.50-05 1.50-05 3.90-05
120 5.90-03 1.50-03 1.00-03 5.10-05 3.30-05
3GPP
3GPP TR 3)*+3, -((*(*. /.(/!(/" (, Release ((
4i'ure 1*1*(*(*(5 Avera'e R64s<UE<s curves in state (*
4i'ure 1*1*(*(*/5 Avera'e R64s<UE<s curves in state /*
7rom the simulation results. the followin initial findins are observedA
-. Majority of the companies observed very few "57s occurrences in most cases. The relatively lon T3-, timer
settin ma#es the "57 rarely occurrin. Many ;O failures in state + may eventually lead to "57 in the real
system but currently they are just loed as ;O failures.
+. The averae "57<32<s of the all the companiesR results is hiher for the hiher 32 speed.
3GPP
3GPP TR 3)*+3, -((*(*. /.(/!(/" /. Release ((
5.5.1.2 <A 8)$%ure! re!u%! d$!#u!!$o+
Ta$le 1*1*(*/*(5 Avera'e handover failure rate si&ulation data in state /2 state 3 and avera'e overall
handover failure rate si&ulation data*
State Speed Set( Set/ Set3 Set0 Set1
*;er)7e o8 )%%
(e #o:')+$e!N
re!u%!
2
3 5.338 3.505 2.322 0.853 0.192
30 36.355 19.136 8.393 2.935 0.850
60 52.261 33.502 13.959 6.225 2.030
120 55.158 38.125 29.121 13.539 3.863
3
3 0.058 0.113 0.215 0.310 0.355
30 0.868 0.188 0.366 0.519 0.851
60 2.555 0.335 0.525 1.036 1.680
120 5.200 1.115 1.610 2.563 3.350
AV0R*""
3 5.506 3.818 2.539 1.163 0.635
30 35.225 19.333 8.859 3.353 1.520
60 53.809 33.935 15.683 5.253 3.518
120 63.260 39.196 30.508 16.398 8.219
4i'ure 1*1*(*/*(5 Avera'e handover failure rate curves in state /*
3GPP
3GPP TR 3)*+3, -((*(*. /.(/!(/" /( Release ((
4i'ure 1*1*(*/*/5 Avera'e handover failure rate curves in state 3*
4i'ure 1*1*(*/*35 Avera'e overall handover failure rate curves*
7rom the simulation results. the followin initial findins are observedA
-. Majority of the companies observed the same trend of the simulation results. The variance of some calibration
results from different companies is still bi.
+. The 32 speed has a sinificant impact on the ;O performance. The trend of simulation results indicated that
hih speed 32s suffer much hiher ;O failure rate than low speed 32s.
3GPP
3GPP TR 3)*+3, -((*(*. /.(/!(/" // Release ((
5.5.1.3 P$+7-'o+7 re!u%! d$!#u!!$o+
Ta$le 1*1*(*3*(5 Avera'e pin'!pon' rate data fro& cali$ration
Speed Set( Set/ Set3 Set0 Set1
*;er)7e o;er
)%% #o:')+$e!N
re!u%!
3 0.115 1.831 13.386 31.661 59.960
30 0.960 3.350 10.335 20.515 63.389
60 1.383 3.651 11.222 19.533 53.256
120 3.369 9.911 16.802 23.523 35.651
4i'ure 1*1*(*3*(5 Avera'e pin'!pon' rate curves*
7rom the simulation results. the followin initial findins are observedA
The trend of averae simulation results are as e)pectedA the pin=pon rate is relatively hih for low speed 32s with
confiuration set :. Mhile the pin=pon rate is relatively low for the low speed 32s with confiuration set - V +.
(oteA the reason of the some of the differences is #nown. 7or e)ample. there are some differences on 187 results due to
that some companies does not lo the To$ whenever the 32 hits the bouncin circle while some other companies allow
the To$ time continue runnin and lo the To$ when there is bouncin. 'f when there is bouncin the To$ is still loed.
very lon unreal To$ could be loed.
5.5.2 ")r7e )re) #)%$,r)$o+
The calibration results averaed over the results from all the participatin companies are captured in the followin
sections. The detailed calibration results from specific companies can be found in BDC.
3GPP
3GPP TR 3)*+3, -((*(*. /.(/!(/" /3 Release ((
5.5.2.1 R"- 'er8or:)+#e 8or <e.e )+d %e7)#y !y!e:!
Ta$le 1*1*/*(*(5 R64 perfor&ance for 9etNet and le'ac% s%ste&s fro& cali$ration
State (
State
/=Nor&al
State
/=9>4
>verall
*;er)7e 8or
<e.e
0.000018 0.000001 0.003360 0.003355
*;er)7e 8or
:)#ro6:)#ro
o+%y
0.000013 0.000000 0.001223 0.001236
4i'ure 1*1*/*(*(5 R64 perfor&ance for 9etNet and le'ac% s%ste&s fro& cali$ration
5.5.2.2 <)+do;er 8)$%ure 'er8or:)+#e 8or <e.e )+d %e7)#y !y!e:!
Ta$le 1*1*/*/*(5 Avera'e 9andover perfor&ance for 9etNet and le'ac% s%ste&s fro& cali$ration
9andover perfor&ance in 9etNets le'ac% &acro
onl% s%ste&
9andover
state
9andover
&etrics
&acro!
pico
pico!
&acro
&acro!
&acro
pico!pico >verall &acro!&acro
2 <A-!6F06! 0.000333 0.001533 0.001559 0.000009 0.003823 0.001552
<A 8)$%ure
r)e [E]
3.518585 8.083919 2.681813 2.389885 3.535913 2.038109
3 <A-!6F06! 0.000298 0.000110 0.000569 0.000012 0.000985 0.000539
<A 8)$%ure
r)e [E]
0.951855 1.205913 0.580586 1.306523 0.808520 0.505133
To)% &u##e!!8u%
<A!6F06!
0.013355 0.012536 0.052153 0.000235 0.098603 0.085906
<A-!6F06! 0.000535 0.001622 0.002313 0.000021 0.003615 0.002233
<A 8)$%ure
r)e [E]
3.655501 10.353351 3.361802 3.056629 3.629233 2.336505
3GPP
3GPP TR 3)*+3, -((*(*. /.(/!(/" /0 Release ((
4i'ure 1*1*/*/*(5 9andover failure ?" perfor&ance for 9etNet and le'ac% s%ste&s fro& cali$ration
3GPP
3GPP TR 3)*+3, -((*(*. /.(/!(/" /1 Release ((
4i'ure 1*1*/*/*/5 9andover failure 9>4<UE<second" perfor&ance for 9etNet and le'ac% s%ste&s fro&
cali$ration
5.5.2.3 &(or T$:e o8 &)y 'er8or:)+#e
Ta$le 1*1*/*3*(5 Short Ti&e of Sta% perfor&ance for 9etNet and le'ac% s%ste&s fro& cali$ration
9etNet with
&i@ed &acros
and picos"
le'ac% &acro onl% s%ste&
&(or To& r)e
[E]
16.851251 13.221092
&(or To&6F06! 0.016113 0.013351
3GPP
3GPP TR 3)*+3, -((*(*. /.(/!(/" /) Release ((
4i'ure 1*1*/*3*(5 Short Ti&e of Sta% rate" perfor&ance for 9etNet and le'ac% s%ste&s fro&
cali$ration
3GPP
3GPP TR 3)*+3, -((*(*. /.(/!(/" /3 Release ((
4i'ure 1*1*/*3*/5 Short Ti&e of Sta% ToS<UE<second" perfor&ance for 9etNet and le'ac% s%ste&s
fro& cali$ration
5.5.3 A;er)%% o,!er;)$o+! 8ro: #)%$,r)$o+ !$:u%)$o+!
The followin observations are made from the overall calibration simulationsA
-) "esults indicate that handover performance in ;et(et deployments is not as ood as in pure macro deployments.
Of the different ;O types. Pico to Macro handover performance showed the worst performance.
+) 7or low mobility 32s (i.e.. speed O 3,#m<hr). no sinificant problems have been observed in terms of ;O7 and
loss of connectivity (some issues with $hort To$ have been identified).
5.5.3 =u%$'%e '$#o#e%% de'%oy:e+!
5.5.3.1 =u%$'%e '$#o#e%% de'%oy:e+ u+der 8u%% !y!e: %o)d
'n this section. ;andover performance in terms of ;O7 and $hort To$ for multiple random pico cells deployments
(with -. +. 9 and -, pico cells per macro) is studied. $everal contributions were provided in "/(+KEF and the
followin results are from Tdoc "+=-++F-9 B-:C.Mith the e)ception of pico cell placement. the simulation assumptions
are as in Table :.+.3.- and Table :.+.9.- usin T3 channel model. :,,m '$8 and -,,W cell loadin. 7iures :.:.9.-.- to
:.:.9.-.9 show ;O7 and $hort To$ for different 32 speeds usin several /3 offset and TTT confiuration parameters
includin parameter sets for simulation calibration in Table :.3.+.-.
3GPP
3GPP TR 3)*+3, -((*(*. /.(/!(/" /+ Release ((
4i'ure 1*1*0*(*(5 9>4 and Short ToS for UE speed A 3k&<h with different pico cells" place&ent*
4i'ure 1*1*0*(*/5 9>4 and Short ToS for UE speed A 3.k&<h with different pico cells" place&ent*
4i'ure 1*1*0*(*35 9>4 and Short ToS for UE speed A ).k&<h with different pico cells" place&ent*
3GPP
3GPP TR 3)*+3, -((*(*. /.(/!(/" /, Release ((
4i'ure 1*1*0*(*05 9>4 and Short ToS for UE speed A (/.k&<h with different pico cells" place&ent*
5.5.3.1.1 A,!er;)$o+! 8ro: =u%$'%e '$#o#e%% de'%oy:e+ !$:u%)$o+! u+der 8u%% !y!e: %o)d
0ased on the simulation results provided above and the other contributions into "/(+KEF. the followin observation
was madeA
= 7or full system load with full buffer traffic model. the number of ;O7<32<s increases with the number of pico
cells.
5.5.3.2 =u%$'%e '$#o#e%% de'%oy:e+ u+der #o+!)+ !y!e: %o)d
'nvestiation of the impact of varyin the number of pico cells under a macro cell with constant system load was also
done B-3C. Mith constant system load. increase in the number of pico cells results in the system load bein shared by all
the cells and thereby reducin the load on the macro cell (i.e. cell loadin is not -,,W). 'n B-3C a scenario involvin two
roups of users. where one is a static roup of bac#round users that were deployed alon the ede of the macro cell
and the second is a roup of focus users that were randomly deployed and movin in straiht lines in random direction
at medium speed. were used. (o 8"> or e'1'1 were employed.
5.5.3.2.1 A,!er;)$o+! 8ro: =u%$'%e '$#o#e%% de'%oy:e+ !$:u%)$o+! u+der #o+!)+ !y!e:
%o)d
't was also noted that in eneral better handover performance can be e)pected if the load in the system is lower.
Therefore. at constant system load. addition of pico cells (that is. when more pico cells are added without any increase
in oveall system load) may have a positive effect on the mobility performance if their deployments result in reducin
the load per cell and thereby reducin the interference and the number of ;O7<"57.
5.5.5 Per8or:)+#e w$( 9RD
$imulations were provided by many companies on ;et(et mobility performance with 8"> in "/(+KEEbis. 7or a
relative comparison. mobility performance with 8"> in a macro=only system was also evaluated. The results were
provided for several 8"> settins and 32 speeds and also for different ;O types.
5.5.5.1 &$:u%)$o+ !udy 8or <)+do;er )+d R"- 'er8or:)+#e w$( 9RD 8or <e.e re%)$;e
o :)#ro o+%y !y!e:!
This section includes the results from one of the Tdoc "+=-+-??, B-,C on relative comparison of macro only systems
with ;et(et.
5.5.5.1.1 &$:u%)$o+ )!!u:'$o+! )+d de8$+$$o+!
0asic radio confiurations are as iven in Table :.+.3.- for the ;et(et mobility simulation. 1onfiuration set 3 iven in
Table :.3.+.-A 1onfiuration parameter sets for simulation calibration is used. The simulation scenario was the ;et(et
scenario but without the P811; failure model. 'nstead. the sendin of ;O command and measurement reports were
modelled realistically (i.e. sent as ""1 P83s). The full model for this is described in $ection 3.: of Tdoc "+=-+,39F
3GPP
3GPP TR 3)*+3, -((*(*. /.(/!(/" 3. Release ((
B--C. 3,, 32s were distributed in the simulation area at the beinnin of the simulation. 32 velocities 3, #m<h. ?,
#m<h and -+, #m<h were considered in different 8"> simulation cases.
The traffic model and 8"> parameters are listed in Table :.:.:.-.-.-. The 32 traffic profile was a bac#round traffic
profile consistin of sinle pac#et data bursts with mean inter=arrival rate of 3.9 seconds and mean pac#et si!e of -E,
bytes. $ince the traffic profile results in rather infre@uent pac#et transmissions. the calls were confiured to be very lon
to accommodate the Jalways=onL type of application paradim. The traffic would not cause much load to the networ#.
and therefore. all sites were confiured with enouh bac#round traffic so that each site was fully loaded to produce an
interference=limited simulation scenario.
The lon 8"> cycle lenth parameter varied from F, to ?9, TT'. The short 8"> cycle lenth was confiured to 9,
TT' cycle and the time duration to follow the short 8"> pattern was X of the lon 8"> cycle lenth after the last
received data pac#et. The on duration timer in all 8"> cases was set to : TT's and the inactivity timer was set to -,
TT's. "57 Nin and Nout windows were scaled accordin to the 8"> cycle lenth as described in T$ 3?.-33 B+C. 1ell
detection and intra=fre@uency neihbour cell measurements were done once per 8"> cycle durin the On duration.
(ote that durin the lon 8"> e... cycle lenth P 9,ms. the periodicity of the intra=fre@uency measurements depends
upon the 8"> cycle in use as specified in T$ 3?.-33 B+C.
'n this simulation. the handover success rate is defined by dividin the total number of successful handovers with the
total number of handover attempts. $ince "57s were observed to occur only in the handover situations the total number
of handover attempts consists of successful handovers and "57s.
Ta$le 1*1*1*(*(*(5 Traffic &odel
4eature<Para&eter Notes -alue<7escription
F0 r)88$# :ode% 0!$:)ed 8ro: r)#e :e)!ure:e+ -$ed !$+7%e d$!r$,u$o+
P)#ke $+er-)rr$;)% r)e [!] Geo:er$# d$!r$,u$o+ :e)+ 3.31 !e#o+d!
P)#ke !$Ce [?] Geo:er$# d$!r$,u$o+ :e)+ 150 ?
*3 :)r7$+ [d?]
F0 :e)!ure:e+ re'or$+7 ')r):eer!
2 d?
*3 $:e o r$77er [:!] 160 :!
"3 8$%er$+7 (#oe88$#$e+) kI1
"o+7 9RD #y#%e %e+7( [:!]
9RD #o+8$7ur)$o+ ')r):eer!
80, 160, 320, 630
&(or 9RD #y#%e %e+7( [:!] 30
&(or 9RD #y#%e dur)$o+ [:!] 162 o8 (e %o+7 9RD #y#%e %e+7(.
A+9ur)$o+ $:er [:!] 5
@+)#$;$y $:er [:!] 10
>ther para&eters differin' fro& the assu&ptions provided in section 1*/5
4eature<Para&eter Notes -alue<7escription
P$#o #e%% %)you 9$!)+#e o e.? 250: $+ ,ore!$7( d$re#$o+
F0 '%)#e:e+ Pro'or$o+ o8 F0! '%)#ed $+!$de (e '$#o
(o!'o(!) 8or e)#( #e%%
1
R&RP =e)!ure:e+ "1 :e)!ure:e+ 'er$od
=e)!ure:e+ ,)+dw$d(
=e)!ure:e+ error !)+d)rd de;$)$o+
"1 !%$d$+7 w$+dow !$Ce
30 :!
6 R?!
2 d?
5
.u:,er o8 #)%%!6!$:u%)$o+ 300 #)%%!, :)4$:u: #)%% %e+7( 3
:$+ue!.
5.5.5.1.2 &$:u%)$o+ re!u%! w$( 9RD 8or <e.e re%)$;e o :)#ro o+%y !y!e:!
(umbers of "57 and handover events per 32 per second for a macro=only scenario are shown in 7iures :.:.:.-.+.-
and ;et(et scenario performance is in 7iure :.:.:.-.+.+.
3GPP
3GPP TR 3)*+3, -((*(*. /.(/!(/" 3( Release ((
4i'ure 1*1*1*(*/*(5 9andover and R64 events in #acro scenario
30 kmph 60 kmph 120 kmph
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
R
L
F
s
/
U
E
/
s
e
c
.
UE Velocity


No DRX
Long Cycle: 40ms
Long Cycle: 80ms
Long Cycle: 160ms
Long Cycle: 320ms
Long Cycle: 640ms
30 kmph 60 kmph 120 kmph
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
H
O
s
/
U
E
/
s
e
c
.
UE Velocity


4i'ure 1*1*1*(*/*/5 9andover and R64 events in 9etNet scenario
;andover success rate results in Macro and ;et(et scenario are shown in 7iures :.:.:.-.+.3 and 7iure :.:.:.-.+.9
respectively.
3GPP
3GPP TR 3)*+3, -((*(*. /.(/!(/" 3/ Release ((
30 kmph 60 kmph 120 kmph
70
75
80
85
90
95
98
100
H
O

S
u
c
c
e
s
s

[
%
]
UE Velocity


No DRX
Long Cycle: 40ms
Long Cycle: 80ms
Long Cycle: 160ms
Long Cycle: 320ms
Long Cycle: 640ms
4i'ure 1*1*1*(*/*35 9andover success rate in #acro scenario
30 kmph 60 kmph 120 kmph
70
75
88
85
90
95
98
100
H
O

S
u
c
c
e
s
s

[
%
]
UE Velocity


No DRX
Long Cycle: 40ms
Long Cycle: 80ms
Long Cycle: 160ms
Long Cycle: 320ms
Long Cycle: 640ms
4i'ure 1*1*1*(*/*05 9andover success rate in 9etNet scenario
5.5.5.2 &$:u%)$o+ !udy 8or <)+do;er )+d R"- 'er8or:)+#e w$( 9RD 8or d$88ere+ <A
y'e! $+ <e.e
This section includes the results from one of the Tdoc "+=-+--?3 B-+C on ;andover and "57 performance in ;et(et
with 8"> for the different ;O types. The simulation assumptions for these results is iven below and they differ from
the ones used in the previous section :.:.:.-.
5.5.5.2.1 &$:u%)$o+ )!!u:'$o+! )+d de8$+$$o+!
1onfiuration set 3 iven in Table :.3.+.- for simulation calibration is used.
The used simulation scenario has been similar to the lare area scenario with wrap=around specified in confiuration set
3 iven in Table :.3.+.-A 1onfiuration parameter sets for simulation calibration is used. /lso basic radio confiuration
parameters have been adapted. The detailed simulation assumptions and settins are listed in table :.:.:.+.-.-. The
simulation shown in this paper includes the simulation case where there is no data transmission e)cept what is needed
for control sinallin for mobility Y i.e. loo#in only at mobility. The networ# is fully loaded reardless of the minimal
transmission for the 8"> users to investiate worst case scenario interference wise.
/lthouh the scenario and parameters have been adapted from BDC. the modellin of ""1 messaes. re=establishment
and handover failure has been enhanced with details provided in Table :.:.:.+.-.+.
3GPP
3GPP TR 3)*+3, -((*(*. /.(/!(/" 33 Release ((
'n the simulations three different measurement reportin parameters were usedA
-) 0aseline scenario uses the same handover parameters in all cells (Macro and Pico cells) used in the deployment
(0aseline).
+) Two cell specific scenarios usin different handover parameters dependin on whether the servin cell is a
Macro cell or whether the servin cell is a Pico cell (1ell type specific - and +).
Table :.:.:.+.-.3 illustrates the different parameters settins used.
3GPP
3GPP TR 3)*+3, -((*(*. /.(/!(/" 30 Release ((
Ta$le 1*1*1*/*(*(5 Traffic &odel
4eature<Para&eter -alue<7escription
9RD "o+7 #y#%e %e+7(
&(or #y#%e %e+7(
&(or #y#%e dur)$o+
@+)#$;$y $:er
A+ dur)$o+ $:er
80, 160, 320, 630, 1280, 2560 :!
30 :!
O %o+7 #y#%e %e+7( (:)4 630 :!)
10 :!
5 :!
<)+do;er ')r):eer! <)+do;er #r$er$)
*3 ,)!e%$+e o88!e
*3 ,)!e%$+e $:e-o-r$77er
0;e+ *3 R&RP
2 d?
160 :!
Tr)88$# ')r):eer! Tr)88$# y'e Pkee'-)%$;eQ1
P)#ke $+er;)% /o+!)+ 20 !e#o+d!
?)+dw$d( 10 =<C
@--T6--T %e+7( 1023
9u'%e4$+7 -99
.u:,er o8 !u,-#)rr$er! 600
&u,-#)rr$er !')#$+7 15 k<C
Re!our#e ,%o#k ,)+dw$d( 180 k<C
&u,-8r):e %e+7( 1 :!
Reu!e 8)#or 1
.u:,er o8 !y:,o%! 'er TT@ 13
.u:,er o8 d)) !y:,o%! 'er TT@ 11
.u:,er o8 #o+ro% !y:,o%! 'er TT@ 3
3GPP =)#ro /e%% &#e+)r$o /e%% %)you 55 !e#or!619 ?&!
@+er !$e d$!)+#e (@&9) 500 :
P$#o #e%% %)you 9$!)+#e o e.? 0.5 @&9
"o#)$o+ ?ore !$7( %o#)$o+
P$#o!6:)#ro #e%% 1
=)#ro-'$#o de'%oy:e+ y'e @+r)-8reBue+#y
9$!)+#e-de'e+de+ ')( %o!! =)#ro #e%% :ode% (T& 36.813, =ode% 1) 128.1 2 35.6%o710(r)
P$#o #e%% :ode% (T& 36.813, =ode% 1) 130.5 2 36.5%o710(r)
?& T4 'ower =)#ro
P$#o
36 d?:
30 d?:
&()dow$+7 !)+d)rd de;$)$o+ =)#ro
P$#o
8 d?
10 d?
&()dow$+7 #orre%)$o+ ,ewee+
#e%%!6!e#or!
0.5 6 1.0
&()dow$+7 #orre%)$o+ d$!)+#e =)#ro
P$#o
25 :
25 :
=u%$')( de%)y 'ro8$%e Ty'$#)% Fr,)+
F0 ;e%o#$y 3, 30 k:6(
R&RP =e)!ure:e+ "1 :e)!ure:e+ #y#%e
=e)!ure:e+ ,)+dw$d(
=e)!ure:e+ error !)+d)rd de;$)$o+
"1 !%$d$+7 w$+dow !$Ce
"3 8$%er$+7
30 :! or 9RD #y#%e %e+7(
6 R?!
2 d?
5
9$!),%ed
<)+do;er 're')r)$o+ $:e 50 :!
<)+do;er e4e#u$o+ $:e 30 :!
R)d$o %$+k 8)$%ure :o+$or$+7 >ou (re!(o%d
>$+ (re!(o%d
T310
-8 d?
-6 d?
1000 :!
/e%% $de+$8$#)$o+ 0+),%ed
Re#e$;er d$;er!$y 2RD =R/
.u:,er o8 #)%%! 1000 o8 130 !e#o+d #)%%!
9" @+er8ere+#e %o)d =)#ro, P$#o 100E R?! %o)ded
3GPP
3GPP TR 3)*+3, -((*(*. /.(/!(/" 31 Release ((
Ta$le 1*1*1*/*(*/5 >ther para&eters differin' fro& the assu&ptions provided in section 1*/
4eature<para&eter 7ifferences5
Radio link failure5
9ee#$o+
*#$o+
&):e :ode%%$+7 8or dee#$o+
(re!(o%d!
F0 re:)$+! $+ !$:u%)$o+ )+d RR/ re-
e!),%$!(:e+ 'ro#edure $! )e:'ed
9andover failure5
9ee#$o+
*#$o+
R"- dur$+7 ()+do;er 'ro#e!!
F0 re:)$+! $+ !$:u%)$o+ )+d RR/ re-
e!),%$!(:e+ 'ro#edure $! )e:'ed
)8er R"-
9> co&&and5
Rer)+!:$!!$o+!
-)$%ure
?o( <*R> )+d R"/ rer)+!:$!!$o+!
:ode%%ed w$( :)4$:u: o8 5 <*R>
)+d 3 R"/ rer)+!:$!!$o+!
=)4$:u: +u:,er o8 R"/
rer)+!:$!!$o+! re)#(ed
#easure&ent report5
Rer)+!:$!!$o+!
-)$%ure
?o( <*R> )+d R"/ rer)+!:$!!$o+!
:ode%%ed w$( :)4$:u: o8 5 <*R>
)+d 3 R"/ rer)+!:$!!$o+!
=)4$:u: +u:,er o8 R"/
rer)+!:$!!$o+! re)#(ed
P78895
-)$%ure "$+k %e;e% ),%e! u!ed $+ RR/
:e!!)7e r)+!:$!!$o+ 'ro#e!! 8or
P9//< dee#$o+68)$%ure
Ta$le 1*1*1*/*(*35 7ifferent #easure&ent Reportin' para&eters used
Para&eter sets
Para&eters when servin' cell is #acro
cell
Para&eters when servin' cell is Pico
cell
?)!e%$+e1
(TTT1160 A88!e12)
T$:e-o-r$77er1 160 :!
*3 o88!e1 2d?
T$:e-o-r$77er1 160 :!
*3 o88!e1 2d?
/e%% y'e !'e#$8$# 11
(/T&TTT130 /T&A88!e10)
T$:e-o-r$77er1 160 :!
*3 o88!e1 2d?
T$:e-o-r$77er1 30 :!
*3 o88!e1 2d?20d? I 2d?
/e%% y'e !'e#$8$# 21
(/T&TTT130 /T&A88!e1-3)
T$:e-o-r$77er1 160 :!
*3 o88!e1 2d?
T$:e-o-r$77er1 30 :!
*3 o88!e1 2d?-3d? I -2d?
5.5.5.2.2 &$:u%)$o+ re!u%! w$( 9RD 8or d$88ere+ <A y'e! $+ <e.e
;andover failure rate is for pico to macro handovers is shown in 7iure :.:.:.+.+.-.
3GPP
3GPP TR 3)*+3, -((*(*. /.(/!(/" 3) Release ((
4i'ure 1*1*1*/*/*(5 9andover failure rate in pico to &acro &o$ilit%
'n 7iure :.:.:.+.+.+ a comparison of handover failure rates is shown for different cell types. The parameters here are
the same e)cept for the short cycle duration. which is here ?9, ms reardless of the lon cycle lenth. ;andover settin
in these cases is baseline with TTT -?, ms and /3 offset of + d0 for all cells.
3GPP
3GPP TR 3)*+3, -((*(*. /.(/!(/" 33 Release ((
4i'ure 1*1*1*/*/*/5 9andover failure rate $etween different cell t%pes
5.5.5.3 A;er)%% o,!er;)$o+! o+ <)+do;er 'er8or:)+#e $+ <e.e w$( 9RD
7or this $tudy item. slihtly hiher ;O7 rates in ;et(et. relative to macro=only scenarios. at least for bac#round
traffic. are considered acceptable. The followin observations were reached with respect to ;O performance for
;et(ets with 8">A
-) The simulations indicate that for low speed 32s (3 #m<h) acceptable ;O performance rates can be ensured at
least for bac#round traffic in ;et(ets if the networ# avoids too lon 8"> settins inside pico cells.
+) 'n eneral while loner 8"> combined with hiher 32 velocity provides challenes to mobility robustness.
addin small cells in combination with loner 8">. even medium velocity provides challenes to mobility
robustness especially for pico outbound mobility.
$imulations showin 32 power consumption were also discussed in many Tdocs in "/(+KEEbis. They showed thatA
-) 8"> is essential for battery savin and doublin the 8"> cycle almost halves the power consumption for #eep=
alive traffic with +,s inter=arrival time. ;owever. no sinificant differences between battery savin in 8"> in
;et(et and macro=only scenarios was observed for the same 8"> parameters (e... in Tdoc "+=-+-??, B-,C).
+) $imulation results also show that Pin=pon rates are lower with 8"> and that there is a trade off between
amount of Pin=pons and aressive handover parameter use.
5.5.6 Per8or:)+#e w$( e@/@/
'mpact of e'1'1<1"2 was studied throuh simulations. /n e)ample set of simulation results from "+=-++F,9 B-9C is
captured below. $imulations results from other companies have shown similar trends and were considered to provide
the same observations in terms of the e'1'1<1"2 impact on ;et(et mobility performance.
3GPP
3GPP TR 3)*+3, -((*(*. /.(/!(/" 3+ Release ((
5.5.6.1 &$:u%)$o+ )!!u:'$o+!
The basic simulation assumption used is as captured in Table :.+.3.- with '$8 of :,,m and Table :.:.?.-.-. which is
almost in line with the basic confiuration described in Table :.+.9.-. but some specific confiuration set (e.. channel
model. Pico cell placement) was selected.
Ta$le 1*1*)*(*(5 RR#<R6# confi'urations
Two different /0$ confiurations for e'1'1 as described below were loo#ed at but it is to be noted that /0$ patterns
were not e)plicitly modelled in the simulation.
!deal AB( coordination -denoted as .perfect e!C!C/ in the figures0:
The /0$ patterns of all the macro cells are synchroni!ed in time. i.e. the /0$ from all macro cells occur at the same
subframes and all the macro cells are subframe=alined. 't is assumed that a 32 served by a pico cell does not observe
interference from any macro cell in terms of radio lin# monitorin (i.e. "5M pattern is assumed to be confiured and no
1"$ collision between macro and pico cells is assumed).
1on-ideal AB( coordination -denoted as .imperfect e!C!C/ in the figures0:
The /0$ patterns of the macro cells are not synchroni!ed in time. The /0$ from the overlay macro cell is assumed to
protect a pico 32 from the interference of the overlay macro cell only. Thus the radio lin# monitorin of the pico 32 is
affected by interference from all other neihbour macro cells.
5.5.6.2 &$:u%)$o+ re!u%!
$imulation results for "57 events. ;O7 events. ;O7 rates. short To$ events. and short To$ rates are shown in 7iure
:.:.?.+.-. :.:.?.+.+. :.:.?.+.3. :.:.?.+.9. and :.:.?.+.: respectively.
't can be seen that in comparison to the baseline ;et(et without e'1'1. the e'1'1 with ideal /0$ coordination can
improve mobility performance across different 1"2 bias values. The performance ain increases as 1"2 bias becomes
larer. 't has been observed (e.. in "+=-++E+? B-?C) that with e'1'1 the reduced interference from macro cells
improves the pico=to=macro handover performance due to the ;O command bein more reliably delivered from the
source pico cell. The reduced interference also improves the macro=to=pico handover performance due to the more
reliable "/1; process to the taret pico cell.
The e'1'1 with non=ideal /0$ coordination can also reduce "57 and ;O7 events when 1"2 bias is smaller. ;owever
when 1"2 bias is larer (i.e. 9 or ? d0). the mobility performance becomes worse than that of the baseline ;et(et
without e'1'1. 't is considered that the performance deradation is due to increased interference from macro cells that
the 32s in pico cells would e)perience in the 1"2 reion with lare bias.
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:te&s 7escription
Pico cell placement "andom placement. one per sector. as per T" 3?.F-9
1ell loadin -,,W
32 speed 3,#m<h
1hannel model T3 (fast fadin included)
TimeToTrier BmsC -?,
/3=offset Bd0C +
TMeasurementQPeriod. 'ntra. 5- filterin time in
T$3?.-33
+,,ms
5ayer3 7ilter Parameter & -
measurement error modellin To obtain the D,W bound for T<= + d0. a normal distribution with deviation S +
d0 < (s@rt(+)Zerfinv(,.D)) S -.+-? d0 can be used (refA T$3?.-33 B+C)
;andover preparation (decision) delay :,ms
;andover e)ecution time 9,ms
3GPP TR 3)*+3, -((*(*. /.(/!(/" 3, Release ((
4i'ure 1*1*)*/*(5 R64 events
4i'ure 1*1*)*/*/5 9>4 events
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4i'ure 1*1*)*/*35 9>4 rate
4i'ure 1*1*)*/*05 Short ToS events
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4i'ure 1*1*)*/*15 Short ToS rate
5.5.6.3 /o+#%u!$o+! o+ :o,$%$y 'er8or:)+#e w$( e@/@/
0ased on the study. the followin conclusions were reached on ;et(et mobility performance with e'1'1.
-) e'1'1 (Time domain resource partitionin based on /0$) with ,d0 1"2 bias does not cause a neative effect on
mobility performance in ;et(et
+) e'1'1 can improve mobility performance in ;et(et when ideal /0$ pattern coordination amon macro cells is
used even with a lare 1"2 bias (e.. ?d0)
3) 3se of a lare 1"2 bias (e.. ?d0) with non=ideal /0$ pattern coordination amon macro cells can lead to
mobility performance deradation
9) 2ven with ideal e'1'1 the mobility performance in ;et(et is not as ood as macro only networ#.
(OT2 -A The non=ideal /0$ coordination assumption used in the current simulation is just a special case. Other
different cases of non=ideal /0$ coordination and 1"$ collision modellin are not represented by the
results.
(OT2 +A The simulation has been focused on mobility performance. with simplification on the modellin of load
and P811; transmission<reception. The impact of the number of 32 in the system does not et reflected
in the amount of control resource re@uired to send their P811;. 7or e)ample. the bloc#in issue of
P811; transmission is not e)amined with respect to the amount of /0$ allocated in the simulation. 'n
addition. the loss of throuhput due to the use of /0$ is not modelled either. for e)ample ,d0 1"2
would result in capacity loss at macro without pico offloadin ain.
(OT2 3A 'n the simulations. the 1"$ interference from the macro cells durin /0$ was not modelled.
(OT2 9A 8"> was not used in these simulations.
5.6 Per8or:)+#e ,e+e8$! o8 e+()+#ed F0 :o,$%$y !)e
e!$:)$o+
5.6.1 =o,$%$y !'eed e!$:)$o+
This section considers the distribution of Mobility $peed 2stimation (M$2) counter values in a reular macro=only and
;et(et networ#. /n M$2 observation window. T1"ma). of -+, s is used in the simulations (Tdoc "+=-+9,+E B3-C). The
simulation parameters when different from those in tables :.+.3.- and :.+.9.- are also iven in Table :.?.-.-.
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3GPP TR 3)*+3, -((*(*. /.(/!(/" 0/ Release ((
Ta$le 1*)*(*(5 Su&&ar% of #o$ilit% related si&ulation para&eters for the #SE
9> Para&eter -alue
T$:e To Tr$77er (TTT) 9y+):$#, 380 :! $+ +or:)% =o,$%$y
TTT &#)%$+7 8)#or! &8G:ed$u: I 0.5, !8G($7( I 0.25
N_CRMedium, %$:$ o e+er medium !)e 8or :)#ro o+%y
!#e+)r$o
5
N_CRHigh, %$:$ o e+er high !)e 8or :)#ro o+%y
!#e+)r$o
13
N_CRMedium, %$:$ o e+er medium !)e 8or <e.e
!#e+)r$o
10
N_CRHigh, %$:$ o e+er high !)e 8or <e.e !#e+)r$o 16
T_CRmaxHyst, (y!ere!$! ,)#k o normal !)e 0! (de:o+!r)e (e $::ed$)e $:')# o8 e+()+#ed
=&0)
*3 A88!e 3 d? =)#ro )+d P$#o
P$+7-Po+7-T$:e 1 !
=e)!ure:e+! R)e 0.2 !
<A 04e#u$o+ T$:e ($+#%ud$+7 Pre')r)$o+) 0.15 !
R&RP error R Cero :e)+ G)u!!$)+ 1 d? !d
-$%er$+7 -)#or H 3
R"-1 >ou T(re!(o%d - 8 d?
R"-1 >$+ T(re!(o%d - 6 d?
The 7iure :.?.-.- and 7iure :.?.-.+ (Tdoc "+=-+9,+E B3-C) show the distribution of M$2 counter in macro=only and
;et(et networ# respectively for M$2 window (T1"Qma)) of -+,s.
4i'ure 1*)*(*(5 7istri$ution of #SE counter in &acro!onl% network for #SE o$servation window
T8R&a@ of (/.s* The dotted lines illustrate e@a&ple &o$ilit% state thresholds*
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4i'ure 1*)*(*/5 7istri$ution of #SE counter in 9etNet network with different nu&$er of picos for #SE
o$servation window T8R&a@ of (/.s*
/s can be seen in 7iure :.?.-.-. in the macro only networ# the M$2 performs well. and there is ood correlation
between M$2 count and speed of movement. ;ere it is easy to choose appropriate M$2 thresholds. (Q1"Medium and
(Q1";ih. for M$2 function to distinuish the 32 mobility states. 0ut. in a heteroeneous networ# (7iure :.?.-.+)
usin the current M$2 alorithm produces an M$2 event count that is positively biased by the density of pico cells.
That is. M$2 count for a iven 32 speed increases with increase in number of pico cells. 'n ;et(et with cells of
different cell si!es and varyin pico cell densities it is challenin to find one set of appropriate M$2 thresholds that
would accurately wor# for different ;et(et deployments.
5.6.2 A;er)%% o,!er;)$o+! o+ =o,$%$y !'eed e!$:)$o+
On mobility state estimation (M$2) and its impact on mobility performance. it was observed that the M$2 is not as
accurate in ;et(et environments as in macro only deployments since it does not ta#e into account cell si!es.
't was however areed that possible enhancements to the 32=based M$2 should serve the purpose of enhanced mobility
performance (not only for the sa#e of enhancin the M$2 estimate). There is consensus that enhancements should be
considered to improve the mobility performance of ;et(et. This includes 32 and networ# based mechanisms.
6 &r)e7$e! 8or $:'ro;ed !:)%% #e%%
d$!#o;ery6$de+$8$#)$o+
6.1 9e'%oy:e+ !#e+)r$o!
$mall cells can be deployed for various reasons. resultin in a heteroeneous networ# comprisin small cells of
different si!es<types (e.. micro. pico. femto). One e)pected scenario is the offloadin of users from macro layer to
small cell layer where the macro layer and small cell layer are on different carrier fre@uencies. The study focussed on a
scenario where one macro fre@uency provides full coverae and where pico cells are provided on second fre@uency
layer for offloadin purposes includin means to improve perceived No$ on hot spot locations. 7or inter=fre@uency
small cell detection. the study will focus on the followin use case where the 32 does inter=fre@uency small cell
measurements for a carrier that is e)pected to have non=uniform coverae (e.. hotspot deployment) for offloadin<load
balancin purposes.
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6.2 A,Ke#$;e! 8or $+er-8reBue+#y !:)%% #e%% :e)!ure:e+!
The objective is to optimi!e the data offloadin potential (e.. ma)imi!e the amount of data that is transmitted in pico
cells rather than in macro cellsH ma)imi!e the time a 32 stays out of the macro cell) with the followin criteriaA
1riteria -) 32 power consumption for inter=fre@uency small cell measurements in ;et(et deployments should be
minimised.
1riteria +) /ny interruptions on the servin cell(s) due to inter=fre@uency small cell measurements should be
minimised.
1riteria 3) 'nter=fre@uency mobility performance should not be deraded by measurin inter=fre@uency small cells.
1riteria 9) Mobility performance of leacy 32s should not be deraded to improve inter=fre@uency small cell
detection by "el=-- 32s.
The impact to 32 power consumption depends on how often and for how lon a 32 performs inter=fre@uency
measurements. The study evaluates. in particular. 32 power consumption relative to how much offloadin opportunity
and No$ benefit is lost e... due to delayed detection of the small cell.
The study also investiates whether the same findins apply also to detection of candidate $1ells on the second
fre@uency layer.
2nhancements were evaluated aainst mechanisms that can be reali!ed with available functionality.
6.3 *+)%y!$! o8 e4$!$+7 $+er-8reBue+#y :e)!ure:e+!
'n the taret use case described in $ection ?.-. small cells provide hot spot coverae overlappin with macro cells
providin continuous coverae. $ince the 32 would not #now when the small cell coverae is available. the 32 may
always have to do inter=fre@uency measurements for identifyin small cells. 'f the 32 is always re@uired to perform
measurements. sinificant 32 power consumption is e)pected. 7iure ?.3.- shows simulation results on D:
th
percentile
enery used for inter=fre@uency small cell measurements B-DC. 'f the e)istin ap pattern (e... ?ms measurement ap
every F,ms period) is applied. appro)imately -,,,[ enery consumption is observed when the number of measured
cells is less than +,.
4i'ure )*3*(5 Ener'% used on s&all cell scan as a function of a&ount of s&all cells in (0 hours B(,C*
The followin conclusion was drawn from the study on inter=fre@uency small cell discoveryA
-) 't was concluded that continuously performin measurements accordin to e)istin performance re@uirements
results in very hih battery consumption without showin sinificant impact on offloadin potential.
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6.3 Poe+$)% e+()+#e:e+! 8or $:'ro;ed !:)%% #e%%
d$!#o;ery6$de+$8$#)$o+
6.3.1 &o%u$o+ 11 "o+7er :e)!ure:e+ 'er$od [20]
5oner measurement period is applied for inter=fre@uency small cell measurements.
6.3.2 &o%u$o+ 31 Re%)4ed !$de #o+d$$o+ [23]
$ide conditions for measurements. such as $1;Q"P. $1; \s<'ot. "$"P and "$"N \s<'ot can be rela)ed for small cell
measurements.
6.3.3 &o%u$o+ 91 F0 =&0 ,)!ed :e)!ure:e+! [21,32]
7ast=movin 32 (hih and possibly medium mobility state) may suspend inter=fre@uency measurements that are
confiured for offloadin<load balancin purposes.
6.3.3 &o%u$o+ 101 &:)%% #e%% !$7+)% ,)!ed #o+ro% o8 :e)!ure:e+! [22]
'f 32 detects a sufficiently stron small cell (stroner than a sinal @uality threshold confiured by the networ#). it can
suspend inter fre@uency search of other small cells. 'f the small cell becomes wea#er. the 32 would resume inter=
fre@uency search of other small cells whereas the search for the fre@uency of the found small cell would be less
fre@uent.
6.3.5 &o%u$o+ 31 =e)!ure:e+! w$(ou 7)' )!!$!)+#e [23]
7or 1arrier /reation cases. measurements without ap assistance are mandated for 1/ capable 32.
6.3.6 &o%u$o+ 21 &:)%% #e%% d$!#o;ery !$7+)% $+ :)#ro %)yer [23]
8iscovery sinal formed by leacy control channels (P$$. $$$. $ystem information) is transmitted on the macro layer
at the location of inter=fre@uency small cell. The 32 identifies the discovery sinal as a reular intra=fre@uency cell and
report the cell to the servin e(0 accordin to the measurement confiuration. The e(0 can either immediately trier
a handover to the inter=fre@uency small cell (if the discovery sinal is #nown to represent the coverae of the inter=
fre@uency small cell) or re@uest the 32 to perform inter=fre@uency measurement.
6.3.5 &o%u$o+ 61 F0 ,)!ed 'ro4$:$y dee#$o+ [25, 33]
/utonomous cell search and pro)imity indication. which 32 already applies to 1$G cell detection and measurement.
can be e)tended to hotspot small cell discovery with minimum impact on the specifications. 7or e)ample. similar to the
white list of the 1$G cells maintained in a 32. a list of most fre@uently visited cells with associated radio information
could be maintained in the 32s to support an autonomous search of those pico cells.
6.3.8 &o%u$o+ 56 51 Pro4$:$y dee#$o+ ,)!ed o+ :)#ro6'$#o #e%% %$!e+$+7
[26, 25]
Pro)imity detection for inter=fre@uency open access small cells (picos and open ;e(0s) is performed by the e(0. and
the macro e(0 activates inter=fre@uency measurement for the concerned 32(s). The details of the pro)imity detection
can be left to e(0 implementation. but it can be based on location information or a finerprint based on the sinal
levels of neihbourin (macro) cells that 32s e)perience while connected to the small cell. which can be athered from
the measurement reports of 32s that are involved in ;O to<from the pico cell.
/lternatively. a pico cell can discover that a Macro 32 is nearby if uplin# sinal from the 32 is detected. $imilar
methods are also bein discussed to address the issue of 35 interference to small cell in the wor# item 1arrier=based
;et(et '1'1 for 5T2 lead by "/(3 B+DC.
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6.3.9 &o%u$o+ 81 Pro4$:$y dee#$o+ w$( ,ro)d#)! )!!$!)+#e [28, 33]
'n order to indicate the presence of Pico cells in the Macro cell vicinity. the networ# could indicate the presence of Pico
cells throuh a broadcast bit or the location rane of the alert !one of the pico cell(s) overlaid with the macro cell. The
networ# could also publish the fre@uencies where the pico cells could be found. The 32 could then start bac#round
measurements on these fre@uencies if it supports these fre@uencies in 8">. Periodicity could be left to 32
implementation. Mhen 32 sees Pico cells. it sends a Ipro)imity reportI and then the (etwor# confiures normal
measurements and 32 reports normal measurement report. The 32 could stop the bac#round search after bein
handed over into a Pico cell.
6.5 0;)%u)$o+ re!u%!
Table ?.:.- and ?.:.+ show the evaluation results by the criteria described in $ection ?.+. ]es< (o in the Tables means
the indicated solution meet< does not meet the indicated criterion. 8etailed evaluation results can be found in /nne) /.
Ta$le )*1*( Evaluation results on potential enhance&ents ("
Rela@ed &easure&ent
confi'uration
Solution ( D 3"
UE #SE $ased
&easure&ents
Solution ,"
S&all cell si'nal
$ased control of
&easure&ents
Solution (."
#easure&ents
without 'ap
assistance Solution
0"
/r$er$o+ 1 Se! Se! 8or ($7( !'eed F0 Se!, w$( &o%u$o+ 1 T 3 .o
/r$er$o+ 2 Se! Se! 8or ($7( !'eed F0 Se!, w$( &o%u$o+ 1 T 3 Se!
/r$er$o+ 3 Se!, $8 )''%$ed 8or !:)%%
#e%% d$!#o;ery 'ur'o!e!
Se! 8or ($7( !'eed F0 Se!, w$( &o%u$o+ 1 T 3 Se!
/r$er$o+ 3 Se! Se! Se! =)y ();e )+ $:')#
&'e#$8$#)$o+
$:')#
[--&] [--&] [--&] *%re)dy );)$%),%e 8or
!o:e /* ,)+d
#o:,$+)$o+!
.oe /o:'%e:e+)ry
!o%u$o+ w$( re%)4ed
:e)!ure:e+
#o+8$7ur)$o+
/o:'%e:e+)ry
!o%u$o+ w$( re%)4ed
:e)!ure:e+
#o+8$7ur)$o+
A+%y )''%$#),%e o /*
#)'),%e F0!
Ta$le )*1*/ Evaluation results on potential enhance&ents /"
S&all cell discover%
si'nal in &acro la%er
Solution /"
UE $ased pro@i&it%
detection Solution )"
Pro@i&it% detection
$ased on &acro<pico
cell listenin'
Solution 1D 3"
Pro@i&it% detection
with $roadcast
assistance Solution
+"
/r$er$o+ 1 Se! F' o F0
$:'%e:e+)$o+
Se! F' o $:'%e:e+)$o+
/r$er$o+ 2 Se! Se! Se! Se!
/r$er$o+ 3 Se! Se! Se! =)y ();e )+ $:')#
/r$er$o+ 3 Se!, $8 F0 $! !er;ed o+
(e !:)%% #e%%.
A(erw$!e, .o.
Se! Se! Se!
&'e#$8$#)$o+
$:')#
.o $:')# Reu!e o8 (e /&G #e%%
!o%u$o+. Per8or:)+#e
reBu$re:e+! )+d e!
#)!e! )re reBu$red.
-or :)#ro #e%% %$!e+$+7,
+o $:')#.
-or '$#o #e%% %$!e+$+7,
D2 !$7+)%%$+7 $! reBu$red
?ro)d#)! $+d$#)$o+ 8or
!:)%% #e%% 're!e+#e or
(e %o#)$o+ r)+7e o8
(e '$#o #e%% )%er Co+e.
.oe R- u+$ 8or :)#ro
#)rr$er! $! reBu$red 8or
P$#o e.?.
-or '$#o #e%% %$!e+$+7,
D2 #o++e#$o+ ,ewee+
:)#ro )+d '$#o e.? $!
reBu$red. R- u+$ 8or
:)#ro #)rr$er! $! )%!o
reBu$red.
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5 *uo:)$# Re-e!),%$!(:e+ 'ro#edure! 8or :o,$%$y
ro,u!+e!!
1ontributions on enhancements to "e=establishment were provided in "/(+KEE throuh "/(+KED. 8etails of the
solutions were not treated as part of the study item and deferred to Mor# 'tem phase.
8 =o,$%$y e+()+#e:e+! 8or =u%$-/)rr$er ($+#%ud$+7
/*) $+ <e.?! w$( 'oe+$)%%y d$88ere+ /&G!
There were no input documents on this topic.
9 A;er)%% o,!er;)$o+! 8ro: (e !udy o+ <e.e
:o,$%$y
The sections above provide the overall observation on each of the different topics studied as part of this $' and are
summaried aain hereA
7rom the small area calibration simulation results. the followin observations were madeA
= Majority of the companies observed the same trend of the simulation results. The variance of some calibration
results from different companies is still bi.
= The 32 speed has a sinificant impact on the ;O performance. The trend of simulation results indicated that
hih speed 32s suffer much hiher ;O failure rate than low speed 32s.
The followin observations are made from the overall calibration simulationsA
= "esults indicate that handover performance in ;et(et deployments is not as ood as in pure macro deployments.
Of the different ;O types. Pico to Macro handover performance showed the worst performance.
= 7or low mobility 32s (i.e.. speed O 3,#m<hr). no sinificant problems have been observed in terms of ;O7 and
loss of connectivity (some issues with $hort To$ have been identified).
Observations from Multiple picocell deployments simulations for full system load
= 7or full system load with full buffer traffic model. the number of ;O7<32<s increases with the number of pico
cells.
Observations from Multiple picocell deployments simulations for constant system load
= 't was also noted that in eneral better handover performance can be e)pected if the load in the system is lower.
Therefore. at constant system load. addition of pico cells (that is. when more pico cells are added without any
increase in oveall system load) may have a positive effect on the mobility performance if their deployments
result in reducin the load per cell and thereby reducin the interference and the number of ;O7<"57.
The followin observations were reached with respect to ;O performance for ;et(ets with 8">A
= The simulations indicate that for low speed 32s (3 #m<h) acceptable ;O performance rates can be ensured at
least for bac#round traffic in ;et(ets if the networ# avoids too lon 8"> settins inside pico cells.
= 'n eneral while loner 8"> combined with hiher 32 velocity provides challenes to mobility robustness.
addin small cells in combination with loner 8">. even medium velocity provides challenes to mobility
robustness especially for pico outbound mobility
= $imulations showin 32 power consumption showed that 8"> is essential for battery savin and doublin the
8"> cycle almost halves the power consumption for #eep=alive traffic with +,s inter=arrival time. ;owever. no
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sinificant differences between battery savin in 8"> in ;et(et and macro=only scenarios was observed for the
same 8"> parameters.
= $imulation results also show that Pin=pon rates are lower with 8"> and that there is a trade off between
amount of Pin=pons and aressive handover parameter use.
The followin 1onclusions were made on mobility performance on ;et(et mobility performance with e'1'1.
= e'1'1 (Time domain resource partitionin based on /0$) with ,d0 1"2 bias does not cause a neative effect on
mobility performance in ;et(et
= e'1'1 can improve mobility performance in ;et(et when ideal /0$ pattern coordination amon macro cells is
used even with a lare 1"2 bias (e.. ?d0)
= 3se of a lare 1"2 bias (e.. ?d0) with non=ideal /0$ pattern coordination amon macro cells can lead to
mobility performance deradation
= 2ven with ideal e'1'1 the mobility performance in ;et(et is not as ood as macro only networ# with the pico=
macro handover failures continuin to dominate the ;O7 results
= ;owever. non ideal /0$ coordination amon macro cells and larer 1"2 bias were proven to lead to increased
interference from macro cells. which in turn can result in mobility performance deradation.
Overall observations on Mobility speed estimation
= The M$2 is not as accurate in ;et(et environments as in macro only deployments since it does not ta#e into
account cell si!es.
= 't was however areed that possible enhancements to the 32=based M$2 should serve the purpose of enhanced
mobility performance (not only for the sa#e of enhancin the M$2 estimate). 2nhancements should be
considered to improve the mobility performance of ;et(et. This includes 32 and networ# based mechanisms.
The followin conclusion was drawn from the study on inter=fre@uency small cell discoveryA
= 't was concluded that continuously performin measurements accordin to e)istin performance re@uirements
results in very hih battery consumption without showin sinificant impact on offloadin potential.
'n addition. the followin eneral observations were madeA
= There is consensus that enhancements should be considered to improve the mobility performance of ;et(et.
This includes 32 and networ# based mechanisms
The study has not compared individual enhancement proposals and therefore do not e)clude any of those at this point in
time (selection of enhancements to be done in the Mor# 'tem phase)
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*++e4 *1
9e)$%ed e;)%u)$o+ re!u%! o+ 'oe+$)% e+()+#e:e+! 8or
$+er-8reBue+#y !:)%% #e%% :e)!ure:e+!
Ta$le A!( Evaluation results on rela@ed &easure&ent confi'uration
E Rela@ed &easure&ent confi'uration lon'er &easure&ent period and rela@ed side condition
Solution ( D 3"
/r$er$o+ 1 F0 'ower #o+!u:'$o+ #)+ ,e redu#ed ,y 'er8or:$+7 $+er-8reBue+#y :e)!ure:e+! %e!! 8reBue+%y.
=ore ()+ 90E 'ower !);$+7 #)+ ,e )#($e;ed ,y )''%y$+7 1! :e)!ure:e+ 'er$od )+d :ore, #o:')red
w$( 80:! 'er$od [30]. @+ )dd$$o+, F0 'ower #o+!u:'$o+ #)+ ,e redu#ed ,y re%)4ed !$de #o+d$$o+!,
!$+#e F0 $! +o reBu$red o ,e ),%e o :e)!ure #e%%! ) (e %ower &@R. T(e 7)$+ )+d o w() e4e+ (e
!$de #o+d$$o+ #)+ ,e re%)4ed +eed! o ,e #o+!u%ed ,y R*.3.
/r$er$o+ 2 &$+#e (e :e)!ure:e+ (w$( 7)' )!!$!)+#e) $! 'er8or:ed %e!! 8reBue+%y, $+erru'$o+! o+ (e !er;$+7
#e%%(!) #)+ )%!o ,e redu#ed.
/r$er$o+ 3 <)+do;er $+$$)$o+ w$%% ,e de%)yed due o (e %o+7er :e)!ure:e+ 'er$od. <owe;er, ($! wou%d +o re!u%
$+ <A 8)$%ure $+ (e )r7e u!e #)!e. T($! $! ,e#)u!e (e !our#e #e%% r)d$o Bu)%$y wou%d ,e !$%% 7ood, e;e+
$8 (e ()+do;er $+$$)$o+ $! de%)yed. .oe () $8 we u!e (e %o+7er :e)!ure:e+ 'er$od )+d (e re%)4ed
!$de #o+d$$o+ o+%y 8or !:)%% #e%% d$!#o;ery 'ur'o!e! ,u :)ke )#u)% ()+do;er de#$!$o+! ,)!ed o+
:e)!ure:e+ do+e u!$+7 e4$!$+7 7)' ')er+! )+d !$de #o+d$$o+! (ere $! +o $:')# o $+er-8reBue+#y
:o,$%$y 'er8or:)+#e.
/r$er$o+ 3 =o,$%$y 'er8or:)+#e o8 %e7)#y F0 $! +o ) )%% de7r)ded ,y ($! &o%u$o+ !$+#e o+%y R0"-11 F0 )+d
:)$+%y 8or (e 'ur'o!e o8 !:)%% #e%% d$!#o;ery w$%% ,e #o+8$7ured w$( ($! %o+7er :e)!ure:e+ 7)' )+d
re%)4ed !$de #o+d$$o+. "e7)#y F0! w$%% $7+ore (e +ew R0"-11 :e)!ure:e+ #o+8$7ur)$o+.
Ta$le A!/ Evaluation results on UE #SE $ased &easure&ents
E UE #SE $ased inter!freFuenc% s&all cell &easure&ents Solution ,"
/r$er$o+ 1 T($! $! ) #o:'%e:e+)ry !o%u$o+ () #ou%d ,e u!ed )%o+7 w$( &o%u$o+ 1. *! ($! 'ro;$de! )+ )dd$$o+)%
#r$er$o+ o8 u!$+7 (e :o,$%$y !)e o8 (e F0 $ 8$%er! 8ur(er )! o w($#( R0"-11 F0! 'er8or: !:)%% #e%%
d$!#o;ery :e)!ure:e+!. &$+#e 8)!-:o;$+7 F0 !u!'e+d! $+er-8reBue+#y :e)!ure:e+! $ (e%'! (o!e
F0! $+ redu#$+7 (e 'ower #o+!u:'$o+.
/r$er$o+ 2 &$+#e ($! !o%u$o+ $+;o%;e! !u!'e+d$+7 !:)%% #e%% d$!#o;ery :e)!ure:e+! de'e+d$+7 o+ F0 =&0, 8or
(o!e F0! 8or w($#( :e)!ure:e+! )re !u!'e+ded (ere $! +o +eed o u!e :e)!ure:e+ 7)'! o
'er8or: :e)!ure:e+!. <e+#e (e $+erru'$o+ o+ (e !er;$+7 #e%%(!) $! +o $+#re)!ed #o:')red o +o
e:'%oy$+7 ($! e+()+#e:e+. @+ #o+r)!, (e $+erru'$o+ o+ (e !er;$+7 #e%% 8or !o:e 'o'u%)$o+ o8 (e
R0"-11 F0 $! )#u)%%y redu#ed.
/r$er$o+ 3 -)!-:o;$+7 F0 !(ou%d $+ 7e+er)% +o #o++e# o !:)%% #e%%!. T($! $! ,e#)u!e (e F0 r);e%! (rou7( (e
#e%% #o;er)7e !o Bu$#k%y () !u88$#$e+%y %o+7 #o++e#$o+! #)++o ,e e!),%$!(ed [13,13]. &$+#e ($!
!o%u$o+ $! )#u)%%y );o$d$+7 $+er-8reBue+#y :o,$%$y 8or !o:e 'o'u%)$o+ o8 (e R0"-11 F0! (ere $! +o
$:')# o $+er-8reBue+#y :o,$%$y 'er8or:)+#e 8or (o!e F0! )! we%% )! o o(er F0! $+ (e !):e #e%%.
/r$er$o+ 3 *! ($! !o%u$o+ $! +o )''%$#),%e 8or %e7)#y F0! (ere $! +o $:')# o %e7)#y F0 ) )%%. A+%y R0"-11 F0!
,)!ed o+ =&0 w$%% k+ow w(e+ o !u!'e+d !:)%% #e%% d$!#o;ery :e)!ure:e+!. *+y !$7+)%%$+7 de8$+ed 8or
($! :e(od w$%% ,e $7+ored ,y %e7)#y F0!
3GPP
3GPP TR 3)*+3, -((*(*. /.(/!(/" 1. Release ((
Ta$le A!3 Evaluation results on s&all cell si'nal $ased control of inter!freFuenc% &easure&ents
E S&all cell si'nal $ased control of inter!freFuenc% &easure&ents Solution (."
/r$er$o+ 1 T($! $! ) #o:'%e:e+)ry !o%u$o+ () #ou%d ,e u!ed )%o+7 w$( &o%u$o+ 1. U(e+ !:)%% #e%%! )re de'%oyed
$+ :ore ()+ o+e #)rr$er 8reBue+#$e! ($! !o%u$o+ )%%ow! F0 o !u!'e+d $+er-8reBue+#y :e)!ure:e+! 8or
!:)%% #e%%! o+ o(er #)rr$er 8reBue+#$e! $8 (e F0 ()d )%re)dy 8ou+d ) !:)%% #e%% w$( !$7+)% #o+d$$o+! ),ou
(e #o+8$7ured (re!(o%d $+ o+e #)rr$er 8reBue+#y. F0 re!u:e! $+er-8reBue+#y :e)!ure:e+! 8or !:)%%
#e%%! o+ o(er #)rr$er 8reBue+#$e! o+%y $8 (e F0 #)++o 8$+d )+y !:)%% #e%%! w$( !$7+)% #o+d$$o+! ),ou (e
#o+8$7ured (re!(o%d $+ (e e)r%$er dee#ed #)rr$er 8reBue+#y. &$+#e ($! )%%ow! F0 o 'er8or: $+er-
8reBue+#y :e)!ure:e+! $+ ) !'e#$8$# 8reBue+#y )+d !$+#e $ #)+ u!e (e ,)#k7rou+d :e)!ure:e+! )! $+
&o%u$o+ 1, $ (e%'! redu#e (e F0 'ower #o+!u:'$o+.
/r$er$o+ 2 &$:$%)r o &o%u$o+ 1, !$+#e (e :e)!ure:e+ (w$( 7)' )!!$!)+#e) $! 'er8or:ed %e!! 8reBue+%y,
$+erru'$o+! o+ (e !er;$+7 #e%%(!) #)+ )%!o ,e redu#ed.
/r$er$o+ 3 &$:$%)r o &o%u$o+ 1, <)+do;er $+$$)$o+ w$%% ,e de%)yed due o (e %o+7er :e)!ure:e+ 'er$od. <owe;er,
($! wou%d +o re!u% $+ <A 8)$%ure $+ (e )r7e u!e #)!e. T($! $! ,e#)u!e (e !our#e #e%% r)d$o Bu)%$y wou%d
,e !$%% 7ood, e;e+ $8 (e ()+do;er $+$$)$o+ $! de%)yed.
/r$er$o+ 3 *! ($! !o%u$o+ $! +o )''%$#),%e 8or %e7)#y F0! (ere $! +o $:')# o %e7)#y F0 ) )%%. *+y !$7+)%%$+7
de8$+ed 8or ($! :e(od w$%% ,e $7+ored ,y %e7)#y F0!.
Ta$le A!0 Evaluation results on &easure&ents without 'ap assistance
E #easure&ents without 'ap assistance Solution 0"
/r$er$o+ 1 T(e !o%u$o+ doe! +o (e%' o :$+$:$!e F0 'ower #o+!u:'$o+.
/r$er$o+ 2 @+erru'$o+ o+ (e !er;$+7 #e%%! #)+ ,e );o$ded.
/r$er$o+ 3 T(e !o%u$o+ w$%% +o de7r)de (e :o,$%$y 'er8or:)+#e, )! :e)!ure:e+ re'or $! +o de%)yed ,y (e
)dd$$o+)% :e)!ure:e+.
/r$er$o+ 3 @8 (e +u:,er o8 !$:u%)+eou! :e)!ured #)rr$er! ((ree #)rr$er!) )re ke' )! $ $! (ere #ou%d ,e )+ $:')#
o e4$!$+7 :e)!ure:e+ reBu$re:e+!.
Ta$le A!1 Evaluation results on S&all cell discover% si'nal in &acro la%er
E S&all cell discover% si'nal in &acro la%er Solution /"
/r$er$o+ 1 @+er-8reBue+#y :e)!ure:e+ $! 'er8or:ed o+%y w(e+ (e F0 $! +e)r (e ;$#$+$y o8 (e !:)%% #e%%
#o;er)7e )re). T(u! (e +u:,er o8 :e)!ure:e+! $! redu#ed.
/r$er$o+ 2 ?e#)u!e $+er-8reBue+#y :e)!ure:e+! )re o+%y 'er8or:ed $+ (e ;$#$+$y o8 (e !:)%% #e%% #o;er)7e )re)
)+d we do +o )r7ue 8or )+y %o+7er :e)!ure:e+ 7)'!, (e +u:,er o8 $+erru'$o+! o (e !er;$+7 #e%% $!
:$+$:$!ed.
/r$er$o+ 3 *! $ $! 'o!!$,%e o 'er8or: o+%y ) (e )r7eed '%)#e ()+d $:e) (e :e)!ure:e+ o8 (e 8reBue+#y o+
w($#( !:)%% #e%% re!$de!, (e $:')# $! :$+$:$Ced o+ (e :o,$%$y 'er8or:)+#e o+ :)#ro #e%% #)rr$er! )+d
(e +u:,er o8 $+er-8reBue+#y :e)!ure:e+ F0 ()! o 'er8or:.
/r$er$o+ 3 -ro: (e ;$ew 'o$+ o8 $+er-8reBue+#y !:)%% #e%% $de+$8$#)$o+, (e !o%u$o+ 2 work! )%!o 8or %e7)#y F0!
!$+#e $ re%$e! o+ e4$!$+7 #()++e%! )+d 'ro#edure!.
-ro: (e ;$ew 'o$+ o8 $+r)-8reBue+#y :o,$%$y ) :)#ro %)yer, 'oe+$)% $:')# o8 '$%o 'o%%u$o+ +eed! o
,e #o+!$dered. -or F0! $+ (e #o;er)7e o8 (e !:)%% #e%%, $ $! e4'e#ed () !er;$#e w$%% ,e 'ro;$ded ,y
(e P!:)%% #e%% %)yerQ, )+d (e+#e (e '$%o 'o%%u$o+ #)u!ed o+ (e %)yer o8 (e :)#ro #e%% $! +o ) #o+#er+.
@+er8ere+#e #)u!e o F0! ou!$de (e #o;er)7e o8 (e !:)%% #e%% $! %$:$ed ,e#)u!e d$!#o;ery !$7+)%!
#o+!$! o8 #o::o+ #()++e%! o+%y, )+d (e$r 'ower #)+ ,e !e o 're;e+ %e)k)7e ou!$de (e $+e+ded
#o;er)7e o8 (e !:)%% #e%%.
A+e #)!e w(ere (e d$!#o;ery !$7+)% r)+!:$ed ,y (e !:)%% #)+ ,e u+)##e'),%e $! w(e+ ) F0 doe!
+o ();e (e R- #)'),$%$y o o'er)e $+ (e %)yer o8 (e !:)%% #e%%, ,e#)u!e (e F0 #)++o ,e :o;ed o
(e !:)%% #e%% %)yer w($%e d$!#o;ery !$7+)% #)+ #)u!e u+)##e'),%e $+er8ere+#e o+ (e :)#ro %)yer )! (e
F0 :o;e! ;ery #%o!e o (e !:)%% #e%%.
3GPP
3GPP TR 3)*+3, -((*(*. /.(/!(/" 1( Release ((
Ta$le A!) Evaluation results on UE $ased pro@i&it% indication
E UE $ased pro@i&it% detection Solution )"
/r$er$o+ 1 U(e(er F0 'ower #o+!u:'$o+ $! redu#ed $! u' o F0 $:'%e:e+)$o+ !#(e:e 8or R- 8$+7er'r$+
:e)!ure:e+!.
/r$er$o+ 2 ?e#)u!e $+er-8reBue+#y :e)!ure:e+! )re o+%y 'er8or:ed $+ (e ;$#$+$y o8 (e !:)%% #e%% #o;er)7e )re)
)+d we do +o )r7ue 8or )+y %o+7er :e)!ure:e+ 7)'!, (e +u:,er o8 $+erru'$o+! o (e !er;$+7 #e%% $!
:$+$:$!ed.
/r$er$o+ 3 *! $ $! 'o!!$,%e o 'er8or: o+%y ) (e )r7eed '%)#e ()+d $:e) (e :e)!ure:e+ o8 (e 8reBue+#y o+
w($#( !:)%% #e%% re!$de!, (e $:')# $! :$+$:$Ced o+ (e :o,$%$y 'er8or:)+#e o+ :)#ro #e%% #)rr$er! )+d
(e +u:,er o8 $+er-8reBue+#y :e)!ure:e+ F0 ()! o 'er8or:.
/r$er$o+ 3 T(ere $! +o $:')# o %e7)#y F0.
Ta$le A!3 Evaluation results on Pro@i&it% detection $ased on &acro<pico cell listenin'
E Pro@i&it% detection $ased on &acro< pico cell listenin' Solution 1 D 3"
/r$er$o+ 1 @+er-8reBue+#y :e)!ure:e+ $! 'er8or:ed o+%y w(e+ (e F0 $! +e)r (e ;$#$+$y o8 (e !:)%% #e%%
#o;er)7e )re). T(u! (e +u:,er o8 :e)!ure:e+! $! redu#ed.
/r$er$o+ 2 ?e#)u!e $+er-8reBue+#y :e)!ure:e+! )re o+%y 'er8or:ed $+ (e ;$#$+$y o8 (e !:)%% #e%% #o;er)7e )re)
)+d we do +o )r7ue 8or )+y %o+7er :e)!ure:e+ 7)'!, (e +u:,er o8 $+erru'$o+! o (e !er;$+7 #e%% $!
:$+$:$!ed.
/r$er$o+ 3 *! $ $! 'o!!$,%e o 'er8or: o+%y ) (e )r7eed '%)#e ()+d $:e) (e :e)!ure:e+ o8 (e 8reBue+#y o+
w($#( !:)%% #e%% re!$de!, (e $:')# $! :$+$:$Ced o+ (e :o,$%$y 'er8or:)+#e o+ :)#ro #e%% #)rr$er! )+d
(e +u:,er o8 $+er-8reBue+#y :e)!ure:e+ F0 ()! o 'er8or:.
/r$er$o+ 3 T(ere $! +o $:')# o %e7)#y F0.
Ta$le A!+ Evaluation results on Pro@i&it% detection with $roadcast assistance
E Pro@i&it% detection with $roadcast assistance Solution +"
/r$er$o+ 1 Power #o+!u:'$o+ :)y ,e redu#ed )! (e 'er$od$#$y #ou%d ,e %e8 o F0 $:'%e:e+)$o+.
/r$er$o+ 2 .o $+erru'$o+ o !er;$+7 #e%% )! !#)+ 'er$od$#$y $! F0 $:'%e:e+)$o+.
/r$er$o+ 3 P$#o d$!#o;ery #ou%d ,e de%)yed ,u (e+ )7)$+ $ $! !u,Ke# o F0 $:'%e:e+)$o+ )+d (e 'er$od$#$y o8
(e ,)#k7rou+d !#)+!.
/r$er$o+ 3 .o $:')# o (e %e7)#y F0!.
3GPP
3GPP TR 3)*+3, -((*(*. /.(/!(/" 1/ Release ((
*++e4 ?1
/()+7e ($!ory
8han'e histor%
7ate TSG E TSG 7oc* 8R Rev Su$ject<8o&&ent >ld New
2011-05 R2-53 R2-113633 - - ;0.0.1 !u::)r$C$+7 )7ree:e+! o8 R*. UG2 V53 0.0.1
2011-06 R2-53 R2-113696 - - ;0.1.0 )! )7reed ,y e:)$% )8er R*. UG2 V53 0.0.1 0.1.0
2011-09 R2-55 R2-113833 - - ;0.2.0 )! )7reed ,y e:)$% )8er R*. UG2 V55 !u::)r$!$+7 (e
)7ree:e+!
0.1.0 0.2.0
2011-10 R2-55,$! R2-115529 - - Re!u% o8 e:)$% d$!#u!!$o+ [55,V03] )8er R*.2 V55,$! 0.2.0 0.2.1
2011-10 R2-55,$! R2-115651 - - TR 36.839 ;0.3.0 )! )7reed ,y e:)$% d$!#u!!$o+ [55,V03] )8er
R*.2 V55,$!
0.2.1 0.3.0
2011-11 R2-56 R2-116515 - - Re!u% o8 e:)$% d$!#u!!$o+ [56V11] )8er R*.2 V56 0.3.0 0.3.1
2011-11 R2-56 R2-116535 - - TR 36.839 ;0.3.0 )! )7reed ,y e:)$% d$!#u!!$o+ [56V11] )8er R*.2
V56
0.3.1 0.3.0
2012-02 R2-55 R2-121028 - - Re!u% o8 e:)$% d$!#u!!$o+ [55V08] )8er R*.2 V55 0.3.0 0.3.1
2012-02 R2-55 R2-121053 - - TR 36.839 ;0.5.0 )! )7reed ,y e:)$% d$!#u!!$o+ [55V08] )8er
R*.2 V55
0.3.1 0.5.0
2012-05 R2-58 R2-123105 - - TR 36.839 ;0.6.0 )! )7reed $+ R*.2 V58 0.5.0 0.6.0
2012-05 R2-59 R2-123931 - - TR 36.839 ;0.6.1 )! )7reed $+ e:)$% d$!#u!!$o+ [58V53] )8er
R*.2V58
0.6.0 0.6.1
2012-08 R2-59 R2-123329 - - TR 36.839 ;0.5.0 )! )7reed $+ R*.2 V59 0.6.1. 0.5.0
2012-08 R2-59 R2-123331 - - TR 36.839 ;0.5.1 )! )7reed $+ e:)$% d$!#u!!$o+ [59V18] )8er
R*.2V59
0.5.0 0.5.1
2012-08 R2-59 R2-123356 - - TR 36.839 ;2.0.0 )! )7reed $+ R*.2 V59 0.5.1 2.0.0
2012-09 RP-55 RP-121155 - - *''ro;ed ) T&G R*. V55 )+d 'u u+der /()+7e /o+ro% 2.0.0 11.0.0
2012-12 RP-58 RP-121962 0001 - /orre#$o+ o )%$7+ '%o! o+ <A 8)$%ure r)e w$( (e d)) $+ ),u%)r 11.0.0 11.1.0
3GPP
3GPP TR 3)*+3, -((*(*. /.(/!(/" 13 Release ((