Introduction to Communication System

1. A receiver has a power bandwidth of 10 kHz. A resistor that matches

the receiver input impedance is connected across its antenna
terminals. What is the noise power contributed by that resistor in the
receiver bandwidth, if the resistor has temperature of 2!
2. A "00 # resistor is connected across the "00 # antenna input of a
television receiver. $he bandwidth of the receiver is % &Hz and the
resistor is at room temperature '2(" ) or 20! or %*+,. +ind the
noise power and noise volta-e applied to the receiver input
". A diode noise -enerator is re.uired to produce 10 /0 of noise in a
receiver with an input impedance of 1 #, resistive, and a noise
power bandwidth of 200 kHz.'these values are typical of +&
broadcast receivers,. What must the current throu-h the diode be2
3. A receiver produces a noise power of 200 mW with no si-nal. $he
output level increases to 1 W when a si-nal is applied. !alculate
'456,76 as a power ratio and in decibels.
1. $he si-nal power at the input to an amplifier is 100 /W and the noise
power is 1 /W. At the output, the si-nal power is 1 W and the noise
power is "0 mW. What is the amplifier noise fi-ure as a ratio2
%. $he si-nal at the input of an amplifier has a 476 of 32 d8. 9f the
amplifier has a noise fi-ure of % d8, what is the 476 at the output 'in
decibels,2
. A three:sta-e amplifier has sta-es with the ff specs;
4ta-e <ower =ain 6oise +i-ure
1 10 2
2 21 3
" "0 1
!alculate the power -ain, noise fi-ure and noise temperature of the
entire amplifier, assumin- matched conditions
Radio Frequency Circuits
1. A varactor has ma>imum capacitance of *0 p+ and is used in a tuned
circuit with a 100 /H inductor. 'a, +ind the resonant fre.uency with no
tunin- volta-e applied. 'b, +ind the tunin- volta-e necessary for the
circuit to resonate at double the fre.uency found in part 'a,
2. A portable radio transmitter has to operate at temperatures from :1!
to "1!. 9f the si-nal is derived from a crystal oscillator with a
temperature coefficient of 51 ppm7 de-ree ! and it transmits at
e>actly 13% &Hz at 20!, find the transmittin- fre.uency at the two
e>tremes of the operatin- temperature ran-e
". 4ine:wave si-nals with fre.uencies of 10 &Hz and 11 &Hz are
applied to a s.uare:low mi>er. What fre.uencies appear at the output
3. A phase:locked loop has a 0!? with a free:runnin- fre.uency of 12
&Hz. As the fre.uency of the reference input is -radually raised from
zero, the loop locks at 10 &Hz and comes out of lock a-ain at 1%
&Hz. 'a, +ind the capture ran-e and lock ran-e 'b, 4uppose that the
e>periment is repeated, but this time the reference input be-ins with a
very hi-h fre.uency and steadily moves downward. <redict the
fre.uencies at which lock would be achieved and lost
1. !onfi-ure a simple <@@ synthesizer usin- a 10 &Hz crystal so that it
will -enerate the A& broadcast fre.uencies from 130 to 100 kHz
%. A synthesizer has < A 10 and fref A 10 kHz. +ind the minimum
fre.uency step size and compare it with that obtained usin- a fi>ed
divided:by:10 prescaler
Amplitude Modulation
1. +ind the modulation inde> if a 10 0 carrier is amplitude:modulated by
three different fre.uencies with amplitudes of 1 0, 2 0, and " 0
respectively.
2. !8 radio channels are 10 kHz apart. What is the ma>imum
modulation fre.uency that can be used if a si-nal is to remain entirely
within its assi-ned channel2
". An A& broadcast transmitter has a carrier power output of 10 kW.
What total power would be produce with *0B modulation2
3. An transmitter -enerates an @48 si-nal with a carrier fre.uency of *
&Hz. What fre.uencies will appear at the output with a two:tone
modulatin- si-nal with fre.uencies of 2 kHz and ".1 kHz2
1. An A& transmitter is modulated by two sine waves at 1 kHz and 2.1
kHz, with modulations of 21B and 10B respectively. What is the
effective modulation inde>2
%. An A& si-nal has the followin- characteristics fc A 110 &Hz, Cc A 10
0, fm A " kHz, Cm A 30 0. +or this si-nal, find; 'a, the modulation
inde> 'b, the bandwidth 'c, the peak volta-e of the upper side
fre.uencies
. An A& transmitter supplies 10 kW of carrier power to a 10 # load. 9t
operates at a carrier fre.uency of 1.2 &Hz and is *0B modulated by
a " kHz sine wave. 'a, !alculate the total avera-e power in the
si-nal, in watts and d8W 'b, !alculate the D&4 volta-e of the si-nal
'c, !alculate the peak volta-e of the si-nal
*. An A& transmitter has a carrier power of 10 W at a carrier fre.uency
of 12 &Hz. 9t is modulated at *0B by a 1 kHz sine wave. How much
power is contained in the sidebands2
(. !8 radio was developed usin- full:carrier E48 A&. 9t operates usin-
30 channels, each 10 kHz wide. When 4484! is used, the same
carrier fre.uencies are used as with conventional A&, but the
transceivers are switchable to either lower or upper sideband. How
many channels are available when 448 is used
Angle Modulation
1. An +& modulator has kf A "0 kHz70 and operates at a carrier
fre.uency of 11 &Hz. +ind the output fre.uency for an
instantaneous value or the modulatin- si-nal e.ual to; 'a, 110 m0 'b,
:2 0
2. $he same +& modulator as in the previous problem is modulated by
a " 0 sine wave. !alculate the deviation
". An +& broadcast transmitter operates at its ma>imum deviation of 1
kHz. +ind the modulation inde> for a sinusoidal modulatin- si-nal with
a fre.uency of; 'a, 11 kHz 'b, 10 Hz
3. A phase modulator has kp A 2 rad70. What D&4 volta-e of a sine
wave would cause a peak phase deviation of %02
1. An +& communications transmitter has a ma>imum fre.uency
deviation of 1 kHz and a ran-e of modulatin- fre.uencies from "00
Hz to " kHz. What is the ma>imum phase shift that it produces2
%. A phase modulation has a sensitivity of kp A " rad70. How much
fre.uency deviation does it produce with a sine:wave input of 2 0
peak at a fre.uency of 1 kHz2
. An +& si-nal has a deviation of " kHz and a modulatin- fre.uency of
1 kHz. 9ts total power <t is 1 W, developed across a 10 # resistive
load. $he carrier fre.uency is 1%0 &Hz. 'a, !alculate the D&4 si-nal
volta-e 0t
*. Fse !arsonGs rule to calculate the bandwidth of the si-nal used in
problem
(. An +& si-nal has a deviation of 10 kHz and a modulatin- fre.uency
of 2 kHz. !alculate the modulation inde>
10. When a positive dc volta-e of 1 0 is applied to an +& modulator its
output fre.uency drops by 100 kHz. !alculate the deviation sensitivity
of the modulator
11. A phase modulator with kp A " rad70 is modulated by a sine wave an
D&4 volta-e of 3 0 at a fre.uency of 1 kHz. !alculate the phase
modulation inde>
12. A sine wave of fre.uency 1 kHz phase:modulates a carrier at 12"
&Hz. $he peak deviation is 0.1 rad. !alculate the ma>imum
fre.uency deviation
1". A phase modulation system operates with a modulation inde> of 1.1.
What is the ma>imum phase shift in de-rees2
13. An +& transmitter has a carrier fre.uency of 220 &Hz. 9ts modulation
inde> is " with a modulatin- fre.uency of 1 kHz. $he total power
output is 100 W into a 1 # load. 'a, What is the deviation2
11. An +& si-nal has a deviation of 10 kHz and is modulated by a sine
wave with a fre.uency of 1 kHz. $he carrier fre.uency is 110 &Hz
and the si-nal has a total power of 12.1 W, operatin- into an
impedance of 10 #. 'a, What is the modulation inde>2 'b, How much
power is present at the carrier fre.uency2 'c, What is the volta-e
level of the second sideband below the carrier fre.uency2 'd, What is
the bandwidth of the si-nal, i-norin- all components that have less
than 1B of the total si-nal volta-e2
1%. A fre.uency modulation system re.uires a si-nal:to:noise ratio of 30
d8 at the detector output. $he modulatin- fre.uency is 2 kHz, and the
deviation is 10 kHz. !alculate the re.uired minimum 476 at the
detector output
Transmitter
1. A crystal oscillator is accurate within 0.0001B. How far off fre.uency
could its output be at 2 &Hz2
2. A transmitter has a carrier power output of 10 W at an efficiency of
0B. How much power must be supplied by the modulatin- amplifier
for 100B modulation2
". A transmitter operates from a 12 0 supply, with a collector current of
2A. $he modulation transformer has turns ratio of 3;1. What is the
load impedance seen by the audio amplifier2
3. A collector:modulated !lass ! amplifier has a carrier output power <c
of 100 W and an efficiency of 0B. !alculate the supply power and
the transistor power dissipation with 100B modulation.
1. An A& transmitter is re.uired to produce 10 W of carrier power when
operatin- from a 11 0 supply. What is the re.uired load impedance as
seen from the collector2
%. $he power amplifier of an A& transmitter has an output carrier power
of 21 W and an efficiency of 0B and is collector:modulated. How
much audio power will have to be supplied to this sta-e for 100B
modulation2
. A transmitter uses twelve modules in its solid:state output sta-e.
!alculate the power reduction 'in decibels, that would occur if one
module fails
*. An A& transmitter operates into a 10 # resistive load. $he D&4
volta-e measured at the output is 210 0 without modulation and "00
0 with modulation, usin- the true D&4 readin- meter. +ind; 'a, the
power with modulation 'b, the power without modulation 'c, the
modulation inde> 'd, the peak volta-e with modulation 'e, the overall
efficiency with modulation if the transmitter allows " kW from the A!
line when modulated
Receivers
1. A tuned circuit tunes the A& radio broadcast band 'from 130 to 100
kHz,. 9f its bandwidth is 10 kHz at 130 kHz, what is it at 100 kHz2
2. A receiver has a sensitivity of 0.1 /0 and a blockin- dynamic ran-e of
0 d8. What is the stron-est si-nal that can be present alon- with a
0.1 /0 si-nal without blockin- takin- place2
". An +& detector produces a peak:to:peak output volta-e of 1.2 0 from
an +& si-nal that is modulated to 10 kHz deviation by a sine wave.
What is the detector sensitivity2
3. A <@@ +& detector uses a 0!? with kf A 100 kHz70. 9f it receives an
+& si-nal with a deviation of 1 kHz and sine:wave modulation, what
is the D&4 output volta-e from the detector2
1. An 9+ transformer operates at 311 kHz. $he primary circuit has a H of
30 and the secondary has a H of "0. +ind 'a, the critical couplin-
factor 'b, the optimum couplin- factor 'c, the bandwidth usin- the
optimum couplin- factor
%. A superheterodyne receivers is tuned to a fre.uency of 1 &Hz when
the local fre.uency is %.%1 &Hz. What is the 9+2
. An +& broadcast band receiver tunes from ** to 10* &Hz. the 9+ is
10. &Hz, and the receiver uses hi-h:side inIection. !alculate the
ran-e of local oscillator fre.uencies
*. A receiverGs 9+ filter has a shape factor of 2.1 and a bandwidth of %
kHz at the % d8 down point. What is its bandwidth at %0 d8 down2
Digital Communications
1. A telephone line has a bandwidth of ".2 kHz, and a si-nal:to:noise
ratio of "1 d8. A si-nal is transmitted down this line usin- a four:level
code. What is the ma>imum theoretical data rate2
2. An attempt is made to transmit a baseband fre.uency of "0 kHz usin-
a di-ital audio system with a samplin- rate of 33.1 kHz. What audible
fre.uency would result2
". !alculate the number of levels if the number of bits per sample is 'a,
* 'as in telephony, 'b, 1% 'as in compact disc audio systems,
3. +ind the ma>imum dynamic ran-e for a linear <!& system usin- 1%:
bit .uantizin-
1. !alculate the minimum data rate needed to transmit audio with a
samplin- rate of 30 kHz and 13 bits per sample
%. !onvert the 12:bit sample 100110100100 into an *:bit compressed
code
The telephone System
1. A local loop has a resistance of 1 k#, and the telephone connected to
it has an off:hook resistance of 200 #. !alculate the loop current and
the volta-e across the telephone when the phone is 'a, on hook 'b,
off hook
2. A telephone si-nal takes 2 ms to reach its destination !alculate the
via net loss re.uired for an acceptable amount of echo
Data Transmission
1. !alculate the ma>imum efficiency of an asynchronous communication
system usin- A4!99 with seven data bits, one start bit, one stop bit,
and one parity bit
2. How many Hammin- bits are re.uired for a block len-th of 21
messa-e bits2
Digital Modulation and Modems
1. A radio channel has a bandwidth of 10 kHz and a si-nal:to:noise ratio
of 11 d8. What is the ma>imum data rate that can be transmitted; 'a,
usin- any system2 'b, usin- a code with four possible states2
2. A modulator transmits symbols, each of which has si>ty:four different
possible states, 10,000 times per second. !alculate the band rate
and bit rate.
". $he 6orth American $E&A di-ital cell phone standards transmit at
23." kilo baud usin- EH<4). What is the channel data rate2
3. A modem uses si>teen different phase an-les and four different
amplifiers. How many bit does it transmit for each symbol2
1. A typical dial:up telephone connection has a bandwidth of " kHz and
a si-nal:to:noise ratio of "0 d8. !alculate the 4hannon limit
Multiplexing and Multiple-Access
1. How many of each of the followin- si-nals would fit into a 1 &Hz
spectrum allocation2 'a, voice, with a ma>imum fre.uency of 3 kHz,
modulated usin- 4484! A& 'b, the same voice si-nal usin- E48
full:carrier A& 'c, Hi-h:fidelity music with a ma>imum baseband
fre.uency of 11 kHz, usin- wideband +& with a ma>imum duration of
1 kHz 'd, A bit stream at 1% kbps, usin- H<4) modulation and
assumin- a noiseless channel
2. A voice transmission occupies a channel "0 kHz wide. 4uppose a
spread:spectrum system is used to increase its bandwidth to 10 &Hz.
9f the si-nal has a total si-nal power of 110 d8m at the receiver input
and the system noise temperature referred to the same point is "00
), calculate the si-nal:to:noise ratio for both systems.
". A fre.uency:hoppin- spread:spectrum system hops to each of 100
fre.uencies every 10 seconds. How lon- does it spends on each
fre.uency2
Multiplexing and Multiple-Access
1. A coa>ial cable has a capacitance of (0 p+7m and a characteristic
impedance of 10 #. +ind the inductance of a 1m len-th
2. +ind the characteristic impedance of each of the followin- lines; 'a,
an open:wire line with conductors " mm in diameter separated by 10
mm 'b, a coa>ial cable usin- a solid polyethylene dielectric havin- Cr
A 2.", with an inner conductor 2 mm in diameter and an outer
conductor * mm in inside diameter
". +ind the velocity factor and propa-ation velocity for a cable with a
$eflon dielectric 'Cr A 2.1,
3. What len-th of standard D= J *70 coa>ial cable would be re.uired to
obtain a 31 phase shift at 200 &Hz
1. A 10 # line is terminated in a 21 # resistance. +ind the 4WD
%. A -enerator sends 10 mW down a 10 # line. $he -enerator is
matched to the line, but the load is not. 9f the coefficient of reflection is
0.1 how much power is reflected and how much is dissipated in the
load2
. A transmitter supplies 10 W to a load throu-h a line with an 4WD of
2;1. +ind the power absorbed by the load.
*. A series tuned circuit operatin- at a fre.uency of 1 =Hz is to be
constructed from a shorted section of air dielectric coa>ial cable.
What len-th should be used2
(. A transmitter is re.uired to deliver 100W to an antenna throu-h 31 m
of coa>ial cable with a loss of 3 d87100 m. What must be the output
power of the transmitter, assumin- the line is matched2
10. A $ED display shows a discontinuity 1.3 /s from the start. 9f the line
has a velocity factor of 0.*, How far is the fault form the
reflectometer2
11. $wo adIacent minima on a slotted line are 2" cm apart. +ind the
wavelen-th and fre.uency, assumin- a velocity factor of (1B
12. $he forward power in a transmission line is 110 W, and the reverse
power is 20 W. !alculate the 4WD on the line
Radio-ave !ropagation
1. +ind the characteristic impedance of polyethylene which has a
dielectric constant of 2."
2. $he dielectric stren-th of air is about " &07m. Arcin- is likely to take
place at field stren-ths -reater than that. What is the ma>imum power
density of an electroma-netic wave in air2
". A power of 100 W is supplied to an isotropic radiator. What is the
power density at a point 10 km away2
3. +ind the electric field stren-th for the si-nal in the previous problem
1. A radio wave moves from air 'Cr A 1, to -lass 'Cr A .*,. 9ts an-le of
incidence is "0. What is the an-le of refraction2
%. $he critical fre.uency at a particular time is 11.% &Hz. What is the
&F+ for a transmittin- station if the re.uired an-le of incidence for
propa-ation to a desired destination is 02
. A ta>i company uses a central dispatcher, with an antenna at the top
of a 11 m tower, to communicate with ta>icabs. $he ta>i antenna are
on the roofs of the cars, appro>imately 1.1 m above the -round.
!alculate the ma>imum communication distance; 'a, between the
dispatcher and a ta>i 'b, between two ta>is
*. +ind the propa-ation loss for a si-nal at *00 &Hz, with a transmittin-
antenna hei-ht of "0 m, over a distance of 10 km, usin- 'a, the free:
space model 'b, the mobile:propa-ation model
(. An automobile travels at %0 km7hr. +ind the time between fades if the
car uses; 'a, a cell phone at *00 &Hz 'b, a <!4 phone at 1(00 &Hz
10. A metropolitan area of 1000 s.uare km is to be covered by cells with
a radius of 2 km. How many cell sites would be re.uired, assumin-
he>a-onal cells2
Antennas
1. !alculate the len-th of a half:wave dipole for an operatin- fre.uency
of 20 &Hz.
2. A dipole antenna has a radiation resistance of % # and a loss
resistance of 1 #, measured at the feed point. !alculate the efficiency
". $wo antennas have -ains of 1." d8i and 3.1 d8d respectively. Which
has -reater -ain2
3. $he CD< of a transmittin- station is specified as 1 W in a -iven
direction. C>press this as an C9D< in d8m so that it can be used with
the path loss e.uation
1. A helical antenna with ei-ht turns is to be constructed for a fre.uency
of 1.2 =Hz 'a, !alculate the optimum diameter and spacin- for the
antenna and find the total len-th of the antenna 'b, !alculate the
antenna -ain in d8i 'c, !alculate the beamwidth
%. A parabolic antenna has a diameter of " m. An efficiency of %0B, and
operates at a fre.uency of 3 =Hz. !alculate its -ain and beamwidth
. !alculate the len-th of a practical half:wave dipole for a fre.uency of
11 &Hz
*. A transmitter with a power output of 100 watts is connected to a
dipole antenna with a radiation resistance of 1 # and an ohmic
resistance of 2 # 'a, How much power is radiated into space2
(. =iven that a half:wave dipole has a -ain of 2.13 d8i, calculate the
electric field stren-th at a distance of 10 km in free space in the
direction of ma>imum radiation from a half:wave dipole that is fed by
means of lossless, matched line, by a 11 W transmitter
10. !alculate the len-th of a .uarter:wave monopole antenna for a
fre.uency of 1000 kHz
Microave Devices
1. +ind the cutoff fre.uency for the $C10 mode in an air:dielectric
wave-uide with an inside cross section of 2 cm by 3 cm. ?ver what
fre.uency ran-e is the dominant mode the only one that will
propa-ate2
2. +ind the -roup velocity for the wave-uide in problem 1 at a fre.uency
of 1 =Hz