121-micro hydro powerplants

ECs (electric cooperatives)

Table Classification and applicability range of turbines

Turbine type

HEAD (Pressure)

High>40 m.

Medium 20-40 m.

Low 5-20 m.

Impulse
Pelton

Turgo
Crossflow
(Banki)
Turgo
Pelton
Crossflow
(Banki)

Reaction
Francis
Pump-as-Turbine (PAT)
Kaplan
Propeller
Propeller
Kaplan

First Stage Project Planning Stage
a. Selection of Potential Sites
b. Site Reconnaissance
c. Planning of the Potential Sites
d. Formulation of the Project Development Plan
Second Stage Project Implementation Stage
a. Detailed Design and Construction
Final Stage Project Operation Stage
a. Operation and Maintenance
b. Management Procedure

1.2 Components of Micro-Hydro Power
-Diversion Weir and intake
Diversion Weir a barrier built across the river used to divert water through an opening in the
riverside into a settling basin
-Settling Basin
The settling basin is used to trap sand or suspended silt from the water before entering the penstock. It
may be built at the intake or at the forebay.
-Headrace
Channel leading water to a forebay or turbine. The headrace follows the contour of the hillside so as to
preserve the elevation of the diverted water.
-Headtank
Pond at the top of a penstock or pipeline; serves as final settling basin, provides submergence of
penstock inlet and accommodation of trash rack and overflow/spillway arrangement.
-Penstock
A closed conduit or pressure pipe for supplying water under pressure to a turbine
-Water Turbine and Generator
A water turbine is a machine to directly convert the kinetic energy of the flowing water into a useful
rotational energy while a generator is a device used to convert mechanical energy into an electrical
energy.
1.3 Concept of Hydro Power
A hydro scheme requires both water flow and drop in height to produce useful power.
Losses: friction, heating, noise, etc.
Power Conversion Equation is:
Power input = power output + Loss
Or
Power output = Power input x Conversion Efficiency
Power input, or total power absorbed is the gross power

. The power output is the net power

. The overall efficiency of the scheme is termed

in kW
The gross power is the product of the gross head

, The design flow (Q) and a coefficient factor

(g=9.8), so the fundamental hydropower equation is:

in kW

Usually

: 1.0 ((Channel length x 0.002 ~ 0.005)/

: 0.90 ~ 0.95 (depends on the penstock length)

: 0.70 ~ 0.85 (depends on the type of turbine)

: 0.80 ~ 0.95 (depends on the capacity of generator)

: 0.97

: 0.90 ~ 0.98 (depends on the transmission length)

: 0.98

and

are usually computed as Head Loss (

). In this case, the hydro power

equation becomes:

in kW
2. Identification of potential sites
a. whether or not the construction of a plant near the power demand area is feasible
b. how much power capacity can be generated to sufficiently supply the demand area
c. how to select a potential site among the candidate sites
2.1 Basic Reference Materials
1) Topographical map: scale: 1/50,000
Topographical map provides important information such as landform, location of communities, slope of
the river, catchment area of proposed sites, access road, etc. In the Philippines, topographical maps of
scale 1/50,000 are available at the National Mapping & Resources Information Authority (NAMRIA).
2) Rainfall data from Isohyetal and Regional Maps
2.3) Calculation of River Flow
Qp = Rr X Qo/Ao
Qp: River flow per unit catchment area in project area

Rr: rainfall ratio between the rainfall at the proposed weir (or intake) site
Rr: Rp/Ro
Rp: Average rainfall at proposed weir site (mm)
Ro: Average rainfall at gauged area (mm)
Qo: observed river flow at existing gauging station (

Ao: Catchment area of existing gauging station

Ap: Catchment area of proposed weir site

2.4 Identification of Potential Sites
2.4.1 Map Study
Potential sites are identified on the topographical map with a scale of 1/50000 by interpreting the head.
The following parameters should be considered in the map study.
(1) Site identification considering river gradient and catchment area
Sites with high head, shortest waterway and a high discharge level are naturally advantageous for
hydropower generation.
(2) Identification based on the water conveyance route conditions
The basic layout of a micro hydro development scheme is planned in such a way that its water
conveyance facilities are exposed or surface-type structures.
2.4.2 Identification Based on Local Information
In some cases where potential sites cannot be identified or defined on the topographical map due to
relatively small head or the absence of a cliff, a fall, or lake, pool, etc. As well as existing infrastructures
like intake facilities for irrigation, roads, or trails, potential sites are identified on the basis of
information gathered from a local source such as the local government units and/or local residents
organization.
2.4.3 Selection of Potential Development Sites
The potential sites are then examined for their suitability in hydropower development.
(1) Level of firm discharge
While it is difficult to judge the suitability for development based on the absolute volume of discharge, a
potential site with a relatively high level of firm discharge is a more favourable site for micro-hydro plant
designed to supply power throughout the year.
(2) L/H [ratio between waterway length (L) and total head (H)]
A site with a smaller L/H value is more advantageous for small-scale hydropower.

Chapter 3 Site Reconnaissance
3.1 Objective of Site Reconnaissance
The objective of site reconnaissance is to investigate a single or several potential sites and the supply
area or areas in order to evaluate the feasibility of projects and also to get information for electrification
planning. One of the most important activities in site reconnaissance is to measure water discharge and
head that could be utilized for micro-hydropower generation. Investigations of intake site, waterway
route, powerhouse site and transmission line route etc. are also conducted to assess the feasibility of
project sites.
3.2 Preparation for Site Reconnaissance
To achieve effective and fruitful site reconnaissance, it is important to be sufficiently prepared in the
conduct of this part of the micro-hydro development study such as collecting of information on the
target area and the preparation of work plan and schedule of survey activities in advance.
3.2.1 Information gathering and preparation
As advance information, 1/50000 topographic maps are prepared to check the topography of the target
site and villages, the catchment area, villages household distribution and access road. More accurate
information on site accessibility could be collected by contacting local people concerned.
Copies of 1/50000 topographic maps and route maps enlarged by 200% and 400% are prepared for
fieldwork.
Check list and interview sheet are also prepared for each site reconnaissance.
3.2.2 Planning of preliminary site reconnaissance
It is important to make sufficient plan and schedule for site reconnaissance activities in advance.
However, deviations from original plan and schedule in accordance with actual site conditions normally
occur and should be expected. Before going to the site, proper coordination with local officials
concerned should also be done to ensure the safety and successful conduct of the reconnaissance
activities. Sufficient time to perform field activities should be planned since majority of potential micro-
hydro sites are located in mountainous and isolated areas. The duration of site investigation, river flow
(discharge) and head measurements, and other important activities for site reconnaissance should be
properly estimated. A checklist or interview sheet should be prepared beforehand to conduct
preliminary site reconnaissance activities.
3.2.3 Necessary equipment for preliminary site reconnaissance
Check Sheet of basic equipment for site reconnaissance
Equipment Equipment



Map, Sheet
O Route map







Equipment
O Altimeter
O Topographic Map O GPS (portable type)
O Reconnaissance Schedule O Camera, Film
O Check List O Current meter
O Interview Sheet O Distance meter, measuring tape
Geological Map O Hand level
Aerial Photograph O Convex scale (2-3m)
Related reports Hammer
Clinometer




Stationary
O Field notebook Knife
O Scale Scoop
O Pencil O Torch, Flashlight
O Eraser Sampling baggage
O Color pencil Label
Section paper O Compass
Stop watch
Battery

3.3 Survey to Outline the Project Site
During the reconnaissance around the proposed site of micro-hydro power generating facilities and the
power demand area, a survey is conducted on the following items:
(1) Accessibility
Considerations on planning for the transportation of equipment and access road other than the
employment of simple machines/vehicles and the use of existing road, should be carefully done.
(2) Situation of existing system and future plan
Even for a project site in which the development of a stand-alone type micro-hydro system is planned,
survey should be conducted from the last or end of distribution line of an existing system or grid, its
location, route and voltage, etc. and also on the possibility of extension or rehabilitation plans in case of
an existing micro-hydro system.
(3) Situation of river water utilization
At the project identification stage, the situation or condition of the river for water utilization should be
surveyed taking into account the possible recession section as well as the possibility of changes in the
position of the intake or weir and the waterway route.
(4) Existence of other development plans or projects
A survey should be conducted on the existence of other development plans/projects in terms of roads,
agricultural lands, housing, tourism, etc. which may affect the planned project site and/or its
surrounding area.
(5) Civil structures in adjacent area and materials used
The use of local labor and materials in the construction of civil structures are important in reducing the
cost of a micro-hydro project thereby contributing to the local economy and ensuring maintenance and
repair.
(6) Presence of natural topographical features and existing structures usable for power generation
When an existing irrigation channel or similar is used as a waterway for power station, it is necessary to
check the cross-section, gradient and current water conveyance volume, etc. of such channel.
(7) Existence of important ground features and vegetation
For this purpose the locations and conditions, etc. should be documented for discussions with
concerned parties such as the landowner(s) and representatives of the local government.
3.4 Investigation of Geological Conditions for Main Civil Structures
(i) the exposed structure of most of the main civil structures
(ii) the rooting of the waterway on a sloping hillside
3.5 Survey on the Locations of Civil Structures
1. Location of intake weir
2. Headrace route
3. Location of headtank or forebay
4. Penstock route
5. Powerhouse location
6. Tailrace route
7. Transmission line route
3.6 Measurement of River Flow
(1) Flow measurement method
(2) Frequency of stream flow measurement
Stream flow measurement should be conducted at least three times a year to analyze the relationship
between the water level and the discharge in the range below the observed maximum discharge level.
(3) Water level observation unit
3.7 Measurement of head
The head between the intake point and the headtank and the head between the headtank and the
outlet point should be measured. At the initial planning stage, however, it may be sufficient to measure
the head between the planned headtank location and the outlet level.
3.8 Demand Survey
3.8.1 Demand Survey Method
It is necessary to estimate a slightly higher demand level than the assumed scale of power generation so
that it would adequately respond to the scale of development as well as to the seasonal fluctuation of
the power demand.
3.8.2 Factors to consider in the demand survey
(1) Location
(2) Owners
(3) Types and required quality of equipment
(4) Equipment capacity, etc.
(5) Period of use
(6) Year of installation and service life
(7) Likely problems associated with power cut
3.9 Actual Field Survey
(1) A proper understanding of the local topography is important for the planning of a small-scale
hydropower plant like the main exposed structure civil structures. Topographical surveying is
particularly required for such structures as the intake facility, headtank and generating station, etc., In
general the accuracy of topographical surveying around civil structures tends to be in the range 1/100
1/200 for small to medium-scale hydropower plants. However, topographical surveying accuracy in the
region of 1/500 should be sufficient for independent micro-hydro scheme because an error in
topographical surveying hardly affects the work volume for small structures.
(2) During the implementation stage: For the waterway and access road, etc., route surveying (center
line and cross-section surveying) may be sufficient for planning and design purposes and should be
effective from the viewpoint of cost reduction, particularly when the required surveying length is long.
Those routes must, however, be carefully determined based on the results of the field reconnaissance
conducted by the planner(s).
Chapter 4 Planning
4.1 Scheme of Development Layout
The three options of water conveyance routes below are the possible layouts of micro-hydro power
system.
(1) Short Penstock
The penstock in this option is short but it requires a long headrace. A long headrace is subject to greater
risk of landslides, erosion and siltation, or deterioration. The construction of the headrace along a steep
slope is difficult and expensive. Also the risk of erosion in case of a steep slope makes this scheme
unacceptable and not practical since it will make the future operation and maintenance difficult and
expensive.
(2) Long Penstock
The penstock route layout generally follows the river because it may not be possible to construct a
headrace along the surrounding terrain. One of the most important considerations in this scheme is to
ensure that seasonal flooding of the river will not damage or cause deterioration to the penstock. In this
scheme the cost will be particularly high since this will require more penstock pipes which are more
expensive than a headrace channel.
(3) Mid-length Penstock
This scheme involves a medium length penstock and a relatively medium length headrace channel.
While the penstock in this scheme may cost more than the short penstock, the cost of constructing a
headrace along a steep slope may be avoided. The initial purchase and construction costs for this
scheme are greater than the short penstock scheme; however, this option may be preferable in case
there are signs of instability in the steep slope.
4.2 Data Gathering for Planning
4.2.1 Hydrograph and Flow Duration Curve
Hydrograph shows how flow varies throughout the year and how many months in a year that a certain
flow is exceeded. The flow duration curve simply takes all the flow records over many years and placing
them with the highest figures on the left and the lower figure placed progressively over to the right.
4.2.2 Plant Factor and Load Factor
(1) Plant Factor
Plant Factor is very important in micro-hydro power planning. Plant factor is defined in the equation:

And

Where;

: the possible annual electric generation (kWh)

Pmax: maximum output (kW)
Qave: average discharge which is less than Qd

Qd: design discharge

For a run-of-river type micro-hydropower scheme, optimum plant factor can be generally taken from
the following range:
For micro-hydro: 80~100%
Small-hydro: 45~65%
(2) Load factor




4.3 Selection of Locations for Main Civil Structures
4.3.1 Location of Intake
(1) River Channel Alignment
(2) Stability of Hillside Slope
(3) Use of existing civil structures
(4) Use of natural topographical features
(5) Intake Volume and Flood Water Level
(6) Site Conditions for Settling Basin and Headrace, etc.
(7) Present River Water Use
(8) Existing Features that maybe Affected by the Backwater
4.3.2 Headrace Route
(1) Topography
(2) Ground Stability of Headrace Route
(3) Use of Existing Structures
4.3.3 Location of Head Tank
(1) Topographical and geological conditions
(2) Ease of Dealing with Effluents
4.3.4 Penstock Route
(1) Hydraulic Gradient
(2) Topography of the Penstock route
(3) Ground Stability of the Penstock Route
(4) Use of existing infrastructures like roads, irrigation canals and others
4.3.5 Location of Powerhouse
(1) Accessibility
(2) Conditions of foundations
(3) Flood water level
(4) Installation Conditions for Auxiliary Facilities
4.3.6 Location of Tailrace
(1) Flood water level
(2) Existence of Riverbed Fluctuation at Tailrace
(3) Possibility of Scouring
(4) Flow Direction of River Water
4.4 Supply and Demand Plan
4.4.1 Selection of Power Demand Facilities
The following items must be considered to determine the installed capacity.
(1) Power Uses
1) Use for Lighting
2) Use for Electric Heating
3) Use for Motive Power
(2) Transmission and Distribution Cost
(3) Contribution to Local Development
a) Those capable of using local resources
b) Those capable of appealing the local characteristics to outside the area
c) Those capable of assisting the creation of employment opportunities
d) Those capable of contributing to the promotion of exchanges between local residents.
4.4.2 Examination of development scale and supply and demand balance
It is necessary for the output of a micro-hydro power plant which has no back-up power generation
source to always exceed the demand. In the case of a run-of-river type micro-hydro power plant, the
optimal scale is that which corresponds to the maximum demand capacity within the range of the
developable maximum output which is basically determined based on the minimum usable discharge
for generation. The procedure for this examination is discussed in the following topics.
(1) Decision on Minimum Usable Discharge

for Generation
The minimum usable discharge for generation

is decided in consideration of the ff. Items:

a) Establishment of usable river discharge for generation

Which is calculated by subtracting the maintain discharge in the reduced discharge section from the
river discharge at the intake point.
b) Frequency of permissible break power generation
It is decided by the type and importance of the power demand facilities/equipment, user intentions and
other factors.
(2) Decision on Maximum Output

a) Case of constant demand throughout the year
b) Case of seasonal demand fluctuation
(3) Decision on Scale of Development and Power Demand Facility
a) Case where change of demand plan is difficult
b) Case where change of demand is possible
a. Setting up of demand
b. Calculation of effective use of electrical energy
4.4.3 Daily Supply and Demand Plan
Chapter 5 Design for Civil Structures
5.1 Intake Weir
5.1.1 Types of Intake Weirs
The basic types of intake weirs are:
(1) Concrete gravity
(2) Floating Concrete
(3) Earth Dam
(4) Rockfill Dam
(5) Wet masonry weir
(6) Gabion weir
(7) Concrete reinforced gabion weir
(8) Brushwood weir
(9) Wooden weir
(10) Wooden frame with gravel weir
5.1.2 Weir Height Calculation
(1) Conditions restricting waterway elevation
It is necessary to examine the topographical and geological conditions of the identified weir construction
site and also along the identified weir construction site and also along the identified water conveyance
routes or alignments. It is advisable that further evaluation should be conducted in case the cost of weir
construction accounts for a large portion of the total project construction cost.
In case the intake weir is planned along a river that is adjacent to a road, the elevation of the road
should be taken into account in establishing the height of the weir to protect the road from flooding.
(2) Possibility of riverbed rise in downstream
1) Gently sloping river with a high level of transported sediment.
2) Existence of a check dam, etc. in the downstream of the planned weir site that is not yet filled with
sediments.
3) Presence of landslide or eroded portion and the possibility of continuous erosion downstream of the
proposed intake weir site.
4) Existence of a narrow section in the downstream which obstructs the flow of sediment and any debris
carried by the flow.
(3) Conditions to remove sediment from upstream of the weir and settling basin by intake method
(tyrolean-type intake and side intake)
(4) Influence on construction cost and electrical energy generated
(5) Influence of back water
5.2 Intake
5.2.1 Intake Design
1) Bar-screen type
2) Bar-less type
5.2.2 Important points for Intake Design
In micro-hydro power development, the type of headrace adopted is usually an open channel, a covered
channel, or a closed conduit. When any of these types of headrace is employed, it is important to avoid
large volume of water inflow that exceeds the designed intake capacity as it will directly affect or
damage the headrace.
In planning for the intake facility of a micro-hydro power plant, it would be advantageous to consider
the omission of the intake gate to reduce the project cost. However, if an intake gate is required for
safety and practical reasons, it is recommended that a manually-controlled gate should be used instead
of an automatic controlled gate to avoid increase in cost.
In the case of an intake facility for a micro-hydro power plant located in a remote and mountainous
area, a swift response to flooding is difficult.
5.4 Headrace
5.4.1 Type and Basic Structure of Headrace
The headrace channels for small-scale hydropower plants are generally designed to convey a small
amount of water only. These structures are basically exposed or constructed at ground level such as an
open channel or a covered channel, etc. Some examples of headrace and their basic structures are given
in Table 5.4.1 and Table 5.4.2 respectively.
Chapter 6 Design for mechanical and electrical structures
6.1 Fundamental equipment and facilities of micro-hydro power plant
The fundamental equipment and facilities discussed in the preceding chapters are tackled in more
detailed manner in this chapter. In addition, a summary of recommended micro-hydropower generating
equipment for rural electrification is presented herein for quick reference.

Note: Basic conditions for micro-hydropower turbines for rural electrification in the Philippines
1) Stable for long term operation
2) Easy operation by semi-skilled operator(s) or villager(s)
3) Locally fabricated turbines for easier maintenance and repair (except small parts)
4) Cheaper cost of equipment including installation
5) Acceptable technical guarantees of the turbine.
Equipment and Facility Purpose and Function
1. Inlet valve To control the stop or supply of water to turbine from penstock.
2. Water turbine to change the energy of water to the rotating power
3. Governor of turbine to control the speed and output of turbine
4. Power transmission facility to transmit the rotation power of turbine to generator
5. Generator to generate the electricity from turbine or its transmitter
6. Control and protection panel to control and protect the above facilities for safe operation
7. Switchgear (with transformer) to control on/off operation of electric power and step-up the
voltage of transmission lines


6.2 Turbine
6.2.1 Type and output of water turbine
The types of water turbine are mainly-classified into two types:
1) Impulse turbine: Pelton turbine, Crossflow turbine, Turgo-impulse turbine
2) Reaction turbine: Francis turbine, Propeller turbine: Kaplan turbine, Diagonal mixed flow, tubular
turbine, and straight flow turbine
Note:
1) Impulse turbine: turbine types that rotate the runner by the impulse of water jet having the velocity
head which has been converted from the pressure head at the time of jetting from the nozzle.
2) Reaction turbine: Turbine construction that rotates the runner by the pressure head of flow.
Shaft arrangement: The arrangement of turbines will be also classified into two types, Horizontal shaft
(H-Shaft) and Vertical Shaft (V-shaft)
Referring to the required output, available net head and water flow (discharge), the following types of
turbine may be applicable for micro or small hydraulic power plant of rural electrification.
(1) Horizontal Pelton turbine
(2) Horizontal Francis turbine
(3) Crossflow turbine
(4) Tubular turbine (S-type tubular turbine, Vertical tubular turbine, Runner rotor integrated turbine,
vertical propeller turbine, Horizontal propeller turbine)
(5) Turgo impulse turbine
(6) Reverse pump turbine (Vertical propeller turbine, Horizontal propeller type, Submerged pump type)
6.2.3 Design of Crossflow turbine
Crossflow turbine (T-13 and T-14)
1. Get the basic data for rated water flow (

, elevations (m) of water level at forebay and turbine

center (or tailrace water if designed as special case) from civil design.
2. Calculate the net head from gross head by deducting head loss of penstock
3. Estimate the net hydraulic power and turbine shaft output from water flow, net head and turbine
efficiency.
4. Calculate width of turbine runner according to manufacturers recommendation.
5. Calculate the mechanical power to generator from efficiency of power transmitter
6. Calculate rated electrical output of generator (kW) Maximum output of electricity
7. Calculate the rotational speed of turbine from specific speed, turbine shaft output and net head.
8. Select suitable generator available at the market and its output (kVA), frequency, voltage power
factor and rotational speed, referring to catalogue of generator manufacturer.
9. Calculate the ratio of rated rotational speed of turbine and generator.
10. Select the width and length of belt referring to belt manufacturers recommendation.
11. Calculate the capacity of dummy load and suitable ELC (Electronic Load Controller) or IGC (Induction
Generator Control) in case of induction generator.
12. Calculate the diameters of the pulley for the turbine and generator.
Note:
Basic data of T-13 and 14 available from the model test.
Diameter of turbine: 300mm
No. of runner blade: 28
Unit speed: 133rpm
6.2.4 Design of reverse pump type turbine (pump as turbine)
A water pump used as turbine by reversing rotation of pump is called the Pump as turbine (PAT)
1. To calculate and get the effective head, water flow, and net hydraulin power as same method as item
1, 2, and 3 of above
2. To check suitable pump available in the market, considering maximum efficiency point of pump,
rotation speed of motor because the direct coupling between turbine and generator is usually adopted
for this kind of turbine.
3. To select and finalize the pump as turbine, considering the maximum efficiency point of pump,
applicable efficiency for actual output of turbine shaft because of the range of high. Efficiency point is
very narrow.
4. The selection method shall be referred to the Design Manual for Reverse Pump Turbine.
6.3 Generator
6.3.1 Type of Generator
1. Fundamental classification of AC generator
(1) Synchronous generator: Independent exciter of rotor is provided of each unit. Applicable for both
independent and existing power network
(2) Induction generator: No exciter of rotor is provided
Usually applicable for network with other power source. Sometimes applicable
for independent network with additional capacitors for less than 25kW but not
so recommendable for independent network due to difficulty of voltage control
and life time of capacitors except cost saving
Shaft arrangement: Either vertical shaft or horizontal shaft is applied to both type of above generators.
2. Another classification is also applied to AC generators as follows;
1) Three phase generator: Star () connection for 3 phase 4 wire network
Delta () connection for single phase 2 wire netwok
2) Single phase generator: This type is not used in power network system because it is difficult to
purchase the generator with capacity of more than 2kW in the market. In this
case three phase generator with delta connection is applied as shown above.
6.4 Power Transmission Facility (Speed Increaser)
There are 2 ways of coupling the turbine and generator.
1) Direct coupling of the turbine shaft and the generator shaft.
2) Indirect coupling that uses power transmission facility between turbine shaft and generator shaft.
Two types of speed increaser are as follows:
1. Gear box type: Turbine shaft and generator shaft is coupled with parallel shaft helical gears in one box
with anti-friction bearing according to the ratio of speed between turbine and generator. The lifetime is
long but the cost is relatively high. (Efficiency: 95-97% subject to the type)
2. Belt type: Turbine shaft and generator shaft is coupled with pulleys (flywheels) and belt according to
the ratio of speed between turbine and generator. The cost is relatively low but lifetime is short.
(Efficiency: 95-98% subject to the type of belt)
The belt type (V-belt or flat belt) speed increaser is usually adopted for micro-hydro power plants
because it is very much lower in cost compared to the gear type transmitter.
6.5 Control Facility of turbine and generator
6.5.1 Speed Governor
It is adopted to keep the turbine speed constant. The speed of the turbine fluctuates if there are
changes in the load and water flow. The governing or control of turbine speed is necessary for the
proper operation of the hydropower facility.
The governing device is classified into speed detector, controller and operation. There are two types of
governor to control water flow through turbine by operation of guide vane or by balancing the load by
interchanging the demand load and the dummy load, as follows:
1. Mechanical Type: to constantly control water discharge with the automatic operation of guide vane(s)
or valves according to actual load.
a) Pressure oil operating type guide vane(s) or gate valve(s)
b) Motor-operated type guide vane(s) or gate valve(s)
2. Dummy load type: To control the balancing of both current load and dummy loaf thyristor i.e. to keep
the summation of both actual and dummy load constant for the same output and speed of generator.
Speed detection is made by PG (pulse generator), PMG (permanent magnet generator) or generator
frequency.
In case of the mechanical type, ancillary equipment such as servomotor of guide vane, pressure pump,
pressure tank, sump tank, piping etc. or electric motor operating guide vane with control system, are
required. This means the cost of the hydropower plant will be higher with such additional equipment.
In case of motor operating type, power source, motor and operating mechanism are also required. For a
micro-hydropower plant, the dummy load type governor is less expensive and recommended.
6.6 Control, Instrumentation and Protection of Plant
6.6.1 Control Methods of Plant
There are many control methods for hydropower plant, such as supervisory control, operation control,
and output control
1. Supervisory control method is classified into continuous supervisory, remote continuous control and
occasional control.
2. Operational control method is classified into manual control, one-man control and full automatic
control.
3. Output control method is classified into output by single governor for independent network and
water level control, discharge control and program control for parallel operation with other power
source.
6.6.2 Instrumentation of Plant
1. Pressure gage for penstock
2. Voltmeter with change-over switch for output voltage
3. Voltmeter with change-over switch for output of dummy load (ballast)
4. Ammeter with change-over switch for ampere of generator output
5. Frequency meter for rotational speed of generator.
6. Hour meter for operation time
7. KWH meter and KVH meter, which is recommended in order to check and summarize total energy
produced by the power plant if there is some allowance in budget.
6.6.3 Protection of Plant and 460/230V distribution line
Considering the same reason for cost is saving in instrumentation, the following protection is required as
minimum protection for micro-hydro power plant in rural electrification
1. Over speed of turbine and generator
2. Under voltage
3. Over voltage
4. Over current by NFB (No fuse breaker) or MCCB (Molded case circuit breaker) for low tension circuit
6.6.4 Protection of 13.2 kV Distribution line
Normal protection system of line (Pole-mounted type lighting arresters and fuses or fuse switches) is to
be provided throughout the line.
1. The following facilities are to be installed at 13.2 kV switchgear of power station for large capacity and
long outgoing line is required.
1) 1 no. 18 kV circuit breaker, driven by AC operated closing and tripping system of
capacitor trip power supply device (3-phase 200A for MHP)
2) 3 nos. 18 kV fuse switches with fuse, hand operated type (3-phase)
3) 1 no. 18 kV earthing switch, hand operated type (3-phase gang operated)
4) 3 nos. 13.2 kV lightning arrester
5) 1 no. 13.2 kV voltage transformer (3 phase, 18kV/110V)
6) 3 nos. 13.2 kV current transformer (1-phase, ratio to be fixed by the actual capacity of
micro-hydro power plant)
7) 1 set 18 kV busbars system
8) 1 no. Control and protection panel
2. The following facilities only are to be installed by connection from 13.2 kV terminal of 13.2 kV/460V
transformer on the terminal pole at power plant, in case only 13.2 kV/460V transformer is installed for
set-up purpose due to small capacity distribution line.
1) 3 nos. 18 kV fuse switches with fuse, hand operated type (3-phase)
2) 3 nos. 13.2 kV lightning arrester (more than 27kV, 5kA)
3) 1 lot 13.2 kV line connection materials (insulators, support structure, wires)
6.7 Inlet Valve
Referring of water quantity and head of plant, suitable inlet valve is applied between penstock and
turbine for tight stopping of water supply for safety and maintenance. However, it may sometimes be
omitted for purpose of cost saving in case of low head power plant if the stop log or gate at forebay can
almost stop the water leakage from forebay into penstock or separate discharge pass-way is provided at
forebay. The inlet valve for micro and small power plant is classified into three kinds as follows:
Chapter 7 Design for distribution facilities
7.6 Conductors and cables
7.6.1 Advantages/Disadvantages
The feature of conductor and cable is shown at ff table:
Advantages Disadvantages
Conductors -cheap
-easy to connect each conductor
-not safe
Cables -safe
-could be laid underground
-expensive
-difficult to connect each cable

7.6.2 Sizes of Conductors
Sized of conductors should be selected taking into account the amount of present load, forecasted load,
short-circuit current, current capacity of conductors, voltage drop, power loss, mechanical strength, etc.
too many sizes shall not be used for branch feeders.
7.6.3 Allowable sag of conductors
The sag of conductors should be determined with respect to the allowable conductor tension, strength
of the supporting structures, wind load on conductors, etc. the conductor should be maintained above
the ground at a height shown in table below:
Conductor height above ground 13.2 kV Low Voltage
Road crossing 6.5 m 4.0 m
Along road 6.0 m 4.0 m
Other places 6.0 m 4.0 m

7.6.4 Allowable load per phase
3-phase distribution lines are needed to keep the load balanced. If the unbalance load is more than 20%,
appliances and instruments are subjected to harmonic distortion.
7.6.5 Application 3-phase line
The 3-phase distribution line should be extended up to the load center or villages. This is to minimize
current that causes system losses along the lines. If this could not be done due to high cost, it is
necessary to conduct close monitoring of the connected load in each phase and keep the load balance
or nearly balance.
7.7 Distribution Transformers
In case of 13.2 kV distribution line is used instead of 460/230V line due to long distance from power
station to consumers with the reason of sending capacity, voltage drop etc., some step-up and step-
down is completely similar. Step-up transformer is installed at power station side for step-up from
460/230V to 20/11.5kV and step-down transformer is installed at consumers area for step-down and
vice versa.
7.7.1 Type of Distribution Transformer
Distribution transformers are classified into the type of insulation, as follows:
Oil immersed transformer: Windings are immersed in insulation oil in tank and cheaper.
Dry type transformer: Windings insulated with heat-resisting epoxy (H-Class) without
tank but expensive.
Distribution transformers are classified into two kinds by winding method as follows
Three-phase transformer: - connection Suitable for grounding of neutral point
- connection
- connection
Note: ; Delta connection ; Star connection
Single phase transformer: Usually used for voltage step-down from 13.2/8kV to 230V near consumers
area.
Single phase transformer can also be used both star and delta connection by outside connection with
combination of 3 transformers.
7.7.3 Application of Distribution Transformers
Step-up and step-down distribution transformers shall be of three-phase construction and their
standard capacities are as follows:
5 kVA, 10 kVA, 16 kVA, 25 kVA, and 50 kVA
7.7.4 Selection of Unit Capacity
Table 7.7.1 Relation between capacity of transformer and generator
Capacity of
transformer
5 kVA 10 kVA 16 kVA 25 kVA 50 kVA
Capacity of
generator
-4 kW 4 kW 8 kW 8 kW 12.8 kW 12.8 kW 20 kW 20 kW 40 kW
Before deciding the unit capacity of new transformers, the supply area of new transformers is to be
determined taking into account the followings:
(a) Supply area of new transformers shall not overlap with that of other transformers supplied from
other feeders.
(b) Supply area of each transformer must be independent.
(c) Voltage drop restriction should be satisfied at any part of the supply area.
7.7.5 Location
Step-up transformers shall be located near the powerhouse. Step-down transformers shall be located in
or close to the load center of the area. In deciding the final location to install transformer, the following
conditions should also be examined:
(a) Easy to access and replacement works.
(b) To be separated from other buildings or trees with enough clearance.
(c) For pole mounted type, pole assembly shall not be complicate.
7.8 House Connection (HC)
7.8.1 Application of House Connection
For HC, copper core or aluminum core twisted cable will be used.
The sizes of the copper core are:

The sizes of the aluminum core are:

Chapter 8 Project Cost Estimate
8.1 Rough Cost Estimate During Planning Stage
Description Item
Plan Maximum Output (kW)
Turbine Discharge

Effective Head (m)
Intake Facilities Height of Dam (m)
Length of Dam (m)
Headrace Length of Headrace (m)
Penstock Diameter of Penstock (m)
Distribution Number of Households (HH)
Distance from powerhouse to the farthest house (km)

8.2 Cost Estimation for Detailed Design Stage
8.2.1 Items
Typical items of a direct cost are shown below.
(1) Preparatory Works
- Location Setting Out
- Filling and Measurement
- Equipment and Materials Mobilization
(2) Civil Works
- Intake Facilities
- Settling Basin
- Headrace
- Head tank
- Spillway
- Penstock and Foundation
- Powerhouse base
- Tailrace
- Power house building
- Finishing
(3) Electro-Mechanical Works
- Turbine
- Controller
- Dummy Load
- Generator
- Accessories, Spare parts and Tools
- Set up and Installation
- Transportation and Packing
- Testing
- Pre commissioning Trial Run
(4) Distribution Works
- Transmission Pole
- Cable
- Transformer
- Accessories
(5) Consumer Connection
- Cable
- Switch
- Accessories
Table 8.2.1 Construction Cost
No. Item Cost
Direct cost of construction
1 PREPARATORY WORKS Addition item
2 CIVIL WORKS Addition item
3 ELECTRO-MECHANICAL WORKS Addition item
4 DISTRIBUTION WORKS Addition item
5 CONSUMER CONNECTION Addition item
SUB TOTAL (A)
Indirect cost
1 DESIGN FEE 5 ~ 10% of SUB TOTAL (A)
2 SUPERVISOR FEE 5 ~ 10% of SUB TOTAL (A)
3 MANAGEMENT FEE 5 ~ 10% of SUB TOTAL (A)
4 TAX 12.5% of SUB TOTAL (A)
SUB TOTAL (B)
TOTAL

Table 8.2.2 Quantity of Dam
Gabion Dam Masonry Dam Concrete Dam
- Excavation

- Backfill

- Gabion

- Excavation

- Backfill

- Foundation Rubble
Stone

- Stone Masonry

- Plaster

- Stoplog

- Gabion

- Excavation

- Backfill

- Sand filling

- Concrete

- Plaster

- Stoplog

- Gabion

Table 8.2.3 Quantity of Headrace
Simple Earth Channel Masonry Channel Concrete Channel
- Excavation

- Excavation

- Backfill

- Foundation Rubble
Stone

- Stone Masonry

- Plaster

- Excavation

- Backfill

- Sand filling

- Concrete

- Plaster

8.2.3 Unit Cost
Table 8.2.4 is the standard unit cost per work item of civil work of a project in a certain area.






Table 8.2.4 Unit Cost per work item
Work Item Coefficient Unit Unit Price Unit Cost

EXCAVATION
Unskilled labour
Foreman
Tools
0.625
0.062
1.0
man-day
man-day
1s

Total
BACKFILL
Unskilled labour
Foreman
Tools
0.192
0.019
0.010
man-day
man-day
man-day

Total
SANDFILLING
Unskilled labour
Foreman
Tools
1.200
0.150

man-day

Total
FOUNDATION RUBBLE STONE
Stone
Sand
Unskilled labour
Skilled labour
Foreman
1.200
0.400
1.125
0.563
0.056

man-day
man-day
man-day

Total
STONE MASONRY 1:2

Stone
Portland Cement
Sand
Unskilled labour
Skilled labour
Mason
Foreman
1.200
3.520
0.380
2.250
1.125
0.113
0.017

bags

man-day
man-day
man-day
man-day

Total
STONE MASONRY 1:3

Stone
Portland Cement
Sand
Unskilled labour
Skilled labour
Mason
Foreman
1.200
2.840
0.400
2.250
1.125
0.113
0.017

bags

man-day
man-day
man-day
man-day

Total


Work Item Coefficient Unit Unit Price Unit Cost
STONE MASONRY 1:4

Stone
Portland Cement
Sand
Unskilled labour
Skilled labour
Mason
Foreman
1.200
2.500
0.420
2.250
1.125
0.113
0.017

bags

man-day
man-day
man-day
man-day

PLASTERING

Portland Cement
Sand
Unskilled labour
Skilled labour
Mason
Foreman
0.237
0.019
0.286
0.214
0.021
0.021
bags

man-day
man-day
man-day
man-day

Total
GABION

Stone
Wire Cage
Unskilled labour
Skilled labour
Foreman
1.200
3.500
0.450
0.200
0.020

kgs
man-day
man-day
man-day

Total
STOPLOGS (set)
Wood
Carpenter
Labour
Foreman
Tools
0.048
1.000
2.000
0.100
1.000

man-day
man-day
man-day
1s

Total
WORK AREA FLOOR

Portland Cemenr
Sand for concrete
Split Gravel
Tools
Unskilled labour
Skilled labour
Mason
Foreman
3.956
0.550
0.930
1.000
2.000
0.500
0.050
0.010
bags

1s
man-day
man-day
man-day
man-day

Total
REINFORCED CONCRETE

Portland Cement
Split Gravel
Tools
Unskilled labour
Skilled labour
7.896
0.810
0.490
3.000
0.500
bags

man-day
man-day

Mason
Foreman
Tools
Steel bar for concrete
Wire
Labour steelman
Foreman steelman
Unskilled labour
Common nail
Carpenter
Carpenter foreman
0.050
0.110
1.000
175.0
2.000
6.750
2.250
8.750
4.000
5.000
0.500
man-day
man-day
1s
kgs
kgs
man-day
man-day
man-day
kgs
man-day
man-day
Total

Chapter 9
9.1 Construction Management for Civil Facilities
9.1.1 Purpose
Construction management is performed by the contractor to satisfy the standards and to complete the
construction works economically and safely within the construction period. Construction management
includes progress control, dimension control, and quality control.
9.1.2. Progress Control
Progress control is the management of construction process for assuring the execution of work
efficiently and economically within construction period by effectively, utilizing the machines, labour and
materials while maintaining sufficient quality and accuracy instead of merely controlling a series of
processes for observing the completion date.
(1) Procedure of progress control
Progress control is made for each of the planning, implementation, reviewing and handling steps.
(2) Construction schedule chart
Various time schedules should be graphically prepared for progress control and then used as standards
for implementation, review and handling. The following forms are normally used for control chart.
(a) Horizontal line type schedule charts (Gantt chart, bar chart)
(b) Curve type schedule charts (graph type)
(c) Network type schedule charts (PERT, CPM)
9.1.3 Dimension Control
(1) Direct measurement
For knowing the shape (dimensions, quantity, reference height, etc.) of an object created by the works,
the shape is directly measured in accordance with the sequence of construction works and the
measured values are then compared to design values.
(2) Photographic records
Photographic records are made as supplementary data for later confirmation of the progress of the
works including conditions before and after the works, the portions, that may not be seen upon
completion of the structure, and the results of direct measurements.
9.1.4 Quality Control
(1) Procedure of quality control
(a) Standards for materials
(b) Quality standards
(c) Work Standards
(d) Test and Inspection Methods
(2) Quality characteristics
Table 9.1.1 Examples of quality characteristics
Kind Quality characteristics Tests
Concrete Slump
Air Content
Compressive strength
Bending Strength
Slump test
Air content test
Compression test
Bending test
Earth Grain size
Degree of compactness
Penetration index
In-situ CBR value
Grain size analysis
Dry density test
Various penetration tests
In-situ CBR test
Asphalt Density and voids
Temperature at delivery to site
Flatness of pavement surface
Marshall test
Temperature test at deliver to site
Flatness test

(3) Control method
(a) Histogram
(b) Control Chart
9.2 Construction Management for Turbine, Generator and Their Associated Equipment
9.2.1 Installation
(1) Heavy machinery
(2) Manpower of direct labourers and technicians
(3) Temporary facilities
a) Distribution board for temporary facilities should be considered
b) Lodging facilities
c) Warehouse
d) Site construction office
(4) General tools and consumables
(5) Classification of installation work
a) Inspection of dimensions and level of concrete foundation
b) Transport of materials, parts and equipment from warehouse to power station
c) Unpacking
d) Preparing scaffolds
e) Assembly and installation
f) Welding and gas cutting
g) Wiring
h) Piping work and flushing
i) Hydraulic pressure test
j) Non-destructive test
k) Centering, levelling
l) Shaft runout test
m) Painting
(6) Inspection during installation
a) Centering & levelling
b) Shaft runout measurement
c) Measurement of caps of rotating parts
d) Confirmation of dimensions of each portion
e) Dye Penetration Test or ultrasonic crack examination for field welds of stress carrying parts
f) Relation between guide vane opening and servomotor stroke
g) Insulation resistance measurement
9.2.2 Adjustment during test run operation
(1) Instruments, tools and materials
(2) Manpower Schedule
Test Period
This varies depending on the types of turbine and generator, equipment configuration, experience of
testers but is normally 1 to 2 months
(3) Test items
a) Appearance inspection
b) Insulation resistance measurement
c) Withstand voltage test
d) Tests for turbine ancillary equipment
- Performance test for governor
- Tests for oil pressure supply and lubricating systems
- Tests for water supply and drainage systems
e) Exciter combination tests
f) No-water overall tests
g) Water filling tests
h) Initial running tests
i) Automatic start and stop tests
j) Synchronizing tests
k) Load rejection tests
l) Output and opening tests
m) Vibration measurement
n) Load tests
Chapter 10 Operation and Maintenance
10.1 Introduction
(1) Operators must efficiently conduct operation and maintenance of the micro-hydropower plant with
strict compliance with the O and M rules and regulations.
(2) Operators must familiarize themselves with all the plant components and their respective
performance or functions. Furthermore, they should also be familiar to measures against various
accidents for prompt recovery.
(3) Operators must always check conditions of facilities and equipment. When they find some troubles
or accidents, they must inform the person in charge and try to recover it.
(4) Operators must try to prevent any accidents. For the purpose, they should repair or improve facilities
preventively as necessary.
10.2 Operation
The operation of micro-hydropower plants is not only to generate electric power but also to control
generation equipment and to supply electricity of stable quantity and quality to consumers and
maintaining all facilities in good condition.
10.2.1 Basic Operation
(1) Check points before starting operation
Before starting operation of the power plant, operators must check the following
facilities are in good condition for operation. Especially in the case of after long term
operation, they should be checked thoroughly.
1) Transmission and distribution line
Damages of lines and poles
Approaching branches
Other obstacles
2) Waterway facilities
Damages of structures
Sand sedimentation in front of the intake
Suspended trash at screens
Sand sedimentation in the settling basin and the forebay
3) Turbine, generator and controller
Visual inspection
Wear of brush
Insulation resistance of circuits
(2) Starting Operation
After checking the turbine and generator are okay for operation. Procedure of starting
operation is as follows:
(Preparation)
1) Close the flushing gate of the intake weir
2) Open the intake gate and intake water into the waterway system.
(Starting operation)
3) Open the inlet valve gradually.
4) If there is a guide vane, open the inlet valve fully, and then open the guide vane
gradually.
5) Confirm that voltage and frequency or rotating speed increase up to the
regulated value.
6) Turn the load switch on (parallel in)
7) Control the valve or guide vane so that voltage and frequency are within the
regulated range.
(3) Role of operators during operation
Operators must control the equipment in order to supply electricity of good quality
keeping equipment normal and safe as follows:
1) Control the inlet valve or guide vane so that voltage and frequency are within
the regulated range.
2) Check vibration and noise of equipment, and then stop operation if necessary.
3) Check temperature of equipment.
4) Check any abnormal condition of equipment, and then stop operation and take
a measure if necessary.
5) Record result of operation and condition of equipment according to fixed
format.
(4) Stopping operation
In order to avoid longer runaway speed of the turbine and the generator, the procedure
stopping operation is as follows:
1) Close the inlet valve or the guide vane.
2) Cut load switch off (load rejection)
3) Close the inlet valve and the guide vane completely.
4) Close the intake gate.
10.2.2 In case of emergency
(1) In case of flood
In general micro hydropower plants can be operated even in the case of flood, however,
when the river becomes muddy and if there is possibility that sand and soil will enter
into the facilities, operation of the plant should be stopped by closing the intake gate.
After flood, operators must inspect all facilities first prior to resumption of operation.
(2) In case of earthquake
Since an earthquake affects all facilities of plants, operators must inspect facilities after
a big earthquake as follows:
Check damage of structures
Misalignment of the shaft of the turbine and the generator
Damages of other electrical equipment
Others
(3) In case of shortage of water
There is an applicable range of water discharge for each turbine. Therefore, a turbine
should be operated within the range.
Micro hydropower plant should basically be designed along water discharge in the dry
season. However, in case of shortage of water that is beyond of our expectations,
operators must stop operation because continuous operation under such condition will
damage the turbine.
(4) In case of accident
In case of accident, operators must stop operation, investigate the cause and try to
recover operation as soon as possible. Operators roles are as follows:
1) Immediately inform the accident to the person in charge.
2) Investigate accident in detail.
3) Look into the causes of accident.
4) Recover operation as soon as possible if operators can prove the causes and
repair by themselves.
5) Contact makers or suppliers of equipment and request them to repair if the
operators cannot find the causes and cannot repair themselves.
What operators should prepare in advance are as follows:
Discuss with maker or supplier of equipment on possible measures in case
of equipment trouble.
Present to the Barangay Alternative Power Association (BAPA) management
about expenditure on the recovery.
6) Inform the DOE and LGU regarding the accident.

10.2.3 Others
(1) Filling water in waterway systems
Procedure of filling water into the waterway system is as follows:
1) Confirm all flushing gates and valve of the water system was open.
2) Open the intake gate partially, and intake small volume of water.
3) Close the flushing gate of the settling basin after cleaning the headrace and the
forebay.
4) Close the flushing gate of the forebay after cleaning the headrace and the
forebay.
5) Close the drain valve of the penstock after cleaning the penstock.
6) Fill the penstock with water gradually.
7) Open the intake gate fully after filling up the penstock.
(2) Flushing sand in front of intake
If sand sedimentation reaches the intake level, sand will be carried into the water way
system and it will affect the penstock and turbine blades. Therefore, in order to prepare
against outflow of sand and soil during flooding, operators must keep the intake
approach open. For the purpose, operators should sometimes flush or remove sand that
settled in front of intake.
If flushing gate is installed at the intake weir, operators can flush sand out by water flow
opening the gate during flooding. However, incase of having no flushing gate, operators
must remove sand out of the weir manually.
(3) Control of intake water
Volume of intake water changes according to water level of river. Normally excess water
should be spilled out at spillway, which is located at settling basin or headrace. If the
excess water reaches the spillway of the forebay for long time, it may possibly wash out
the structure due to lack of spillway capacity. Therefore, operators must control the
intake gate so as to avoid too much water spill.
10.3 Maintenance
In order to operate micro hydropower plants in good condition for long period, waterway
facilities, electric equipment, and transmission and distribution line should be maintained
adequately. Operators must try to observe even a small trouble and prevent accident of
facilities. For the purpose, daily patrol and periodic inspection are essential and recording and
keeping of those data are also important.

Though items and frequency of patrol and inspection should be decided considering condition of
facilities and ways of use, general maintenance of micro hydropower plants is as follows:

10.3.1 Daily patrol
In order to check if there is anything strange at waterway facilities, electric equipment,
transmission and distribution line, operators must record result of patrol and take a measure if
necessary.

10.3.2 Periodic Inspection
Operators must conduct inspection periodically to check if there are any troubles in facilities and
equipment. Operators, preferably, should be able to perform repair works in case there are troubles
during inspection, if necessary.

10.3.3 Special Inspection
In case of earthquake, flood, heavy rain and accident, operators must stop operation and inspect
facilities.

10.4 Recording
Operators must keep a record of the operation and maintenance of the micro-hydropower plant.
Records will provide much help to operators in monitoring the conduct of the regular or scheduled
activities for the operation and maintenance. It also provides good data in determining the causes of
trouble in case of accident.

Chapter 11 Management

11.1 Establishment of Organization

Micro-hydropower projects for rural electrification are different from private power companies, in
which all parties concerned that include the consumers, O&M groups, community organizations, and
Barangay, Local and Central governments, have to accomplish their roles and responsibilities to ensure
sustainable operation.

An O&M organization called the Barangay Alternative Power Association (BAPA) should be established
to take care of the operation and management prior to project implementation. The BAOA should have
its by-laws and elected officials duly recognized by a General Assembly.

11.2 Management System

Background

More than a half of existing micro hydropower plants in rural areas is non-operational due to various
causes of troubles. Most operators do not have appropriate knowledge and skill on operation and
maintenance for micro hydro plants. Usually, budget for operation and maintenance were not given due
importance. As a result, operators cannot work well for the plant without sufficient salary. Also, they
cannot implement preventive maintenance for the equipment without enough money. This will usually
result to curative maintenance which is more expensive or if not implemented will result to operational
stoppage. Therefore, the causes of problems of micro hydropower plant are not only due to low quality
of facilities and equipment but also insufficient management practice of concerned organization.

In order to manage the BAPA, rules and regulation that provide objectives, members role and
responsibilities, scope of work, etc. should be established before commissioning the plant. It should also
be necessary to stipulate respective responsibilities in the by-laws of the association, all pertinent rules
and regulation that shall be binding and imposed up to the operational life of the power system.
Importantly, training on management should also be conducted.

11.3 Reporting and Monitoring

Operational data and maintenance results should be recorded and kept because it will be used as basis
of operators to find out the causes of trouble in the future. Likewise, record of tariff collection and
balance sheet of income and expenditure are essential for BAPA to manage itself substantially.

11.4 Decision-Making System

The General Assembly is the final approval of all decision made which are not stipulated in the By-Laws
of the organization. The proposal should be approved by the Board of Directors (BOD) before it will be
presented to the General Assembly.

11.5 Accounting System

Formulate and implement rules and regulations of the organization
Collect electrify tariff from consumers, and manage income and expenditure
Operate and maintain power supply electricity to consumers efficiently and safely. Repair or
replace facilities and equipment is necessary.
Instruct consumers on guideline of safe and efficient usage of electricity.
Report result of operation and maintenance of the plant and financial management of DOE and
related LGU periodically.
11.6.1 BAPA Officials
1) Chair Person:
Chair person is the Head of the BAPA Organization. His duties are:
Comprehensive