Professional Documents
Culture Documents
001
Fast Bus Transfer Revised
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
J anuary 22, 2013
Fast bus transfer is normally used for transferring a bus supplying motors to an emergency power source
on failure of the normal source of power. It is essential that this transfer be accomplished with a minimum
of "dead time" to prevent loss of critical motors or damage to the motors on re-energization.
Two schemes of operation are used for fast transfer. In the first scheme, the trip signal to the opening
breaker and the close signal to the closing breaker are given simultaneously. This is called a
simultaneous fast bus transfer and the dead time will typically be 1-3 cycles. However, there is a
possibility of overlap between the two sources, which may lead to the incoming breaker closing into a
fault. This can be prevented by adding a few milliseconds of time delay to the closing signal. In the
second scheme, the closing signal of the second breaker is initiated by a "b" contact of the opening
breaker. This may be either standard "b" contact or a fast "b" contact. This is called a sequential fast bus
transfer and the dead time will typically be 5-7 cycles. Both the schemes require a high speed sync
check relay between the alternate source and the motor bus for phase angle measurement. Make sure
that the V/Hz value does not exceed 1.33 p.u across the alternate source and the motor bus before
closing the alternate source breaker.
We have performed the timing tests on the PowlVac
Circuit Breakers
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
J une 7, 1990 Superseded by PTB #108 (November 15, 2012)
We have recently had capacitance current switching tests performed on our "Dash 3" PowlVac
circuit
breakers, using GE interrupters. The results of these tests showed that these breakers are qualified as
definite purpose circuit breakers, in accordance with ANSI Standard C37.06-1987, Table 1A, for both
isolated and back-to-back switching of capacitors.
Table 1 lists the maximum rating of capacitor bank that can be switched by each rating of circuit breaker
when applied in accordance with ANSI/IEEE Standard C37.012-1979. The values in the table were
calculated using a total current multiplier of 1.25 for ungrounded capacitor banks and 1.35 for grounded
banks. These multipliers include allowances for higher than normal voltage, capacitor tolerance, and
harmonic components in the current. See ANSI/IEEE C37.012-4.7.1. When PowlVac
circuit breakers
are used in a back-to-back switching situation, inrush currents and frequencies must be limited to the
values given in Table 1A of ANSI C37.06-1987. This may require the addition of reactance between the
two capacitor banks.
Table 1: Capacitor Bank Switching Capability of " Dash 3" PowlVac
Circuit Breakers
Circuit Breaker Type and
Rating
System Voltage
kV
Maximum Nameplate Rating of Capacitor Bank,
MVAR
Ungrounded Bank Grounded Bank
1200A
Breaker
2000A
Breaker
1200A
Breaker
2000A
Breaker
05PV0250 4.76kV 250MVA
2.4 2.09 3.33 1.94 3.08
4.16 3.63 5.76 3.36 5.34
4.76 4.15 6.60 3.85 6.11
15PV0500 15.0kV 500MVA
11.5 10.04 15.93 9.30 14.75
12.47 10.88 17.28 10.08 16.00
13.2 11.52 18.29 10.67 16.94
13.8 12.05 19.12 11.15 17.71
14.4 12.57 19.95 11.64 18.48
01.4TB.003
Capacitance Current Switching Capability of PowlVac
Circuit Breakers
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
page 2
Note: This table does not apply to PowlVac
Circuit Breakers
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
J uly 28, 1990
Occasionally, customers or prospective customers question our use of a manually-operated control
disconnect ("umbilical cord") on our PowlVac
design, these devices are located where they may be observed by an operator inserting or removing the
circuit breaker, allowing the operator to check alignment and operation when the circuit breaker is
installed. These devices are also available for servicing without removing the circuit breaker from the cell.
Q. Is this design safe?
A. Yes. The umbilical cord's plug mechanism is mechanically interlocked with the circuit breaker to
insure safe operation. Interlocks provided include:
The circuit breaker cannot be inserted into the cell without plugging in the umbilical cord.
Once the circuit breaker racking mechanism has been operated to start the circuit breaker
insertion process, the plug cannot be removed. It is therefore not possible to disconnect the
control circuits of a circuit breaker that is in service.
Unplugging the umbilical cord trips the circuit breaker if it is closed and discharges the closing
spring if it is charged. Since the plug must be removed in order to remove the circuit breaker from
its cell, these interlocks insure that the circuit breaker is open and all energy storage springs are
discharged when the circuit breaker is taken out of the cell.
Q. Why does Powell differ from all other manufacturers in the method of disconnecting the
control connections to the circuit breaker?
A. Powell does not differ from "all other manufacturers". While the umbilical cord design has not been
used frequently in the United States, other American manufacturers have used it. It is also commonly
used in Europe. We chose to use this design because we think it offers superior performance in total.
01.4TB.004
Umbilical Cord Used on PowlVac
Circuit Breakers
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
page 2
Q. Does the umbilical cord design meet ANSI standards?
A. Yes. This design, including required interlocking, is covered in detail in ANSI/IEEE Standard
C37.20.2-6.2.7. The PowlVac
vacuum circuit breakers and metal-clad switchgear use a primary insulation system of
cycloaliphatic epoxy. This insulation has given excellent results in the eight years since we first
introduced PowlVac
Switchgear
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
September 29, 1990
We often see specifications that call for switchgear "to be suitable for use in seismic zone X", where X
may be any number from 0 to 4, depending on the location of the final installation of the switchgear.
Unfortunately there is no ANSI standard that defines "suitable for use in seismic zone X". Seismic
requirements for nuclear generating station equipment, which do exist in standards, are not stated in
terms of seismic zones, but are site specific.
ANSI Standard A58.1-1982, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, gives some
guidance for the seismic loading that various items must withstand, using the basic formula:
where is the lateral force to be designed for,
is the seismic zone coefficient, which varies from 0.125 for Zone 0 to 1 for Zone 4,
is the occupancy factor, which varies from 1 for Category I to 1.5 for Category III,
is the horizontal force factor, which is 0.3 for all machinery in a building,
and is the weight of the equipment.
From basic mechanics, Force =Mass x Acceleration. In the above formula, F
p
is a force. W
p
is a weight,
which is the product of a mass and the acceleration of gravity, or g. It follows that the product of Z, I and
C
p
is a dimensionless coefficient for g. For a worst case situation, where the switchgear is installed in a
critical occupancy in Zone 4, the value of this coefficient is 1 x 1.5 x 0.3, or 0.45. Since seismic testing is
performed in terms of acceleration rather than force applied, the test level for a worst case installation
should be 0.45 g.
The other aspect of suitability is the performance of the equipment under the specified conditions. Here,
we have absolutely no guidance from ANSI standards. Based on past experience and input from various
users, Powell has decided that the following are reasonable criteria for suitability:
01.4TB.007
Seismic Testing of PowlVac
Switchgear
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
page 2
1) There shall be no structural damage that prevents normal operation of the equipment after the event.
2) No doors or covers shall open during the event.
3) The circuit breakers shall not open or close during the event except on command.
4) The circuit breakers shall not move from the fully connected position during the event.
5) After the event, it shall be possible to open and close the circuit breakers and rack them into and out
of the connected position.
6) Primary and control fuses shall remain in their fuse clips.
7) Transformer rollout drawers shall not come open during the event.
8) After the event, primary circuits shall withstand a 27 kV power frequency withstand test (hipot). The
value of 27 kV is chosen because it is the power frequency withstand voltage specified for field testing of
15 kV metal-clad switchgear.
About four years ago, Powell had samples of PowlVac
Switchgear
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
page 3
Based on these tests, standard PowlVac
Circuit Breakers
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
J anuary 10, 1991 Superseded by PTB #104 (September 14, 2012)
The interrupting performance of any circuit interrupter is affected by the transient recovery voltage
appearing across the first pole to interrupt. Both the absolute value of this voltage and its rate of rise are
important in determining the interrupter's ability to meet its interrupting rating. The required values of
transient recovery voltage are included in ANSI/IEEE C37.06-1987, along with the other ratings of circuit
breakers.
The conventional way of specifying the rate of rise of the transient recovery voltage is to specify the peak
value (E2) and the time required to reach that peak (T2). The rate of rise is then determined by dividing
E2 by T2. The nominal values are those for a full rated short circuit interruption. For lower currents, both
higher peaks and faster times are specified. Table 6 of ANSI/IEEE C37.06-1987 lists the multiplying
factors to be applied to E2 and T2 for interrupting currents below the full rating of a circuit breaker.
Table 1 of ANSI/IEEE C37.06-1987, which gives the preferred ratings of indoor oilless circuit breakers,
such as PowlVac
breakers, calls for E2 to be 1.88 times the breaker's rated maximum voltage for tests
at 100% of the circuit breaker's interrupting rating. Unfortunately, values of T2 are not standardized,
leaving the manufacturer with no guidance on this subject. In order to assign some reasonable value to
T2, Powell decided to use the rate-of-rise values given in Table IIA of IEC Standard 56, interpolating
between the listed values to match the ANSI voltage ratings, and multiplying the rate-of-rise values by E2
to obtain T2. The values obtained by this method were used in the testing of PowlVac
circuit breakers,
and are given in the table below.
01.4TB.010
Transient Recovery Voltage (TRV) Values for Testing
PowlVac
Circuit Breakers
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
page 2
PowlVac
breaker, we drove an interrupter far past its rated contact life span and had a failure. Photo 1 shows the
failed interrupter. When failure occurred, the internal shield was burned through and the ceramic
envelope, exposed directly to the arc, broke apart. The arc continued for several cycles, until the circuit
was opened by a backup circuit breaker. Aside from the failed interrupter, the only damage to the circuit
breaker was a small area of smoke and burn discoloration on the nearby insulating material. Photo 2
shows this area, which was about 6 inches square. Five minutes with an industrial cleaner and a couple
of paper towels removed all but about one square inch of this discoloration. The remaining area seemed
to be singed, but there was no detectable erosion of the surface of the insulating material. Had this
breaker been in service, it could have been returned to service immediately after replacing the
interrupter.
01.4TB.011
Consequences of Vacuum Interrupter Failure
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
page 2
Summing up, interrupter failures are rare, and when they do happen, most are not a major disaster.
Photo 1
Failed Vacuum Interrupter
Photo 2
Discolored Insulation at
Failure Location
Baldwin Bridger, P.E.
Technical Director
01.4TB.012
Continuous Current Carrying Capability of Low Voltage
Circuit Breakers
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
March 4, 1991
Various types of low voltage circuit breakers have differing continuous duty capabilities. Some are rated
to carry 100 percent of their trip rating continuously, while others are rated to carry only 80 percent of
their trip rating continuously. It is important that we understand the difference and apply these breakers
properly.
The general run of molded case circuit breakers in frame sizes of 400 A and below are rated to carry only
80 percent of their rated trip current on a continuous basis. Particularly when these breakers are
mounted close to each other in a panelboard, the extra heat generated by carrying 100 percent of the trip
rating will both lead to false tripping and cause long-term degradation of the insulating material of which
these breakers are made.
On the other hand, all low voltage power circuit breakers and the general run of insulated case circuit
breakers are capable of carrying 100 percent of their trip rating on a continuous basis.
Some confusion can arise when using large molded case circuit breakers, in frame sizes of 600 A and
above. These breakers may be rated either 80 percent or 100 percent, depending on the model and the
manufacturer. As you would expect, the 100% breaker costs considerably more than the 80% breaker.
Some models have both 80% and 100% ratings available. The 100% rated breaker may require a larger
enclosure and/or more ventilation than the 80% rated breaker of the same model.
Please observe the following application rules:
1) Apply MCCB's in 400 A frame size and smaller based on continuous loads of not more than 80% of
the circuit breaker's trip rating. If trip ratings are selected by our customer, assume that they are based
on the 80% load requirement.
2) Apply insulated case breakers and low voltage power circuit breakers based on continuous loads of
not more than 100% of the breaker's trip rating. If trip ratings are selected by our customer, assume that
they are based on the 100% load requirement., Be sure that the insulated case breakers selected are
100% rated.
01.4TB.012
Continuous Current Carrying Capability of Low Voltage
Circuit Breakers
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
page 2
3) Apply large molded case circuit breakers based on either the 80% or the 100% rating, making sure
that the breaker selected fits the application, and that adequate space and ventilation is provided for the
breaker chosen. If trip ratings are selected by our customer, be sure that you understand which basis
was used for selection.
Baldwin Bridger, P.E.
Technical Director
01.4TB.013
Future Use of Space in Powell Equipment
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
March 27, 1991
Powell's switchgear and motor control equipments frequently include space which is not used by active
switching devices, but is available for future use. This space varies in the amount of equipment present,
and is called by many different names. Some of the terms used include space, future, future space,
equipped space, space only, spare, and blank. Unfortunately, there are no industry standards defining
these terms and their use varies widely throughout the industry, so there is often confusion between
specifier and manufacturer or between engineering and shop personnel about what is desired on a
particular job.
In order to minimize the confusion, we have adopted the following terms and descriptions in Powell for
internal use:
Spare - A complete, ready-to-operate unit, including the drawout switching device (circuit breaker or
motor starter) and all required secondary devices, fully wired. A spare differs from an active unit only in
that the spare has no assigned function in the power system.
Fully Equipped Space - A spare without the drawout switching device. Includes all required secondary
devices and wiring, a finished unit door, primary buswork and disconnecting devices, and all cell parts
required for inserting the drawout switching device.
Equipped Space - Includes a door with cutouts for primary switching devices but not for secondary and
control devices, primary disconnecting devices and riser bus connecting them to the main bus, and all
cell parts required for inserting the drawout switching device. No primary or secondary devices are
included, and wiring is minimal.
Blank Space - A blank door, no primary or secondary devices, buswork, wiring, or cell parts required for
inserting the drawout switching device. Steelwork should be done so that the blank space can be
equipped in the field with little or no cutting or welding.
Blank - An area that can never be used for a primary switching device. This area is made unusable by
thermal limitations of the equipment, inability to bus to the area or to maintain proper isolation of bus or
outgoing leads, or some similar problem.
Related to these definitions but somewhat different is Mounting and Wiring for a future device or a
device to be field installed by the user. Mounting and wiring may be furnished in any of the above units or
in an active unit. Mounting and wiring includes the necessary space, physical supports, and primary and
secondary connections to allow easy installation of the future device. This may include temporary
primary and/or secondary connections or jumpers to allow use of the circuit pending the addition of the
future device.
01.4TB.013
Future Use of Space in Powell Equipment
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
page 2
Where any of these conditions leave openings in the front door or in isolation barriers required by
standards, the opening must be covered by a temporary cover plate.
Baldwin Bridger, P.E.
Technical Director
01.4TB.014
Autotransformer Starting of Motors
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
April 1, 1991
One of our customers recently experienced failures of two autotransformers used in medium voltage
motor starters. The circuit used was the familiar 3-contactor, 2-coil Korndorfer circuit, which has been
used for many years and appears in textbooks and handbooks on motor control. The primary circuit is
shown below:
An investigation of the failed autotransformers by their manufacturer showed that the failure had been a
surface flashover from the line end of the winding either to another tap of the winding or to a ground
point. There was no damage to the winding or the core, and the autotransformers could be easily
repaired and put back into service.
We consulted with both the autotransformer manufacturer and the manufacturer of the contactors used in
the starter, and found that there had been previous experiences of this problem. The flashovers occurred
because system transients generated during the starting sequence caused an excessive voltage to
appear on the line end of the autotransformer winding. Upon analysis, we found several conditions that
contributed to this problem:
The starter was located at the end of a rather weak supply line.
During the starting sequence, the user switched in a rather large capacitor bank to minimize the
line voltage drop. This bank was switched off automatically, during the starting sequence, when
the voltage recovered to a fixed point.
The autotransformer was set on the 80% tap.
We are uncertain of the setting of the timer used to transfer from the starting connection to the
running connection.
01.4TB.014
Autotransformer Starting of Motors
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
page 2
Although the contactors used in this particular installation were vacuum contactors, the manufacturer
informs us that similar problems have been encountered with both air and vacuum contactors. The type
of contactor used doesn't seem to be a factor in the occurrence of the problem.
Further discussions with our suppliers led to several suggestions to minimize the occurrence of this
problem:
Insulate the transformer connection points, both the taps that are used and the unused taps. This
should be done on all future starters of this type.
Use a lower voltage tap on the autotransformer, such as 65% or 50%, if the motor will accelerate
successfully on these taps.
For induction motors, be sure that the timer that transfers to the running connection is set at a
long enough time so that the motor is fully accelerated before changing to the running connection.
Add an instantaneous current relay to the circuit, set to pick up at about 5 A and drop out just
below that current. This relay will pick up when the motor is started and drop out when it reaches
full speed. Connect the coil of this relay in any phase CT. Use the contact of this relay to bypass
the timing relay contact, insuring that the motor has fully accelerated before the starter is
transferred to the running connection. See the control circuit below. In the future, please include
this relay in all starters of this type.
01.4TB.014
Autotransformer Starting of Motors
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
page 3
In extreme cases, it may be necessary to connect intermediate class surge arresters to the line
taps of the two autotransformer coils.
Baldwin Bridger, P.E.
Technical Director
01.4TB.015
Directional Overcurrent and Directional Power Relays
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
May 24, 1991
From time to time we experience some confusion about the difference between directional overcurrent
relays, ANSI device 67, and directional power relays, ANSI device 32. Although there are some
similarities between these two types of relays, they are really very different in both construction and
application.
Directional overcurrent relays (67) respond to excessive current flow in a particular direction in the power
system. The relay typically consists of two elements. One is a directional element, which determines the
direction of current flow with respect to a voltage reference. When this current flow is in the
predetermined trip direction, this directional element enables ("turns on") the other element, which is a
standard overcurrent relay, complete with taps and time dial, as found on a normal non-directional
overcurrent relay. Because these relays are designed to operate on fault currents, the directional unit is
made so that it operates best on a highly lagging current, which is typical of faults in power systems.
Directional overcurrent relays are normally used on incoming line circuit breakers on buses which have
two or more sources. They are connected to trip an incoming line breaker for fault current flow back into
the source, so that a fault on one source is not fed by the other sources. In complex distribution or sub-
transmission networks, these relays may be used to improve coordination of the system.
Directional power relays (32) measure real power , so they operate best at a high power
factor. Various degrees of sensitivity and speed of operation are available in various models of
directional power relays. There are three typical uses of these relays:
Connected to measure power flow into a generator, the relay will operate to trip the generator
breaker if the generator begins to draw power from the system and act as a motor. This is usually
due to loss of prime mover power.
Connected to measure power flow into a transformer from the secondary side, a very sensitive
directional power relay can measure core loss power input to the transformer, detecting loss of
the primary source to the transformer. The transformer can then be disconnected from the
system.
A directional power relay can be used to limit power flow in a circuit. The relay may trip a breaker
or initiate control action to change the system configuration. By using quadrature potential
connections or a phase shifting transformer, these relays can be made to measure vars
. A typical use would be to limit the real or reactive power drawn from a utility source
to a contractual level.
01.4TB.015
Directional Overcurrent and Directional Power Relays
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
page 2
Neither the functions (67 and 32) nor the actual relays are interchangeable. Be sure to use the function
and the hardware which fit the application.
Baldwin Bridger, P.E.
Technical Director
01.4TB.016
Preventing Condensation in Medium Voltage Motors
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
J une 12, 1991
Condensation or other accumulation of moisture can be very damaging to the windings and mechanical
parts of a motor, especially a medium voltage motor. This is not usually a problem for a motor that is
running, as the windings generate enough heat to prevent condensation. When the motor is stopped,
however, supplementary heat is often required to keep the motor dry.
One way of providing the required heat is to install heaters in the motor. Another way is to energize the
motor windings from a low voltage source. The one-line diagram below shows the connections for this
method of heating the windings. This method may be preferable to the use of heaters, as it actually heats
the windings instead of relying on the transmission of heat from a separate heater.
When using this method of heating, several precautions must be observed:
01.4TB.016
Preventing Condensation in Medium Voltage Motors
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
page 2
The heating contactor must be a full line voltage contactor, as the motor winding side of this
contactor is energized at line voltage when the motor is running.
The running contactor and the heating contactor must be mechanically and electrically interlocked
so that only one of them can be closed at any time.
There needs to be a time delay between the opening of the running contactor and the closing of
the heating contactor, to allow the residual voltage on the motor to decay before the motor
windings are connected to the low voltage source. Since it is not critical to apply the heating
circuit immediately, it is recommended that this time delay be in the order of 2 to 5 minutes.
Tests show that there is an open circuit time of approximately 75-80 milliseconds when the
running contactor is picked up by a "b" contact of the heating contactor. The user should consider
whether this is an adequate time period to prevent unwanted system problems. If not, a time
delay of a few seconds can be inserted in the pickup circuit of the running contactor to be sure
that the heating contactor has cleared before the motor is energized by the operating voltage.
The voltage applied to the motor windings must be carefully selected to produce the proper
heating. This value must be selected by the user, based on input from the motor manufacturer.
Baldwin Bridger, P.E.
Technical Director
01.4TB.017
Ground Lead Disconnectors on Distribution-Class Surge
Arresters
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
J uly 18, 1991
Many current models of zinc oxide distribution or riser pole arresters come equipped with ground lead
disconnectors. This is a device which is mounted on the ground end of the arrester and which looks
about like a small hockey puck. The enclosure is black, blue or green plastic, a couple of inches in
diameter and an inch or so tall.
The normal failure mode of these arresters is a short circuit to ground, causing ground fault current to
flow. This current will cause the arrester body to fail if it is not stopped quickly. The first function of the
ground lead disconnector is to disconnect the ground lead of the surge arrester in case of an internal
failure of the arrester, preventing explosive failure of the arrester body. The ground lead disconnector
contains a cartridge in series with a gap. The gap is shunted by a resistor. As the current rises, the
voltage across the gap increases until the gap flashes over, creating an arc which ignites the cartridge,
blowing the ground lead free.
The ground lead disconnector is not a fault current interrupter. The arc drawn by the ground lead as it
separates from the body of the arrester may or may not go out on its own. If it does not go out, a circuit
breaker, recloser or fuse must operate to extinguish the arc. The ground lead disconnector is expected to
create a gap which will not reignite when power is reapplied to the circuit, but the gap which will be
created is a function of the length and flexibility of the ground lead.
The second function of the ground lead is to give a visible indication of arrester failure for arresters
mounted on overhead distribution lines. If a lineman sees an arrester with its ground lead hanging in
midair, he knows that he has a failure which must be replaced.
These explosive ground lead disconnectors are not suitable for use in metal-enclosed equipment.
We do not want the explosion and subsequent uncontrolled arc inside equipment, where the clearances
are not nearly as great as on overhead lines, and where secondary damage from the arc is much more
likely to occur. The visible indication function of the disconnector is useless if the device is mounted
within an enclosed equipment.
All surge arresters used in Powell's equipments should be of the type without ground lead disconnectors.
If a user requests that we include a surge arrester with a ground lead disconnector, we should offer an
equivalent model without the disconnector.
Baldwin Bridger, P.E.
Technical Director
01.4TB.018
Operating Times of PowlVac
Circuit Breakers
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
J uly 19, 1991
We are frequently asked about the actual operating times of PowlVac
circuit breakers is 3000 A. For systems that require continuous current ratings above
3000 A, we can offer two possible solutions.
First, we can offer our standard 3000 A circuit breaker with cooling fans. We have a design that has been
successfully tested at 3750 A, and the results of that test indicate that the fan-cooled breaker may be
applied at 4000 A without overheating. This design requires a unit somewhat wider than the standard 36-
inch switchgear unit to include the necessary air ducts. The standard fan control equipment includes a
current-actuated control to start the fans at about 2500 A and an alarm circuit which uses air flow
switches to detect and alarm loss of cooling air at currents above this level. A completely redundant
second set of fans can be furnished if desired. Fan cooling is our preferred method of obtaining higher
continuous current ratings.
A second method of providing for high continuous currents is to parallel two circuit breakers. Using this
approach, we can provide for continuous currents of about 3500 A by paralleling two 2000 A breakers
and about 5000 A by paralleling two 3000 A breakers. When breakers are paralleled, the interrupting
rating is neither increased nor decreased. Precise timing in closing or opening the two paralleled
breakers is not critical, as whichever breaker closes first can carry the continuous current for the few
milliseconds until the second breaker closes, and the last breaker to open has the capability of
interrupting the full fault current. Paralleling of breakers does require special circuitry to balance the
currents between the two breakers and individual overcurrent protection for each breaker as well as
combined overcurrent protection for the entire circuit. Main bus construction must also be very carefully
balanced to insure equal impedance in both legs of the circuit. Parallel breakers should only be used for
a user who refuses to use fan cooled circuit breakers.
Regardless of which breaker uprating method is used, special attention must be given to the design of
any portions of the switchgear bus which are rated over 3000 A. If the main bus exceeds 3000 A,
standard PowlVac
bus cannot be used, and the required special bus design limits the switchgear to
one-high construction.
Baldwin Bridger, P.E.
Technical Director
01.4TB.020
Application of Dummy Circuit Breakers in Metal-Clad
Switchgear
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
August 27, 1991
Dummy circuit breakers are used in metal-clad switchgear to provide a method of disconnecting and
isolating a circuit or circuits without using a circuit breaker. A common use of a dummy circuit breaker is
as a temporary connection in a switchgear cell where a circuit breaker will be installed as part of a
planned future expansion. Another use might be to isolate one end of a tie bus or cable from a
switchgear bus.
Because a dummy circuit breaker is really a set of three jumper bars mounted on a breaker carriage, it
has absolutely no current interrupting rating. If an attempt is made to withdraw the dummy circuit breaker
with current flowing, arcing will occur at the primary disconnect fingers. This may result in operator injury,
equipment damage, or both. Therefore, dummy circuit breakers normally are interlocked with other
switching devices so that the dummy cannot be withdrawn until the other devices are opened, insuring
that no current is flowing in the dummy.
A particular application that can be troublesome is isolating a tie cable that has been opened by a circuit
breaker at the other end. If the cable is still attached to an energized bus through the dummy breaker,
cable charging current will flow through the dummy. It only takes a few hundred feet of 15 kV cable to
draw a charging current of as much as half an amp. This highly capacitive current is difficult to interrupt.
It is recommended that the interlocking for any circuit involving power cable and a dummy circuit breaker
be arranged so that the cable is completely deenergized before the dummy circuit breaker is removed to
isolate the cable.
Deenergizing the unloaded bus of a lineup of metal-clad switchgear by withdrawing a dummy circuit
breaker is an acceptable application. The limited length and very low capacitance of a switchgear bus
structure keeps the charging current low enough to be successfully interrupted by withdrawing a dummy
circuit breaker.
Baldwin Bridger, P.E.
Technical Director
01.4TB.021
Switching Capability of Rollout or Tiltout Carriages
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
December 3, 1991
We are often asked about the switching capability of the rollout or tiltout carriages used in medium
voltage switchgear to mount voltage transformers, small control power transformers, and fuses for larger
control power transformers. This question usually takes the form "How large a CPT can you handle with
fuses mounted in a rollout or tiltout?"
There is no industry standard to measure this switching capability, and no test data is available to certify
this performance. The switching capability will vary with the details of the design, and to some extent will
depend on the operator, since the speed of opening a rollout or tiltout depends on the individual opening
the device.
Within these restraints, however, our experience with 5 kV and 15 kV equipments over the years has led
us to adopt the following limits:
Voltage transformers: A set of three wye connected VT's or two open delta connected VT's can
be switched with a rollout or tiltout without any interlocking of the secondary circuit.
Control power transformers: A CPT up to 50 kVA single phase or 75 kVA three phase can be
switched with a rollout or tiltout provided the carriage is interlocked so that the CPT must be
unloaded before opening the primary device. The CPT may be mounted on the rollout or tiltout, or
the rollout or tiltout may contain only the fuses for a stationary mounted CPT. Larger CPT's must
be switched with some other mechanism, such as a load break disconnect switch.
Capacitors: Rollouts or tiltouts must not be used to switch capacitors.
Any other application should be reviewed by Powell's engineering department.
Baldwin Bridger, P.E.
Technical Director
01.4TB.022
Short Circuit Currents Crest, rms Symmetrical and rms
Asymmetrical
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
December 4, 1991
The figure below shows a typical short circuit current wave form and defines the various component parts
of this wave. At the moment of initiation of a short circuit the ac current wave, which is normally
symmetrical about the zero axis BX is offset by some value, creating a waveform which is symmetrical
about another axis, CC'. The degree of asymmetry is a function of several variables, including the
parameters of the power system up to the point of the short circuit and the point on the ac wave at which
the short circuit was initiated. In a 3-phase circuit, there is usually one phase which is offset significantly
more than the other two phases.
It is convenient to analyze this asymmetrical waveform as consisting of a symmetrical ac wave
superimposed on a dc current. CC' represents the dc current, and the value of that current at any instant
is represented by the ordinate of CC'. The dc component of the current normally decays rapidly, and
reaches an insignificant value within 0.1 s in most power systems. The rate of decay is a function of the
system parameters. When the initial value of the dc current is equal to the initial peak value of the ac
current, the resulting waveform is said to be fully offset, or to have a 100% dc component. It is possible,
in some power systems, to have an offset in excess of 100%, which may result in a waveform that has
no current zeros for one or more cycles of the ac power frequency.
The ac component of the short circuit current will also decay, at a rate dependant on the system
parameters. In general, the closer the fault is to generators or other large rotating machinery, the faster
the decay will be.
01.4TB.022
Short Circuit Currents Crest, rms Symmetrical and rms
Asymmetrical
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
page 2
In the figure, I
MC
is the crest, or peak, value of the short circuit current. It is the maximum instantaneous
current in the major loop of the first cycle of short circuit current.
The rms symmetrical value of the short circuit current at any instant, such as EE', is the rms value of the
ac portion of the current wave. Its value is equal to , and it is shown graphically by the distance
from CC' to DD'. The rms asymmetrical value of the short circuit current is the rms value of the combined
ac and dc waves, and it is calculated by the formula:
Baldwin Bridger, P.E.
Technical Director
01.4TB.023
Using Design Tests to Qualify Several Ratings of Equipment
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
December 5, 1991
The many variations in construction and ratings encountered in the typical switchgear or motor control
product line make the planning of design and conformance test programs quite complex at times. Of
course, it is possible to run every test on every possible rating of equipment but such an extensive
program is very expensive and is seldom required to fully document the performance of a product line.
The ANSI standards for switchgear recognize this complexity and provide for the qualification of a piece
of equipment for all lower ratings provided test results show it to be qualified for the highest rating for
which it is used. Some of the conformance test standards in the ANSI C37.50 series discuss the
principles of testing to qualify multiple ratings. These standards also give guidance in the grouping of
equipment ratings for testing.
A typical example of qualifying multiple ratings by a single test is the bus structure used in PowlVac
metal-clad switchgear. This bus structure is the same for all voltage and short circuit ratings, varying only
for continuous current ratings. To demonstrate the momentary and short-time current ratings of this bus
structure, tests are performed on the bus with the lowest continuous current rating, 1200 A, which uses
the smallest, weakest bars of any continuous current rating of PowlVac
metal-clad switchgear:
Switchgear Bus Rating 1200 A 2000 A 3000 A
Number of bus bars per phase 1 1 2
Size of bus bar, inches 1/4 x 4 1/2 x 6 1/2 x 6
Cross section area of bus, square inches 1 3 6
Current density, amps per square inch 1200 667 500
Maximum temperature rise, from test data 60C 59.7C 59.5C
01.4TB.024
Sizing Bus Bars in Switchgear and Motor Control
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
page 2
The last line of the chart shows that the temperature rises of the three bus ratings are almost identical in
spite of the 2.4:1 ratio of the current densities.
Baldwin Bridger, P.E.
Technical Director
01.4TB.025
Application of Metal-Enclosed Switchgear at High Altitude
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
February 11, 1992
Both low- and medium-voltage metal-enclosed switchgear and the circuit breakers used in these
equipments depend on air for both cooling and insulation. At high altitudes, the less dense air is less
efficient both as in insulator and as a heat transfer medium. Because of this, the ANSI standards require
derating when these equipments are used at high altitudes. The following tables show the altitude
correction factors taken from the ANSI standards.
Low Voltage Switchgear and Breakers
Altitude (ft)* Voltage Current
6600 (2000 m) (and below) 1.00 1.00
8500 (2600 m) 0.95 0.99
13,000 (3900 m) 0.80 0.96
Medium Voltage Switchgear and Breakers
Altitude (ft)* Voltage Current
3300 (1000 m) (and below) 1.00 1.00
5000 (1500 m) 0.95 0.99
10,000 (3000 m) 0.80 0.96
* Intermediate values may be obtained by interpolation.
You will notice that there are different altitudes given for low voltage and medium voltage. I have never
been able to get a reasonable answer as to why this is true, and I understand that the committee
responsible for the standards is reviewing these values with the idea of reconciling them.
In all cases, the current correction factor is applied to the continuous current rating of the switchgear and
the circuit breakers. This does not usually present a problem, as we seldom design a system with load
currents over 95% of the equipment rating. The current derating does not apply to interrupting current or
any of the other high-current ratings of the breakers.
01.4TB.025
Application of Metal-Enclosed Switchgear at High Altitude
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
page 2
For low voltage equipments, the voltage correction factor applies to the low frequency withstand (hipot)
rating of both the breaker and the equipment. It also applies to the rated maximum voltage of the circuit
breaker. When derating the rated maximum voltage, the short circuit rating of the circuit breaker cannot
exceed the rating at the voltage before derating. For instance, if a breaker is used on a 480 V system, as
most of those in Powell equipment are, with a 0.95 rating factor the short circuit rating at 480 V may be
used, since the rated maximum voltage for that system nominal voltage is 508 V, and 0.95 x 508 is 482.6
V, slightly above the 480 V service voltage. However, if this same system required a 0.80 rating factor,
the breaker short circuit rating at 600 V must be used, since 0.80 x 508 is only 406 V, less than the
service voltage, but 0.80 x 635 is 508 V, comfortably above the service voltage.
For medium voltage equipments, the voltage correction factor applies to the low frequency withstand
(hipot) rating and the impulse withstand (BIL) rating of both the breaker and the equipment. It also
applies to the rated maximum voltage of the circuit breaker unless a sealed interrupter, such as a
vacuum interrupter, is used. The use of surge arresters to protect the equipment should be considered
for all such high altitude installations.
Baldwin Bridger, P.E.
Technical Director
01.4TB.026
Voltage Ratings of Surge Arresters
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
April 13, 1992
Surge arresters (formerly known as lightning arresters) are applied to electrical power distribution
systems to protect the equipment and the circuits from damaging overvoltages caused by lightning or
other surges. It is important that surge arresters of the correct voltage rating be used. The proper voltage
rating depends on the system line-to-line voltage, the method of system grounding, and the type of surge
arrester used.
Older designs of surge arresters generally consist of silicon carbide resistor blocks in series with air
gaps. These arresters carry no current in the normal state. Each arrester model has a single voltage
rating. For solidly (effectively) grounded systems, the next higher arrester rating above the system line-
to-neutral voltage is used. For resistance grounded or ungrounded systems, a ground fault on one phase
can raise the other two phases to line-to-line voltage above ground, so the next higher rating above the
system line-to-line voltage is used. Except for a few special conditions, application seems quite simple.
About a decade ago, the metal oxide surge arrester was introduced to the industry. It consists of a
number of blocks of a variable resistance material, usually zinc oxide, with no gaps. It does carry some
slight current at all times. It has many advantages as a surge protector, but it is somewhat more
complicated to apply correctly. Instead of one voltage rating, it has three: a nominal voltage, a maximum
continuous operating voltage, and a one-second temporary overvoltage capability. Although there is a
slight variation with the nominal rating, the maximum continuous operating voltage is about 85% of the
nominal rating and the one-second temporary overvoltage capability is about 120% of the nominal rating.
For times other than one second, the temporary overvoltage capability is established by curves supplied
by the surge arrester vendor. Care must be taken to avoid overstressing the arrester.
As an example, let's consider a 13.8 kV system. For a solidly grounded system, the continuous operating
voltage is 13,800 divided by the square root of 3, or 7970 V. This is above the MCOV of 7,650 V for an
arrester rated 9 kV. Depending on the value and expected duration of system overvoltages, it may be
necessary to use a 10 kV arrester with an MCOV of 8.4 kV or a 12 kV arrester with an MCOV of 10.2 kV.
For an ungrounded 13.8 kV system, the 12.7 kV MCOV of a 15 kV arrester is not adequate. It is
necessary to use an 18 kV arrester with an MCOV of 15.3 kV. Finally, for a resistance-grounded 13.8 kV
system, the choice will be between arresters rated 12 kV, 15 kV and 18 kV, depending on the time
needed to relay ground faults off the system.
Baldwin Bridger, P.E.
Technical Director
01.4TB.027
Testing of Switchgear and Motor Control Equipment
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
April 14, 1992
Although each particular product line is governed by its own industry standards, switchgear and motor
control equipment of the types built by Powell are generally subject to three major categories of tests. As
defined in ANSI/IEEE C37.20.2-1987 for Metal-Clad and Station-Type Cubicle Switchgear, these
categories are:
Design Tests: Tests made by the manufacturer to determine the adequacy of the design of a particular
type, style or model of equipment or its component parts to meet its assigned ratings and to operate
satisfactorily under normal service conditions or under special service conditions if specified, and may be
used to demonstrate compliance with the applicable standards of the industry.
Production Tests: Tests made for quality control by the manufacturer on every device or on
representative samples, or on parts, or materials required to verify during production that the product
meets the design specifications and applicable standards.
Conformance Tests: Conformance tests demonstrate compliance with the applicable standards. The
test specimen is normally subjected to all planned production tests prior to the initiation of the
conformance test program.
Typical design tests for equipment and circuit breakers will include continuous current (heat runs),
momentary and short time current, low-frequency withstand (hipot), impulse withstand (BIL) for medium-
voltage equipment, and mechanical tests to demonstrate the effectiveness of interlocks. In addition,
circuit breakers are subjected to a series of interrupting tests to demonstrate their ability to interrupt
currents of various magnitudes, operational life tests, and several types of timing tests. Many of these
tests are somewhat destructive, and therefore they are run on manufacturer's prototypes, not on
production equipment which is supplied to customers.
Conformance tests generally include certain of the design tests, chosen to demonstrate compliance with
the standards. These tests are frequently used for third-party certification of a design.
Production tests include hipot to demonstrate insulation integrity and mechanical and control circuit tests
to demonstrate proper operation. In addition, circuit breakers receive timing tests to show proper closing
and opening speed. Records of these tests, which Powell furnishes to customers on request, can be
used as baseline data for future maintenance programs.
01.4TB.027
Testing of Switchgear and Motor Control Equipment
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
page 2
Each type of test, and each test within a given type, has a particular part to play in the overall process of
producing quality equipment properly rated for a user's needs. No single test demonstrates the proper
design and operation of switchgear or motor control equipment. It takes a combination of tests to do the
job properly.
Baldwin Bridger, P.E.
Technical Director
01.4TB.028
Short Circuit Current Levels Used to Test Various Types of
Circuit Breakers
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
August 25, 1992
When applying interrupters of various types, it is important that we understand the meaning of the
interrupting rating given to these devices. Consider, for instance, the methods of making interrupting
tests on various types of circuit breakers. As the breakers get smaller and less costly, the test methods in
the industry standards generally get less demanding.
When testing the interrupting capability of a high-voltage (over 1000V) circuit breaker, the current
measured is the actual fault current flowing through the circuit breaker at the moment of the interruption.
To rate a breaker of this class as a 25kA interrupter, it must actually interrupt 25kA. Momentary and
short-time current requirements of the switchgear are also based on actual current flowing during the
test. The reference standards are ANSI/IEEE C37.04, C37.06 and C37.09 for the circuit breakers and
C37.20.2 for the switchgear.
For low voltage circuit breakers, this requirement changes to rating by prospective current. The test
terminals of the laboratory source are short-circuited, as indicated by point A in Figure 1, and the
required current flow is established. That short circuit is then removed and the equipment to be tested is
connected to the test source. A short circuit is then applied to the equipment and the test made. The
location of the short varies with the type of circuit breaker or equipment being tested:
Figure 1: Fault Locations for Testing Low Voltage Equipments
(A) Low Voltage Power Circuit Breakers
(B) Molded Case Circuit Breakers
(C) Low Voltage Motor Control Centers
01.4TB.028
Short Circuit Current Levels Used to Test Various Types of
Circuit Breakers
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
page 2
For a low voltage power circuit breaker, the fault is placed at the load terminals of the breaker, at
point B in Figure 1. The reference standards are ANSI/IEEE C37.13 for the circuit breakers and
C37.20.1 for the switchgear equipment.
For a molded case circuit breaker, the fault is also placed at the load terminals of the circuit
breaker, at point C in Figure 1. However, 4 feet of appropriately-sized conductor may be included
between the test station terminals and the line terminals of the circuit breaker under test. The
reference standard is UL 489.
For a typical combination motor starter unit in a motor control center, the fault is placed at the end
of 4 feet of appropriately-sized conductor connected to the load terminals of the starter unit, at
point D in Figure 1. The reference standard is UL 845.
At each step of this chain, impedance is added to the test circuit, reducing the actual fault current the
circuit breaker is required to interrupt. Several papers presented at recent IEEE conferences have raised
questions about the adequacy of equipment certified to some of these test standards to interrupt all
possible faults downstream of the circuit breaker. At least two IEEE subcommittees are discussing this
matter.
Baldwin Bridger, P.E.
Technical Director
01.4TB.029
Interchangeability of Drawout Circuit Breakers in
Switchgear Assemblies
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
August 28, 1992
One of the key features of switchgear assemblies using drawout circuit breakers is the interchangeability
of circuit breakers within an assembly. This feature allows users to make use of spare circuit breakers to
replace circuit breakers which must be taken out of service for maintenance, minimizing down time when
a circuit breaker problem occurs.
The ANSI standard for Metal Enclosed Low Voltage Power Circuit Breaker Switchgear, ANSI/IEEE
C37.20.1, addresses interchangeability in 6.11.4. This section requires that "All removable elements of
the same type and rating on a given assembly shall be physically interchangeable in the corresponding
stationary housings. This need not include electrical interchangeability of electrical control circuits."
Switchgear of this type and the circuit breakers used in it typically have mechanical interference
mechanisms for breakers of the same physical size but of different ratings. These mechanisms typically
prevent interchanging breakers if either the frame size (maximum continuous current rating) or the
interrupting rating differ. Trip device characteristics and ratings and electrical accessories available on
this class of circuit breaker are so numerous and changeable that no attempt is made to prevent
interchangeability of breakers with differences in these features.
The ANSI standard for Metal Clad Switchgear, ANSI/IEEE C37.20.2, addresses interchangeability in
6.2.5. This section requires that "All removable elements of the same type and rating on a given
assembly shall be physically and electrically interchangeable. Removable elements not of the same type
and rating shall not be interchangeable." Since the breakers used in this class of switchgear are not
provided with variable trip devices or very many optional electrical features, this is seldom a problem.
Occasionally, however, a user desires to have some electrical accessory on some but not all breakers of
a given rating in a particular assembly. Most commonly, this is an undervoltage device, which may be
required on motor feeder breakers but not on other breakers of the same rating. When this occurs, the
easiest way to solve the problem is to furnish the required modification on all breakers of that rating in
the assembly. If this is not acceptable to the user, it may be necessary to make specific modifications to
the control circuitry of the breaker with the accessory to prevent breaker interchangeability.
01.4TB.029
Interchangeability of Drawout Circuit Breakers in
Switchgear Assemblies
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
page 2
As part of the standard design of our PowlVac
circuit breaker. You will see that the duration of the trip current is about 41 or 42 ms, or 2
cycles on a 60 Hz basis. The target relay takes about 1 cycle to pick up.
Figure 1. Typical Circuit Breaker Trip Current
Trip current rises slowly, barely reaching its nominal rating before being cut off, as seen in Figure
1.
Some faults may cause the closure of two or more relay contacts at the same time, paralleling the
target coils of these relays and reducing the current through each one. One manufacturer
recommends expecting two relays to close simultaneously on time delay relays and three on
instantaneous relays with target coils. (Note: The instantaneous elements on most 50/51 relays
have mechanical targets, and are not a problem.) Thus, the selected tap on the target coil should
operate properly on no more than half of the rated trip current of the breaker.
Setting of Targets on Electro-Mechanical Protective Relays
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
page 2
For a list of trip currents and recommended relay target settings for PowlVac
Circuit Breakers
Trip Voltage
PowlVac
-0,-2,-5
PV-26
PowlVac
-3,-4,-6
Trip Current Target Tap Trip Current Target Tap
24 V dc 16.9 A 2.0 A 16.9 A 2.0 A
48 V dc 10.2 A 2.0 A 3.5 A 0.2 A
125 V dc 3.2 A 0.2 A 1.3 A 0.2 A
250 V dc 1.7 A 0.2 A 0.7 A 0.2 A
120 V ac 3.4 A 0.2 A 3.4 A 0.2 A
240 V ac 1.7 A 0.2 A * *
Capacitor Trip 2.2 A 0.2 A 0.6 A 0.2 A
Consult factory if this rating is required.
Baldwin Bridger, P.E.
Technical Director
Epoxy Bus Bar Insulation
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
March 4, 1993
Powell has recently installed a new process line to coat bus bars with an epoxy insulating material.
Currently, this insulation is being used for bus in metal-clad switchgear equipments rated above 15 kV,
and for other jobs with special requirements. As more production capability comes on line, its use will be
extended to additional equipments. The process consists of preheating the copper bus bar, dipping it in a
liquid epoxy mixture, removing the coating from areas where it isn't wanted (contact surfaces, etc.), and
curing the coated bar at a high temperature. The coated bars have passed the tests required by
ANSI/IEEE C37.20.2-1987, including the 5.2.1.3 Test for Bus-Bar Insulation and the 5.2.7 Flame-
Resistance Tests for Applied Insulation.
While this process is new to Powell, similar materials and processes have been in use in the industry for
20 years or more. It is also similar to the fluid bed application of epoxy to bus bars, which has been used
on selected Powell equipments for the past several years. We chose the liquid dip process over the
fluidized bed process both because the final coating is more rugged and because the process itself is
less subject to interference from the ambient conditions of the factory floor.
Some of the advantages of the epoxy dip process are:
The insulation is extremely rugged and has excellent dielectric properties.
Conductors of any size and shape can be coated with equal ease. Using extruded rigid tubing
limits the choice of conductor cross-sections to those for which the extruded tubing is available,
which may not be the optimum size from a current-carrying or electric field standpoint.
Already-bent bars can be coated, eliminating the need for tape or boots at bends.
Unlike some heat-shrink tubings, the insulation conforms to the bar at all angles and bends. Heat-
shrink tubing may pull away from the bar at the inside of a bend.
Since the coating conforms to the surface of the bus, there is no possibility of setting up a partial-
discharge cell between the surface of the bus and the insulation. This is especially important at
voltages above 15 kV.
We believe that this new insulating process is another step in our process of continuous improvement of
Powell switchgear.
Baldwin Bridger, P.E.
Technical Director
Testing for Loss of Vacuum in Vacuum Interrupters
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
March 5, 1993
In the 30 years or so that they have been used in circuit breakers, vacuum interrupters have proved to be
extremely rugged, reliable devices. However, like any man-made device, they can fail. A frequently-
asked question is "How can I tell if my vacuum interrupter has lost vacuum?"
Modern vacuum interrupters are evacuated to a pressure on the order of 10
-7
Torr. A Torr is the pressure
exerted by 1 mm of mercury, or 1/760 of a standard atmosphere. 10
-7
Torr is approximately equal to the
pressure of the atmosphere on the surface of the moon. Testing by manufacturers of vacuum interrupters
shows that the vacuum interrupter will still interrupt its rated interrupting current at a pressure <= 10
-3
Torr, but at pressure above 10
-3
Torr is interrupting capability falls off. Thus, a successful loss of vacuum
test must detect the difference between pressures above and below 10
-3
Torr.
An ideal loss of vacuum test would be an on-line test that constantly monitored the pressure within the
vacuum interrupter and alarmed when this critical pressure was approached. Unfortunately, no such
device is presently commercially available.
The present state of the art leads Powell to recommend the use of a high voltage test across the
contacts of an open vacuum interrupter. This test should be at least 25 kV, 50/60 Hz, or the equivalent dc
voltage, 35 kV
(1)
. A breakdown on this test indicates a loss of vacuum in the interrupter. If dc is used in
this test, it must be supplied from a full-wave rectifier. The use of a half-wave in the power supply can
lead to applying excessive dc voltage to the vacuum interrupter. In all cases, the manufacturer's
instruction book for the circuit breaker should be consulted for proper procedure and cautions before
making the test.
At least one switchgear manufacturer is stating that loss of vacuum can be detected by disconnecting the
movable contact of the vacuum interrupter from the mechanism and manually pulling on the movable
contact. Atmospheric pressure (760 Torr) on the exposed side of the movable contact pushes the contact
closed with a force proportional to the area of the contact. This force is about 40 pounds for a typical
vacuum interrupter used in our PowlVac
circuit breakers
carry a rated frequency of 60 Hz.
However, many applications of Powell switchgear are made at other frequencies, particularly 50 Hz, and
users may question the suitability of the circuit breakers and equipment at other frequency. The following
paragraphs discuss the effect of frequency on various major characteristics of switchgear.
BIL: Since the BIL rating is the ability to withstand a dc impulse, power system frequency has no effect
on the BIL rating of switchgear equipment.
Power Frequency Withstand: Although this rating is best demonstrated by a test at rated frequency,
ANSI/IEEE C37.09 allows the test to be made at rated frequency 20%. This allows 50 Hz tests to
establish a 60 Hz rating, and vice versa. Since the voltage level is the same, regardless of frequency,
and the rate-of-rise of the voltage increases with frequency, the higher frequency test is slightly more
severe than the lower frequency test. Thus, an equipment which is tested at 60 Hz is satisfactory at any
lower frequency.
Continuous Current: The ac resistance of a conductor, and thus the heat loss at a given current,
increases with frequency. The ANSI standards require continuous current test to be made at a frequency
no lower than the rated frequency. The standards actually allow the assigning of a higher continuous
current rating at very low frequencies, such as 25 Hz.
Momentary, Short Time and Interrupting Currents: Again, ANSI/IEEE C37.09 allows these tests to be
made at rated frequency (20%, so tests at either 50 Hz or 60 Hz can cover both frequencies. For lower
frequencies, it may be necessary to derate the interrupting capacity of vacuum interrupters. One of
Powell's vacuum interrupter suppliers has tested at various frequencies and suggests the following
derating formula:
01.4TB.038
Using Switchgear at Frequencies Other Than 60Hz
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
page 2
Where
=power system frequency, 16 2/3Hz <=f <50 Hz
=short circuit current at frequency f
=short circuit current at 60 Hz
Summarizing, switchgear equipment and power circuit breakers rated 60 Hz may be applied at 50 Hz
without changing ratings. At lower frequencies, some derating of interrupting capacity may be required,
and some increase of continuous current rating may be possible. Of course, devices in the switchgear,
such as relays, instruments and instrument transformers, must be checked for application at the power
system frequency.
Baldwin Bridger, P.E.
Technical Director
Motor Branch Fault Short-Circuit Protection
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
April 22, 1993
I have received several questions about ratings and settings of short-circuit protective devices used in
motor branch circuits. Generally, the devices in question are instantaneous-trip molded case circuit
breakers of the motor circuit protector type, but some of the questions have related to low voltage power
circuit breakers. The problem is that some motors, will not start satisfactorily with these devices set at the
maximum setting allowed under 430-52 of the 1993 National Electrical Code.
High efficiency motors typically have lower full load currents than lower efficiency motors of the same
rating, but do not necessarily have reduced starting currents. They therefore have starting currents that
are higher multiples of full load current than those of the lower efficiency motors. Since all of the
protective device ratings in the NEC are expressed as percentages of full load current of the motor, a
high efficiency motor is more likely to have starting difficulties due to current inrush.
430-52 allows an instantaneous trip circuit breaker (MCP) to be set at up to 1300% of the motor full load
current. Although the NEC does not specifically say so, this 1300% is generally interpreted as being the
maximum setting of a separately adjustable instantaneous element on a power circuit breaker or a
molded case circuit breaker having that feature.
So what can be done to take care of the problem? As of now, I know of no good answer, but there are
several possibilities:
Use a thermal-magnetic circuit breaker rather than an MCP. NEC 430-52, Exception No. 2C,
allows an inverse time circuit breaker rated up to 400% of the motor full load current to be used
for motors with less than 100A full load current. Small circuit breakers, up to 150A rating, have
fixed instantaneous settings, with minimum pickup varying from 7.5 to 12 times rated current, so
the instantaneous pickup can be from 30 to 48 time the motor full load current, rather than the 13
times required for an MCP. You have degraded the protection of the circuit, but you have met the
Code.
A fine print note in NEC 430-52 allows an instantaneous trip circuit breaker to include a damping
means to accommodate a transient motor inrush current without nuisance tripping of the circuit
breaker. If you can find one of these, you can use it, but so far as we know, no such device is
commercially available.
Use a fused switch instead of a circuit breaker to supply your motor circuit, and find a fuse that
meets the requirements of 430-52 and still allows you to start the motor.
Ignore the NEC. Not a recommended move, but I understand that it is being done.
Baldwin Bridger, P.E.
Technical Director
01.4TB.040
Temperature of Cable Terminations and Cable
Compartments in Switchgear
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
April 23, 1993
One of the important features of almost all low-voltage and medium-voltage switchgear is provision for
terminating power cables. Power cables are sensitive to the temperature of the surrounding air, and must
be chosen carefully to operate in the various environments in which they are installed. A single run of
power cable may pass through several different environments, and the effect of each environment on the
cable selection must be considered. One of these environments may be within the switchgear cable
area.
In metal-enclosed switchgear, power cables usually terminate on buswork, not directly on the terminals
of the main switching device. This is in contrast to panelboard, switchboard and motor control center
construction, where power cables may terminate on the terminals of molded-case circuit breakers or
starters. The allowable temperature rise of the connections to insulated cables and the allowable
temperature of the air surrounding these cables is given in the ANSI switchgear standards, ANSI/IEEE
C37.20.1 for low-voltage switchgear, ANSI/IEEE C37.20.2 for metal-clad switchgear, and ANSI/IEEE
C37.20.3 for metal-enclosed interrupter switchgear.
All three of these standards require the same temperature for these features. 4.5.5 of each of these
standards limits the temperature of the air surrounding insulated power cables to 65C, when the
switchgear assembly is equipped with devices having the maximum current rating for which the
assembly is designed, is carrying rated continuous current, and is in an ambient temperature of 40C.
Table 4 of each standard limits the temperature rise of silver or tin-surfaced connections to insulated
cables to 45C, or a total temperature of 85C. The tests to demonstrate conformance with these limiting
temperature rises require including appropriate sizes and lengths of power cables in the continuous
current path.
When cables are connected to metal-enclosed switchgear, the cable selection must take into account the
air and terminal temperatures encountered in the switchgear.
Baldwin Bridger, P.E.
Technical Director
Plating of Contact Surfaces in Switchgear and Circuit
Breakers
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
June 3, 1993
The various ANSI standards covering metal-enclosed switchgear and circuit breakers used in this
switchgear prescribe temperature rise limits for various parts of the equipment. Included are limitations
for buses with plated and unplated joints in switchgear, and for plated and unplated contacts and
connections in circuit breakers. In all cases the temperature rise allowed is considerably higher for plated
connections than it is for unplated connections. Typically, the limit for unplated copper connections is
30C rise, while the limit for plated connections is 65C rise. The higher temperature rise is allowed for
plated connections because plated copper does not oxidize nearly as rapidly as bare copper. Copper
oxide is not a good conductor, and once the oxide forms, the resistance and the temperature rise of the
conductor usually increase rapidly. Since limiting the temperature rise is 30C would require
manufacturers to double the amount of copper used, joints are almost universally plated.
The two materials commonly used for plating are silver and tin. The standard for high voltage circuit
breakers speaks of "silver, silver alloy, or equivalent" surfaces, with "equivalent" being undefined. This
standard was last revised in 1979. The low-voltage and medium-voltage switchgear standards, revised in
1987, speak of "silver surfaced, tin surfaced, or equivalent" connections.
Which material is better, silver or tin? At Powell, we generally use silver, particularly for sliding contacts.
Silver plating is harder than tin plating, and withstands the stress of a moving joint, such as a hinge point
or a primary disconnect, better than tin plating. However, tin plating is superior in certain industrial
atmospheres, such as those containing hydrogen sulfide. On request, Powell will provide tin plating on
the connections of the bus bars in equipments. For various technical and manufacturing reasons, it is not
practical to substitute tin for silver on surfaces within circuit breakers, or on circuit breaker primary
disconnects. If the atmosphere attacks silver surfaces, they should be coated with contact lubricating
grease to prevent corrosion problems.
Baldwin Bridger, P.E.
Technical Director
01.4TB.042
Momentary Rating and Construction of Bus in
Metal-Enclosed Switchgear
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
J une 4, 1993
The bus in metal-enclosed power switchgear is required by ANSI standards to have a momentary current
rating equivalent to the momentary rating of the circuit breaker, switch or fuse used in the particular
switchgear equipment. In the case of low voltage switchgear, where the circuit breaker momentary rating
may vary with the breaker frame size, a particular assembly is required to have the momentary rating of
the smallest frame size of circuit breaker used in the assembly. Thus, if the circuit breakers or other
switching devices are properly applied, the equipment momentary will match both the needs of the
system and the rating of the switching device. Where bus duct is used in conjunction with metal-enclosed
switchgear, the bus duct momentary rating should match that of the switchgear.
Momentary ratings are normally proved by high current testing. The bus must withstand the test without
any permanent deformation of the bus bar, or if there is permanent deformation, it must not be sufficient
to prevent the equipment from passing its standard dielectric tests (hipot and impulse). There also must
be no breakage of the bus supports.
There are a number of design variables that enter into the ability of the bus structure to withstand a
momentary current. The forces involved are quite high. For a bus consisting of one " x 4" bar per
phase, on 6" phase centers, a 50 kA current creates a force on each bus bar of nearly 17,000 pounds
per foot of length. Both the bus supports and the bars themselves must withstand this force. The force is
directly proportional to the square of the current and inversely proportional to the phase spacing, so
moving the bus bars apart decreases the force. The force is also affected to a small degree by the
dimensions and shape of the bus bars.
The ability of the bars to withstand the force created by the momentary current is a function of the size,
shape, and material of the bar and the arrangement of the bars with respect to each other, i.e., flat-to-flat
or edge-to-edge. In mechanical terms, these determine the section modulus of the bars in the phase-to-
phase direction. The deflection of the bars is also affected by the length of the span, or the distance
between supports. The strength of the bus support structure is determined by the material and
configuration of the supports and the distance between them.
The standards require test to demonstrate the momentary rating of the bus, and most bus structures
within switchgear are somewhat complex and not subject to easy analysis, so we seldom use
calculations for the design of bus structures. However, for relatively simple bus configurations, such as
bus duct, it may be easy to modify a design based on previous test data. For instance, if phases are
spread apart further than they were in the tested sample, the allowable increase in spacing between
supports can be easily calculated.
Baldwin Bridger, P.E.
Technical Director
Device Function Numbers
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
July 30, 1993
The system of device function numbers used in switchgear schematic and connection diagrams is
documented in ANSI/IEEE C37.2, IEEE Standard Electrical Power System Device Function Numbers.
This system is over half a century old. (No, I haven't been using it quite that long myself, but I've seen it
used on drawings dating back to the 1930's.) However, like any standard, it is revised from time to time.
The latest revision is dated 1991. The issue before that was 1987, and the one before that was 1979.
Listed below are some of the changes made in the last two revisions.
7
In the 1979 edition, device 7 was an anode circuit breaker, a device
frequently used in mercury arc rectifier equipments but no longer seen in
this day of solid state rectifiers. In the 1987 edition, device 7 was
"Reserved for future application." In the 1991 edition, device 7 is used for a
rate-of-rise current relay. For many years, the description of device 50,
which is commonly thought of as an instantaneous overcurrent relay,
included the rate-of-rise feature. This feature is no longer part of device
50's description.
11
In 1979, device 11 was reserved for future application. Beginning with the
1987 edition, device 11 became a multifunction device. This is defined as a
device with three or more important functions. Typical use would be for a
multifunction motor protective relay. When device 11 is used, the functions
included in it should be defined in the drawing legend.
24
In 1979, device 24 was reserved for future application. Beginning with the
1987 edition, device 24 became a volts per hertz relay. These relays are
typically used to protect large generators from overvoltage during sub-
synchronous operation, and are seldom seen in Powell switchgear. I
mention it because there are still those among us who remember the use
of 24 for a bus tie circuit breaker. In the standard, the proper number for a
bus tie breaker has been 52BT since some time in the 1950's, but we still
see the designation 24 from time to time.
47
Up through 1979, device 47 was a phase-sequence voltage relay. Starting
with the 1987 edition, this definition was expanded to read phase-sequence
or phase-balance voltage relay, and the description specifically lists
negative phase sequence overvoltage as one of its applications.
50 See device 7.
82
Up through 1987, device 82 is described as a dc reclosing relay. In the
1991 edition the description is expanded to read dc load-measuring
reclosing relay.
Some other changes were made, but these are the ones most likely to affect switchgear for utility and
industrial distribution systems.
Baldwin Bridger, P.E.
Technical Director
Preparing Foundations for Indoor Installation of Switchgear
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
August 2, 1993
Nearly every manufacturer of switchgear and motor control equipment will tell users that the equipment
must be installed on a level foundation. If the equipment includes drawout circuit breakers or contactors,
most manufacturers will recommend that steel channels or rails be imbedded in the floor to provide
support and a level surface. These recommendations lead inevitably to two questions: "How level is
level?" and "Do I really have to install the floor steel?" The quick answers to these are "Damn flat!" and
"No, but you'll be sorry if you don't."
Some smaller equipments, like low voltage motor control centers and switchboards, either come with
their own built-in base channels or are not terribly sensitive to slightly uneven floors. For larger
equipments, however, a level floor is absolutely necessary to maintain the critical alignment of drawout
devices. Manufacturers have been rather shy about putting a tolerance on "level" over the years, but the
lore in the industry seems to be that a one-eighth inch slope, evenly spread over the front-to-back or the
end-to-end dimension of the lineup, is tolerable. For indoor equipments without built-in bases,
maintaining such a tolerance almost certainly requires carefully installed floor channels.
Once you decide that floor steel is required, here are a few cautions about using it:
Be sure to locate the channels where the manufacturer shows them. Normally, each lineup has a
channel near the front of the gear and another near the rear of the gear. These are usually
located under the bolt-down holes in the equipment, so their location is important. Frequently, in
deep switchgear, such as PowlVac
Metal-Clad Switchgear
ANSI/IEEE C37.20.2-
1987
IEEE Standard for Metal-Clad Switchgear and Station-Type
Cubicle Switchgear
ANSI C37.55-1989
Metal-Clad Switchgear Assemblies - Conformance Test
Procedures
Industry Standards Covering Powell Products
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
page 2
Medium-Voltage Switch-and-Fuse Equipment
ANSI/IEEE C37.20.3-
1987
IEEE Standard for Metal-Enclosed Interrupter
Switchgear
Low-Voltage Power Circuit Breakers
ANSI/IEEE
C37.13-1990
IEEE Standard for Low-Voltage AC Power Circuit Breakers Used
in Enclosures
ANSI C37.16-
1988
Low-Voltage Power Circuit Breakers and AC Power Circuit
Protectors - Preferred Ratings, Related Requirements, and
Application Recommendations
ANSI C37.17-
1979
American National Standard for Trip Devices for AC and General-
Purpose DC Low-Voltage Power Circuit Breakers
ANSI C37.50-
1979
Low-Voltage AC Power Circuit Breakers Used in Enclosures - Test
Procedures
Low-Voltage Power Circuit Breaker Switchgear
ANSI/IEEE
C37.20.1-1987
IEEE Standard for Metal-Enclosed Low-Voltage Power Circuit -
Breaker Switchgear
ANSI C37.51-1989
Metal-Enclosed Low-Voltage Power Circuit-Breaker Switchgear
Assemblies - Conformance Test Procedures
UL 1558-1984 Metal-Enclosed Low Voltage Power Circuit-Breaker Switchgear
Bus Duct
ANSI/IEEE C37.23-
1987
IEEE Standard for Metal-Enclosed Bus and Calculating
Losses in Isolated-Phase Bus
Medium-Voltage Motor Control
NEMA ICS
2-1988
Industrial Control Devices, Controllers and Assemblies, Part ICS 2-324,
AC General-Purpose Medium Voltage Contactors and Class E
Controllers, 50 and 60 Hertz
Industry Standards Covering Powell Products
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
page 3
Low-Voltage Motor Control Centers
NEMA ICS 2-
1988
Industrial Control Devices, Controllers and Assemblies, Part ICS 2-
322, AC Motor Control Centers
UL 845-1988 Motor Control Centers
PCR
. Arc resistant switchgear has been available for some time in Europe and Canada, and is
now being specified by some users in the United States. Arc resistant switchgear is designed to minimize
the likelihood of injury to a person standing nearby, in the event that an internal arc occurs in the
switchgear. This equipment is sometimes erroneously referred to as "arc-proof", which is incorrect.
"Arc-proof" would imply that an internal arc could not occur; arc-resistant simply means that the
equipment resists the effect of the arc in the unlikely event that one does occur.
Arc resistant equipment must resist two phenomena which accompany an internal arc-increased internal
pressure and burnthrough. Resistance to both of these events is demonstrated up to a height of 2
meters. Typically, arc resistant switchgear is equipped with panels, located above the 2-meter level,
which blow open under the increased internal pressure caused by the internal arc. The lower parts of the
switchgear are reinforced to prevent opening or burnthrough of the enclosure parts.
At the present time, no U.S. standards exist for arc-resistant switchgear, but the IEEE Switchgear
Committee is working on one. Until it is available, the two generally recognized standards are
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Standard 298, Appendix AA, and Electrical and
Electronic Manufacturers Association of Canada (EEMAC) Standard G14-1. These two standards differ
somewhat, and the major differences are shown in Table 1. Powell has designed and tested Type B
switchgear in accordance with the EEMAC standard, which we consider to be more stringent.
Both standards require similar tests to qualify a design. The following criteria must be met during the two
tests (which may be combined into one test if desired):
Properly secured doors, covers, etc., do not open.
Parts which may cause a hazard do not fly off.
Arcing does not cause a hole in the surfaces covered by the type under test.
Black cotton cloth indicators are placed around the equipment under test, up to a height of 2
meters, wherever flame or hot gases might escape. These indicators must not ignite.
The grounding connection must remain effective.
When applying arc resistant switchgear, several items need to be kept in mind:
The arc-resistant rating is at a particular voltage and short-circuit current level. These ratings
should match the ratings of the switchgear and circuit breakers, and the requirements of the
system.
The area of exposure should be considered. See descriptions in Table 1.
Arc Resistant Metal-Clad Switchgear
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
page 2
Quoting Note 4 of the EEMAC standard, "The overpressure in the electrical room caused by arcing due
to an internal fault in the switchgear and the ejection of gases from pressure relief devices should be
taken into consideration in the design of the building." At high arc currents, this can be a very dramatic
event.
Attribute IEC 298, Appendix AA EEMAC G14-1
Accessibility:
Type A
Restricted to authorized
personnel only. Test Front. Test
sides which are readily
accessible.
Arc-resistant construction at the
front only.
Accessibility:
Type B
Unrestricted accessibility,
including general public. Test
all accessible sides.
Arc-resistant construction at the
front, back and sides.
Accessibility:
Type C
--------------------------
Arc-resistant construction at the
front, back and sides, and
between compartments within
the same cell or between cells.
Duration of
Tests: Pressure
Withstand
0.1 second (100 ms) 160 ms
Duration of
Tests:
Burnthrough
1 second 1 second
Indicator
Location
Type A: 30 com from unit
Type B: 10 cm from unit
10 cm from unit (all types)
Indicator
Material Weight
Type A: 150 grams per square
meter
Type B: 40 grams per square
meter
150 grams per square meter (all
types)
Baldwin Bridger, P.E.
Technical Director
Wire Fill in Seal Fittings
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
June 14, 1994
NEC requirements for wire fill in seal fittings are different from the wire fill requirements in conduit. In
conduits enclosing 3 or more conductors (except for lead-covered conductors), conductors may occupy
40% of the area of the conduit. See Table 1 of Chapter 9. The fill tables in Chapter 9 of the NEC, which
give the number of conductors of specific types and sizes allowed in various sizes of conduit, are based
on this 40% fill.
For seal fittings, the fill may not exceed 25%. This is not specifically stated in the code, but is backed into
by the requirement that listed items be used in accordance with their listing, and UL lists seal fittings for
25% fill. This is not unreasonable, as the packing material used in a seal fitting must be packed around
each wire, separating them so that the poured sealing compound will effectively seal each wire. The UL
requirements are found in UL Standard 886, Outlet Boxes and Fittings for use in Hazardous (Classified)
Locations.
When installing seal fittings, be sure that the 25% fill is not exceeded. A table of permissible ills by wire
size and seal fitting size is found in UL 886, Table 35.1. UL also requires manufacturers of listed seal
fittings to include the 25% fill requirement in their installation instruction. In some cases, this may mean
using a seal fitting a size or two larger than the conduit size, with reducers to allow the conduit to fit. Any
reducer or other fitting used must also comply with the listing requirements for use in a classified area.
For very short runs of conduit, it may be easier to use an oversized conduit so that the seal fitting is not
overloaded.
Baldwin Bridger, P.E.
Technical Director
Note: Thanks to Crouse-Hinds for the information calling industry attention to this situation.
Hardware for Bus Connections
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
July 5, 1994
What kind of hardware should be used for bus joints in metal-enclosed switchgear? While there may be
several acceptable answers, for half a century or so the workhorse of the industry has been the Grade 5
carbon steel bolt, or, more properly, hex head cap screw. Each bolt is installed with two flat washers, a
split-ring lock washer, and a hex nut. Zinc plated to retard corrosion and installed with the proper torque,
this hardware has a long history of satisfactory performance with both copper and aluminum bus bars.
The most common size used is 1/2-13, but 5/8-11 hardware is used for some very large joints and sizes
down to 1/4-20 are used for smaller jobs, such as fastening terminals for small wire sizes.
Figure 1 -Proper Bolt Assembly
Proper assembly of the hardware is vital to a low-resistance joint. The hardware should be assembled as
shown in Figure 1, with the flat washers next to the bus bars on both sides of the joint and the lock
washer under the nut. The bolt should be long enough that a minimum of two full threads extend out of
the nut when the bolt is tightened. For the 1/2-13 size, use a bolt one inch longer than the combined
thickness of the bus bars being bolted together. Other bolt sizes may take longer or shorter bolts to
compensate for differences in the thickness of the nuts and washers used. The bolt should not be longer
than necessary, either, as extra bolt length usually decreases the clearance from the bolt end to the
nearest other phase or to ground.
Proper bolt torque is vital to a good joint. Grade 5 hardware is used to allow high installation torque.
Torques to be used for various size bolts are shown in the table. This information is given on a label
installed in Powell switchgear near bolted field connections. Do not overtorque the bolts. Excessive
torque can stretch the bolt past its elastic limit and cause failure. I've seen bolts which were barely half
their original diameter in the middle removed from bus joints.
Bolt Size 5/8 - 11 1/2 - 13 3/8 - 16 1/4 - 20
Torque, pounds-feet 55-70 35-50 20-30 5-7
Hardware for Bus Connections
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
page 2
How about other types of hardware? Some users specify aluminum hardware for aluminum bus, bronze
(usually Everdur) hardware for copper bus, or stainless steel for either bus material. There are two
reasons usually given for this requirement. The first is the inhibition of corrosion cells where dissimilar
metals made contact. This may be a valid reason for joints that are exposed to the weather, such as
open buswork, or for installation in contaminated atmospheres. However, for the usual metal-enclosed
switchgear, where all the bus joints are inside the enclosure and are expected to be warm and dry, the
special hardware is usually not necessary.
The other reason for specifying hardware of a material similar to the bus bar is concern that differential
expansion between the bus and the hardware may lead to loosening of the joint. For copper bus, which
is used in almost all Powell switchgear, the difference between the expansion of the bus and the
expansion of steel hardware is on the order of 0.0004 inch per inch of joint thickness, or 1 part in 2,500
over the entire 65C allowable temperature rise. Offsetting any advantage of better-matched expansion
characteristics, however, is the difficulty of finding high-strength hardware made of these alloys. Lower
hardware strength may require reduced torque levels on the joints.
One other piece of hardware frequently requested is the spring washer, or Bellville washer. This washer
is used to replace the split-ring lock washer, and is intended to compensate (within limits) for the
differential expansion of the bus material and the hardware. In our experience, it may be of some value
when aluminum bus is used with steel hardware, but is generally unnecessary when the bus is copper.
While Powell will be glad to furnish special bus joint hardware when our customers specify it, in our
experience it is not needed for the usual installation of metal-enclosed switchgear or control equipment.
There are many types of equipment, which have been in service for 50 years, or more using carbon steel
bus joint hardware.
Baldwin Bridger, P.E.
Technical Director
Arc Resistant Switchgear Construction or Arc Detection
Devices?
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
November 16, 1994
In PTB 51, I discussed the arc resistant construction which is now available in Powell's PowlVac
metal-
clad switchgear. As noted in the PTB, arc-resistant switchgear must resist two phenomena - increased
internal pressure and burnthrough. These two phenomena operate in two different time frames.
Burnthrough is a relatively long-time event. The test to prove resistance to burnthrough is of 1 second
duration.
Internal pressure, on the other hand, reaches its peak in 5 to 10 milliseconds after the arc begins. Any
damage that is going to be done by the pressure wave will happen in that time frame. For instance, in
one of our first tests of a preliminary arc resistant design, the front door of a breaker cell was launched
across the test cell at that time, digging a divot out of the concrete wall on the other side of the test cell.
Several manufacturers are now offering optical arcing sensors as an alternative to arc resistant
construction. These sensors will detect an arc within the switchgear and signal a backup breaker to trip,
clearing the arcing fault. However, consider the timing involved. Assuming that the sensor itself has a
zero time of response to the presence of an arc, the backup breaker must still open and interrupt before
the arc is extinguished. The fastest circuit breakers commonly used in metal-clad switchgear are 3-cycle
breakers. This breaker takes 3 cycles, or 50 milliseconds on a 60 Hz system, to interrupt a circuit once its
trip coil is energized. This time of operation will give good protection against burnthrough, but by this time
the internal pressure in the switchgear has long since reached its peak, and any physical damage that
pressure is going to cause has already happened.
Optical arc sensors may offer excellent protection to gas-insulated substations, where the principal
problem is protection against burnthrough. However, no detection system can protect metal-clad
switchgear of normal, unreinforced construction against damage from arc-generated pressure because
the backup breaker cannot open fast enough to prevent this damage. If resistance to damage due to arc-
generated pressure is desired, the arc-resistant design of metal-clad switchgear must be used.
Baldwin Bridger, P.E.
Technical Director
Useful Life of Metal-Enclosed Switchgear
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
December 8, 1994
We are frequently asked how long we expect metal-enclosed switchgear to last in service; what is the
design life of our products. Other than the very complex procedures used in the nuclear industry, there is
absolutely nothing in any industry standard that addresses this question, for the very good reason that
there is no reasonable way to test the life of a piece of switchgear other than to put it into service and see
how long it lasts. However, for the over 40 years that I've been in the industry, most manufacturers have
rather consistently answered this question with an estimate of 30 to 40 years of useful service life. There
are numerous installations of metal-enclosed switchgear which have been in service for 40 years or
more.
Of course, to get this kind of service out of switchgear, there are a few ground rules you have to follow.
Here are some of them.
Install it properly. Make sure the foundation is level, and that the equipment has been set level
on the foundation and properly secured. Check alignment of all disconnects and interlocks on
drawout circuit breakers to make sure that they fit properly into the cell. Be sure all bus splices
are assembled properly, with the right size splice plates and the right size and number of bolts,
properly torqued, and insulated if insulation is required. Connect cables carefully. Check out all
control wire connections.
Don't overheat it. Heat is one of the two great enemies of electrical insulation. Don't overload the
equipment in service. Make sure that ventilation is adequate, and that any filters or other
ventilating openings in the switchgear are clean and that air flow is not restricted. If artificial
cooling is required to keep the ambient temperature within limits (usually a maximum of 40C), be
sure it operates properly.
Keep it dry. Moisture is the other great enemy of insulation. Make sure there are no leaks that
will allow rain or other moisture to dampen the switchgear. For outdoor installations and indoor
installations in damp climates, space heaters are recommended to deter condensation.
Take care of it. The equipment should be inspected, cleaned, and lubricated on a regular
schedule, and after any traumatic event, such as interrupting a major fault.
Treat your switchgear well, and it will last you a long time. Abuse it or neglect it, and it will die young.
Baldwin Bridger, P.E.
Technical Director
Control Wire and Wire Markers in Switchgear and Motor
Control
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
December 19, 1994
ANSI standards for metal-enclosed switchgear require the use of either Type TBS or Type SIS wire for
control wire in this type of equipment. Further, the wire is required to have a minimum size of #14 AWG,
and to be flexible (41 strand or more) where it is connected across a hinge. Powell's standard is to use
Type SIS flexible wire for all switchgear wiring. The wire will be #14 AWG unless a larger wire is required
by the circuit or is specified by the purchaser.
Switchgear control wire has traditionally been colored gray, although this is not called for by any industry
standard. Powell's standard is to use gray wire except for ground wires, which are green. Other colors
may be used if specified by the purchaser, but elaborate color coding can be rather costly, as wire
manufacturers require sizeable runs of special items such as unusual colors.
Special wire types can also be used when required, but are also subject to special charges for non-
standard wire mill runs.
Wire markers, or wire tags, are used in most equipment we produce, but are not required by standards.
Therefore, they must be specified by the purchaser when desired. When wire markers are used, Powell's
standard is a white tube marked with black characters. The wire marker is marked with the wire number
shown on the schematic and wiring diagrams.
Special wire markers can be furnished on request. Some special features requested from time to time
include special sleeve materials, special colors, heat shrink installation, and special wire designations or
numbering. All of these can be furnished, but at a cost.
Baldwin Bridger, P.E.
Technical Director
Ratings of Medium Voltage Circuit Breakers
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
December 22, 1994
Based on questions I receive, there appears to be quite a bit of confusion in the industry about the
meaning of various voltage and current ratings applied to circuit breakers used in metal-clad switchgear.
This PTB will attempt to clarify some of the more commonly discussed ratings, as these ratings appear in
the ANSI circuit breaker standards.
First, there is no such thing as an MVA rating for a circuit breaker. See PTB 45 for a detailed discussion
of MVA. Other important ratings are as follows:
Rated Maximum Voltage V: The highest rms (root mean square) voltage for which the circuit breaker is
designed, and the upper limit for operation.
Rated Voltage Range Factor K: The ratio of the rated maximum voltage to the lower limit of the range
of operating voltage in which the required symmetrical and asymmetrical interrupting capabilities vary in
inverse proportion to operating voltage. For more on K, see PTB 46.
Rated Short Circuit Current I: The highest value of rms symmetrical current which the circuit breaker is
required to interrupt at rated maximum voltage.
Maximum Symmetrical Interrupting Capability: The highest value of rms symmetrical current which
the circuit breaker is required to interrupt. It is required to interrupt this current at a voltage of V/K and at
any lower voltage. Numerically, this current is equal to KI. Interrupting capabilities at voltages between V
and V/K are calculated by a formula given in PTB 46.
Rated Short Time Current: This is the rms value of the current which the circuit breaker is required to
carry for 3 seconds. It is not an interrupting rating; the breaker is not required to interrupt this current until
it has cooled down to operating temperature. Numerically, this current is equal to KI, the maximum
symmetrical interrupting capability.
Closing and Latching Capability: This is the peak, or crest, current that the circuit breaker must be
capable of making and immediately thereafter, latching. Numerically, this current is equal to 2.7KI. The
circuit breaker must also be able to withstand this same value of current in the closed position as a part
of the short time current test. This capability is sometimes referred to as the "momentary current" rating,
although this term does not appear in the ANSI standards.
Ratings of Medium Voltage Circuit Breakers
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
page 2
Since interrupting ratings vary with voltage, it is absolutely imperative that purchaser and supplier
communicate clearly about the voltage at which a specified interrupting rating applies.
Baldwin Bridger, P.E.
Technical Director
Rating of Ground Bus in Metal-Enclosed Switchgear
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
January 17, 1995
All metal-enclosed switchgear built to ANSI standards is required to include a ground bus to connect
together all items in the switchgear that are required to be grounded. This includes such things as the
enclosures, circuit breaker frames, CT and VT secondary circuits, relay and instrument cases, etc. The
purpose of the ground bus is to keep these items at a common potential under normal conditions and to
carry ground fault current when a ground fault occurs.
The ground bus is rated for short-circuit and short-time duty. For metal-clad switchgear, ANSI/IEEE
C37.20.2, 6.12, requires the ground bus to carry the rated short-time current of the switchgear for 2
seconds. For low voltage metal-enclosed switchgear, ANSI/IEEE C37.20.1, 6.1.2, requires the ground
bus to carry the rated short-time current of the switchgear for 0.5 second. Tests to demonstrate these
ratings are included in the conformance test standards, ANSI C37.51 for low voltage switchgear and
ANSI C37.55 for metal-clad switchgear.
Ground bus is not expected to carry any continuous current. If a 4-wire system with line-to-neutral loads
is in use, a neutral bus may be needed to carry any current unbalance. This is quite common in low
voltage switchgear, and much less common but not unknown in metal-clad switchgear.
None of the ANSI standards require a continuous current rating for ground bus, and none of these
standards describe any test to demonstrate such a rating. While a ground bus, like any conductor, will
carry a certain amount of current continuously without damage, just how much and under what
circumstances is not defined. Therefore, specifying a continuous current rating for ground bus has little or
no meaning, and should be avoided.
Baldwin Bridger, P.E.
Technical Director
Bus Spacings in Metal-Enclosed Switchgear
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
January 24, 1995
From time to time we are asked what bus spacings are required by ANSI standards for switchgear.
Those who ask are frequently surprised by the answer: None. ANSI switchgear standards are generally
performance standards. Dielectric tests, power frequency withstand for all voltages and impulse
withstand for medium voltage, are specified in the standards. The design must pass these tests. How a
manufacturer designs equipment to meet the requirements is up to the manufacturer. If you can place
bare conductors 1/2" apart and meet the test requirements for 15kV equipment, that is fine. And before
you conclude that I'm being ridiculous, remember that we do this every day in vacuum interrupters.
When considering bus spacings, two dimensions are important. The first is clearance, or the distance
through air between conductors of opposite polarity or between an energized conductor and ground. The
second is surface creepage, or the distance across an insulating surface. The distances are measured
from metal to metal, and vary with voltage and also with whether or not the conductors are insulated.
Phase-to-phase and phase-to-ground dimensions are the same because switchgear used on
ungrounded or impedance grounded systems will have phase to phase voltage between the unfaulted
phases and ground during a ground fault condition.
It is not possible to test every configuration of bus used in switchgear, so every manufacturer has a
working guide of dimensions to be used for configurations that aren't tested. Remember that these are
dimensions used within metal-enclosed switchgear equipments. They do not apply for overhead lines,
pole-top hardware, outdoor substation construction, etc. The dimensions used by different manufacturers
may differ a bit, but they are usually pretty consistent. The following table shows some of the more
common dimensions we use at Powell.
Voltages Air Clearance Surface Clearance
Rated
Maximum
Low-Frequency
Withstand
Impulse
Withstand
Insulated
Conductors
Bare
Conductors
Insulated
Conductors
Bare
Conductors
635 V 2.2 kV N/A N/A 1" N/A 2"
4.76 kV 19 kV 60 kV 2" 3 1/2" 3" 5"
15 kV 36 kV 95 kV 3" 6" 5" 7"
27 kV 60 kV 125 kV 6" 9" 9" 14"
38 kV 80 kV 150 kV 7 1/2" 10 1/2" 11" 17"
Baldwin Bridger, P.E.
Technical Director
01.4TB.060
Switching Small Currents with Vacuum Circuit Breakers
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
J anuary 30, 1995
We occasionally see a specification which requires that the medium voltage circuit breakers that are
supplied should be capable of switching very small currents, in the range of a few percent of the
breaker's continuous current rating. Generally speaking, switching of low currents is not a problem for
vacuum circuit breakers.
Air-magnetic circuit breakers, which have been successfully used for many years in medium voltage
switchgear, do have some problems with switching low currents. These breakers depend on a magnetic
field generated by the current flowing through auxiliary coils in the interrupter circuit to drive the arc into
the arc chute for successful interruption. When the current is very low, only a small field is generated,
and the necessary arc movement may not be obtained. Almost all varieties of air-magnetic circuit
breakers are equipped with a "puffer" device, a small air piston driven by the opening of the breaker. This
piston is equipped with a nozzle that is directed at the area where the arc is struck by the opening of the
breaker, so that the arc is literally blown into the arc chute. This device is needed on air-magnetic circuit
breakers to insure interruption of small currents.
At least in part because of this problem with the interruption of small currents, the ANSI standard for
circuit breaker rating allows the interrupting time for the interrupting of current below 25% of the required
asymmetrical interrupting capability to exceed the rated interrupting time by as much at 50%.
Vacuum breakers, on the other hand, handle small currents with ease. We have tested one model of
PowlVac
circuit breaker at inductive currents as low as 25-30 A, and some other models at capacitive
currents as low as half an amp. Load current switching tests have been made on all of our present
production models of PowlVac
circuit breakers.
Baldwin Bridger, P.E.
Technical Director
Overcurrent Definitions
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
March 7, 1995
There are several terms that we use to name abnormal current in an electric power system. Although
these terms are sometimes used interchangeably, they really aren't interchangeable. Recently, I came
across a set of definitions that made a lot of sense to me, so I'm passing them along to you. These are
taken from a couple of standards of the International Electrotechnical Commission, IEC 439-1 and IEC
947-1.
Overcurrent: A current exceeding the rated current.
Short circuit: The accidental or intentional connection, by a relatively low resistance or
impedance, of two or more points in a circuit which are normal at different voltages.
Short circuit current: An overcurrent resulting from a short circuit due to a fault or an incorrect
connection in an electric circuit.
Overload: Operating conditions in an electrically undamaged circuit which cause an overcurrent.
Overload current: An overcurrent occurring in an electrically undamaged circuit.
Fault current: A current resulting from an insulation failure or the bridging of insulation.
Note several relationships among these various currents:
An overload current is always an overcurrent, but not all overcurrents are overload currents.
An overload is not a fault.
A short circuit current is both a fault current and an overcurrent. However, not all fault currents
are short circuit currents. Also, not all overcurrents are short circuit currents.
A fault current is not necessarily an overcurrent. Under some fault conditions, the fault current
may be much less than the rated current. A typical example is a ground fault current on a high-
resistance grounded system. This current may be only an amp or two, compared to a rated
current of up to several thousand amps.
Baldwin Bridger, P.E.
Technical Director
Choosing Current Transformers for Relaying Use
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
March 28, 1995
Current transformers used for relaying under high current conditions must have a relay rating. This rating
is expressed as the letter "C" or the letter "T" followed by a number. The number represents the voltage
output at the CT terminals with 20 times normal secondary current flowing (100A for a typical 5 A
secondary CT), without exceeding 10% ratio error. Standard values are 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 and 400.
The "C" or "T" describes the method used for determining this voltage. The voltage for CT's with a "T"
designation has been determined by test, the usual method for wound primary CT's.
Recent work by a working group of the IEEE Power Systems Relaying Committee has shown that low-
ratio CT's applied to systems with high fault current levels may saturate under fault conditions and cause
improper or no operation of the overcurrent relays. Extreme saturation of the CT's can result in very
narrow pulses of secondary current, only a few electrical degrees wide. Although the magnitude of the
pulse may be above the pickup setting of the relay, the current does not flow for long enough at a time to
operate the relay.
To be sure that the CT's do not saturate, the relay rating of the CT should be twice the voltage necessary
to drive the maximum fault current through the connected burden. For example, assume a bus with 24
kA available fault current and a CT rated 400/5 A (80:1 ratio). Divide 24,000 A by the CT ratio, 80, to
determine the secondary current, 300 A, under maximum fault conditions. If the secondary burden is
0.33 ohms, the voltage required is 300x0.33, or 100 V. A CT with a relay rating of C200 or T200 should
be chosen for this application.
Where low-ratio CT's are needed on a system with a high available fault current, it may be very difficult to
find a CT with the necessary relay rating. Several possible ways to improve the situation are to use
higher ratio CT's, to use higher accuracy CT's, to use lower burden relays, to divide the burden between
two sets of CT's, or to use separate instantaneous overcurrent relays connected to a separate set of
high-ratio CT's.
If you want to review the entire report of the PSRC working group, you can find it published in two
different IEEE Transactions. The report title is "Relay Performance with Low Ratio CT's and High Fault
Currents". It may be found in IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 8, No. 3, July 1993, pp. 884-
897, and in IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 31, No. 2, March/April 1995, pp. 392-404.
Baldwin Bridger, P.E.
Technical Director
Capacitance Graded Bushings
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
info@powellind.com
June 12, 1995
Bushings or similar structures are used in medium voltage switchgear to carry a conductor from one side
of a grounded barrier to the other side. Typical uses are roof entrance bushings, to bring conductors from
outside the switchgear through the roof to the switchgear interior; primary disconnect spouts, to bring the
primary connections of a circuit breaker from the bus or cable compartment to the circuit breaker
compartment; and main bus penetration from one unit of switchgear to the next unit.
In its simplest form, a bushing consists of a conductor, some surrounding insulation, and a mounting
provision of some kind. If the voltage isn't too high, and the configuration of the conductor, the insulation,
and the ground plane isn't too bad, a bushing with suitable insulation characteristics and long life can be
made with only these basic ingredients.
However, sometimes the spacing is very tight, or the ground plane has sharp corners or protruding
hardware so that the local stress on the insulation is excessive. In this case, a capacitance graded
bushing may be the answer. In a capacitance graded bushing, layers of conductive or semi-conductive
material are placed in the thickness of the insulation in such a manner that these layers serve as a built-
in capacitor and the stress on the insulation is equalized and controlled. Proper use of capacitance
grading can control both through-insulation and over-surface stress. This technique has long been used
in medium voltage switchgear. For instance, GE's vertical lift Magne-Blast circuit breakers, first
manufactured nearly 60 years ago, use capacitance graded top-mounted bushings to control the stress
where the bushings penetrate the top frame of the circuit breaker.
Capacitance Graded Bushings
Powell Industries, Inc.
PO Box 12818
Houston, TX 77217
2005 Powell Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tel: 713.944.6900 Fax: 713.947.4453
www.powellind.com
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page 2
The figure above, shows a section view of the capacitance graded primary disconnect spout used in
Powell's PV System 38