You are on page 1of 10

Developing Country Studies www.iiste.

org
ISSN 2224-607X (Pper! ISSN 222"-0"6" (#nline!
$ol.4% No.&"% 20&4

&&'
The Pattern of Occupational Accidents, Injuries, Accident Causal
Factors and Intervention in Nigerian Factories

Nnedin( )(eo*+or,- .ostis /vggelinos- S0un 1undy- Dvid Is2- Sturt 3lln

S20ool o+ 3r20ite2ture% Design 4 Constru2tion% )niversity o+ 5reenwi20. ).

#ge20u*wu Igweg6e- .osi )(eo*+or
Nedselite S+ety Interntionl% 36u7% Nigeri

8oni+2e )(edi
Nno9ind IDC% Co((uni2tions :ouse% 1ondon% ).
Corresponding ut0or; /(il; nnedin(i*<0ot(il.2o(

Abstract
)nderstnding t0e sttus =uo o+ o22uptionl in2idents in Nigeri in reltion to 22ident rtes% +tlity rtes%
22ident 2usl +2tors nd intervention is vitl in developing e++e2tive strtegies +or i(proving t0e pro6le(ti2
stte o+ o22uptionl 0elt0 nd s+ety (#:S! in Nigeri. 3s su20% t0is study e>plores t0e pttern o+ reported
22idents% in7uries% ner (isses% 22ident 2usl +2tors nd intervention in Nigeri. It reviews nd dis2usses
22idents reported to t0e 2ustodin o+ #:S in Nigeri% t0e ?ederl 9inistry o+ 16our nd Produ2tivity
Inspe2torte Division (?91PID! over n &&-yer period (2002-20&2!. 3nlysis o+ t0e dt 2olle2ted ws lso
2ondu2ted% t0e +indings +ro( w0i20 pro(pted interviews o+ &0 st++ out o+ 4@ st++ e(ployed 6y ?91PID. #ver
t0e && yer period% t0is study +ound t0t o+ t0e reported 22idents; @0A o22urred t nig0t- (nu+2turers o+
ru66er produ2ts 22ounted +or t0e 0ig0est nu(6er o+ in7uries t "B.@A nd 6BA +or det0- t0e totl 2se +tlity
rte ws 4'."% 0en2e signi+i2nt in2rese in 2se +tlity rte 2o(pred wit0 t0e lst study in 200& 6y /Cenw.
?ire resulted in "BA o+ t0e det0s% w0ile (nge(ent +2tors 22ounted +or '&.BA o+ t0e re(ote or 2ontri6utory
22ident 2usl +2tors in w0i20 '0A were due to l2* o+ trining. 3lso% wit0 not6le redu2tion in 22ident
reporting in Nigeri nd t0e ?91PID reportedly +iling to penlise o++enders s spe2i+ied 6y t0e #:S legisltion
s est6lis0ed in t0is study% n over0ul o+ t0e opertions o+ t0e ?91PID is t0ere+ore re2o((ended. D0is is in
ddition wit0 develop(ent nd doption o+ +ree (o6ile 22ident reporting syste( +or vi2ti(s.
Keyords! 322idents% 22ident 2usl +2tors% +tlity% in7uries% intervention nd Nigeri.

Introduction
Background of Study
D0ere is 2onsensus t0t o22uptionl 0elt0 nd s+ety (#:S! is poor in t0e developing 2ountries (Diugwu% 86%
4 /gil% 20&2- Idoro% 200@- )(eo*+or% Is2% Eones% 4 )(edi% 20&B- )(eo*+or% )(edi% 4 Eones% 20&4!.
D0is is on t0e grounds t0t; o22uptionl 22idents re under-reported- t0e #:S regultory nd en+or2e(ent
syste(s (w0i20 re intervention strtegies! re ine++e2tive nd dys+un2tionl- 22ident nd in7ury rtes re on t0e
in2rese. Conse=uently% developing e++e2tive strtegies +or i(proving #:S is 20llenging. )nderstnding t0e
trend% distri6ution nd ris* +2tors o+ 22idents% in7uries% +tlities% 22ident 2usl +2tors nd intervention
re(ins pertinent in developing e++e2tive strtegies +or t0e i(prove(ent o+ #:S glo6lly. D0is e>plins w0y
:(linen% D*l% nd Srel (2006! report; B"0%000 +tlities glo6lly in &''@- 2se +tlity rte o+ &&." per
&00%000 wor*ers nd n 22ident rte o+ @700 per &00%000 wor*ers +or Indi- +tlity rte o+ &0." per &00%000
nd n 22ident rte o+ @02@ 22ident per &00%000 +or C0in. Si(ilrly% study in /gypt 6y 3de (&''B! in
/Cenw (200&! s0ows signi+i2nt 2se +tlity rte o+ "2." A% w0ere &2B in7uries nd 64 det0s were reported%
w0ile study nlysing rod 22idents in .eny 6y #dero (200"! s0ows n in2rese in +tlity rte per &0%000
ve0i2les +ro( "0.7 in &'62 to 64.2 in &''2. 3lso% s0owing +tlity per &00%000 popultion o+ 6etween 7.B nd @.6
nd 66A o+ t0e 22idents o22urring during dyti(e. In Nigeri% study o+ t0e nture nd e>tent o+ +tl in7uries%
nd +tlities 2uses +ro( &'@7 to &''6 o+ Nigerin +2tories 6y /Cenw in 200&% indi2tes; t0t B&@B in7uries
were reported o+ w0i20 7& or 2.2A were +tl- t0e 0ig0est nnul 2se +tlity rte o+ ".4& in &''4- t0e lowest
2se +tlity rte o+ 0.'4 in &''0. In generl% t0ese studies 6ove i( t providing reli6le in+or(tion nd
*nowledge to so(e e>tent nd 0elping in poli2y(*ing nd prevention o+ 22idents. Correspondingly% dopting
de=ute intervention strtegies is essentil in 22ident prevention nd #:S i(prove(ent (3yres 4 8rit0wite%
&''2- ?ir(n 4 Fpp% 200"-)(eo*+or et l.% 20&B!% 6ut t0is re re(ins under e>(ined 6y reser20ers. D0e
Nigerin ?2tories 32t ?& 1?N 2004 re=uires every +2tory to report o22uptionl 22idents (w0i20 *eep ny
wor*er out o+ wor* +or (ore t0n B dys! to t0e ?ederl 9inistry o+ 16our nd Produ2tivity Inspe2torte
Division (?91PID!% e(powering t0e (inistry to en+or2e t0e 32t. It lso e(powers t0e 6ove (inistry to
overseeGintervene in #:S relted issues- it stipultes (esures t0t s0ould 6e t*en 6y orgnistions to prote2t
Developing Country Studies www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-607X (Pper! ISSN 222"-0"6" (#nline!
$ol.4% No.&"% 20&4

&20
t0e 0elt0% s+ety nd wel+re o+ wor*ers. )n+ortuntely% due to in2tion% in7ury rtes nd 22ident rtes re on
t0e in2rese.
Significance of Study
Noted elsew0ere in t0is pper is study 6y /Cenw in 200&% w0i20 e>(ines t0e pttern o+ o22uptionl
(ortlity rtes nd 2uses o+ det0 in Nigerin +2tories% &2 yers on% t0ere 0s 6een lot o+ 20nges in Nigeri
e.g.% e2ono(i2 growt0% in+rstru2turl growt0% nd 20nges in regultions. Spe2i+i2lly% t0e #rgnistion +or
/2ono(i2 Co-opertion nd Develop(ent (#/CD! (2002! reports gross do(esti2 produ2t (5DP! growt0 o+
&.@ A in &''@ to B.@ A in 2000. 8esides% 22ording to t0e Nigerin Ntionl 8ureu o+ Sttisti2s 20&4 5DP
re6se results% Nigeri is presently t0e lrgest e2ono(y in 3+ri2 wit0 5DP o+ ppro>i(tely H"&0 6illion.
D0us% overt*ing Sout0 3+ri2Is 5DP o+ HB'0 6illon. D0e rgu(ent 6eing t0t Nigeri is 2urrently t0e 26
t0

lrgest e2ono(y in t0e world s ginst its +or(er 40
t0
position in &''0. #+ 2ourse% t0e 6ove rgu(ents
de(onstrte t0e rte o+ e2ono(i2 develop(ent in Nigeri. 3s su20% it 2n 6e rgued t0t t0is (y 6ring 6out
in2resed in+rstru2turl develop(ent nd in turn n in2rese in 22idents% in7uries nd det0s. Se2ondly% +ro(
&''7 to dte% t0ere 0s 6een develop(ent o+ vrious wor*pl2es t0t re not re2ognised 6y t0e #:S regultions-
t0ere+ore% so(e regultions were reviewed. ?or instn2e% t0e Jor*(nIs Co(penstion 32t o+ &'@7 ws
updted to t0e Jor*(nIs Co(penstion 32t o+ 2004 nd +urt0er updted to t0e /(ployeeIs Co(penstion 32t
o+ 20&&. D0e S+ety% :elt0 nd Jel+re 8ill o+ 20&2 ws pssed in Septe(6er 20&2 6ut still wits t0e
presidentil ssent% 0en2e repeling t0e ?2tories 32t o+ 2004. /=ully i(portnt is understnding t0e pttern o+
intervention nd 22ident 2usl +2tors% w0i20 0s 6een undere>(ined 6y previous reser20. In t0t i+;
inde=ute intervention ptterns re dopted% 22idents proli+erte ()(eo*+or et l.% 20&B!- 22ident 2usl
+2tors- t0e root o+ 22idents% re e>(ined% t0e inter2tion 6etween t0e events nd 2usl +2tors will 6e
understood (Inel 4Inel% &''"!. D0is t0ere+ore% 0ig0lig0ts prts o+ t0e 20in o+ events leding to n 22ident (Inel
4Inel% &''"!. 3s result% studies su20 s /Cenw (200&!% w0i20 is now (ore t0n &2 yers old% need to 6e
repeted to provide updted nd reli6le in+or(tion nd *nowledge. 3nlogi2lly% it will 0elp in; developing
e++e2tive strtegies +or redu2ing 22idents in Nigeri- understnding 0ow industries 0ve +ired sin2e t0e lst
study 6y /Cenw- unp2*ing pertinent issues s per en+or2e(ent o+ #:S regultions. 3s result% t0is pper
e>plores t0e pttern o+ reported 22idents% det0s% in7uries% ner (isses% 22ident 2usl +2tors% nd intervention
(en+or2e(ent! in Nigeri% over period o+ && yers (2002-20&2! in detil. In doing t0is% it reviews nd dis2usses
22ident reports 2olle2ted +ro( t0e Inspe2torte Division o+ t0e ?ederl 9inistry o+ 16our nd Produ2tivity
+ro( 2002 to 20&2% w0i20 in+or(ed t0e se2ond stge o+ t0e study.
"ethods
Keported 22ident dt +or period o+ && yers (2002 - 20&2! ws 2olle2ted +ro( t0e Nigerin ?91PID%
nlysed nd presented 6elow. Do deter(ine t0e let0lity o+ t0e in7uries% t0e nnul 2se +tlity rte ws
2l2ulted t0us;
The number of deaths X 100
Number of injured workers
Do understnd t0e p0eno(enon (i.e.% t0e underlying deter(innts o+ so(e +indings +ter t0e nlysis! nd +or
2ross-vlidtion (DenCin% &'70- .ipo% 20&B!% &0 st++ out o+ t0e 4@ st++ o+ t0e ?91PID were interviewed% 0en2e
(et0odologi2l tringultion (DenCin% &'70- .ipo% 20&B!. D0e reser20 popultion ws restri2ted to 4@% s t0ey
were wor*ing in t0e ?91PID during t0e &&-yer period% 0en2e 2n provide de=ute in+or(tion. D0e +2e-to-
+2e se(i-stru2tured interviews were re2orded% trns2ri6ed nd nlysed- t0e results se2tion 6elow 0ig0lig0ts
0ow t0e t0e(es e(erged.
#esults
Results of Accident Data Collected from the FMLPID (!! " !#$
Developing Country Studies www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-607X (Pper! ISSN 222"-0"6" (#nline!
$ol.4% No.&"% 20&4

&2&
D6le &; 3nnul distri6ution o+ in7uries% det0s% ner (isses% 2se +tlity rtes nd nu(6er o+ 22idents reported
(2002-20&2!
F/3K N#. #?
INE)KI/S
A o+
in7uries
N#. #?
D/3D:S
A o+ det0s N#. #?
N/3K
9ISS/S
A o+ ner
(isses
N#. #?
3CCID/NDS
K/P#KD/D
A o+
22idents
reported
C3S/
?3D31IDF
K3D/
2002 "0 "B.@ 2' 6B & 2" & 2." "@
200B & &.& & 2.2 - - & 2." &00
2004 - - - - - - & 2." -
2007 4 4.B & 2.2 & 2" B 7." 2"
200@ @ @.6 6 &B - - 2 " 7"
200' B B.2 2 4.B - - &6 40 66.7
20&0 " ".4 & 2.2 & 2" B 7." 20
20&& @ @.6 2 4.B - - 7 &7." 2"
20&2 &4 &".& 4 @.7 & 2" 6 &" 2@.6
D#D31 'B &00 46 &00 4 &00 40 &00 4'."
Table structure, partly adopted from Ezenwa (001! and modified by authors" content from accident reports
collected from the #$%&'( (00)01!*
D0e +indings suggest (ssive under-reporting o+ 22idents +or t0e &&-yer study period% w0ere 40 22idents were
reported. D6le & s0ows t0e nnul distri6ution o+ in7uries% det0s% ner (isses% 2se +tlity rtes nd nu(6er o+
22idents reported during t0e &&-yer study period (2002-20&2!. ?or t0e entire && yers% totl o+ +orty (40!
22idents were reported out o+ w0i20 t0ere were ninety-t0ree ('B! in7uries. 46 (4'."A! o+ t0ese in7uries were +tl
nd 4 ner (isses were reported. D0e nnul 2se +tlity rtes o+ t0ese in7uries do not s0ow de+inite rnge o+
in2rese or de2line s it indi2tes 2se +tlity rtes o+ "@A in 2002% &00A in 200B% no +tlity in 2004% 2"A in
2007% 7"A in 200@% 66.7A in 200'% 20A in 20&0% 2"A in 20&& nd 2@.6A in 20&2. D0is is in 2ontrst to t0e
study 6y /Cenw (200&!% w0i20 s0ows n in2rese in nnul +tlity rte +ro( 0.'A in &''2 to ".4A in &''4.
:owever% t0is (y 6e due to t0e de2line in reported 22idents in Nigeri t t0t ti(e. D6le & lso s0ows t0e
nnul distri6ution o+ det0% ner (isses nd reported 22idents in t0e yer 2002 w0i20 re2orded 2' det0s
(6BA!% w0i20 is t0e 0ig0est nu(6er o+ det0s% & (2"A! ner (iss nd & (2."A! 22ident report +or t0e yer. D0is
ws +ollowed 6y 6 det0s (&BA!% no ner (iss nd 2 ("A! 22idents reports in t0e yer 200@. D0e 22idents
w0i20 led to t0e 0ig0est nd se2ond to t0e 0ig0est nu(6er o+ lives lost in t0ese yers o22urred s result o+ +ire
22ident in ru66er +2tory% w0i20 2li(ed 2' lives in 2002% nd t0e +ll o+ storge tn*% w0i20 trpped 6
wor*ers in 200@. 9ention (ust lso 6e (de o+ 200" nd 2006 w0ere no re2ord o+ reported 22idents were
+ound. D0is lso prtly in+or(ed t0e interview sessions o+ t0e study.
Results of Death and In%ury Pattern& and Causes of the Accidents Re'orted (!!"!#$
D6le 2; Det0 nd in7ury pttern% nd 2uses o+ t0e 22ident (2002 - 20&2!
C3)S/S #? D/3D:S 3ND 3CCID/NDS N#. #?
INE)KI/S
A o+
in7uries
N#. #?
D/3D:
A o+
det0
C3S/
?3D31IDF
K3D/
?IK/ "2 "".' 2' 6B "'.6
IN:31IN5 #? P#IS#N#)S 53S/S & &.& & 2.2 &00
?311 #? 3 :/3$F #8E/CD D)KIN5 1I?DIN5 &0 &0.@ 6 &B 60
93C:IN/KF DKI$/N 8F P#J/K &B &4 & 2.2 7.7
:#D D:/K931 ?1)ID & &.& & 2.2 &00
DK3PP/D 8F 3 9#$IN5 P3KDS #? 93C:IN/S 2 2.2 2 4.B &00
/XP1#SI#N " ".4 4 @.7 @0
/1/CDK#C)DI#N & &.& & 2.2 &00
931?)NCDI#N #? 3 93C:IN/ 2 2.2 & 2.2 "0
D#D31 'B &00 46 &00 4'."
Table structure, partly adopted from Ezenwa (001! and modified by authors" content from accident
reports collected from the #$%&'( (00)01!*
?ro( D6le 2 6ove% t0e det0 trend nd 2uses during t0e &&-yer period indi2te t0t t0e 0ig0est
nu(6er o+ det0s o22urred s result o+ +ire out6re*s% w0i20 led to "2 in7uries ("".'A! nd 2' det0s (6BA!
wit0 2se +tlity rte o+ "'.6A. Ne>t re det0s s result o+ t0e +ll o+ 0evy o67e2ts during li+ting% w0i20
2used 6 det0s (&BA!% &0 in7uries (&0.@A! wit0 2se +tlity rte o+ 60A. 3not0er (7or 2use o+ det0 during
t0e yers o+ study. ws e>plosions% w0i20 led to 4 det0s (@.7A!% " in7uries (".4A! nd 2se +tlity rte o+ @0A.
Drpping o+ wor*ers 6y (oving prts o+ (20ines led to 2 det0s (4.BA!% 2 in7uries (2.2A! w0ile in0ling o+
poisonous gses% (20inery driven 6y power% 0ot t0er(l +luids% ele2tro2ution nd (l+un2tion o+ (20ine ll
led to & det0 e20 (2.2A!
?urt0er(ore% 22ording to D6le 2% t0e t0ree 0ig0est 2uses o+ in7uries were +ire out6re*s% (20inery
driven 6y power nd +ll o+ 0evy o67e2ts during li+ting w0ile t0e t0ree 0ig0est 2uses o+ det0 were +ire
out6re*s% +ll o+ 0evy o67e2ts during li+ting nd e>plosions. D0is is in 2ontrst to si(ilr study 2ondu2ted 6y
Developing Country Studies www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-607X (Pper! ISSN 222"-0"6" (#nline!
$ol.4% No.&"% 20&4

&22
/Cenw (200&! 6etween &'@7 nd &''6% w0i20 +ound t0t t0ere were 7& det0s out o+ w0i20 (20inery driven
6y power 2used &2 (&6.'A! w0i20 rn*ed 0ig0est. D0is ws +ollowed 6y e>plosions &0 (&4.&A! nd t0en people
+lling ' (&2.6A!. It s0ould 0owever 6e noted t0t during t0e ten yers o+ t0e study 6y /Cenw (200&!% B&@B
in7uries were reported w0ile during t0e period o+ t0is study only 'B in7uries were reported. D0is re++ir(s t0t
22idents re presently under-reported in Nigeri s stted elsew0ere in t0is pper. D6le 2 lso s0ows 2se
+tlity rtes due to in0ling o+ poisonous gses% 0ot t0er(l +luids% trpping 6y (oving prts o+ (20ines nd
ele2tro2ution ll s0owing e=ul nd 0ig0est 2se +tlity rtes t &00A e20. D0is is +ollowed 6y e>plosions
(@0A!% +ll o+ 0evy o67e2ts during li+ting (60A!% +ire out6re*s ("'.6A!% (l+un2tioning o+ (20ines ("0A! nd
lstly (20ines driven 6y power (7.7A!.
D6le B s0ows t0e det0 sttisti2s 6sed on t0e type o+ industries during t0e &&-yer period. D0e ru66er
produ2ts (nu+2turing industry topped t0e list wit0 2' det0s (6BA!% "0 in7uries ("B.@A! nd 2se +tlity rte
o+ "@A wit0 totl nu(6er o+ & 22ident (2."A!. D0is ws +ollowed 6y t0e +ood pro2essing industry% w0i20
re2orded totl nu(6er o+ ' 22idents (22."A!% &2 det0s (26.&A!% 20 in7uries (2&."A! nd 2se +tlity rte o+
60A. Ce(ent produ2tion% +o( produ2tion nd t0e non-(etl (nu+2turing re2orded & 22ident e20 (2."A!
wit0 no +tlities. Petrol sttions re2orded & 22ident (2."A!% & det0 (2.2A!% & in7ury (&.&A! nd 2se +tlity
rte o+ &00A. Plsti2 re2y2lingGprodu2tion nd 6uilding 2onstru2tion sitesG2o(pnies re2orded totl nu(6er o+
B 22idents (7."A! e20. D0e plsti2 re2y2ling 22ounted +or & det0 (2.2A!% " in7uries (".4A! nd 2se +tlity
rte o+ 20A w0ile 6uilding 2onstru2tion sitesG2o(pnies 22ounted +or 7 in7uries (7."A!% nd no +tlities.
Result of Accidents in (arious Industries
D6le B; Ke2ord o+ 22idents nd det0s nd t0e type o+ industries involved +ro( 2002 to 20&2.
IND)SDKF N#. #?
3CCID/NDS
A o+
22idents
N#. #?
INE)KF
A o+ in7uries N#. #?
D/3D:S
A o+
det0s
C3S/
?3D31IDF
K3D/
?##D PK#C/SSIN5 ' 22." 20 2&." &2 26.& 60
93N)?3CD)KIN5 #?
K)88/K PK#D)CDS
& 2." "0 "B.@ 2' 6B "@
P/DK#1 SD3DI#NS & 2." & &.& & 2.2 &00
P13SDIC
PK#DCDI#NGK/CFC1IN5
B 7." " ".4 & 2.2 20
SD//1GPIP/ 9I11S 4 &0 " ".4 - -
8)I1DIN5
C#NSDK)CDI#N
SID/SGC#9P3NI/S
B 7." 7 7." - -
N#N-9/D31
93N)?3CD)KIN5 (DI1/S!
& 2." & &.& - -
?#39 PK#D)CDI#N & 2." - - -
C#P/K3D/
/SD381IS:9/ND
& 2." & &.& & 2.2 &00
?38KIC3D/D 9/D31
PK#D)CDS
& 2." 2 2.2 2 4.B &00
C/9/ND PK#D)CDI#N & 2." & &.& - -
)N.N#JN &4 B" - - -
D#D31 40 &00 'B &00 46 &00 4'."

Table structure, partly adopted from Ezenwa (001! and modified by authors" content from accident reports
collected from the #$%&'( (00)01!*
D0e 0ig0est 2se +tlity rte o22urred in t0e petrol +illing sttions% 2ooperte est6lis0(ent nd
+6ri2ted (etl produ2tion industry wit0 &00A +tlity rte e20. D0ese were +ollowed 2losely 6y +ood
pro2essing industry (60A!% ru66er produ2ts industry ("@A! nd plsti2 produ2tion nd re2y2ling (20A!.

Result of Accident Causal Factor
D6le 4; 322ident 2usl +2tors (2002-20&2!
322ident 2usl +2tors ?re=uen2y Per2entge
)ns+e 2ts 9gt. ?2tor @ 40
:u(n +2tor &2 60
)ns+e 2onditions 9gt. ?2tor B' 7@
:u(n +2tor && 22
Ke(ote or 2ontri6utory +2tors 9gt. ?2tor 42 '&.B
:u(n +2tor 4 @.7
(esi+ned by authors
Developing Country Studies www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-607X (Pper! ISSN 222"-0"6" (#nline!
$ol.4% No.&"% 20&4

&2B
?ro( D6le 4% it 2n 6e seen t0t t0e 60A o+ uns+e 2ts t0t were reported during t0e && yer period
were due to 0u(n +2tors nd t0ese in2lude; e(ployees 0urrying up to +inis0 t0e ts* on ti(e% 2utting 2orners to
in2rese produ2tivity et2. :owever% t0is (y 6e due to pressure +ro( (nge(ent or 0ig0 wor*lod% designting
untrined or ine>perien2ed e(ployees to 2tivities t0t t0ey re not 2o(petent +or. D0e ltter 22ounts +or 40 A
o+ t0e 22idents reported to t0e ?91PID% 0en2e (nge(entIs uns+e 2t.
9oreover% it 2n 6e seen +ro( D6le 4 t0t under uns+e 2onditions% 7@A o+ t0e 22idents reported
during t0e &&-yer period were due to (nge(ent +2tors. D0ese 2ould 6e due to (nge(ent using uns+e
e=uip(ent% using o6solete (20ines% +ilure to isolte (l+un2tioning li+t or restri2t t0e use o+ t0e li+t. #n t0e
ot0er 0nd% (intenn2e wor*s 6eing 2rried out wit0out (20ine 6eing swit20ed o++% w0i20 is one o+ t0e 0u(n
+2tors reported% 22ounted +or 22A.
In ter(s o+ re(ote nd 2ontri6utory 2uses o+ t0e 22idents reported% (nge(ent +2tors 22ounted +or
'&.BA nd t0ese in2lude; inde=ute trining% 0en2e low level o+ wreness% l2* o+ supervision. In ddition%
0u(n +2tors% w0i20 22ounted +or @.7A in2lude; +ilure o+ e(ployees to ttend trining sessions. 12* o+
trining ws t0e 0ig0est o22urring re(ote or 2ontri6utory +2tors o+ t0e reported 22idents (t0is prtly in+or(ed
t0e interview sessions!% +ollowed 6y l2* o+ supervision. D0e use o+ o6solete (20ines 22ounts +or 6out "0A
o+ t0e (nge(ent +2tors in ter(s o+ uns+e 2onditions.

Inter)ention Pattern
D0e dt 2olle2ted in+or(ed t0e en+or2e(ent pyr(id o+ t0e ?91PID in ?igure &. It s0ows t0t
t0roug0out t0e &&-yer period 2overed 6y t0is study% t0ere ws 7ust one prose2ution% &0 wrnings issued to
o++enders% @ s+ety pre2ution re2o((endtions% & 2se t0t ws yet to 6e investigted% nd no re2orded 2tions
t*en +or t0e rest. ?ro( t0e pyr(id 6elow (?ig. &!% it 2n 6e seen t0t t0e ?91PID dopts t0e lower sn2tion
6se level in t0e pyr(id% w0i20 is 2onsistent wit0 (ost +ood s+ety en+or2e(ent gen2ies (lo2l ut0orities! s
posited 6y ?ir(n nd Fpp (200"!. ?ro( t0e 2riti2l nlysis o+ t0e dt 2olle2ted% it is evident t0t (ost i+ not
ll t0e o++enders +or t0e &&-yer period 6re20ed se2tion B o+ t0e ?2tories 32t ?& 1?N 2004$



























?ig; &; /n+or2e(ent pyr(id o+ Nigeri 6sed on reported 22idents (2002-20&2!.
,tructure, adopted from -yres and .raithwaite (1//! and modified by authors*

It re=uires t0e registrtion o+ pre(ises wit0 t0e Dire2tor o+ ?2tories 6e+ore t0e 2o((en2e(ent o+
6usiness or t lest 6 (ont0s +ter 2o((en2e(ent% 6ut no re2ord o+ penlties ws +ound +or t0is violtion.
3dditionlly% t0e nlysis lso +ound t0t @0A o+ t0e 22idents 0ppen t nig0t nd (ost resulted to +tlities or
1i2ense
revo2tion; 0

1i2ense
revo2tion; 0
1i2ense suspension; 0
Cri(inl penlty; & re2orded
Civil penlty; none re2orded
Jrning letters; &0 wrnings issued
Persusion; @ s+ety pre2ution re2o((endtions

Developing Country Studies www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-607X (Pper! ISSN 222"-0"6" (#nline!
$ol.4% No.&"% 20&4

&24
s result o+ lone wor*ing. '2A o+ t0e 22ident reported *ept t0e vi2ti(s out o+ wor* +or (ore t0n " dys or
even per(nently out o+ wor*. In generl% t0e dt 2olle2ted s0ows lower rte o+ reported 22idents 2o(pred
wit0 w0t /Cenw (200&! presents% w0eres t0ere 0s 6een no re2ord o+ redu2tion in t0e rte o+ 22idents in
Nigeri% rt0er n in2rese. D0is se2tion o+ t0e result lso prtly in+or(ed t0e se2ond (et0od o+ t0e reser20
w0ere &0 o++i2ers were interviewed so s to understnd t0e underlying deter(innts o+ t0e level o+ sn2tions.

Results of Selected Inter)ie*s
D0e su6-se2tion 6elow presents t0e results o+ t0e interviews so s to understnd t0e intervention pttern.
IntervieweesI responses to w0y orgnistions t0t 6re20ed t0e se2tion B o+ t0e ?2tories 32t o+ 2004 were not
prose2uted vried. 3lso% l2* o+ trining in t0e wor*pl2es reported% is 0ig0ly 2ontri6utory +2tor to 22idents%
6ut t0e interviewees 2ould not de(onstrte de=ute provisions in pl2e to re2ti+y t0e 6ove. In ter(s o+
en+or2e(ent% t0e pyr(id 6ove s0ows greter 2on2entrtion on low levels o+ sn2tions. D0e interviewees
6l(ed it on t0e legl syste( on2e gin nd prose2ution syste(% opining t0t t0e pro2ess o+ prose2ution is not
+riendly. Jorse still% (ost o+ t0e interviewees were un6le to de(onstrte t0e rtionle 6e0ind t0e non-
sn2tioning o+ t0e o++enders.
#ne o+ t0e respondents 0owever% stted%
L0e lea1e the sanctions to the mana+ement of the ministry" the #actories -ct stipulates just 000 Naira (i.e
M7.40 w0ere M& N 270 Nir! for the offence2% w0ile not0er stted% LThe process of prosecution is the problem* '
can remember that sometime a+o, durin+ enforcement, the then $inister, called our (irector and told him to
pull his men out of site as he has interest in the site2*
D0e site in =uestion ws 6eing inspe2ted nd 0d violted (ost o+ t0e regultions. 3not0er respondent stted;
LThe decision to prosecute is on the mana+ement, the mana+ement decides who will be prosecuted2
#n t0e ot0er 0nd% not0er respondent e>pnded;
L0e do not want to scare off those that co)operate with us a little* 0e want to +et them to do what we want
+radually* 'f we are hard on them, they would not co)operate with us a+ain* They can e1en lea1e us at the +ate if
we 1isit for inspections, after all, we do not ha1e police men with us durin+ inspection*2
D0e pro2ess o+ reported 22idents (y 6e 2ontri6utory +2tor to t0e low level o+ 22ident reporting in Nigeri.
D0ere+ore% to understnd t0e p0eno(enon% t0e interviewees were s*ed 6out it nd t0e low level o+ reported
22idents. D0e intervieweesI responses de(onstrted de=ute o++i2il pro2edure +or 22ident reporting. D0e
=uestion s to t0e e++i22y o+ t0e pro2edure re(ins n issue t0t is wort0 investigting. In reltion to t0eir
per2eption +or t0e low level o+ reported 22idents% one respondent stted;
LThe low le1el of accident reported is due to low le1el of publicity* -lso, most times companies do not report
accidents because they want to a1oid compensatin+ 1ictims* 't is the affected employee that comes to inform the
ministry and then the ministry writes the company2.

%iscussion
3nlogous to% 3de (&''B! in /Cenw (200&!% w0i20 presents 0ig0 2se +tlity rte o+ "2." +or /gypt%
is t0is study w0i20 s0ows t0t +ro( 2002 to 20&2% 40 22idents were reported to t0e ?91PID in w0i20 t0e
+ollowing were re2orded; 'B in7uries% 46 det0s% 4 ner (isses nd 0ig0 2se +tlity rte o+ 4'.". 3lt0oug0 t0e
6ove is 7ust tip o+ t0e i2e6erg o+ t0e level o+ 22idents in Nigeri (/Cenw% 200&!% t0e +indings s0ow
signi+i2nt in2rese in 2se +tlity rte in Nigeri% in t0t /Cenw (200&! s0ows 2se +tlity rte o+ 2.2 +or
&0-yer period (&'@7-&''6!. Nevert0eless% it s0ould 6e noted t0t vil6ility o+ dt re(ins 0indrn2e to
#:S in developing 2ountries (Diugwu et l.% 20&2- /Cenw% 200&- Idoro% 200@- Idu6or 4 #si(o7e% 20&2-
)(eo*+or et l.% 20&B!% t0us ++e2ting 20ieving one o+ t0e o67e2tives o+ t0is reser20. Nevert0eless% t0e
+indings +ro( t0is study suggest signi+i2nt redu2tion in t0e rte o+ 22idents reported to t0e ?91PID
2o(pred wit0 w0t /Cenw (200&! reports.
In prti2ulr% t0e dt in D6le & de(onstrtes t0t t0ere re no re2ords o+ reported 22idents +or 200"
nd 2006. #6viously% 22idents re 0ig0ly li*ely to 0ve o22urred 6ut (y not 0ve 6een reported- i+ reported%
t0ey were not do2u(ented 6y t0e relevnt ut0ority. 3rgu(ents (ust 6e rised in ter(s o+ 22ident nd det0
trend in D6le 2% w0ere ele2tro2ution% trpping o+ persons 6y (oving prts o+ (20ines% in0ltion o+ poisonous
gses% 0ot t0er(l +luid 22ount +or 2se +tlity rte o+ &00A e20- de(onstrting t0e 0ig0 degree o+ +tl
potentility o+ t0ese ris*s. 3lt0oug0 t0ey 22ount +or lower nu(6er o+ det0s nd in7uries% t0e li*eli0ood o+
survivl on e>posure to su20 0Crds is sli(. D0ere+ore% it is suggested t0t industries wit0 e(ployees t ris* o+
in7ury or det0 due to t0e 6ove s0ould develop e++e2tive strtegies to 2ontrol t0e ris*s. 3lt0oug0 +ire does not
re2ord 2se +tlity rte o+ &00% it re(ins n re o+ 2on2ern s t0e d(ges in ter(s o+ lives nd properties
re dunting. D0e s(e 2n 6e sid o+ industries li*e petrol sttions% 2ooperte est6lis0(ents% +6ri2tors o+
(etls produ2ts% w0ere 2se +tlity rtes o+ &00 were re2orded (D6le B!. D0is de(onstrtes t0e 0ig0-ris* levels
o+ t0ese industries- not +orgetting t0e (nu+2turers o+ ru66er produ2ts% w0ere t0e 0ig0est nu(6er o+ in7uries ws
re2orded nd t0e +ood pro2essing industry% w0ere t0e 0ig0est nu(6er o+ det0s ws re2orded. 3lt0oug0 t0e
Developing Country Studies www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-607X (Pper! ISSN 222"-0"6" (#nline!
$ol.4% No.&"% 20&4

&2"
in2ident in t0e 2ooperte est6lis0(ent is not regulr o22urren2e (use o+ dys+un2tionl li+t t0t ws le+t
unse2ured!% t0e degree o+ negligen2e re(ins 2onspi2uous nd poses gret 2on2ern.
Consistent wit0 #dero (200"!% w0i20 +ound t0t 0u(n +2tors were responsi6le +or @"A o+ t0e 2uses
o+ t0e rod 22idents in .eny% is t0is study% w0i20 +ound t0t @0A o+ uns+e 2ts% 22A +or uns+e 2onditions nd
@.7 +or re(ote or 2ontri6utory +2tors. D0e 2ontention 6eing t0t t0e 2ontri6ution o+ 0u(n +2tors to 22idents
re(ins signi+i2nt. D0is study lso reports t0t @0A o+ t0e 22idents o22urred t nig0t.
In ter(s o+ t0e level o+ sn2tions s seen in t0e en+or2e(ent pyr(id in ?igure &% t0e ?91PID
2on2entrtes (ore on issuing wrnings nd s+ety pre2ution re2o((endtions% w0ile one reported 22ident s
seen elsew0ere in t0is pper is yet to 6e investigted. D0us% de(onstrting t0t t0e ?91PID does not t*e
22ident investigtion seriously% s t0e eviden2e in reltion to t0e in2ident (y 0ve 6een t(pered wit0 or even
destroyed 6y t0e o++enders. 3lso% t0e results s0ow t0t t0ere is no re2ord o+ sn2tionGprose2ution +or violtion o+
se2tion B o+ t0e ?2tories 32t ?& 1?N 2004% w0i20 (ost o+ t0e o++enders violted. Conse=uently% rgu(ents 2n
6e (de t0t lt0oug0 t0e ?2tories 32t ?& 1?N 2004 stipultes penlities o+ i(prison(ent nd +ines or ny o+
t0e two depending on durtion o+ 2ontrvention o+ t0e legisltion% t0e dt 2olle2ted s0ows no re2ord o+ t0e
?91PID sn2tioning t0e o++enders% w0i20 t0ey 2on+ir(ed during t0e interview. D0is re++ir(s #*o7ie (20&0!
+indings t0t en+ro2e(ent 2tions% in prti2ulr t0e issuing o+ pro0i6ition noti2es is rre in Nigeri. ?2toring in
t0t t0e interventions e>plored re re2tive ones% t0us does not report pro2tive ones% gree(ent (ust 6e (de
t0t i+ re2tive interventions 22ount +or t0e result in ?igure &% t0en little 2n 6e sid o+ pro2tive interventions
(i.e. i+ it o22urs!.
?urt0er(ore% t0e responses o+ t0e interviewees do suggest l2* o+ (nge(ent 2o((it(ent% w0i20 is
2onsistent wit0 Idu6or nd #si(o7e% (20&2!- )(eo*+or et l. (20&4!. D0is is on t0e grounds t0t (ost
respondents ttest to t0e prose2ution de2ision 6eing on t0e (nge(ent% w0o 2n 6e seen s lgging 6e0ind. D0e
6ove rgu(ents +2tored in% llude t0e in+eren2e o+ t0e signi+i2nt evident de2y in t0e upstre( pu6li2 entity
se2tor o+ #:S in Nigeri- t0is is irrespe2tive o+ rgu(ents t0t (y 6e in +vour o+ t0e ?91PID. /=ully
i(portnt is response 6y respondent t0t t0ey void s2ring o++ orgnistions t0t 2o-operte wit0 t0e(
little (see results se2tion!. 3lt0oug0 t0is is 2onsistent wit0 8enign 8ig 5un p0ilosop0y 6y 3yres nd 8rit0wite
(&''2!% w0i20 re2ognises t0e prospe2ts o+ t0e regultor 2rrying 6ig sti2*s (ie.% 0ving enor(ous power! 6ut
spe*ing so+tly% 0en2e 0rdly using t0e sti2*s- it s0ould not pply to 2ornerstone regultions nd w0ere #:S is
pro6le(ti2. In t0t sele2tive 2o(plin2e wit0 #:S regultions is tnt(ount to non-2o(plin2e% 0en2e
2o(plin2e s0ould 6e non-negoti6le. :owever% it 2n 6e rgued t0t t0e ?91PID plys down uns+e pr2ti2es
s t0e 6ove ug(ents de(onstrte. D0e poor stte o+ #:S in Nigeri (Idu6or 4 #si(o7e% 20&2- )(eo*+or et.
l.% 20&4! re=uires (ore t0n s+ety pre2utions% re2o((endtions nd wrning. D0is en+or2e(ent ppro20 (y
6e de=ute in situtions were #:S syste( is +un2tionl nd t0e level o+ #:S is not poor% 6ut it s0ould 6e +or
s0ort period o+ ti(e nd (onitored to void 6eing 6used. It (ust 6e (entioned t0t t0e interviewees 6l(e
inde=ute pu6li2ity s deterren2e to 22ident reporting- t0is is in line Diugwu et l. (20&2!% w0o +ound t0t
7'."A o+ t0eir respondents re not wre o+ t0e 2ustodin o+ #:S in Nigeri. 3s result% little is e>pe2ted o+
t0ese orgnistions in ter(s o+ 22ident reporting ()(eo*+or et l.% 20&B!. Nevert0eless% it is evident t0t t0e
?91PID needs regenertion o+ ttri6ute.
9enw0ile% it is not enoug0 to identi+y t0e 2uses o+ 22idents% s 2usl +2tors w0i20 en2o(pss; uns+e
2ts% uns+e 2onditions nd re(ote or 2ontri6utory +2tors re t0e root o+ 22idents- ll o+ w0i20 re (nge(ent
(de or 0u(n (de. D0ere+ore% i+ situtionl nlysis 0ig0lig0ts t0e(% t0e 20in o+ events nd t0e inter2tion
6etween t0e events nd t0e 2usl +2tors will 6e understood% t0us digging deep into 22ident investigtion (Inel
4Inel% &''"!. Conse=uently% re+erring to D6le 4% t0e 2se studies 6elow de(onstrte t0e 22ident 2usl +2tors%
w0i20 in2lude re(ote +2tors nd 2ontri6utory +2tors.
&. "0 wor*ers were in7ured% 2' o+ w0i20 lter died o+ severe 6urns s t0ey were trpped during +ire%
w0i20 strted t t0e rw (terils store o+ ru66er +ootwer +2tory% 2onse=uently resulting in series o+
e>plosions. D0e es2pe routes were 6lo2*ed. )ns+e 2onditions +or wor* provided 6y t0e (nge(ent
su20 s lo2ting o+ ste( 6oilers wit0in t0e (in produ2tion 0ll% 6sen2e o+ +ire dete2tors% +ire lr( nd
wter 0ydrnt were reported +ter investigting t0e 22ident. D0e (7or uns+e 2ondition noti2ed ws t0e
+ilure o+ t0e (nge(ent to isolte nd prtilly 2o(prt(entlise t0e +l((6le (terils store% w0ile
poor 2o((uni2tion due to lnguge 6rrier 6etween t0e supervisors (C0inese! nd t0e wor*ers
(Nigerins! ws t0e re(ote nd 2ontri6utory +2tor.
2. 3 wor*er su++ered 2rus0 in7ury to t0e 0ed nd ws 2erti+ied ded upon rrivl t t0e 0ospitl. D0e
s(e wor*er ws e(ployed in (etlising nd p2*ging 2o(pny nd ws deployed +ter " dys to
wor* wit0 6low-(olding (20ine during nig0t s0i+t wit0out prior trining% w0i20 is (7or 2usl
+2tor o+ t0e 22ident. #t0ers in2lude; leving t0e wor*er to wor* lone- 6sen2e o+ +irst id% w0i20 (y
0ve 0elped sve t0e li+e o+ t0e wor*er s stted in t0e report- l2* o+ supervision- no s+ety instru2tions
on t0e (20ine. D0ese t0ere+ore rein+or2e t0e role o+ (nge(ent 2usl +2tors in t0e in2ident.
B. 3 lone wor*er in n tte(pt to re(ove dirty prti2les +ro( (20ine 0e ws wor*ing wit0 lost 0is rig0t
Developing Country Studies www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-607X (Pper! ISSN 222"-0"6" (#nline!
$ol.4% No.&"% 20&4

&26
inde> +inger to t0e (20ine w0ile 0is pl( ws prtly in7ured. D0e 2usl +2tor o+ t0e 22ident is t0e
uns+e 2t on t0e prt o+ t0e wor*er w0o s0ould 0ve swit20ed o++ t0e (20ine 6e+ore tte(pting to
re(ove t0e prti2les. D0e re(ote or 2ontri6utory +2tors re t0e ignorn2e o+ t0e wor*er in reltion to
6si2 0elt0 nd s+ety w0ile using t0e (20ine nd t0e l2* o+ supervision o+ wor*ers 6y t0e
(nge(ent.
3s regrds 2se &% (ost o+ t0e 22ident 2usl +2tors re (nge(ent +2tors. D0is is on t0e grounds t0t
de=ute 2o((uni2tion% (7or ingredient +or e++e2tive (nge(ent s0ould 6e in pl2e in t0e orgnistion- t0e
t0ree ste( 6oilers s0ould not 6e lo2ted in t0e produ2tion 0ll% s t0ey endnger t0e lives o+ t0e wor*ers in ny
2se o+ e>plosion- +ire dete2tors% +ire +ig0ting e=uip(ent li*e +ire e>tinguis0er nd wter 0ydrnts nd sprin*lers
s0ould 0ve 6een in t0e +2tory. 3s (u20 s (ost o+ t0ese re due to (nge(ent +ilures% t0e ?91PID s0ould
0ve o6served (ost o+ t0ese% espe2illy t0e ltter point 6ove i+ t0ere 0s 6een de=ute #:S (nge(ent
(onitoring 6y t0e(. Si(ilr to 2se & is 2se 2% w0ere t0e 22ident 2usl +2tors re due to (nge(ent +2tors
in t0t newly e(ployed st++ s0ould not 6e lone wor*er- de=ute supervision nd trining% de=ute +irst id
s0ould 0ve 6een in pl2e. D0e uns+e 2ondition o+ t0e (20ine% w0i20 0s no s+ety instru2tion% suggests t0t
t0e (20ine (y 0ve 6een n old (20ine or (y 0ve +llen o++% s new (20ines will 0ve s+ety
instru2tions s spe2i+ied in interntionl stndrds. ?urt0er rgu(ents re (de in +vour o+ t0e (nge(ent s
per 2se B% in t0t 0u(n +2tors% w0i20 re non-d0eren2e to instru2tions% trying to 2ut 2orners re to 6l(e +or
t0e 22ident. :owever% l2* o+ supervision% w0i20 is t0e responsi6ility o+ t0e (nge(ent% is lso 2ontri6utory
+2tor.

Conclusion and reco&&endations
Co(pred to /Cenw (200&!% t0is study de(onstrtes t0t in Nigeri; 22idents re still under-reported-
+tlity% in7ury nd 22ident rtes re in2resing- (nge(ent 2o((it(ents to 22ident prevention re(in poor.
D0e ltter rgu6ly 2ontri6utes 0ugely to 22ident 2ustion. It goes +urt0er to de(onstrte t0t t0e 2ustodin o+
#:S in Nigeri dopts insigni+i2nt sn2tions +or o++en2es. In t0t irrespe2tive o+ o++en2e% (inly s+ety
pre2ution re2o((endtions nd wrnings were issued 6y t0e ?91PID% overloo*ing (ny 2ses o+ violtion o+
#:S legisltion. 3lt0oug0 t0e legisltion is inde=ute% s 2ustodin o+ #:S% nd wit0 t0e 0ig0 2se +tlity
rte in t0e 2ountry% t0eir opertions s0ould i( t 6est pr2ti2es. 9ost signi+i2ntly% t0is study revels t0t +or t0e
&&-yer study period; +ire 22ounted +or t0e 0ig0est nu(6er o+ det0s nd in7uries% (nu+2tures o+ ru66er
produ2ts 22ounted +or t0e 0ig0est nu(6er o+ det0s nd in7uries- l2* o+ trining ws t0e 0ig0est o22urring
22ident 2usl +2tor. D0e +indings t0t t0e intervention strtegies dopted 6y t0e ?91PID re(ins inde=ute
nd t0t t0e #:S legisltion is inde=ute re well 0ig0lig0ted in t0is pper. ?2toring ll t0t t0is pper 0s
de(onstrted so +r% nu(6er o+ (ngeril nd poli2y i(pli2tions re set +ort0. D0ese in2lude; doption o+
(ore prg(ti2 en+or2e(ent ppro20% w0ere deterren2e 6sed ppro20 (i.e.% severe sn2tion oriented! nd
syste( (nge(ent ppro20 re 2o(6ined- stipulting dedline +or d0ering to post-inspe2tion
re2o((endtions set-out 6y ?91IPD- develop(ent nd doption o+ +ree (o6ile 22ident reporting syste( +or
vi2ti(s nd t0eir 7o6s prote2ted upon reporting 22idents. 1i*ewise% 2tive govern(entl involve(ent is soli2ited
in developing de=ute strtegies +or 22ident prevention. 3lt0oug0 li*e every study% t0is study 0s en2ountered
so(e li(ittions t0t in2lude dert0 o+ #:S dt% (et0odologi2l tringultion ws dopted +or 2ross-vlidtion
o+ dt nd +or 6etter understnding o+ t0e p0eno(en. :owever% +uture reser20 2n +o2us on i(proving
22ident reporting in Nigeri nd understnding t0e intervention pro2ess o+ ?91PID.

Ac'noledge&ent
D0e ut0ors wis0 to t0n* t0e ?ederl 9inistry nd 16our nd Produ2tivity (Inspe2torte Division! Nigeri +or
providing t0e dt +or t0e study nd Nedselite S+ety Interntionl +or 0elping in dt 2olle2tion.

#eferences
3yres% I. nd 8rit0wite% E. (&''2!. 3esponsi1e re+ulation4 Transcendin+ the dere+ulation debate* New For*;
#>+ord )niversity Press.
DenCin% N... (&'70!. The research act in sociolo+y4 - theoretical introduction to sociolo+ical $ethods* 1ondon;
8utterwort0s.
Diugwu% I. 3.% 86% D. 1.% nd /gil% 3. /. (20&2!. /++e2tive regultion nd level o+ wreness; 3n e>pose o+
t0e NigeriIs 2onstru2tion industry. 5pen 6ournal of ,afety ,cience and Technolo+y. 2% pp &40-&46.
/Cenw% #.3. (200&!. 3 study o+ +tl in7uries in Nigerin +2tories. 5ccupational $edicine. "&(@!% 4@"-4@'.
?ir(n% K. nd Fpp% C. (200"!. /n+or2ed sel+-regultion% pres2ription% nd 2on2eptions o+ 2o(plin2e wit0in
s(ll 8usiness; D0e i(p2t o+ en+or2e(ent. %aw and &olicy% 27 (4!.
:(linen% P.% D*l% E.% nd Srel% ..% 1. (2006! 5lo6l esti(tes o+ o22uptionl 22idents. ,afety ,cience.
44% &B7O&"6.
Idoro% 5. I. (200@!. :elt0 nd s+ety (nge(ent e++orts s 2orreltes o+ per+or(n2e in t0e Nigerin
Developing Country Studies www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-607X (Pper! ISSN 222"-0"6" (#nline!
$ol.4% No.&"% 20&4

&27
2onstru2tion industry. 6ournal of 7i1il En+ineerin+ and $ana+ement. &4 (4!% 277-2@".
Idu6or% /. /.% 4 #is(o7e% 9. D. (20&B!. 3n e>plortion o+ 0elt0 nd s+ety (nge(ent issues in NigeriIs
e++orts to industriliCe. European ,cientific 6ournal% ' (&2!% &"4-&6'.
Inel E.K. 8. nd Inel% E.1. C. (&''"!. /vents nd 2usl +2tors nlysis. De20ni2l 3esearch and -nalysis 7enter
,7'ENTE78, 'nc. Ketrieved +ro( 0ttp;GGwww.7*ltd.netGtr2&4.pd+
#dero% J. (&''"!. Kod tr++i2 22idents in .eny; 3n epide(iologi2l pprisl. East -frican medical
6ournal 72 ("!% 2''-B0".
#C/D #rgnistion +or /2ono(i2 Co-opertion nd Develop(ent. (2002!
L-frican Economic 5utlook2. Ketrived +ro( 0ttp;GGwww.oe2d.orgG2ountriesGnigeriG&@2620@.pd+
#*o7ie% #. (20&0!. Syste( +or reporting o22uptionl diseses in Nigeri. -frican Newsletter on 5ccupational
8ealth and ,afety% 20 (B!% "&-"B.
.ipo% D.D. (20&B!. 9i>ed reser20 (et0ods; Ke+le2tions on so2il poli2y. -sian ,ocial ,cience ' (&7!% 2"'-26@.
Nigerin Ntionl 8ureu o+ Sttisti2s (20&4!. $easurin+ better4 presentation of preliminary results of the
rebased nominal +ross domestic product (9(&! estimates for Ni+eria 010 to 01:* Ketrieved +ro(
0ttp;GGwww.nigerinstt.gov.ngGpgesGN8SA20e1i6rryPQ
)(eo*+or% N.% Is2% D.% Eones% .. 5.% 4 )(edi% 8. (20&B!. Enforcement of occupational safety and health
re+ulations in Ni+eria4 -n e;ploration* Pro2eedings o+ t0e &st Interntionl S2ienti+i2 ?oru(% B; '2-&0B.
)(eo*+or% N. I.% )(edi% 8.% 4 Eones% ..5. (20&4!. 7ompliance with 5ccupational 8ealth and ,afety
3e+ulations4 - 3e1iew of Ni+eria2s 7onstruction 'ndustry. In /7o0wo(u% #. 4 #s0odi% #. (eds! pro2eedings o+
t0e Brd Interntionl Con+eren2e on In+rstru2ture Develop(ent in 3+ri2 ICDI3 20&4% pp 70-@4.




















The IISTE is a pioneer in the Open-Access hosting service and academic event
management. The aim of the firm is Accelerating Global Knowledge Sharing.

More information about the firm can be found on the homepage:
http://www.iiste.org

CALL FOR JOURNAL PAPERS
There are more than 30 peer-reviewed academic journals hosted under the hosting
platform.
Prospective authors of journals can find the submission instruction on the
following page: http://www.iiste.org/journals/ All the journals articles are available
online to the readers all over the world without financial, legal, or technical barriers
other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. Paper version
of the journals is also available upon request of readers and authors.

MORE RESOURCES
Book publication information: http://www.iiste.org/book/

IISTE Knowledge Sharing Partners
EBSCO, Index Copernicus, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, JournalTOCS, PKP Open
Archives Harvester, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, Elektronische
Zeitschriftenbibliothek EZB, Open J-Gate, OCLC WorldCat, Universe Digtial
Library , NewJour, Google Scholar

You might also like