Lab manual

MEC 221
Machine dynamics labortary







Lovely Professional University


INDEX
S. No. Experiment Page no.
1 To determine gyroscopic couple on motorised gyroscope. 3
2 To perform experiment on static and dynamic balancing machine. 4
3 Determination of moment of inertia of connecting rod by compound 5
4
To study pressure of lubricating oil at different loads in journal bearing
apparatus.

6
5
To find experimentally the coriolis component of acceleration and
compare with theoretical value.

7
6
To draw experimentally a curve of follower displacement vs. cam
angles by using cam analysis apparatus.

8
7 Study of inversion of single slider crank mechanism 10
8 To study different types of brakes. 12
9
To perform experiment on watt and porter governors and to prepare
performance characteristic curves and to find stability and sensitivity.
14
10
To perform experiment on proell governor to prepare performance
characteristic curves and to find stability and sensitivity.

15
11
To perform experiment on Hartnell governor to prepare performance
Characteristic curves and to find stability and sensitivity.
16
MEC221 3


Experiment no. 1: To determine gyroscopic couple on motorised gyroscope.
1. Equipment Required: Rotary Apparatus, Driving motor, Tachometer
2. Material Required: String.
3. Learning Objectives: To introduce students to the theoretical basis and practical working
of gyroscopic systems.

Figure 1: Motorised gyroscope
4. Outline of the Procedure:
a. Arrange the apparatus.
b. Connect the motor to Gyroscopic apparatus.
c. Balance the gyroscope.
d. Measure the frequency/speed.
e. Find the variable and table them.
5. Required Results:
Parameters: Frequency and Speed
Relationship: T= I
Graphs: To Observe the variables and to try to find relation between them
6. Cautions: Unbalanced dynamic forces are very dangerous. Do not operate without guidance of
tutor.
7. Learning Outcomes: written by the students in 50-70 words.



MEC221 4


Experiment no. 2: To perform experiment on static and dynamic balancing machine.
1. Equipment required: Rotary Apparatus having different planes, Driving motor, Different
Masses
Material required : Pins
2. Learning Objectives: To determine the angular position and mass and radius in specified
planes of balancing masses .

Figure 1: Static and dynamic balancing.
3. Outline of the Procedure:
a. Arrange the apparatus.
b. Connect the motor to shaft.
c. Mount the masses on rotating planes on pins
d. Balance the masses by rotating the shaft.
e. Find the variable and draw them
4. Results required:
Parameters: W, X , Angle of rotation
Relationship: Observe the variables and try to find relation between them
5. Cautions: Unbalanced dynamic forces are very dangerous. Do not operate without guidance of
tutor
6. Learning Outcomes: written by the students in 50-70 words

MEC221 5


Experiment no.3: Determination of moment of inertia of connecting rod by compound
pendulum method.
1.Equipment required: simple pendulum arrangement.
This experiment is similar to trifiler pendulum, but this is much simpler in the sense that it
does not require the knowledge of C.G. the arrangement has a knife edge suspension over
which the connecting rod is suspended and its time period of oscillation is measured.
2.Procedure:
First find out the mass M of connecting rod and measure the end to end distance (a+b)
between the big end and small end bearing as shown in figure below. Suspend the connecting
rod from big end bearing side and note the time period T
a
of oscillation. Similarly repeat it for
small end bearing side and note time period T
b.


Also from (a+b) is known. From these relations, find K and a, calculate the moment of
inertia using I = M*K
2
. The calculated value of a gives the location of centre of gravity of
connecting rod from big end bearing.

Figure 1: Connecting rod
3. Learning outcomes: written by students in 60-70 words.




MEC221 6

Experiment no. 4: To study pressure of lubricating oil at different loads in journal bearing
apparatus.
1. Utilities required: lubricating oil SAE-40 (4 litrs.),
Power supply: 220 v AC single phase.
Floor space: 0.75*1.5*3.75 m.
2. Experiment procedure:
a) Fill the oil tank with lubricating oil SAE-40 upto half of the level.
b) Drain out the air from all tubes on manometer and check level balance with supply
level.
c) Check some oil leakage is there. Some leakage of oil is necessary for cooling
purposes.
d) Check the direction of rotation and increase the speed of the motor slowly.
e) Set the speed and let the journal run for about 15 minutes to achieve the steady
state.
f) Add the required loads and keep the balancing rod in horizontal position by
moving balancing weight on the rod and observe the steady levels.
g) When the manometer levels have settled down, take the pressure reading on 1-12
manometer tubes. For circumferential pressure distribution and a,b,12,c and d
tubes for axial pressure distribution.
h) Repeat the experiment for various speeds and loads.
i) After the test is over, set dimmer to zero position and switch off main supply.
j) Let settle down oil level in manometer tubes.
k) Note down the reading of settled level in manometer tubes.
3. Precautions and maintenance instructions:
a) Do not run the motor at low voltage.
b) Do not increase the speed gradually.
c) Do not run the journal and bearing without lubricant oil.
d) Use clean lubricating oil.
e) Keep apparatus clean from dust.
4. Trouble shooting:
A) If main light is not ON, check main switch.
B) If the motor is not working, check the rotary switch and dimmer state.
C) If oil is not passing through any hole, check the hole.
5. Learning Outcomes: written by the students in 50-70 words.




MEC221 7

Experiment no. 5: To find experimentally the coriolis component of acceleration and
compare with theoretical value.
1. Equipment required: rotating block, variable speed motor.
2. Learning objectives: study of this experiment involves understanding of acceleration
components including coriolis component in quick return mechanism.
3. Outline of the procedure:
a) clean the mechanism.
b) rotate the block with water flowing in the block.
c) rotate block with different speeds.
e) measure the coriolis component of acceleration by torque arm and spring.
f) repeat the procedure for different speeds.
4. Scope of the result expected
1. Calculate the coriolis component at different speeds.
2. draw plot between coriolis component vs. speed of crank.
3. Conclusions.
5. Learning outcomes: written by students in 60-70 words.














MEC221 8

Experiment no. 6: To draw experimentally a curve of follower displacement vs. cam
angles by using cam analysis apparatus.
1. Equipment required: Cam analysis
Utilities required: Bench area: 0.6 x 0.33m.
Power supply: 180 volts DC single phase 5 amp. Socket.
2. Learning Objective:
1. Learn the relationship between the follower displacement and the angle through
which the cam rotates
2. Understanding the jump speed and the jump phenomenon thoroughly.
3. Outline of Procedure:
Fix the required cam & follower assembly on the apparatus. Fix the dial gauge at the top of
follower shaft to get the follower displacement. To find out the angular displacement, rotate
the cam manually. Note the angular displacement of cam and vertical displacement of the
follower with the help of protector & dial gauge respectively. Draw the (follower
displacement Vs rotation of cam) Now remove the dial gauge from the follower shaft. Switch
on the main power supply. Slowly increase the rpm of the motor with the help of dimmer stat
provided at the control panel & check the jump of the follower with the help of stroboscope.
If jump of the follower is not appears then again adjust the speed of the motor. At certain
speed jump of the follower will occur. When jump occurs the follower makes a good
thumping sound on cam surface. This speed is the jump speed. Decrease the speed of the
motor of the minimum value. Now put some weight on the follower shaft plate and keep the
spring tension constant. Increase the speed of the motor and find out the jump speed. Now
vary the weight on the follower shaft plate and get the two or three jump speeds of the
follower at constant spring tension.
4. Parameters & Plots:
Standard Data:
The cam & follower assemblies are:
1. Circular arc cam with mushroom follower.
2. Tangent cam with roller follower.
3. An eccentric cam with knife edge follower.
4. Stiffness of the spring, k = 1.53Kg / cm
5. Weights provided = 350 grams (3 Nos.)
6. Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.81 m/s2
7. Weight of follower rod = 0.775 kg
8. Weight of Knife edge Follower = 0.111 kg
MEC221 9

9. Radius of eccentric cam = 17.75mm = .01775m
5. Precaution & maintenance instructions:
a) Always lubricate the cam before starting the apparatus.
b) Tighten all the nuts properly before starting the apparatus.
c) Do not increases speed of the motor at once.
d) Always keep apparatus free from dust.
6. Trouble Shooting:
a) The main light is not ON, check the main light.
b) If the motor is not working check the rotary switch & dimmer state.
7. Learning Outcomes: written by the students in 50-70 words



















MEC221 10

Experiment no. 7: Study of inversion of single slider crank mechanism.
1. Equipment required: models of different inversions of single slider crank mechanism.
Different inversions:
1. Pendulum pump or bull engine: In this mechanism, the inversion is obtained by
fixing the cylinder or link 4 (i.e. sliding pair), as shown in Fig.1. In this case, when
the crank (link 2) rotates, the connecting rod (link 3) oscillates about a pin pivoted to
the fixed link 4 at A and the piston attached to the piston rod (link 1) reciprocates. The
duplex pump which is used to supply feed water to boilers have two pistons attached
to link 1, as shown in Fig.1.

Figure: 1 Figure: 2
2. Oscillating cylinder engine: The arrangement of oscillating cylinder engine
mechanism, as shown in Fig.2, is used to convert reciprocating motion into rotary
motion. In this mechanism, the link 3 forming the turning pair is fixed. The link 3
corresponds to the connecting rod of a reciprocating steam engine mechanism. When
the crank (link 2) rotates, the piston attached to piston rod (link 1) reciprocates and the
cylinder (link 4) oscillates about a pin pivoted to the fixed link at A.



Figure: 3 Figure: 4

MEC221 11

1. Rotary internal combustion engine or gnome engine: Sometimes back, rotary
internal combustion engines were used in aviation. But now-a-days gas turbines are
used in its place. It consists of seven cylinders in one plane and all revolves about
fixed centre D, as shown in Fig. 3, while the crank (link 2) is fixed. In this
mechanism, when the connecting rod (link4) rotates, the piston (link 3) reciprocates
inside the cylinders forming link 1.
2. Crank and slotted lever quick return mechanism: In this mechanism, the link AC
(i.e. link 3) forming the turning pair is fixed, as shown in Fig.4. The link 3
corresponds to the connecting rod of a reciprocating steam engine. The driving crank
CB revolves with uniform angular speed about the fixed centre C. A sliding block
attached to the crank pin at B slides along the slotted bar AP and thus causes AP to
oscillate about the pivoted point A. A short link PR transmits the motion from AP to
the ram which carries the tool and reciprocates along the line of stroke R1R2. The line
of stroke of the ram (i.e. R1R2) is perpendicular to AC produced.
2. Learning outcomes: to be written by students in 60-70 words.

















MEC221 12

Experiment no. 8: To study different types of brakes.
1. Equipment required: different models of mechanical brakes.
2. Theory: different types of mechanical brakes are classified as follows:
Single block or shoe brake: A single block or shoe brake is shown in Fig.1. It consists of a
block or shoe which is pressed against the rim of a revolving brake wheel drum. The block is
made of a softer material than the rim of the wheel. This type of a brake is commonly used on
railway trains and tram cars. The friction between the block and the wheel causes a tangential
braking force to act on the wheel, which retard the rotation of the wheel. The block is pressed
against the wheel by a force applied to one end of a lever to which the block is rigidly fixed
as shown in Fig. 1.

Figure 1 Figure 2
Double block or shoe brake: When a single block brake is applied to a rolling wheel, an
additional load is thrown on the shaft bearings due to the normal force (RN). This produces
bending of the shaft. In order to overcome this drawback, a double block or shoe brake, as
shown in Fig. 2, is used. It consists of two brake blocks applied at the opposite ends of a
diameter of the wheel which eliminate or reduces the unbalanced force on the shaft. The
brake is set by a spring which pulls the upper ends of the brake arms together. When a force
P is applied to the bell crank lever, the spring is compressed and the brake is released. This
type of brake is often used on electric cranes and the force P is produced by an electromagnet
or solenoid. When the current is switched off, there is no force on the bell crank lever and the
brake is engaged automatically due to the spring force and thus there will be no downward
movement of the load.
Simple band brake: A band brake consists of a flexible band of leather, one or more
ropes,or a steel lined with friction material, which embraces a part of the circumference of the
drum. A band brake, as shown in Fig. 3, is called a simple band brake, in which one end of
the band is attached to a fixed pin or fulcrum of the lever while the other end is attached to
the lever at a distance b from the fulcrum. When a force P is applied to the lever at C, the
lever turns about the fulcrum pin O and tightens the band on the drum and hence the brakes
are applied. The friction between the band and the drum provides the braking force.
MEC221 13


Figure 3 Figure 4
Differential band brake: In a differential band brake, as shown in Fig. 4, the ends of the
band are joined at A and B to a lever AOC pivoted on a fixed pin or fulcrum O. It may be
noted that for the band to tighten, the length OA must be greater than the length OB. The
braking torque on the drum obtained in the similar way as discussed in simple band brake.
Band and block brake: The band brake may be lined with blocks of wood or other material,
as shown in Fig. 5. The friction between the blocks and the drum provides braking action.

Figure 5 Figure 6
Internal expanding brake: An internal expanding brake consists of two shoes S1 and S2 as
shown in Fig. 6. The outer surface of the shoes are lined with some friction material (usually
with Ferodo) to increase the coefficient of friction and to prevent wearing away of the metal.
Each shoe is pivoted at one end about a fixed fulcrum O1 and O2 and made to contact a cam
at the other end. When the cam rotates, the shoes are pushed outwards against the rim of the
drum. The friction between the shoes and the drum produces the braking torque and hence
reduces the speed of the drum. The shoes are normally held in off position by a spring as
shown in Fig. 6. The drum encloses the entire mechanism to keep out dust and moisture. This
type of brake is commonly used in motor cars and light trucks.
3. Learning outcomes: to be written by students in 60-70 words.



MEC221 14

Experiment no. 9: To perform experiment on watt and porter governors and to prepare
performance characteristic curves and to find stability and sensitivity.
1. Equipment required:-1) Space required:-0.7 m x 0.35m
2) Power supply: 220v AC single phase, 5 Amp socket
3) Tachometer
2. Learning objective: -The experiment shall be performed on following type of centrifugal
governors;
1) Watt governor
2) Porter governor
3. Outline of procedure:
Assemble the governors to be tested. Make the kinematic diagram of the system. Measure all
the data you need (for e.g., length of link, height, radius of rotation etc.)Note down the initial
position of sleeve from scale. Slowly increase the speed of governor until the sleeve lift from
its initial position. Note down the position of sleeve when it becomes stable. Note down the
RPM of the governor with the help of tachometer. Increase the speed of governor in steps to
get the different positions of sleeve lift. Decrease the speed of governor gradually by bringing
the varied to zero position and then switch off the motor. Repeat the experiment for watt and
porter governor.
4. Required result:
Observe the relationship between sleeve displacement and speed in both cases and
comment upon the differences among them. Calculate the sensitivity of both the governors
and compare them.
Parameters and plots:
a) Calculate the various parameters like height, radius of rotation, actual force, and
theoretical force.
b) Draw the characteristics curves for speed v/s sleeve position.
c) Draw the characteristics curves for radius of rotation and controlling force.
5. Cautions:
1) The speed does not increase at once.
2) Take the sleeve displacement reading when pointer remains steady.
3) At higher speed the load on the sleeve does not hit the upper sleeve of the governor.
6. Learning Outcomes: written by the students in 50-70 words


MEC221 15

Experiment no. 10: To perform experiment on proell governor to prepare performance
Characteristic curves and to find stability and sensitivity.
1. Equipment required:-1) Space required:-0.7 m x 0.35m
2) Power supply: 220v AC single phase, 5 Amp socket
3) Tachometer
2. Learning objective: -The experiment shall be performed on following type of centrifugal
governor:
1) Proell governor.
3. Outline of procedure:
Assemble the governors to be tested. Make the kinematic diagram of the system. Measure all
the data you need (for e.g., length of link, height, radius of rotation etc.)Note down the initial
position of sleeve from scale. Slowly increase the speed of governor until the sleeve lift from
its initial position. Note down the position of sleeve when it becomes stable. Note down the
RPM of the governor with the help of tachometer. Increase the speed of governor in steps to
get the different positions of sleeve lift. Decrease the speed of governor gradually by bringing
the varied to zero position and then switch off the motor.
4. Required result:
Observe the relationship between sleeve displacement and speed. Calculate the sensitivity of
Proell governor.
Parameters and plots:
a) Calculate the various parameters like height, radius of rotation, actual force, and
theoretical force.
b) Draw the characteristics curves for speed v/s sleeve position.
c) Draw the characteristics curves for radius of rotation and controlling force.
5. Cautions:
1) The speed does not increase at once.
2) Take the sleeve displacement reading when pointer remains steady.
3) At higher speed the load on the sleeve does not hit the upper sleeve of the governor.
6. Learning Outcomes: written by the students in 50-70 words.




MEC221 16

Experiment no. 11: To perform experiment on Hartnell governor to prepare performance
Characteristic curves and to find stability and sensitivity.
1. Equipment required:-1) Space required:-0.7 m x 0.35m
2) Power supply: 220v AC single phase, 5 Amp socket
3) Tachometer
2. Learning objective: -The experiment shall be performed on following type of centrifugal
governor:
1) Hartnell governor.
3. Outline of procedure:
Assemble the governors to be tested. Make the kinematic diagram of the system. Measure all
the data you need (for e.g., length of link, height, radius of rotation etc.)Note down the initial
position of sleeve from scale. Slowly increase the speed of governor until the sleeve lift from
its initial position. Note down the position of sleeve when it becomes stable. Note down the
RPM of the governor with the help of tachometer. Increase the speed of governor in steps to
get the different positions of sleeve lift. Decrease the speed of governor gradually by bringing
the varied to zero position and then switch off the motor.
4. Required result:
Observe the relationship between sleeve displacement and speed. Calculate the sensitivity of
Hartnell governor.
Parameters and plots:
a) Calculate the various parameters like height, radius of rotation, actual force, and
theoretical force.
b) Draw the characteristics curves for speed v/s sleeve position.
c) Draw the characteristics curves for radius of rotation and controlling force.
5. Cautions:
1) The speed does not increase at once.
2) Take the sleeve displacement reading when pointer remains steady.
3) At higher speed the load on the sleeve does not hit the upper sleeve of the governor.
6. Learning Outcomes: written by the students in 50-70 words.