MERLEAU-PONTY: LA FILOSOFA DEL NOSOTROS

Marina Garcs
Septiemre !""#
1. Introduccin. La certeza injustificable de un mundo comn
En $n ensa%& tit$'a(& )E' *i'+s&*& % s$ s&mra,- (e(ica(& a .$sser'- Mer'ea$-P&nt%
presenta a s$ maestr& c&m& $n $cea(&r /$e- 0am$''n(&se en e' p&0& (e s$
c&nciencia sa'e a mar aiert& % (esc$re e' m$n(&1 )Re(esc$re 'a i(enti(a( (e' )entrar
en s2, % )sa'ir (e s2, /$e para .e3e' (e*in2a e' as&'$t&,
4
per& en ese m&5imient& (e
entra(a % (e sa'i(a emer3e n& e' p$nt& (e 5ista (e 'a t&ta'i(a( a$t&transparente sin& e'
(e $n 6&ri0&nte inacaa(&- c&n s&mras % &paci(a(es1 E' mar aiert& (e .$sser' es e'
m$n(& (e 'a 5i(a1
La *i'&s&*2a (e 'a c&nciencia ap$nta as2- m7s a''7 (e s2 misma- a $na re6ai'itaci+n
&nt&'+3ica (e' ser sensi'e1 Per& Mer'ea$-P&nt% n&s a5isa: este camin& es e' impensa(&
(e .$sser'- 'a s&mra /$e pr&%ectan 'as '$ces (e '& /$e e*ecti5amente pens+1 Rec&rrer
'&s m7r3enes e in(ici&s (e esta s&mra- (e este impensa(&- es '& /$e Mer'ea$-P&nt% se
pr&p&ne1 L'e5ar 6asta s$s 8'timas c&nsec$encias esta *i'&s&*2a /$e en 5e0 (e s&re5&'ar
e' m$n(& se 0am$''e en ' para enc&ntrar s$ secret&: )E' secret& (e' m$n(& /$e
$scam&s tiene /$e estar c&nteni(& en mi c&ntact& c&n ',
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1 M7s /$e .$sser'- ' es e'
*i'+s&*& $cea(&r /$e- (e9an(& atr7s 'a c&nciencia- sa'e a' enc$entr& (e 'a rea'i(a(
sensi'e % c&m8n c&n 'a /$e estam&s %a siempre en c&ntact&1 )La certe0a in9$sti*ica'e
(e $n m$n(& /$e n&s sea c&m8n es para n&s&tr&s 'a ase (e 'a 5er(a(,
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1
Pensar esta certe0a in9$sti*ica'e p&ne en marc6a $n pensamient& /$e- c&m& 5erem&s-
6ace (e 'a *en&men&'&32a 'a p$erta (e entra(a a $na &nt&'&32a (e' ser sensi'e-
e;presi5& % c&m8n1 Una *i'&s&*2a (e 'a inmanencia- en pa'aras (e <1 =a6'
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- $na
*i'&s&*2a (e 'a pr&misc$i(a(- se38n 'a e;presi+n (e F1 Dast$r
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1 En t&(& cas&- $na
*i'&s&*2a /$e ''e5a 'a *en&men&'&32a (e' Y& % (e 'a c&nciencia a s$ pr&pia imp&sii'i(a(1
En este traa9& n&s pr&p&nem&s m&strar 'a '+3ica interna se38n 'a c$a' Mer'ea$-P&nt%
rea'i0a e' impensa(& 6$sser'ian&: 'a c&n/$ista (e' ser sensi'e- n& c&m& 7mit& parcia'
(e' ser sin& c&m& 7mit& (e 'a &nt&'&32a1
N$estra tesis (e 'ect$ra es /$e Mer'ea$-P&nt% p$e(e (ar e' 5$e'c& a 'a *i'&s&*2a (e 'a
c&nciencia % encaminarse 6acia &tra re'aci+n c&n 'a 5er(a( p&r/$e p&ne en 'a ra20 (e'
pensamient& *i'&s+*ic& 'a e;periencia (e' n&s&tr&s1 S$ 0am$''i(a- a (i*erencia (e 'a (e
.$sser'- n& se (a (es(e 'a c&nciencia (e $n E3& sin3$'ar- sin& en e' camp& (e re'aci&nes
(e $n Y& p$est& en p'$ra'1
)N$estra re'aci+n c&n '& 5er(a(er& pasa p&r '&s &tr&s1 O ien 5am&s a '&s
5er(a(er& c&n e''&s- & n& es 6acia '& 5er(a(er& (&n(e 5am&s1 Per& e' c&'m& (e
'a (i*ic$'ta( es /$e- as2 c&m& 'a 5er(a( n& es nin38n 2(&'&- '&s &tr&s tamp&c&
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)Le p6i'&s&p6e et s&n &mre,- Signes- Paris- Ga''imar(- 4?@"- p1!@:
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Le visible et linvisible, Paris- Ga''imar(- 4?@>- p1 #:
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&p1cit1- p1 !A
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=a6'- <1: )Bette pense111,- Les Temps modernes, 4C>-4C# D4?@4E- pp1:??->:@
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Dast$r- F1: )Mer'ea$-P&nt% et 'a pense ($ (e(ans,- en Ric6ir- M1 % E1 Tassin De(s1E- Merleau-Ponty,
phnomnologie et expriences, Gren&'e- Mi''&n- 4??!
s&n (i&ses1 N& 6a% 5er(a( sin e''&s- per& n& asta estar c&n e''&s para a'can0ar 'a
5er(a(,
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1
La certe0a in9$sti*ica'e (e $n m$n(& sensi'e /$e n&s sea c&m8n es 'a ase (e $na
5er(a( /$e pasa p&r '&s &tr&s1 L& /$e 5erem&s es /$e 'a manera c&m& Mer'ea$-P&nt%
re*&rm$'a e' pr&'ema m&(ern& (e 'a inters$9eti5i(a( n& es $n tema m7s sin& /$e es 'a
c'a5e (e s$ *i'&s&*2a- (e s$ 8s/$e(a- (e s$ 0am$''i(a1 P&r es& empe0arem&s
ana'i0an(& en /$ c&nsiste esta re*&rm$'aci+n (e 'a c$esti+n (e 'a inters$9eti5i(a(-
para se3$i(amente (esp'e3ar s$s c&nsec$encias: en $na *i'&s&*2a /$e es $na t&p&3ra*2a
(e' n&s&tr&s % en $na &nt&'&32a (e 'a (imensi+n c&m8n1 Ferem&s /$e pasar (e' m&(e'&
(e 'a separaci+n a' m&(e'& (e 'a intersecci+n (esp'a0a e' pr&'ema (e 'a
inters$9eti5i(a(- c&m& pr&'ema m&ra' % epistem&'+3ic& (e' s&'ipsism&- a' pr&'ema
p&'2tic& (e 'a imp'icaci+n en $n m$n(& c&m8n1
2. El error del alter ego
La (ecisi5a inter5enci+n (e Mer'ea$-P&nt% s&re e' pr&'ema *i'&s+*ic& (e 'a
inters$9eti5i(a( es (es&r(ar % an$'ar s$ es/$ema 7sic&- /$e es 'a re'aci+n Y&-Otr&- &
E3&-A'ter E3&1 Es $n es/$ema se38n e' c$a' e' pr&'ema (e 'a a'teri(a( se p'antea
(es(e 'a separaci+n D(es(e e' *rente a *renteE %- p&r tant&- c&m& $n pr&'ema (e acces&
a' &tr&1 P&r es& est7 as&cia(& a 'a c$esti+n (e' s&'ipsism&- tant& m&ra' c&m&
epistem&'+3ic&- % a' pr&'ema (e' rec&n&cimient&1 La inters$9eti5i(a( es $n pr&'ema
t2picamente m&(ern&- pr&pi& (e $na *i'&s&*2a /$e %a 6a 6ec6& (e' s$9et& % (e s$
c&nciencia e' pi'ar centra' % s&eran& (e 'a meta*2sica1 Y 'as *i'&s&*2as (e 'a e;istencia '&
recien a tra5s (e (&s p'anteamient&s 7sic&s: en e' s1GIG- a tra5s (e' m&(e'&
6e3e'ian& (e 'a '$c6a entre c&nciencias % en e' s1GG- a tra5s (e 'as para(&9as
6$sser'ianas s&re e' ac&p'amient& trascen(enta' % 'a c&m$ni(a( *en&men&'+3ica1 H$e
'a s$9eti5i(a( es inters$9eti5a es pensa(&- en e' primer cas&- (es(e $n m&(e'&
(ia'ctic& en e' /$e 'a ne3ati5i(a( (e 'a re'aci+n entre 'as c&nciencias ap$nta- a tra5s
(e 'a '$c6a- 'a (&minaci+n % e' rec&n&cimient&- a $n n&s&tr&s *ina'1 En e' se3$n(& cas&-
a tra5s (e $n m&(e'& *en&men&'+3ic& para c$%as (escripci&nes (e 'a c&rriente (e
5i5encias p$ras (e 'a c&nciencia e' n&s&tr&s s+'& p$e(e emer3er c&m& $na para(&9a- en
'a tensi+n entre e' an7'isis trascen(enta' % 'a *i(e'i(a( a 'a e;periencia1
Mer'ea$-P&nt% tiene 'a a$(acia (e r&mper (e ra20 e' pr&'ema (e 'a inters$9eti5i(a(
c&m& pr&'ema (e acces& Dsea c&n*'icti5& & arm+nic&E a' &tr&1 N& se trata (e enc&ntrar
$na $ena % (e*initi5a s&'$ci+n a' pr&'ema (e' s&'ipsism&- sin& (e m&strar /$e e'
pr&'ema mism& es *r$t& (e $n err&r- /$e es $n *a's& pr&'ema1 E' p$nt& (e parti(a (e
este err&r es e' /$e c&mete 'a *i'&s&*2a re*'e;i5a D(e 'a c&nciencia & (e' s$9et&E c$an(&
p&ne a' &tr& )ante m2,- c&m& esa c&nciencia /$e se esc&n(e tras e' &9et& /$e en*rent& %
/$e perci& c&m& e' c$erp& & c&m& e' r&str& (e &tr&1 )E' &tr& ante m2, es 'a trampa ante
'a c$a'- $na 5e0 ten(i(a- 'a *i'&s&*2a n& p$e(e sin& s$c$mir: )Ya '& 6em&s (ic6&- n$nca
se p&(r7 c&mpren(er /$e e' &tr& apare0ca ante n&s&tr&sI '& /$e 6a% ante n&s&tr&s es $n
&9et&,
A
1 Para Mer'ea$-P&nt%- en*rentar c&nciencias e in(i5i($&s- $n& a $n&- para $scar
en $n se3$n(& trmin& s$ re'aci+n- es tant& $n err&r (e 6ec6& c&m& $n err&r (e
principi&1 Un err&r (e 6ec6&- /$e 'a psic&'&32a (e 'a Gesta't Da 'a /$e ' (e(ica 3ran
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loge de la philosophie, Paris- Ga''imar(- 4?#:- p1 :A
A
)La percepci+n (e' &tr& % e' (i7'&3&,- en La prosa del mundo, tra(1cast1 F1 Pere0- Ma(ri(- Ta$r$s- 4?A4-
p1 4?#-4?@
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atenci+n en s$s primeras &ras- especia'mente en FPE % 'a psic&'&32a in*anti'
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(esmienten r7pi(amente en s$ an7'isis (e '&s c&mp&rtamient&s re'aci&na(&s1 Per& s&re
t&(& es $n err&r (e principi&: pres$p&nien(& 'a i(enti(a( (e 'as c&nciencias- 'a *i'&s&*2a
re*'e;i5a n&s c&n(ena *ina'mente a 'a a'teri(a( ra(ica'1 )N& s+'& repr&c6am&s a 'a
*i'&s&*2a re*'e;i5a 6aer c&n5erti(& e' m$n(& en n&ema- sin& tamin 6aer (es*i3$ra(&
e' s$9et& (e 'a re*'e;i+n a' c&nceir'& c&m& pensante % 6aer 6ec6& impensa'es s$s
re'aci&nes c&n &tr&s )s$9et&s, en $n m$n(& /$e 'es es c&m8n,
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Para e' imperia'ism& (e' )%& piens&,- 'a p'$ra'i(a( (e c&nciencias siempre ser7 $n
esc7n(a'&1 Inc'$s& c$an(&- c&m& en e' cas& (e Sartre- 'a c&nciencia se 6a 5acia(& (e
t&(a p&siti5i(a(- e' %& 6a si(& )(e*enestra(&,
4"
% s+'& /$e(a s$ mira(a1 A pesar (e s$
'ar3a % (i*2ci' amista(- (e s$ an(a($ra c&mparti(a en Temps modernes % (e s$ c&ntin$&
(i7'&3& *i'&s+*ic&- Mer'ea$-P&nt% n& (e9a n$nca (e (en$nciar e' preci& *i'&s+*ic& %
p&'2tic& (e' ($a'ism& sartrean& (e' en-s2 % (e' para-s21 Sartre n& p$e(e (ar ra0+n-
*i'&s+*icamente- (e 'a inters$9eti5i(a(: en s$ *i'&s&*2a s+'& p$e(e 6aer $na p'$ra'i(a(
(e s$9et&s en '$c6a- per& n$nca $na 5er(a(era e;periencia (e' &tr&1 Sartre mism& (e9a
c'ara s$ p&st$ra: )e' c&n*'ict& es e' senti(& &ri3ina' (e' ser-para-&tr&,
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% e' n&s&tr&s
s+'& p$e(e ser $na e;periencia psic&'+3ica- s$9eti5a % circ$nstancia' (e 'a estr$ct$ra
&nt&'+3ica (e' ser-para-&tr&
4!
1 De esta (isp$ta *i'&s+*ica (e ra20 &nt&'+3ica se (eri5ar7n
t&(as 'as (i*erencias p&'2ticas c&ncretas % c&%$nt$ra'es /$e c&n($cen *ina'mente a 'a
r$pt$ra entre Sartre % Mer'ea$-P&nt%1 B$an(& '& s&cia' s+'& p$e(e entrar en 'a *i'&s&*2a
p&r 'a 52a (e' a'ter e3&- (es(e 'a re'aci+n entre c&nciencias- n& se p$e(e pensar ni 'a
sit$aci+n ni 'a acci+n c&m8n
4:
1 T&(a (imensi+n c&m8n /$e(a re($ci(a a e*ect& (e $na
5i&'encia- (e $na c&n/$ista (e $na 'ierta( s&re &tra % 'a p&'2tica- a $na (ecisi+n (e
man(arines1 Mer'ea$-P&nt% empren(e- *i'&s+*ica % p&'2ticamente- &tra 52a1 Una 52a
capa0 (e (ar c$enta (e $na acci+n s&steni(a p&r cate3&r2as % p&r $na re'aci+n c&n e'
m$n(& % c&n '&s &tr&s /$e 'a *i'&s&*2a (e' Y& % (e' Otr& n& p$e(e e;p'icar
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La re*&rm$'aci+n (e 'a c$esti+n (e 'a inters$9eti5i(a( est7 en e' centr& (e esta &tra 52a1
N& se trata (e e;p'icar mi acces& a' &tr& sin& n$estra imp'icaci+n en $n m$n(& c&m8n1
La c&m$nicaci+n entre c&nciencias ce(e s$ '$3ar a 'a necesi(a( (e e;p'icar $na c&-
imp'icaci+n & $n c&-*$nci&namient& para e' /$e 'a $ni(a( s$stancia' (e' s$9et& & (e'
in(i5i($& 6a si(& 6ist+ricamente $n &st7c$'&1 De' %& piens& a' %& p$e(&- (e 'a
primac2a (e 'a separaci+n a 'a pri&ri(a( (e' 52nc$'& % m7s a''7 (e' es/$ema Y&-Otr&-
s$9et&-&9et&- Mer'ea$-P&nt% ap$nta $na n$e5a pr&'em7tica /$e ten(r7 c&nsec$encias
*i'&s+*icas (e 'ar3& a'cance1 E;p'icar %a n& 'a re'aci+n entre in(i5i($&s sin& 'a
imp&sii'i(a( (e ser $n in(i5i($& ser7 e' c&meti(& (e $na *i'&s&*2a /$e ten(r7 /$e
rep'antear- (e ra20- e' senti(& (e 'a pa'ara *i'&s+*ica % (e s$ pre3$nta p&r e' ser1
Parece /$e Mer'ea$-P&nt% 6a%a 6$i(& (e l ser y la nada 6acia Ser y tiempo, (e' ser-
para-&tr& sartrean& 6acia e' Mitsein Dser c&nE 6ei(e33erian&
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1 Per& c&m& 5erem&s e'
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Mer'ea$-P&nt% (e(ica 3ran atenci+n- en s$s c$rs&s % en s$s escrit&s- a '&s 6a''a03&s (e 'a psic&'&32a
in*anti'- capa0 (e (ar c$enta (e c&mp&rtamient&s re'aci&na(&s /$e n$nca ser2an e;p'ica'es p&r 'a
me(iaci+n (e $na c&nciencia in(i5i($a'1 P1 e91: )Les re'ati&ns a5ec a$tr$i c6e0 'Jen*ant,- en Parcours
!"#$-!"$!, Paris- Fer(ier- 4??A- pp1 4>A-!!?
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Le visible et linvisible, p1 @A
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E;presi+n (e M1 Ric6ir en re*erencia a Sartre % a .ei(e33er
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Sartre- <-P1: L%tre et le nant, Paris- Ga''imar(- 4?>:- p1 >:4
4!
&p1cit1- pp1 >@#->C4 Dan7'isis (e' n&s&tr&sE
4:
Les aventures de la dialecti&ue, Paris- Ga''imar(- 4?##- p1 !4@
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&p1cit1- p1 !@:
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ana'i0a(& en Ser y tiempo, KK
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(esp'a0amient& (e Mer'ea$-P&nt% 5a m$c6& m7s a''71 E' Mitsein 6ei(e33erian& es $n
e;istenciari& (e' Dasein- $n aspect& m7s (e s$ estr$ct$ra e;istenciaria- per& n& 9$e3a
nin38n pape' (ecisi5& en s$ re'aci+n c&n e' ser1 En Ser y tiempo- 'a re'aci+n c&n e' ser
pr&pi& es $na (ecisi+n L e'ecci+n /$e n& pasa p&r '&s &tr&s1 En te;t&s p&steri&res- 'a
re'aci+n c&n e' ser se 6ace c&'ecti5a a' a(/$irir e' car7cter (e (estin&- per& es $n (estin&
/$e a(5iene sin /$e 'a re'aci+n c&n e' &tr& 9$e3$e tamp&c& nin38n pape'1 En Mer'ea$-
P&nt% este ser-c&n- /$e a c&ntin$aci+n 5erem&s c+m& se *&rm$'a- pasa (e ser parte (e 'a
re'aci+n c&n e' ser a ser la re'aci+n c&n e' ser- $na re'aci+n /$e a(em7s n& necesitar7 (e
'a partici+n +ntic&-&nt&'+3ic& sin& /$e ten(r7 'a amici+n (e inscriirse en '& m7s
c&ncret& (e n$estra re'aci+n nat$ra'- pr7ctica % s&cia' c&n e' m$n(&1 En 'a s&mra (e 'a
*en&men&'&32a 6$sser'iana Mer'ea$-P&nt% a5an0a c&n $na c&mpaM2a (ecisi5a para s$
pensamient&: 'a *i'&s&*2a (e Mar;1 La inters$9eti5i(a(- c&ncreta- pr7ctica % c&rp&ra'- en
Mer'ea$-P&nt%- es e' arma0+n (e' ser
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1 En '& /$e si3$e (esarr&''arem&s en /$ senti(&
est& es as21
3. Topografa del nosotros
Dis&'5er 'a p&'ari(a( e3& N a'ter e3& % s$ re'aci+n c&m& p&siti5i(a(es e;ternas $na
respect& a 'a &tra n& p$e(e si3ni*icar- para Mer'ea$-P&nt%- ap$ntar a s$ *$si+n en $na
pasta c&m8n & a s$ s$peraci+n en $n $ni5ersa' trascen(ente & en $na i(ea (e a'ma (e'
m$n(&1 Ir m7s a''7 (e 'a perspecti5a (e' c&3it&- s&'& ante e' m$n(& % *rente a '&s (em7s-
si3ni*ica para Mer'ea$-P&nt% (esc$rirse en sit$aci+n- apren(er a pensarse (es(e 'a
perspecti5a c&'ecti5a (e $n )On, prim&r(ia'1 Ser *ie' a 'a e;periencia (e' n&s&tr&s- 'a
/$e tiene e' niM& c$an(& s&nr2e & 'a /$e tenem&s en 'a acci+n c&m8n- imp'ica (esc$rir
/$e t&(a 5i(a in(i5i($a' c&ntiene $n 6a'& (e 3enera'i(a(- /$e t&(a 5i(a pers&na' es
e;cntrica e intermitente respect& a $na 5i(a an+nima /$e 'a atra5iesa % (e 'a /$e *&rma
parte1 Frente a 'as *i'&s&*2as (e Sartre % (e .ei(e33er- /$e a pesar (e ir m7s a''7 (e'
s$9et& si3$en sien(& *i'&s&*2as (e 'a sin3$'ari0aci+n a tra5s (e $na e'ecci+n
*$n(amenta'- Mer'ea$-P&nt% rei5in(ica e' an&nimat& c&m& (imensi+n (e apert$ra
c&'ecti5a a' m$n(&1 H$e mi 5i(a n& es s+'& m2a- /$e siempre 6a% $n an&nimat& en m2
(e' /$e mi %& pers&na' es s+'& $n m&ment& & aspect&- es 'a c&n(ici+n (e p&sii'i(a(
para tener m$n(&- $n m$n(& c&m8n1
OB+m& pensar este an&nimat& /$e 6a% en m2- /$e n& me (is$e'5e sin& /$e me en5$e'5e
% me imp'ica- /$e n& me $ni*&rmi0a sin& 3racias a' c$a' p$e(& sin3$'ari0arme en mi
re'aci+n c&n '&s &tr&sP Des&r(an(& e' es/$ema Y&-Otr&- Mer'ea$-P&nt% tamin 6a
in$ti'i0a(& 'a *a'sa a'ternati5a separaci+n-*$si+n- /$e pre5a'ec2a en 'a re'aci+n entre
c&nciencias1 En s$ '$3ar- Mer'ea$-P&nt% pr&p&ne e' m&(e'& (e 'a intersecci+n- $n
pensamient& (e' entre'a0amient&- (e' /$iasma- (e' Ineinan(er111 ODes(e (+n(e pensar
esta re'aci+n /$e n& es enc$entr& entre p&siti5i(a(es sin& intersecci+n en $na (imensi+n
(e e;periencia an+nimaP Mer'ea$-P&nt% '& tiene c'ar& (es(e s$s primeras &ras: (es(e
e' c$erp&1 La inters$9eti5i(a( es n$estra interc&rp&ra'i(a( c&nstit$ti5a1
A '& 'ar3& (e s$ &ra- 'a interc&rp&ra'i(a( es pensa(a (es(e (istint&s aspect&s % p'an&s1
Des(e s$s primer&s traa9&s- (irectamente 5inc$'a(&s a 'a *en&men&'&32a % a 'a
psic&'&32a- 6asta s$s 8'timas n&tas (e traa9&- p'enamente &nt&'+3icas- Mer'ea$-P&nt%
est7 pensan(& esta (imensi+n (e 'a re'aci+n c&rp&ra' p&r 'a /$e $n ciert& n&s&tr&s est7
en e' m$n(&1
4@
E;presi+n (e R1 Qararas- en 'e l%tre et du phnom(ne) Sur lontologie de Merleau-Ponty, Gren&'e-
Mi''&n- 4??4
>
En 'a primera etapa- esta interc&rp&ra'i(a( /$e 6ace pensa'e e' n&s&tr&s es (esarr&''a(a
(es(e e' an7'isis (e 'a percepci*n c&m& acti5i(a( (e' c$erp& pr&pi& DLeibE1 A partir (e'
an7'isis /$e %a 6a2a inicia(& .$sser' s&re e' c$erp& pr&pi& per& (es(e e' n$e5& p$nt&
(e 5ista /$e 'e imprime este %& p$est& en p'$ra'- Mer'ea$-P&nt% (esc$re en 'a
e;periencia (e' c$erp& e' '$3ar (e 'a s$9eti5i(a(- (e esa s$9eti5i(a( /$e a 'a 5e0 es
in(i5i($a' % 3enera'- pers&na' % an+nima1 )Ten3& c&nciencia (e' m$n(& p&r me(i& (e
mi c$erp&,
4A
- per& n& p&r/$e mi c$erp& sea pasi5& % recept&r- a tra5s (e '&s senti(&s-
sin& p&r/$e )ten3& e' m$n(& c&m& in(i5i($& inacaa(& a tra5s (e mi c$erp& c&m&
p&tencia (e este m$n(&,
4C
1 H$e %& sea mi c$erp&- mi c$erp& n& c&m& (at& i&'+3ic&
sin& c&m& acti5i(a( percepti5a % c&m& n$(& (e si3ni*icaci&nes /$e me trascien(en- es
'& /$e 6ace p&si'e /$e me piense (es(e e' )&n,- (es(e e' n&s&tr&s1
En primer '$3ar- p&r/$e mi c&mp&rtamient& remite a $n campo (e' /$e tant& e' &tr&
c&m& %& participam&s1 La intenci&na'i(a( (e9a (e remitir as2 8nicamente a '&s &9et&s
(e 'as representaci&nes (e mi c&nciencia1 La intenci&na'i(a( ap$nta a' camp& c&m8n (e
n$estr&s c&mp&rtamient&s re'aci&na(&s1 )T&(a sensaci+n pertenece a $n (etermina(&
camp&,
4?
% )$n camp& n& e;c'$%e a &tr& camp&- c&m& $n act& (e 'a c&nciencia- p&r
e9emp'& $na (ecisi+n- e;c'$%e &tr&- sin& /$e tien(e inc'$s& a m$'tip'icarse- %a /$e es 'a
apert$ra a tra5s (e 'a c$a' me 6a''& e;p$est& a' m$n(&,
!"
1 P&r es&- en se3$n(& '$3ar-
3racias a /$e s&% mi c$erp& me (esc$r& c&m& $na )s$9eti5i(a( /$e n& p$e(e ser
as&'$ta,
!4
- $na s$9eti5i(a( /$e se (e*ine p&r s$ encarnaci+n- p&r s$ imp'icaci+n en $n
(etermina(& m$n(& nat$ra' % 6$man&1 Des(e 'a percepci+n- e' acces& a' &tr& 6a (e9a(&
(e ser $n pr&'ema % $na amena0a: )e' c$erp& (e' &tr& % e' m2& s&n $n t&(&- e' (erec6&
% e' re5s (e $n s&'& *en+men& (e e;istencia an+nima (e 'a /$e mi c$erp& es en ca(a
m&ment& e' tra0& % /$e 6aita '&s (&s c$erp&s a 'a 5e0,
!!
1 E' (erec6& % e' re5s (e $na
e;istencia an+nima: a/$2 tenem&s 'a artic$'aci+n- 'a intersecci+n /$e ni es *$si+n ni es
s$ma (e in(i5i($a'i(a(es- sin& re'aci+n interc&rp&ra' p&r 'a /$e se c&nstit$%e $n
n&s&tr&s % $n m$n(& c&m8n1
Este an7'isis (e 'a inters$9eti5i(a( c&m& interc&rp&ra'i(a(- p&r e' /$e se 6a
c&n/$ista(& 'a intersecci+n c&m& p$nt& (e 5ista anteri&r a 'a p&'ari0aci+n (e 'a
in(i5i($a'i(a(- se 3enera'i0a % a(/$iere car7cter &nt&'+3ic& c$an(& Mer'ea$-P&nt% pasa
(e 'a centra'i(a( (e 'a percepci+n a' *en+men& (e 'a 5isi+n- & (e 'a 5isii'i(a( n$nca
acaa(a (e' ser
!:
1 )La 5isi+n 6ace '& /$e 'a re*'e;i+n n$nca p&(r7 c&mpren(er: /$e e'
c&mate res$'te a 5eces sin 5ence(&r % e' pensamient& sin tit$'ar1 Ya n& c&nciencias c&n
s$ pr&pia te'e&'&32a sin& (&s mira(as- $na en 'a &tra,
!>
1 Una mira(a en 'a &tra: Mer'ea$-
P&nt% an$'a e' c&n*'ict& a m$erte (e 'a mira(a en 'a c&mp&sici+n (e perspecti5as (e 'a
5isi+n1 P&r es& /$i07 escrie De'e$0e /$e Mer'ea$-P&nt% &*rece $na 5ersi+n tierna %
reser5a(a (e' ser a3$9erea(& (e Sartre: (&n(e Sartre are $n a3$9er&- Mer'ea$-P&nt%
p&ne $n p'ie3$e
!#
1 Un p'ie3$e (e 'a carne- /$e es e' trmin& c&n e' /$e Mer'ea$-P&nt%
(ar7 estat$t& &nt&'+3ic& a 'a c&ncepci+n (e' m$n(& /$e se (eri5a (e s$ an7'isis (e 'a
4A
Phnomnologie de la perception, Paris- Ga''imar(- 4?>#- p1 ?A
4C
&p1cit1- p1 >"!
4?
&p1cit1- p1 !#"
!"
)La percepci+n (e' &tr& % e' (i7'&3&,- Prosa del mundo, p1 4??
!4
Phnomnologie de la perception, p1 !AA
!!
Phnomnologie de la perception, p1 >"C
!:
(esarr&''a(a en e' Pre*aci& (e Signes % en '&s te;t&s p+st$m&s /$e c&mp&nen e' 5&'$men e(ita(& p&r B1
Le*&rt Lo visible y lo invisible)
!>
Signes, Paris- Ga''imar(- 4?@"- Pr*ace- p1 :4
!#
De'e$0e- G1: )I' a t m&n maRtre,- L+le dserte et autres textes ,!"$#-!"-./, Paris- Min$it- !""!
#
inters$9eti5i(a( c&m& interc&rp&ra'i(a(
!@
1 Mi c$erp& % e' (e' &tr& s&n e' (erec6& % e'
re5s (e $na e;istencia an+nima- (ec2am&s 6ace $n m&ment&1 A6&ra p&(em&s aMa(ir-
mi e;istencia % 'a (e' &tr& s&n perspecti5as- 5isi&nes & (imensi&nes (e $n s&'&
*en+men& (e 5isi+n para e' c$a' n& p$e(e 6aer $n p$nt& (e 5ista pri5i'e3ia(& ni
t&ta'i0a(&r1 De $na 5isii'i(a( /$e siempre arrastra $n in5isi'e- (e $n senti(& en e' /$e
siempre res$ena $n si'enci&1 De $n m$n(& /$e n& p&(em&s cerrar sin& /$e c&nstit$im&s
c&n n$estra imp'icaci+n en '1
De 'a '$c6a p&r e' rec&n&cimient& a' perspecti5ism&- % (e 'a ($a'i(a( &nt&'+3ica a $na
&nt&'&32a (e 'a re5ersii'i(a( % (e 'a inmanencia (e 'as 5isi&nes- Mer'ea$-P&nt% se sit8a
en $n '$3ar (e' pensamient& para e' c$a' e' &tr& n& me r&a e' m$n(&- se38n 'a
e;presi+n (e Sartre- sin& /$e es 'a (imensi+n p&r 'a c$a' ten3& m$n(&1 E' &tr& %a n&
est7 ante m21 La trampa (e 'a *i'&s&*2a re*'e;i5a 6a si(& sa'5a(a1 A6&ra me (esc$r&
en5$e't& p&r e' &tr&- c&m& )(&s c2rc$'&s casi c&ncntric&s /$e n& se (istin3$en m7s /$e
p&r $n 'i3er& % misteri&s& (esenca9e,
!A
1 E' &tr& n& es apresa'e p&r e' m&(e'& (e 'a
presencia1 Es 'a presencia (e $n impresenta'e1 P&r es& 6a% /$e reapren(er a 5er e'
m$n(&1 Ferem&s ent&nces aparecer a '&s &tr&s n& c&m& &9et&s ni c&m& mira(as /$e
n&s an$'an & n&s a'ienan- sin& c&m& (imensi&nes (e 'a carne (e' m$n(&1 L&s &tr&s
)tienen /$e estar a62 c&m& re'ie5es- (es52&s- 5ariantes (e $na s&'a 5isi+n en 'a /$e %&
tamin particip&1 D111E Es ciert& /$e n& 5i5& s$ 5i(a- /$e est7n (e*initi5amente a$sentes
(e m2 % %& (e e''&s1 Per& esta (istancia es $na e;traMa pr&;imi(a( (es(e e' m&ment& en
/$e reenc&ntram&s e' ser (e '& sensi'e- %a /$e '& sensi'e es '& /$e- sin m&5erse (e
siti&- p$e(e acec6ar a m7s (e $n c$erp&,
!C
1 Estar7n a62- ent&nces- per& n& )c&m&
esp2rit$s ni c&m& psi/$ism&s- sin& ta' c&m& '&s a*r&ntam&s p&r e9emp'& en e' am&r:
caras- 3est&s- pa'aras a 'as /$e- sin pensamient& interp$est&- 'as n$estras resp&n(en,
!?
1
. !imensin comn
.em&s empe0a(& este traa9& a*irman(& /$e 'a manera c&m& Mer'ea$-P&nt% re*&rm$'a
'a c$esti+n (e 'a inters$9eti5i(a( es 'a ra20 (e $na n$e5a &nt&'&32a inmanente %
e;presi5a (e' ser sensi'e1 Esta re*&rm$'aci+n- /$e a6&ra %a 6em&s ana'i0a(& en s$s
aspect&s principa'es % en 'a '+3ica interna (e s$ (esarr&''&- es 'a 52a p&r 'a /$e Mer'ea$-
P&nt% e*ect8a 'a 0am$''i(a a 'a /$e .$sser' 6a2a ap$nta(& en s$ pensamient&
impensa(&- (es(e 'a c&nciencia- a6&ra %a (e9a(a m$% atr7s- 6acia 'as imp'icaci&nes (e
$na rea'i(a( c&m8n1
Y est& es as2 p&r/$e para Mer'ea$-P&nt%- (esp$s (e t&(& '& /$e 6em&s (ic6&- pensar e'
ser es principa'mente entrar en c&ntact& c&n n$estra sit$aci+n encarna(a- c&n n$estra
imp'icaci+n en e' m$n(& nat$ra' % 6$man& /$e n& n&s p&(em&s representar sin& /$e
e;presam&s 5i5ien(&1 Desc$rirse en sit$aci+n n& es representar a(ec$a(amente e'
m$n(& ni *$n(amentar 'a rea'i(a( (es(e principi&s $ni5ersa'es1 La *i'&s&*2a es $na
rec&n/$ista (e' ser r$t& & sa'5a9e % s$ 'en3$a9e- siempre in(irect&- inc&mp'et& e
interr&3ati5&- e;presa $na &nt&3nesis (e 'a /$e *&rma parte1
)La *i'&s&*2a n& (esc&mp&ne n$estra re'aci+n c&n e' m$n(& en e'ement&s rea'es
& en re*erencias i(ea'es /$e '& c&n5ertir2an en $n &9et& i(ea'- sin& /$e (iscierne
!@
Para $n $en an7'isis (e 'a re'aci+n entre 'as n&ci&nes (e c$erp& % (e carne- 51 Le*&rt- B1: )Le c&rps- 'a
c6air,- L0rc, >@ D4?A4E- pp1#-4C
!A
)La percepci+n (e' &tr& % e' (i7'&3&,- Prosa del mundo, p1 4?#
!C
Signes, Pr*ace- p1!?
!?
)Le p6i'&s&p6e et s&n &mre,- Signes- p1 !?#
@
en e' m$n(& artic$'aci&nes- (espierta en ' re'aci&nes re3$'a(as (e prep&sesi+n-
(e recapit$'aci+n- (e encaa'3amient& /$e est7n a(&rmeci(as en n$estr& paisa9e
&nt&'+3ic& % /$e s$sisten en ' s+'& a9& 'a *&rma (e tra0as a$n/$e c&ntin8an
*$nci&nan(&- instit$%en(& n&5e(a(,
:"
1
Discernir artic$'aci&nes es 6$n(irse en '& sensi'e- en e' tiemp&- en 'a 6ist&ria- pre3$ntar
p&r 'a presencia (e' m$n(& en m2 % (e m2 en e' m$n(&1 P&(r2am&s (ecir /$e pensar e'
ser n& es tener $na representaci+n a(ec$a(a sin& )t&mar'e 'as me(i(as,- % est& s+'&
p$e(e 6acerse en c&ntact& c&n '- (es(e 'a e;periencia c&ncreta- parcia' % en
m&5imient&1 Est7 c'ar&- c&n t&(& '& (ic6&- /$e e' ser- para Mer'ea$-P&nt%- n& es
nin3$na esencia1 S$ $ni(a( es 'a (e $na (imensi+n c&m8n1
P&r es&- ta' c&m& an$nci7am&s a' principi&- e' arma0+n (e' ser es 'a inters$9eti5i(a( %
s$ $ni(a( 7sica 'a intersecci+n1 La $ni+n L separaci+n /$e (e*ine 'a inters$9eti5i(a( ta'
c&m& 'a 6em&s ana'i0a(& es 'a (imensi+n *$n(amenta' (e' m$n(&1 Es e' camp& (e t&(&s
'&s camp&s1 Es 'a isa3ra en 'a /$e e' m$n(& enc$entra s$ $ni(a(1 E' ser- p&r tant&- n&
es t&ta'i0a'e ni cate3&ri0a'e en $n $ni5ersa' trascen(ente1 S$ 5isii'i(a( arrastra
siempre $na in5isii'i(a(I 'a c&ncreci+n (e $na perspecti5a /$e n& 5em&s- ese &tr& /$e
est7 c&nmi3& per& /$e si3$e sien(& $n impresenta'e1 E' ser est7 (ispers& en 'a
&paci(a( (e n$estras e;periencias intram$n(anas- es )e' esta''i(& (e' m$n(& sensi'e
entre n&s&tr&s,
:4
1
)De manera /$e e' ser- p&r 'a e;i3encia misma (e ca(a $na (e s$s perspecti5as %
(es(e e' p$nt& (e 5ista e;c'$si5& /$e '& (e*ine se c&n5ierte en $n sistema (e
m8'tip'es entra(as1 N& p$e(e ser c&ntemp'a(& (es(e *$era % (e manera
sim$'t7nea sin& /$e tiene /$e ser e*ecti5amente rec&rri(&,
:!
1
La (e Mer'ea$-P&nt% es $na &nt&'&32a (e' )entre, Dintra&nt&'&32aE- (e 'a n&-
c&inci(encia- (e $n ser pensa(& c&m& esta''i(& % c&m& (i*erenciaci+n- c&m& re'aci+n
entre 5ariantes % (es52&s: (e $na (imensi+n c&m8n c$%a $ni(a( crista'i0a en s$s
(i*erencias1 Mer'ea$-P&nt% 6a'a tamin (e' ser c&m& $n )sistema (iacr2tic&
$ni5ersa',- t&man(& c&m& p$nt& (e parti(a % (e inspiraci+n 'a 'in3S2stica (e Sa$ss$re- a
/$ien (e(ic+ $na 3ran atenci+n en '&s 8'tim&s tiemp&s1 Tenem&s- p&r tant&- $na (e 'as
primeras e;presi&nes (e $na *i'&s&*2a- 'a (e 'a (i*erencia- /$e en '&s mism&s aM&s en
/$e Mer'ea$-P&nt% m$ri+ repentinamente estaa empe0an(& %a a (ar s$s primer&s
pas&s (ecisi5&s1
". #onclusin$ a la %erdad se llega con los otros
E' ser s+'& p$e(e ser rec&rri(& (es(e s$s artic$'aci&nes: es 'a c&nc'$si+n (e $na *i'&s&*2a
/$e- p&nien(& 'a e;periencia (e' n&s&tr&s en 'a ra20 (e' pensamient&- 6a sa'i(& en $sca
(e 'a rea'i(a( c&m8n1 OB$7' es s$ 5er(a(P OH$ re'aci+n mantiene c&n e''aP Saem&s-
'& 'e2am&s a' principi&- /$e a 'a 5er(a( s+'& se ''e3a c&n '&s &tr&s1 A6&ra saem&s
p&r/$1 Per& n&s *a'ta a'3&- $na 8'tima precisi+n: si pensar es entrar en c&ntact&-
e;perimentar n$estra interc&rp&ra'i(a( 6$n(in(&n&s en e' tiemp&- en '& sensi'e % en
'a 6ist&riaI si pensar e' ser n& es tener representaci&nes a(ec$a(as sin& t&mar 'a me(i(a
:"
Le visible et linvisible, p1 4:A
:4
Signes- Pr*ace- p1 :@
:!
Le visible et linvisible, p1 4!:
A
(e n$estra sit$aci+n- 'a 5er(a( n& p$e(e ser (esc$ierta per& tamp&c& es $na creaci+n
p$ra1 La 5er(a( es siempre )$na 5er(a( p&r 6acer,
::
1
A/$2 aparece e' rastr& (e' c&mpaMer& (e $ce& /$e (iscretamente 6a esta(& siempre
presente en 'a 0am$''i(a (e Mer'ea$-P&nt% 6acia 'a certe0a in9$sti*ica'e (e $n m$n(&
c&m8n1 Es Mar; %- s&re t&(&- e' Mar; pensa(&r (e 'a pra;is c&ncreta e 6ist+rica (e '&s
6&mres- en s$ materia'i(a( % en s$ p&tencia' inn&5a(&r % creati5&1
A tra5s (e 'a interc&rp&rei(a( % (e' interm$n(& /$e 6em&s 5ist& emer3er en '&s
an7'isis (e 'a percepci+n % (e 'a 5isi+n- Mer'ea$-P&nt% 6a materia'i0a(& % c&'ecti5i0a(&
e' ser-en-e'-m$n(& % s$ *actici(a(1 La 5i(a an+nima /$e 6em&s p&(i(& (esc$rir en
n&s&tr&s c&m& s$9et&s encarna(&s es e' camp& senti(&s se(imenta(&s en e' /$e se
(esarr&''a 'a acci+n c&m8n1 Ser *ie' a 'a e;periencia (e' n&s&tr&s /$e est7 en 'a ase (e
n$estr& m$n(& n& es pr&%ectarse en $na i(enti(a( trascen(ente ni en ac$er(&
c&m$nicati5& trascen(enta'- sin& saerse % e;perimentarse imp'ica(& en e' n$(& (e
re'aci&nes (e $na misma sit$aci+n1 .aitar c&-imp'ica(amente 'a e/$i5&ci(a( (e '&s
6ec6&s1 Ret&mar e' m$n(& para recrear s$ senti(&1 Es $n pr&ces& sin te'e&'&32a1
Ami3$& % e/$25&c& p&r/$e s$ mira(a n& es 'a (e' pensamient& (e s&re5$e'& /$e
tant& (is3$st+ siempre a Mer'ea$-P&nt%1 N& 6a% principi&s ni *ines e;teri&res /$e
c&ntrap&ner a 'a rea'i(a(: ni esta(&s (e sa'$( % rec&nci'iaci+n *ina' ni 9$ici&s m&ra'es
as&'$t&s1 Mer'ea$-P&nt% c&rta (e ra20 tant& c&n 'as 'ect$ras te'e&'+3icas (e' mar;ism&-
/$e preten(en p&ner e' m$n(& % 'a 6ist&ria a s$s pies- c&m& c&n 'a pr&p$esta m&ra' (e'
c&mpr&mis& sartrean& /$e- p&r/$e parte (e 'a 'ierta( as&'$ta (e $na c&nciencia *rente
a' m$n(&- n& p$e(e sin& e;presar )'a ne3aci+n (e' 52nc$'& entre n&s&tr&s % e' m$n(&,
:>
1
La e;periencia (e' n&s&tr&s- 'a re'aci+n c&n $n ser /$e es intersecci+n % (imensi+n
c&m8n rec'ama- para 'a acci+n- $na 5irt$( ma/$ia5e'iana1 Mer'ea$-P&nt% se &c$pa (e
e''& (e $na re5e % 6erm&sa inter5enci+n- )N&ta s&re Ma/$ia5e'&, Dprem&nit&ria (e
'ect$ras /$e se 6an 6ec6& (esp$sE- c&n 'a /$e acaar esta inter5enci+n1 As2 c&m& 'a
p&'2tica m&ra'i0ante i3n&ra a' &tr&- 'a 5irt$( p&'2tica ma/$ia5e'iana se insta'a en 'a
re'aci+n c&n e' &tr&1 Esta re'aci+n- /$e es e' n$(& (e 'a 5i(a 6ist+rica % s&cia'- n& est7
e;enta (e ri5a'i(a(- '$c6a- 5i&'encia % c&n*'ict&1 L& a*irma- c&n Ma/$ia5e'&- Mer'ea$-
P&nt%- /$ien precisamente 6a 6ec6& (e s$ *i'&s&*2a $n cant& a' n&s&tr&s1 Per& n& se
en3aMa % 5a m7s a''7 (e Sartre c$an(& a*irma: )La 5i(a c&'ecti5a es e' in*iern&,
:#
1 P&r
es& mism& (e na(a sir5en '&s 3ran(es principi&s m&ra'es ni 'as $t&p2as e;ternas1 L& /$e
6ace *a'ta es $n acci+n capa0 (e ir m7s a''7 (e '& /$e sae- (e entrar en c&ntact& c&n '&
/$e n& p$e(e 5er ni pre5er1 Una acci+n c$%a 5irt$( n& se mi(e p&r s$s s&'$ci&nes
pre*arica(as sin& p&r s$ capaci(a( (e p'antear- en c&ncret& % c&n t&(a ra(ica'i(a(- e'
pr&'ema (e' )5i5ir-9$nt&s,1 Este pr&'ema se res$me- para Mer'ea$-P&nt%- en $na
c$esti+n /$e n$nca ser7 res&'$'e (e $na 5e0 p&r t&(as: )c&nstit$ir e' p&(er (e '&s sin-
p&(er,
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