3rd Quarter SY 2013-2014 rou! "o# $% &he '(coho(ics
Preliminary Tests and Solubility Classification of Organic Compounds Martin, Marilen 1 , Taeda, John Paul, D, C!M1"#$% ' 1 )ro*essor+ Schoo( o* Chemica( ,ngineering+ Chemistry and -iotechno(ogy+ Ma!ua .nstitute o* &echno(ogy/ 2 Student 0s1+ Sub2ect3Section+ Schoo( o* Chemica( ,ngineering+ Chemistry and -iotechno(ogy+ Ma!ua .nstitute o* &echno(ogy ABSTRACT This experiment was about using the two major qualitative schemes, namely preliminary tests and solubility classiication, in identiying an organic compound! "n the preliminary tests, the physical state, odor, color, and ignition test were noted! The second test used was the solubility classiication, wherein the solvents used were water, ether, #Cl, $a%#, $a#C%&, and #'S%( along with litmus paper and phenolphthalein in classiying each compound based on their solubility and color change! A scheme was ollowed until it arrived at a certain solubility class such as ), Sn, S, $, Sa, Sb, B, A*, and A'! This was perormed with aid o the reagents necessary, apparatuses or preliminary tests such as Bunsen burner, nichrome wire, and porcelain crucible with cover, and micro test tubes or the solubility tests! Ater these were perormed to +nown compounds, the group applied both o these tests to the un+nown samples and the determined solubility classes was aided by the data obtained rom the preliminary tests! ,nortunately towards the end o the experiment, errors were ound on the data regarding the solubility classes o some o the +nown compounds and one o the un+nown compounds! The two un+nown compounds were identiied to have an ) solubility class- one is a halide and the other one is an n.aliphatic halide! /or the group, there were no problems regarding the preliminary test! The only problem was regarding the solubility tests, because observation errors can be easily encountered here! But despite such errors mentioned earlier, the group was able to achieved the objectives given by the experiment! "$TR%0,CT"%$ &he ana(ysis and identi*ication o* un4no5n organic com!ounds constitutes a 6ery im!ortant as!ect in terms o* e7!erimenta( organic chemistry# ' systematic a!!roach has been gi6en regarding the c(assi*ication o* organic com!ounds# 8rom the genera( scheme o* ana(ysis+ t5o ma2or !arts are the !re(iminary tests and the so(ubi(ity c(assi*ication test# )re(iminary tests note the !hysica( characteristics o* a !articu(ar organic com!ound% !hysica( state+ co(or+ odor+ and ignition3*(ame test# .t is im!ortant to note the !hysica( state o* the com!ound because it can a(so re(ate to its so(ubi(ity and 6o(ati(ity+ and that de!ending on it+ 5here on(y certain !uri*ication techni9ues can be used# Co(or can a(so be used in identi*ying an un4no5n organic com!ound# .t can be due to im!urities or chromo!horic *unctiona( grou!s+ 5herein they !roduce co(or by se(ecti6e (ight absor!tion# Odor is a(so one im!ortant as!ect in determining an un4no5n sam!(e# Some notab(e odors are *rom amines that ha6e *ish-(i4e odor+ esters that ha6e a !(easant *ruity sme((+ and acids that ha6e a shar!+ biting odor# ,7tra caution must be done here because some com!ounds !ossess corrosi6e 6a!ors# Last(y+ ignition test is a(so im!ortant *or identi*ication+ 5hether a meta( is !resent in a com!ound+ or that it contains either an a(i!hatic or aromatic hydrocarbon de!ending on the co(or o* the *(ame !roduced# &he second ma2or scheme is ca((ed the so(ubi(ity c(assi*ication# So(6ents such as 5ater+ ether+ :; sodium hydro7ide+ :; sodium bicarbonate+ :; hydroch(oric acid+ and concentrated su(*uric acid so(utions are uti(i<ed in order to obser6e the so(ubi(ity !ro!erties o* an un4no5n organic com!ound# &he manner in 5hich the com!ound is so(ub(e to certain so(6ents mentioned ear(ier can be c(assi*ied in terms o* the so(ubi(ity c(ass# 8rom the so(ubi(ity c(ass+ !ossib(e com!ounds can be deduced *rom the un4no5n com!ound# &hey can be c(assi*ied as S+ Sn+ Sa+ Sb+ -+ '1+ '2+ "+ and =# .* it *a((s under S+ it can be sa(ts o* organic acids+ amino acids+ carbohydrates+ or !o(y*unctiona( com!ounds 5ith hydro!hi(ic *unctiona( grou!s# .* it *a((s under Sn+ it can be mono*unctiona( a(coho(s+ a(dehydes+ 4etones+ amides+ esters+ amines+ and many more 5ith *i6e carbons or *e5er# .* it *a((s under Sa+ it can be mono*unctiona( carbo7y(ic acid 5ith *i6e carbons o* *e5er or ary(su(*onic acids# .* it *a((s under Sb+ it can be mono*unctiona( a(i!hatic an aromatic amines 5ith si7 carbons or *e5er# .* it *a((s under -+ it can be a(i!hatic amines+ ani(ines+ or some ethers# .* it *a((s under '1+ it can be strong organic acids# .* it *a((s under '2+ it can be 5ea4 organic acids# .* "+ a(coho(s+ a(dehydes+ 4etones+ or esters 5ith one *unctiona( grou! and more than *i6e but *e5er than nine carbons+ and i* =+ saturated hydrocarbons+ ha(oa(4anes+ and other deacti6ated aromatic com!ounds# Experiment 01 Group No. 8 January 21. 2014 1 of 4 CHM143L Organic Chemistry 2 Laboratory 3rd Quarter SY 2013-2014 rou! "o# $% &he '(coho(ics &his e7!eriment e7amines 6arious com!ounds using di**erent !re(iminary tests+ identi*ies the so(ubi(ity c(ass+ and uses these scheme in identi*ying an un4no5n com!ound# 1AT2R"A3S A$0 12T#%0S &his e7!eriment consisted o* t5o !arts% )re(iminary &ests and So(ubi(ity C(assi*ication &ests# &he a!!aratuses used 5ere dro!!ers+ micro test tubes+ test tube rac4+ !orce(ain crucib(es 5ith co6er+ nichrome 5ire+ -unsen burner+ and hot !(ate# &he reagents used 5ere co!!er nitrate+ acetic acid+ buty( bromide+ ethano(+ sucrose+ butera(dehyde+ ethanoic acid+ methy(amine+ nitro!heno(+ diethy( ether+ ben<oic acid+ !ro!anone+ :; HC(+ 1:; HC(+ :; "aOH+ :; "aHCO3+ and conc# H2SO4# 8or the )re(iminary &ests !art+ the test com!ounds 5ere co!!er nitrate+ acetic acid+ and t5o un4no5ns# &hey 5ere obser6ed in terms o* their !ro!erties such as !hysica( state+ co(or+ odor+ and ignition test 0!resence o* meta(1# 8or the ignition test !art+ a sma(( amount such as 0#10 g *or so(id and 0#:0 m( *or (i9uid o* the substance to be tested in a !orce(ain crucib(e# "e7t+ it 5as heated s(o5(y unti( ignition 5as com!(ete and the *o((o5ing 5ere obser6ed% *(ammabi(ity and nature o* the *(ame+ i* any 6a!our or gas e6o(6ed and its odor+ i* any residue 5as (e*t a*ter ignition+ and i* so(id+ note 5hether it me(ted and the manner by 5hich it me(ted# 8or substances that ha6e residues (e*t+ a *e5 dro!s o* disti((ed 5ater 5as added and the so(ution 5as tested using (itmus !a!er# &hen+ a dro! o* 1:; HC( 5as added and noted i* any gas e6o(6ed# Last(y+ the so(ution 5as tested *or !resence o* meta( 5ith the use o* *(ame test in 5hich a nichrome 5ire 5as used# &hen+ *or the So(ubi(ity C(assi*ication &ests+ the test com!ounds 5ere buty( bromide+ ethano(+ sucrose+ butera(dehyde+ ethanoic acid+ methy(amine+ nitro !heno(+ diethy( ether+ ben<oic acid+ !ro!anone+ and the !re6ious un4no5n sam!(es tested in the *irst !art# 8or each o* these test com!ounds+ they 5ere mi7ed 5ith 1 m( o* the so(6ent se!arate(y as *o((o5s% 5ater+ ether+ :; HC(+ :; "aOH+ :; "aHCO3+ and H2SO4# &hen+ tested 5hether so(ub(e or not# &he so(6ents 5ere used in the com!ounds de!ending on the scheme !ro6ided in the manua(# 8rom there+ the !ossib(e com!ounds are identi*ied by means o* their so(ubi(ity c(ass# &hey 5ere a(so tested o* their reaction 5ith (itmus !a!er and !heno(!htha(ein# &his 5as !er*ormed in order *or the identi*ication o* the un4no5n com!ounds gi6en# R2S,3TS Table *! 0ata or 4reliminary Tests Compoun ds Copper $itrate Acetic Acid ,n+no wn * ,n+now n ' )hysica( state So(id Li9uid Li9uid Li9uid Co(or -(ue Co(or(ess Co(or(es s Co(or(ess Odor Odor(ess Strong sour sme(( Odor(es s -urned !(astic- (i4e sme(( .gnition test reen *(ame "o meta( !resent -(ue- green *(ame "o meta( !resent Table '! 0ata or Solubility Tests Compounds -uty( bromide ,than o( Sucros e ,thanoi c acid 5ater = 3 3 3 2ther = 3 = 3 #Cl = = = = $a%# = = = = $a#C%& = = = = #'S%( = = = Reaction to litmus = "eutr a( = 'cidic Reaction to phenolphthalein = = = = Solubility Class $ Sn S Sa Compounds Methy( amine "itro !heno >iethy( ether -utera(- dehyde Experiment 01 Group No. 8 January 21. 2014 2 of 4 CHM143L Organic Chemistry 2 Laboratory 3rd Quarter SY 2013-2014 rou! "o# $% &he '(coho(ics ( 5ater 3 = = = 2ther = = = = #Cl = = = = $a%# = = = = $a#C%& = = = = #'S%( = 3 3 = Reaction to litmus = = = = Reaction to phenolphthalein = = = = Solubility Class S $ $ ) Compounds Ben6oic acid 4ropanone 5ater = 3 2ther = 3 #Cl = = $a%# 3 = $a#C%& 3 = #'S%( = = Reaction to litmus = "eutra( Reaction to phenolphthalein = = Solubility Class A* Sn Table &! 0ata Regarding the ,n+nown Samples and the 4ossible Compounds ,n+now n $o! 5ater 2ther #Cl $a%# $a# C%& #'S%( 7A 3 3 = = = = 7B = ------ = = ------ = ,n+nown $o! $' $- Reaction to litmus = = Reaction to phenolphthalein = = Solubility Class Sn ) 4ossible Compounds Mono*unctiona( a(coho(s+ a(dehydes+ 4etones+ amides+ esters+ aromatic amines+ nitri(es+ and amides 5ith *i6e carbons or *e5er Saturated hydrocarbons+ ha(oa(4anes+ ary( ha(ides+ other deacti6ated aromatic com!ounds+ diary( ethers 3egend8 ) 9 .nso(ub(e or not tested on the so(6ent indicated 3 . So(ub(e in the *o((o5ing so(6ent Corrections8 -uty( bromide ? C(ass = Sucrose ? C(ass = -utera(dehyde ? C(ass Sn Methy( amine ? C(ass - "itro!heno( ? C(ass '1 >iethy( ether ? C(ass - 0"SC,SS"%$ &ab(e 1 tabu(ates the data regarding the !hysica( state+ co(or+ odor+ and ignition test o* the 4no5n and un4no5n com!ounds# @sing co!!er nitrate as the test com!ound+ 5e can obser6e that in using the ignition test+ a green *(ame !roduced# 8rom *(ame s!ectra e7!eriment+ the meta( it contains is co!!er# &hen regarding the acetic acid+ it has a strong sour sme((+ in 5hich an acid readi(y !ossesses# &ab(e 2 identi*ies the so(ubi(ity c(asses o* the 4no5n com!ounds by manner o* 5hich they are so(ub(e or not in the Experiment 01 Group No. 8 January 21. 2014 3 of 4 CHM143L Organic Chemistry 2 Laboratory 3rd Quarter SY 2013-2014 rou! "o# $% &he '(coho(ics so(6ents tested# >i**erent com!ounds 5ith di**erent !ossib(e so(ubi(ity c(asses 5ere used in order to readi(y identi*y the un4no5n com!ounds gi6en# Some o* the com!ounds 5ere not tested in certain so(6ents because o* the scheme *o((o5ed *or easier identi*ication o* the so(ubi(ity c(ass and its !ossib(e com!ounds# Aeaction o* the com!ound to (itmus is necessary i* it is so(ub(e in ether in order to determine i* it contains acidic or basic *unctiona( grou!s# Aegarding the un4no5n sam!(es+ *or $'+ as the ignition test 5as used+ it !roduced a b(ue-green *(ame indicating that it contains a co!!er ha(ide# -ut as suggested by the so(ubi(ity test !er*ormed+ it is C(ass Sn# &he error regarding this can !ossib(y be due to the so(ubi(ity test because it is more !rone to commit errors rather than the !re(iminary tests# Since it is a ha(ide as identi*ied by the instructor+ it *a((s under the = C(ass# &hen regarding the un4no5n sam!(e $-+ it *a((s a(so under = as suggested by the so(ubi(ity test# &his is because *o((o5ing the scheme *or so(ubi(ity c(ass identi*ication+ it is inso(ub(e in the so(6ents tested# Li4e5ise in the !re(iminary test+ it !roduced no residue as it 5as heated+ in*erring that there is no meta( !resent in there# 8rom this+ the !ossib(e com!ounds are simi(ar to that o* the $' un4no5n com!ound in 5hich it is an n- a(i!hatic ha(ide as identi*ied by the instructor that *a((s under ha(oa(4anes# )ossib(e sources o* error regarding this e7!eriment 5ou(d most(y be because o* human error such as incorrect obser6ation o* 5hether so(ub(e or not and the e7cess addition o* the com!ound to be obser6ed in a certain so(6ent that may cause obser6ation issues in terms o* so(ubi(ity !ro!erties o* the com!ounds tested# &his e7!eriment uti(i<es t5o ma2or tests in identi*ying organic com!ounds% )re(iminary tests and So(ubi(ity c(assi*ication+ then e7amines and identi*ies the un4no5n com!ound3s by the use o* these tests in terms o* the so(ubi(ity c(ass and *rom there+ the !ossib(e com!ounds# >es!ite such errors made during the e7!eriment+ corrections 5ere considered and that the use o* the !re(iminary tests and so(ubi(ity c(assi*ication thorough(y identi*ied the di**erent characteristics o* organic com!ounds that resu(ted to incorrect c(assi*ication# -ut on the other hand+ the ob2ecti6es o* the e7!eriment 5ere achie6ed# @sing the !re(iminary test+ the !hysica( state+ odor+ co(or+ and *(ame co(or by ignition test o* the 4no5n and un4no5n com!ounds 5ere identi*ied# 8rom there+ some o* the characteristics !ossessed by certain grou!s 5ere matched and determined# &hen *or *urther determination+ the so(ubi(ity test 5as used in 5hich 4no5n and un4no5n com!ounds 5ere tested in di**erent so(6ents common(y used in order to identi*y the so(ubi(ity c(ass and su!!ort it 5ith the data obtained *rom the !re(iminary tests# &his e7!eriment is 6ery critica( because the s4i((s (earned here 5i(( be a!!(ied to the succeeding e7!eriments such as reactions o* a(coho(s+ !heno(s+ a(dehyde+ 4etones+ and many more# 8or a !(ausib(e recommendation regarding this e7!eriment+ it 5ou(d be to care*u((y *o((o5 the !rocedures 5ritten in the manua( and i* so the instructions gi6en by the instructor regarding the e7!eriment# -e c(ear about 5hat obser6ations can be seen and ma4e sure to note do5n these e6en the sma((est detai( !ossib(e because it can !ossib(y be a su!!orting detai( 5hen it comes to the discussion !art# R2/2R2$C2S * Baluyut, :!;! < 0e Castro, =! Organic Chemistry Laboratory Manual for Chemical Engineering Students Part 2. ' Qualitative Analysis of Organic Comounds. Retrieved /ebruary ', '>*( rom http8??academics!wellesley!edu?Chemistry?chem'**lab? %rgo@3ab@1anual?Appendix?ClassiicationTests?! &