International Journal of Information Science and Intelligent System, 3(2): 91-100, 2014

MADM Problems for Interval Vague Sets

using a New TOPSIS Method

A. Solairaju
1,
, P. John Robinson
2
, T. Lenin
3


1
Jamal Mohamed College, Tiruchirappalli, India

2
Bishop Heber College, Tiruchirappalli, India
3
Khader Mohideen College, Adirampattinam, India





Abstract

In this paper a new method is proposed to resolve the multi-attribute decision-making problem
using Technique of Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method, where the
attribute weights and attribute values are all interval vague values. The interval vague attribute
value is calculated using some weighted operation, and the positive ideal and negative ideal
solutions are calculated based on the score function. Then a new closeness coefficient for the
interval vague values in TOPSIS is defined, based on the correlation coefficient between each
project and the positive ideal and negative ideal solutions. The relative adjacent degree is
calculated by TOPSIS method, and then the order of the projects is confirmed according to the
relative adjacent degree. An example is given to explain the developed method.


Keywords: Interval vague set; Score function; TOPSIS; Correlation of vague sets.
Martin Science Publishing. All Rights Reserved.

1. Introduction

Multi-Attribute Decision Making (MADM) is the most well-known branch of decision making.
It is a branch of a general class of operations research models that deals with decision problems
under the presence of a number of decision criteria. The MADM approach requires that the
selection be made among decision alternatives described by their attributes. MADM problems are
assumed to have a predetermined, limited number of decision alternatives. Solving a MADM
problem involves sorting and ranking. MADM approaches can be viewed as alternative methods

Corresponding author. Tel.: +91 7871791460

E-mail address:solaijames7@gmail.com (A. Solairaju).


92 A. Solairaju / International Journal of Information Science and Intelligent System (2014)


for combining the information in a problems decision matrix together with additional
information from the decision maker to determine a final ranking or selection from among the
alternatives. Besides the information contained in the decision matrix, all but the simplest
MADM techniques require additional information from the decision maker to arrive at a final
ranking or selection. MADM problems and their evaluation process usually involve subjective
assessments, resulting with imprecise data in qualitative manner. Engineering or management
decisions are generally made through available data and information that are mostly vague,
imprecise, and uncertain by nature. The decision-making process in engineering schemes,
developed in the concept-designing phase, is one of these typical occasions, which usually need
some methods to deal with uncertain data and information that are hard to define. In designing
phase, designers usually present many alternatives. However, the subjective characteristics of the
alternatives are generally uncertain and need to be evaluated through decision makers
insufficient knowledge and judgments. The nature of this kind of vagueness and uncertainty is
fuzzy rather than random, especially when subjective assessments are involved in the decision-
making process. Fuzzy set theory offers a possibility for handling these sorts of data and
information involving the subjective characteristics of human nature in the decision-making
process. There, exist several methods to solve MADM problems, out of which the Technique for
Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) developed by Hwang and Yoon [7], is
one of the well-known methods. The basic principle of the TOPSIS method is that the chosen
alternative should have the shortest distance from the positive ideal-solution and the farthest
distance from the negative ideal- solution.

There exist varieties of literature involving TOPSIS theory and applications. In classical Multi
Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methods, the ratings and the weights of the criteria are
known precisely. In the process of TOPSIS the performance ratings and the weights of the
criteria are given exact values. Most of the fuzzy versions of TOPSIS method are efficient in
tackling the impreciseness and vagueness present in MADM problems [8], but their results are
not able to include the hesitation present in the information provided by the decision maker. In
real life, a person may consider that an object belongs to a set to a certain degree but it is possible
that he is not sure about it. In other words the person has hesitation about the membership degree
[1,2,3,5,15]. In fuzzy set theory there is no means to incorporate this hesitation regarding the
degree of suitability to which each alternative satisfies the decision makers requirement. To
include this unknown degree in the membership function of fuzzy sets, Gau and Buehrer [5]
proposed the concept of vague sets. Vague sets are generalized form of fuzzy sets. Correlation
coefficient of interval vague sets is used to identify the closeness between the project values and
the ideal solutions of the proposed TOPSIS method. There are various correlation coefficients
available in the literature [9,10,11,12,13,14], among which a suitable one is to be chosen. In this
paper, we have tried to develop a more efficient TOPSIS for solving MADM problems with
interval vague sets. Then, we have illustrated the proposed method with a numerical example. We
develop a vague-valued TOPSIS to solve MADM problems in which the performance rating
values as well as the weights are taken as vague sets. The remaining of this paper is organised as
follows. The definition and notations of interval vague sets are briefly introduced in the next
Section. In the next section TOPSIS method is presented with a step by step description. Multi-
attribute decision making method based on interval vague sets is then proposed. A numerical
example is presented finally.


A. Solairaju r / International Journal of Information Science and Intelligent System (2014) 93




2. Interval Vague Sets

The definition of the interval vague set is given as follows [8, 11]:

Definition :
Consider the domain of discourse { }
1 2
, ,....,
n
X x x x = . Then a Vague set A is described by true
membership function and false membership function in discourse domain, X,
: [0,1],
A
t x : [0,1],
A
f x where ( )
A i
t x is the lower bound that affirms the membership exported
by the evidence that support
i
x ,
( )
A i
f x
is the lower that negates the membership exported by the
evidence that support
i
x in vague set A is defined by a subinterval
[ ] ( ),1 ( )
A i A i
t x f x in interval
[0,1], and this interval is called the vague value of
i
x in the set A. To a vague set A, the
representation forms are as follows:

A=
[ ]
[ ]
1
( ),1 ( ) / ,
( ),1 ( ) / ,
n
A i A i i
i
A i A i
x
t x f x x
t x f x x
=

( ) 1 ( ) ( )
A A A
x t x f x = is called vague degree of x compared with vague set A. ( )
A
x shows the
hesitation degree or uncertain degree. Obviously 0 ( ) 1, .
A
x x X

Because of the uncertainty and complexity of the decision, the values of ( )
A
t x and ( )
A
f x are
difficult to express by accurate real number value. The internal values are more flexible than the
real number values, extending ( )
A
t x and ( )
A
f x from real number value to interval value intuition
set can get the interval vague set. Obviously, this set is much stronger to show the uncertain data
and intuition data.

The internal vague value is denoted as
%
, , x
x
x t f =< >
%
where


[ ]

[ ]
, 0,1 ,
, 0,1 ,
x
x x
x x x
t t t
f f f
+
+
=

=

%


And the following equation is satisfied, 1.
x x
t f
+ +
+

[ ]

( ) 1,1 ( ) ( ) 1 ( ) ( ),1 ( ) ( )
A A A A A A A
x t x f x t x f x t x f x
+ +
= =

%


is called the hesitancy degree of the interval vague value.

Some essential operations of the interval vague set.

i
x X when X is discrete,
x X when X is continuous

94 A. Solairaju / International Journal of Information Science and Intelligent System (2014)


Consider the following two interval vague values

%
%
x x
x x x x
y y
y y y y
x y x y
x x y y
x t , f
= [t , t ],[f , f ]
y t , f
= [t , t ],[f , f ]
where t , f , t , f [0,1]
and t f 1, t f 1.
+ +
+ +
+ + + +
=
=

+ +
% %
% %
% % % %

The following operational rules and relations can be observed for an interval vague set [8]:

%
x x
x x x x
x f , t
= [f , f ],[t , t ]
+ +
=
% %


% %
x y x y x y
x y x y x y x y x y x y
x y t t t t , f f
= [t t t t , t t t t ],[f f , f f ]
+ + + + + +
+ = +
+ +
% % % % % %


% %
x y x y x y
x y x y x y x y x y x y
x y t t , f f f f
= [t t ,t t ],[f +f f f , f +f f f ]
+ + + + + +
= +

% % % % % %


%
x x x x
x [1- (1- t ) ,1- (1- t ) ],[(f ) , (f ) ] , 0.


+ +
=
The results of all these above operations are interval vague values. According to the
operational rules, the following relations can be observed:
i)
% % % %
x y y x + = +
ii)
% % % %
x y y x =
iii)
% % % %
(x y) x y + = +
iv)
% % %
1 2 1 2 1 2
x x ( )x, , 0. + = +
3. Correlation Coefficient of Interval Vague Sets

Suppose X is a domain of n elements, A and B are interval vague sets,

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
{ }
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
{ }
, , , ,
, , ,
A A A A
B B B B
A t x t x f x f x x X
B t x t x f x f x x X
+ +
+ +
=

=


and the vague degrees are given by:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 , 1 ,
1 , 1 .
A A A A A A
B B B B B B
x t x f x x t x f x
x t x f x x t x f x


+ + +
+ + +
= =
= =

These measures are also called hesitation degree or uncertain degree or the length of the vague
value.

Let IVS(X) be the set of all interval vague sets. In the following, the method to calculate the
correlation coefficient of Interval Vague Sets (IVSs) proposed by Robinson & Amirtharaj [11] is
utilized for decision making process.


A. Solairaju r / International Journal of Information Science and Intelligent System (2014) 95




For each A IVS(X), the informational vague energy of A is defined as follows:
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2 2
1
? + 1
1
2

n
A i A i A i A i
IVS
i
A i A i
t x t x f x f x
E A
x x
+ +
+
=

+ + +

=

+

(1)
And for each B IVS(X), the informational vague energy of B is defined as follows:
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2 2
1
? + 1
1
2

n
B i B i B i B i
IVS
i
B i B i
t x t x f x f x
E B
x x
+ +
+
=

+ + +

=

+

(2)
The correlation of A and B is defined as follows:
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
. ?
1
, 1 1 + 1 1
2
. ?
A i B i A i B i
n
IVS A i B i A i B i
i
A i B i A i B i
t x t x t x t x
C A B f x f x f x f x
x x x x
+ +
+ +
=
+ +

+ +


=


+ +

(3)
Furthermore, the correlation coefficient of A and B is defined by the relation:
( )
( )
( ) ( )
,
,
.
IVS
IVS
IVS IVS
C A B
K A B
E A E B
= (4)
Theorem:
For A, B IVS(X), the correlation coefficient satisfies:
(i) K
IVS
(A, B) = K
IVS
(B, A).
(ii) 0 K
IVS
(A, B) 1.
(iii) A = B iff K
IVS
(A, B) = 1.

4. Decision Problem with Interval Vague Sets

There is a multi-attribute decision making problem, suppose
{ }
1 2
, ,......,
n
A A A A = is the decision
project set,
{ }
1 2
, ,......,
n
C C C C = is the attribute set of the projects. Suppose the character of
decision project
i
A to the attribute set
j
C is denoted by interval vague set [8] :
%
, ,
ij ij ij
t f =< > where
[ ] , 0,1 ij
ij ij
t t t
+
=

%
denotes the degree that decision project
i
A satisfies
attribute
j
C .

[ ] , 0,1
ij ij ij
f f f
+
=

denotes the degree that the decision project
i
A does not satisfy
attribute
j
C
and the following is satisfied; 1
ij ij
t f
+ +
+ . Suppose, the attribute weight is

( )
1 2 , ,..... ,
n
W w w w = where

j
w
is denoted by the interval vague value as

,
wj wj
t f < > and

[ ] , 0,1 ,
wj wj wj
t t t
+
=


[ ] , 0,1
wj wj wj
f f f
+
=

, 1.
wj wj
t f
+ +
+ Using the above attribute weights and
interval vague value of different attributes, the order of the projects can be determined.

The Score Function :In order to compare the interval vague value, the score function of the
interval vague value is shown as follows. The interval value vague set is the extension of real
number vague set. So the real number vague set score function in existence is extended
appropriately in order to construct the interval vague set score function.


96 A. Solairaju / International Journal of Information Science and Intelligent System (2014)


Suppose there is a vague value , , , ,
x x x x
t t f f
+ +


then according to the characteristic of the
interval number, the score function of the interval vague value is defined by Chen and Tan [4] as
follows:

2 2
ij ij ij ij
ij
t t f f
S
+ +
+ +
=
(5)

Comparing the score function S value, determine the interval vague value. The bigger the
value of the score function S, the bigger the corresponding interval vague value. But when the
value of the score function is equivalent and the number is more than two, this method cannot do
the judgment. Hong and Choi [6] analysed the deficiency of the score function which made the
way to define the precise function H. According to the characteristics of interval vague value, the
precise function is defined as follows:


2 2
ij ij ij ij
ij
t t f f
H
+ +
+ +
= +
(6)

It shows the precision of the membership situation that is reflected by the interval vague set.
When the values of the score function S are the same, the precise function H is compared if H is
bigger, the corresponding interval vague value is also bigger.

4.1 Decision Making Based on Interval Vague Sets and the TOPSIS

Multiple Attribute Decision Making (MADM) has proven to be an effective approach for
ranking by a finite number of alternatives characterized by multiple attributes. One of the
techniques for order preference is called Technique for Order Performance by Similarity to Ideal
Solution and abbreviated as TOPSIS. This technique based on fuzzy sets theory which has
proven to be a powerful modeling tool for coping with subjectiveness and imprecision in human
judgments. Modeling using fuzzy sets has proven to be an effective way for formulating decision
problems where the information available is subjective and imprecise. Many fuzzy TOPSIS
methods have been proposed to handle linguistic decision making problems. General steps of
fuzzy TOPSIS method are listed below:

Step 1. Establish a decision matrix for ranking , where a MADM problem can be concisely
expressed in any matrix format, Where the decision makers have to choose the possible
alternatives with respect to the attributes.
Step 2. Calculate the normalized decision matrix by any suitable method depending upon the
nature of the problem.
Step 3. Calculate the weighted normalized decision matrix, and
Step 4. Determine the positive ideal solutions and negative ideal solutions respectively
Step 5. Calculate the separation measures using any distance function.
The separation of each alternative from the positive ideal solution is calculated, and the
separation from the negative-ideal solution is also calculated.
Step 6. Calculate the relative closeness to the ideal solution.
Step 7. Rank the preference order.


A. Solairaju r / International Journal of Information Science and Intelligent System (2014) 97




A large value of closeness indicates a good performance of the alternative. The best alternative
is the one with the greatest relative closeness to the ideal solution.

In this work, TOPSIS is used to confirm the order of the evaluation objects in virtue of the
positive ideal solution and the negative ideal solution of the multi-attribute problems. The
positive ideal solution is a best solution that is assumed ( marked as V
+

). Each of its indicator
value is the best value of the optional schemes. The negative solution is another worst solution
that is assumed ( marked as V

). Each of its indicator value is the worst value of the optional
projects. V
+
and V

are compared with each calculated value in the original project set. The
distance information of them is used to be the standard to confirm the order of the projects.

(1)Weight the attribute value of each project as follows:


ij j
ij
b w =
%

=

, bij
bij
t f < >
%

= , , , ,
bij bij bij bij
t t f f
+ +
< >



Where
, , bij
ij wj ij wj
t t t t t
+ +
=

%

, ,
ij wj ij wj ij wj ij wj bij
f f f f f f f f f
+ + + +
= + +



(2) Calculate the score function:

Calculate the score function, precise function and corrected function of ij b
%
separately.

(3) Confirm the ideal solution and the negative solution of the evaluation object.

The interval vague set ideal solution V
+
and negative ideal solution V

is shown as follows:

( )
max_ max
ij
i
i S =


m a x m a x m a x m a x
[ , ] , [ , ] [ ] , [ , ]
i j i j i j i j j j j j
j b b b b
V V V V
V t t f f t t f f
+ + + +

+ + + + +
= =
(7)

( )
min_ min
ij
i
i S =

m i n m i n m i n m i n
[ , ] , [ , ] [ ] , [ , ]
i j i j i j i j j j j j
j b b b b
V V V V
V t t f f t t f f


+ + + +
= =

(8)

(4) Calculate the correlation coefficient [9] between each value b
ij
and the positive ideal
solution, as follows:


( , )
( ). ( )
IVS ij
i
IVS ij IVS
C b V
K
E b E V
+
+
+
=
(9)


(5) Calculate the correlation coefficient [9] between each value b
ij
and the negative ideal
solution as follows:

98 A. Solairaju / International Journal of Information Science and Intelligent System (2014)



( , )
( ). ( )
IVS ij
i
IVS ij IVS
C b V
K
E b E V

=
(10)

(6) Confirm the relative adjacent degree.
The relative adjacent degree of the evaluation object and the ideal solution is:


i
i
i i
K
D
K K

+
=
+

1, 2,..., i m =
(11)

According to the relative adjacent degree, the order of the evaluation objects can be confirmed
and the best appropriate object can be selected.

4.2 A Practical Problem on Decsion Making

A company intends to select a person to take the department manager position. Four aspects of
the candidate are evaluated by the experts. The four aspects are :

C
1
--- Aptitude,
C
2
--- Mental ability,
C
3
--- Creative ability,
C
4
--- General Knowledge.

The experts give evaluation data and weights to each aspect and they are all denoted by the
interval vague value, namely, the interval number of the support degree is given, and the interval
number of the object degree is also given. The evaluation data and attribute weight is shown by
tables 1 and table 2. The order of the 3 candidates must be confirmed.

Table 1. The evaluation data of a different candidate given by experts.

C
1
C
2
C
3
C
4

S
1
([0.6,0.7],[0.2,0.3]) ([0.5,0.6],[0.1,0.3]) ([0.6,0.7],[0.2,0.3]) ([0.3,0.4],[0.5,0.6])
S
2
([0.4,0.5],[0.3,0.4]) ([0.7,0.8],[0.1,0.2]) ([0.5,0.6],[0.3,0.4]) ([0.4,0.5],[0.3,0.4])
S
3
([0.5,0.6],[0.3,0.5]) ([0.3,0.4][0.3,0.5]) ([0.6,0.7],[0.1,0.3]) ([0.5,0.6],[0.1,0.3])

Table 2. The attribute weight given by the experts

C
1
C
2
C
3
C
4

W ([0.3,0.4],[0.5,0.6]) ([0.6.0.7].[0.1.0.2]) ([0.6.0.7].[0.2.0.3]) ([0.3.0.4].[0.5.0.6])

The process to confirm the order is shown as follows:

Step 1: Calculate the weighted bij

A. Solairaju r / International Journal of Information Science and Intelligent System (2014) 99




[ ][ ] ( ) [ ][ ] ( ) [ ][ ] ( ) [ ][ ] ( )
[ ][ ] ( ) [ ][ ] ( ) [ ][ ] ( ) [ ][ ] ( )
[ ][ ] ( ) [ ][ ] ( ) [ ][ ] ( )
0.18,0.28 0.60,0.72 0.30,0.42 0.19,0.44 0.36,0.49 0.36,0.51 0.09,0.16 0.75,0.84
0.12,0.60 0.65,0.76 0.42,0.56 0.19,0.36 0.30,0.42 0.44,0.58 0.12,0.20 0.65,0.76
0.15,0.24 0.65,0.80 0.18,0.28 0.37,0.60 0.36,0.49 0.28,0.51
b=
[ ][ ] ( )
0.15,0.24 0.55,0.72







Step 2: The score function and accuracy function values using (5) and (6) are calculated as
follows:


0.43 0.045 0.010 0.670
0.545 0.215 0.150 0.545
0.530 0.255 0.030 0.440
S


=




0.890 0.675 0.860 0.920
0.865 0.765 0.870 0.865
0.920 0.715 0.820 0.830
ij
H


=





Step 3: Calculate the positive and negative ideal solution using (7) and (8) as follows:

{ [ ] [ ] ( ) [ ] [ ] ( )
[ ] [ ] ( ) [ ] [ ] ( ) }
0.18, 0.28 , 0.60, 0.72 , 0.42, 0.56 , 0.19, 0.36 ,
0.36, 0.49 , 0.28, 0.51 , 0.15, 0.24 , 0.55, 0.72
j
V
+
=



{ [ ] [ ] ( ) [ ] [ ] ( )
[ ] [ ] ( ) [ ] [ ] ( ) }
0.12, 0.2 , 0.65, 0.76 , 0.18, 0.28 , 0.37, 0.6 ,
0.3, 0.42 , 0.44, 0.58 , 0.69, 0.16 , 0.75, 0.84
j
V

=

Step 4: Calculate the correlation coefficient (9) and (10) between each project and the ideal
solutions:
(0.9959, 0.9931, 0.8415), (0.9934, 0.9678, 0.9815)
i i
K K
+
= =
Step 5: Calculate the relative adjacent degree using (11) as follows:

,
i
i
i i
K
D
K K

+
=
+

(0.4994, 0.4935, 0.5384)
i
D =

Step 6: Rank the best alternatives:
3 1 2
D D D > >

Hence D
3
is the best option.

5. Concluson

As the decision making is fuzzy and uncertain, the interval vague sets ability to express the
fuzziness and uncertainty is stronger. It is easier to express the decision information using the
interval vague value. This paper has explored the multi-attribute decision making problem based
on interval vague sets. Firstly, according to the operation rules of the interval vague sets,
weighted operations to the interval vague attribute value was introduced. Then the ideal and
negative ideal solutions were confirmed on the basis of a special type of score function. Then,
the distance of the interval vague value between each project and the positive ideal and negative
ideal solutions were calculated using the correlation coefficient of interval vague sets. The
relative adjacent degree is calculated using TOPSIS method, and according to the calculated
relative adjacent degree, the order of the project is confirmed.

100 A. Solairaju / International Journal of Information Science and Intelligent System (2014)


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