Bill of Rights Explained: Police Power and Protections of Life, Liberty, Property

ARTICLE III: BILL OF RIGHTS
ARTICLE III
BILL OF RIGHTS
SECTION 1. NO PERSON SHALL BE DEPRIVED OF LIFE, LIBERTY OR PROPERTY
WITHOUT DUE PROCESS OF LAW, NOR SHALL ANY PERSON BE DENIED THE EQUAL
PROTECTION OF THE LAWS.
has been Chief Justice Shaws classic statement

which calls police power [t]he power vested
in the legislature by the constitution to make,
ordain, and establish all manner of wholesome
and reasonable laws, statutes, and ordinances,
either with penalties or without, not repugnant
to the constitution, as they shall judge to be for
the good and welfare of the commonwealth, and
of the subjects of the same. Ermita-Malate Hotel
and Motel Operators Association, Inc. v. Mayor
of Manila, L-24693, July 31, 1967.
1. Purpose of Bill of Rights.

Government is powerful. When unlimited, it
becomes tyrannical. The Bill of Rights is a guarantee that there are certain areas of a persons
life, life, liberty and property which governmental power may not touch.
The totality of governmental power is contained in three great powers: police power, power
of eminent domain, and power of taxation. These
belong to the very essence of government and
without them no government can exist. They are
inherent powers and they belong to government
as much as spirit and mind belong to the essence
of man. A constitution can only define and delimit
them and allocate their exercise among various
government agencies.
Police power rests upon public necessity

and upon the right of the State and of the public
to self-protection. For this reason, its scope expands and contracts with changing needs. The
numerous attempts which have been made to
limit by definition the scope of the police power
are only interesting as illustrations of its rapid
extension within comparatively recent years to
points heretofore deemed entirely within the field
of private liberty and property rights. Churchill
v. Rafferty, 32 Phil. 580, 602-603 (1915).
The guarantees in the Bill of Rights are selfimplementing, i.e., they can be appealed to even
in the absence of implementing legislation. On
the other hand, the social and economic rights
guaranteed in Article XIII require implementing
legislation.
3. The seat of police power.
2. Police power.
A. MMDA v. Bel Air Village

G.R. No. 135962, March 27, 2000
Police power has been characterized as the

most essential, insistent and the least limitable
of powers, extending as it does to all the great
public needs. Negatively, it has been defined as
that inherent and plenary power in the State
which enables it to prohibit all that is hurtful
to the comfort, safety, and welfare of society.
The most frequently cited definition, however,
PUNO, J.:
Petitioner MMDA is a government agency
tasked with the delivery of basic services in
Metro Manila. Respondent Bel-Air Village Association, Inc. (BAVA) is a non-stock, non-profit
1
CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS AND SOCIAL DEMANDS
corporation whose members are homeowners in

Bel-Air Village, a private subdivision in Makati
City. Respondent BAVA is the registered owner
of Neptune Street, a road beside Bel-Air Village.
On December 30, 1995, respondent received
from petitioner, through its Chairman, a notice
dated December 22, 1995 requesting respondent
to open Neptune Street to public vehicular traffic
starting January 2, 1996. . .
..
On January 28, 1997, the appellate court
rendered a Decision on the merits of the case finding that the MMDA has no authority to order the
opening of Neptune Street, a private subdivision
road and cause the demolition of its perimeter
walls. It held that the authority is lodged in the
City Council of Makati by ordinance.1
Petitioner MMDA raises the following questions:
I
HAS THE METROPOLITAN MANILA
DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (MMDA) THE
MANDATE TO OPEN NEPTUNE STREET TO
PUBLIC TRAFFIC PURSUANT TO ITS REGULATORY AND POLICE POWERS?
.....
It bears stressing that police power is lodged
primarily in the National Legislature. It cannot
be exercised by any group or body of individuals
not possessing legislative power. The National
Legislature, however, may delegate this power to
the President and administrative boards as well
as the lawmaking bodies of municipal corporations or local government units. Once delegated,
the agents can exercise only such legislative
powers as are conferred on them by the national
lawmaking body.
A local government is a political subdivision
of a nation or state which is constituted by law
and has substantial control of local affairs. The
Local Government Code of 1991 defines a local
government unit as a body politic and corporate one endowed with powers as a political
subdivision of the National Government and as
1
G.R. No. 135962, March 27, 2000.
a corporate entity representing the inhabitants

of its territory. Local government units are the
provinces, cities, municipalities and barangays.
They are also the territorial and political subdivisions of the state.
Our Congress delegated police power to the
local government units in the Local Government
Code of 1991. This delegation is found in Section 16 of the same Code, known as the general
welfare clause . . .
Local government units exercise police power
through their respective legislative bodies. The
legislative body of the provincial government is
the sangguniang panlalawigan, that of the city
government is the sangguniang panlungsod, that
of the municipal government is the sangguniang
bayan, and that of the barangay is the sangguniang barangay. The Local Government Code of
1991 empowers the sangguniang panlalawigan,
sangguniang panlungsod and sangguniang
bayan to enact ordinances, approve resolutions
and appropriate funds for the general welfare of
the [province, city or municipality, as the case
may be], and its inhabitants pursuant to Section 16 of the Code and in the proper exercise
of the corporate powers of the [province, city
municipality] provided under the Code . . . The
same Code gives the sangguniang barangay the
power to enact ordinances as may be necessary
to discharge the responsibilities conferred upon
it by law or ordinance and to promote the general
welfare of the inhabitants thereon.
Metropolitan or Metro Manila is a body composed of several local government units i.e.,
twelve (12) cities and five (5) municipalities,
namely, the cities of Caloocan, Manila, Mandaluyong, Makati, Pasay, Pasig, Quezon, Muntinlupa, Las Pias, Marikina, Paraaque and
Valenzuela, and the municipalities of Malabon,
Navotas, Pateros, San Juan and Taguig. With the
passage of Republic Act (R.A.) No. 7924 in 1995,
Metropolitan Manila was declared as a special
development and administrative region and the
Administration of metro-wide basic services affecting the region placed under a development
authority referred to as the MMDA.
.....
The governing board of the MMDA is the
Metro Manila Council. The Council is composed
ARTICLE III: BILL OF RIGHTS
of the mayors of the component 12 cities and 5

municipalities, the president of the Metro Manila
Vice-Mayors League and the president of the
Metro Manila Councilors League. The Council is headed by a Chairman who is appointed
by the President and vested with the rank of
cabinet member. As the policy-making body of
the MMDA, the Metro Manila Council approves
metro-wide plans, programs and projects, and
issues the necessary rules and regulations for
the implementation of said plans; it approves the
annual budget of the MMDA and promulgates
the rules and regulations for the delivery of basic
services, collection of service and regulatory fees,
fines and penalties. . . . .
.....
It will be noted that the powers of the MMDA
are limited to the following acts: formulation,
coordination, regulation, implementation,
preparation, management, monitoring, setting
of policies, installation of a system and administration. There is no syllable in R.A. No. 7924
that grants the MMDA police power, let alone
legislative power. . . .
4. Life, liberty, property.
The constitutional protection of the right to
life is not just a protection of the right to be alive
or to the security of ones limb against physical
harm. The right to life is the right to a good life.
The emphasis on the quality of living is found in
Article II where Section 6 commands the State
to promote a life of dignity and where Section 7
guarantees a decent standard of living. Article
II, Section 12 extends the protection even to the
unborn.
Protected property includes all kinds of property found in the Civil Code. It has been deemed
to include vested rights such as a perfected mining claim, or a perfected homestead, or a final
judgment. It also includes the right to work and
the right to earn a living. A license to operate a
cockpit is not considered protected property. It is
deemed merely a privilege withdrawable when
public interest requires its withdrawal. In like
manner it has been ruled that a certificate of
public convenience granted to a transportation
company confers no property right on the route
covered thereby.
It is recognized that ones employment,

profession, or trade or calling is a property right,
and the wrongful interference therewith is an
actionable wrong. Thus, an order of preventive
suspension without opportunity for hearing at
all violates property rights. Crespo v. Provincial
Board, 160 SCRA 66 (1988). Thus, too, in Century
Textile Mills, Inc. v. National Labor Relations,
161 SCRA 528 (1988), the Court reprobated the
preventive suspension and eventual dismissal of
an employee without giving him the opportunity
to affirm or refute the charges preferred against
him.
5. Hierarchy of Rights.
A. Philippine Blooming Mills Employees
Organization v. Philippine Blooming
Mills Co., Inc.
50 SCRA 189, 202-3 (1973)
MAKASIAR, J.:
.....
(4) The rights of free expression, free assembly and petition, are not only civil rights but
also political rights essential to mans enjoyment
of his life, to his happiness and to his full and
complete fulfillment. Thru these freedoms the
citizens can participate not merely in the periodic
establishment of the government through their
suffrage but also in the administration of public
affairs as well as in the discipline of abusive
public officers. The citizen is accorded these
rights so that he can appeal to the appropriate
governmental officers or agencies for redress
and protection as well as for the imposition of
the lawful sanctions on erring public officers and
employees.
(5) While the Bill of Rights also protects
property rights, the primacy of human rights
over property rights is recognized.2 Because
these freedoms are delicate and vulnerable, as
well as supremely precious in our society and
the threat of sanctions may deter their exercise
almost as potently as the actual application of
sanctions, they need breathing space to surMarsh v. Alabama, 326 U.S. 501, 509; Tucker v. Texas,
326 U.S. 517, 519-520.
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Article III: Bill of Rights ..............................................................................................................
Section 1 .............................................................................................................................
1. Purpose of Bill of Rights ....................................................................................
2. Police power. .......................................................................................................
3. The seat of police power .....................................................................................
A.
MMDA V. BEL AIR VILLAGE .................................................................
4. Life, liberty, property. .......................................................................................
5. Hierarchy of Rights. ...........................................................................................
A.
PHILIPPINE BLOOMING MILLS EMPLOYEES ORGANIZATION

V. PHILIPPINE BLOOMING MILLS CO., INC. ....................................
B.
DUNCAN ASSOCIATION V. GLAXO WELLCOME PHILIPPINES ...
C.
STAR PAPER CORPORATION V. SIMBOL ...........................................
6. Procedural due process: judicial and administrative. ......................................
A.
BANCO ESPAOL FILIPINO V. PALANCA .........................................
B.
FABELLA V. COURT OF APPEALS .......................................................
10
C.
NON V. JUDGE DAMES ..........................................................................
11
D.
LAO GI ALIAS CHIA, JR. V. COURT OF APPEALS .............................
11
E.
PEOPLE V. NAZARIO ..............................................................................
12
F.
CORONA V. UNITED HARBOR PILOTS ...............................................
15
G.
ARMY AND NAVY CLUB V. COURT OF APPEALS .............................
18
H.
SUMMARY DISMISSAL BOARD V. TORCITA .....................................
19
I.
ESTRADA V. SANDIGANBAYAN ...........................................................
20
J.
GONZALES V. NLRC AND ATENEO DE DAVAO ................................
23
NOTE: Need of Publication as Requisite of Due Process. ...............................
24
7. Substantive due process. ...................................................................................
24
A.
UNITED STATES V. TORIBIO................................................................
25
B.
YNOT V. INTERMEDIATE COURT OF APPEALS ...............................
27
C.
CHURCHILL V. RAFFERTY ...................................................................
32
D.
PEOPLE V. FAJARDO .............................................................................
35
E.
ACEBEDO OPTICAL CO. V. COURT OF APPEALS .............................
36
F.
LAWRENCE, ET AL. V. TEXAS ..............................................................
37
G.
ERMITA-MALATE HOTEL AND MOTEL OPERATORS V.

CITY OF MANILA ....................................................................................
39
iii
H.
CITY OF MANILA V. JUDGE LAGUIO ..................................................
46
I.
WHITE LIGHT CORPORATION V. CITY OF MANILA ........................
49
J.
BALACUIT V. CFI ....................................................................................
55
K.
MAGTAJAS V. PRYCE PROPERTIES ....................................................
58
L.
BENNIS V. MICHIGAN ...........................................................................
58
M.
CRUZAN V. DIRECTOR, MISSOURI DEPARTMENT OF

HEALTH, ET AL. ......................................................................................
62
N.
BELTRAN V. SECRETARY OF HEALTH ..............................................
64
O.
MANALO V. PNP CHIEF .........................................................................
69
P.
LUCENA GRAND CENTRAL TERMINAL, INC. V.

JAC LINER, INC. ......................................................................................
71
8. Equal protection of law. .....................................................................................
74
A.
PEOPLE V. CAYAT ..................................................................................
74
B.
DUMLAO V. COMELEC ..........................................................................
77
C.
GOESART V. CLEARY .............................................................................
81
D.
ORMOC SUGAR CENTRAL V. ORMOC CITY .......................................
83
E.
SISON, JR. V. ANCHETA ........................................................................
84
F.
HIMAGAN V. PEOPLE ............................................................................
87
G.
PHIL. JUDGES ASSN V. PRADO ...........................................................
89
H.
TIU V. COURT OF APPEALS ..................................................................
92
I.
DE GUZMAN, JR., ET AL. V. COMELEC...............................................
93
J.
PHILIPPINE TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE CO. V. NLRC ...........
94
K.
INTERNATIONAL ALLIANCE V. QUISUMBING ................................
94
L.
PARREO V. COA ....................................................................................
96
M.
CENTRAL BANK EMPLOYEES V. BANGKO CENTRAL ....................
99
N.
SERRANO V. GALLANT MARITIME SERVICES .................................
101
O.
BRITISH AMERICAN TOBACO V. CAMACHO ....................................
104
P.
QUINTO AND TOLENTINO V. COMELEC ...........................................
107
9. Alienage as basis of classication. ....................................................................
111
10.
Equal protection and the political process........................................................
115
11.
Equality in the criminal process. ......................................................................
117
.............................................................................................................................
118
1. Protecting the privacy and dignity of a person.................................................
118
2. Search warrants and warrants of arrest. .........................................................
118
3. Allowable warrantless searches. .......................................................................
119
4. Warrantless arrests. ..........................................................................................
119
5. When intrusion is a search. ............................................................................
119
Sec. 2.
A.
VALMONTE V. GENERAL DE VILLA ...................................................
119
B.
PEOPLE V. ESCANO ...............................................................................
121
iv
6. Cases: Requisites of a valid warrant.................................................................
122
A.
ALVAREZ V. CFI ......................................................................................
122
B.
PEOPLE V. VELOSO ................................................................................
126
C.
SOLIVEN V. MAKASIAR .........................................................................
131
D.
PLACER V. VILLANUEVA ......................................................................
132
E.
STONEHILL V. DIOKNO.........................................................................
133
F.
CENTRAL BANK V. MORFE...................................................................
136
G.
COLUMBIA PICTURES V. COURT OF APPEALS................................
139
H.
BURGOS, SR. V. CHIEF OF STAFF, AFP ..............................................
141
NOTE: Particularity of Description ..................................................................
143
I.
PEOPLE V. TEE........................................................................................
143
J.
PEOPLE V. DEL NORTE .........................................................................
143
7. Exclusionary rule. ..............................................................................................
144
8. Bank secrecy. ......................................................................................................
144
A.
MARQUEZ V. HON. ANIANO A. DESIERTO ........................................
144
9. Warrantless searches .........................................................................................
146
10.
11.
A.
PEOPLE V. ARUTA ..................................................................................
146
B.
NOLASCO V. PAO .................................................................................
146
C.
PAPA V. MAGO .........................................................................................
148
D.
PEOPLE V. CFI .........................................................................................
150
E.
PEOPLE V. LO HO WING .......................................................................
161
F.
CABALLES V. COURT OF APPEALS.....................................................
164
G.
OBRA V. COURT OF APPEALS ..............................................................
166
H.
PEOPLE V. MALMSTEDT .......................................................................
167
I.
ROAN V. GONZALES ...............................................................................
174
J.
PEOPLE V. TABAR ..................................................................................
177
K.
AIAG, JR. V. COMELEC .......................................................................
178
L.
PEOPLE V. TUDTUD ...............................................................................
181
M.
VERNONIA SCH. DIST. 47J V. ACTON .................................................
183
N.
PEOPLE V. COMPACION........................................................................
188
O.
PEOPLE V. VALDEZ ................................................................................
191
P.
PEOPLE V. DE GRACIA ..........................................................................
191
Q.
BOARD OF EDUCATION V. EARLS, ET AL. ........................................
194
R.
SOCIAL JUSTICE SOCIETY V. DANGEROUS DRUGS BOARD ........
197
Searches and seizures of whatever nature and for whatever purpose. ........
205
A.
MATERIAL DISTRIBUTORS V. NATIVIDAD .......................................
205
B.
CAMARA V. MUNICIPAL COURT .........................................................
206
Warrantless arrests. ..........................................................................................
209
A.
209
IN RE: UMIL, ET AL. V. RAMOS ............................................................

v
B.
PEOPLE V. DE LA CRUZ ........................................................................
210
C.
PEOPLE V. AMINUDIN ...........................................................................
211
D.
HARVEY V. DEFENSOR-SANTIAGO ....................................................
212
E.
PEOPLE V. SUCRO ..................................................................................
217
F.
PEOPLE V. RODRIGUEZA ......................................................................
219
G.
PEOPLE V. BAGISTA ..............................................................................
221
H.
PEOPLE V. MENGOTE ............................................................................
223
I.
GO V. COURT OF APPEALS ...................................................................
225
J.
PEOPLE V. MANLULU............................................................................
227
K.
PEOPLE V. BOLASA ................................................................................
227
L.
PEOPLE V. ESCORDIAL .........................................................................
229
M.
PEOPLE V. JAYSON ................................................................................
229
N.
PEOPLE V. SALVATIERRA ....................................................................
230
O.
PEOPLE V. HERNANDEZ .......................................................................
231
Entrapment ........................................................................................................
231
A.
PEOPLE V. DORIA ...................................................................................
231
Cases: Stop and frisk.......................................................................................
235
A.
TERRY V. OHIO........................................................................................
235
B.
MALACAT V. COURT OF APPEALS ......................................................
237
C.
PEOPLE V. CHUA ....................................................................................
240
.............................................................................................................................
243
1. Privacy of communication..................................................................................
243
2. Exclusionary rule. ..............................................................................................
244
12.
13.
Sec. 3.
A.
PEOPLE V. MARTI ...................................................................................
244
B.
RAMIREZ V. COURT OF APPEALS .......................................................
247
C.
SILAHIS INTERNATIONAL V. SOLUTA ..............................................
249
Waiver of rights under Secs. 2 and 3. ...............................................................
252
A.
PEOPLE V. DAMASO ...............................................................................
252
B.
SPOUSES VEROY V. LAYAGUE ............................................................
253
C.
PEOPLE V. EVARISTO ............................................................................
255
D.
OKABE V. JUDGE ....................................................................................
257
Sec. 4.
.............................................................................................................................
258
1.
Freedom of Speech and Press: prior restraint and subsequent

punishment.........................................................................................................
258
Prior restraint. ...................................................................................................
259
A.
NEAR V. MINNESSOTA ..........................................................................
259
B.
NEW YORK TIMES CO. V. UNITED STATES ......................................
264
C.
FREEDMAN V. MARYLAND...................................................................
272
NOTE: The Iglesia Ni Kristo Case ...................................................................
275
3.
2.
vi
3.
4.
5.
D.
AYER PRODUCTIONS PTY. LTD. V. JUDGE CAPULONG.................
275
E.
EASTERN BROADCASTING V. DANS, JR. ...........................................
282
F.
ALEXANDER V. UNITED STATES ........................................................
284
G.
NEWSOUNDS BROADCASTING V. DY.................................................
286
Subsequent Punishment. ...................................................................................
293
A.
GONZALES V. COMELEC .......................................................................
293
B.
PEOPLE V. PEREZ ...................................................................................
295
C.
DENNIS V. UNITED STATES .................................................................
298
D.
UNITED STATES V. OBRIEN ................................................................
303
E.
BLUE RIBBON COMMITTEE V. HON. JOSE B. MAJADUCON.........
305
Speech and the electoral process. ......................................................................
308
A.
GONZALES V. COMELEC .......................................................................
308
B.
SANIDAD V. COMELEC ..........................................................................
316
C.
NATIONAL PRESS CLUB V. COMELEC...............................................
319
D.
ADIONG V. COMELEC ............................................................................
319
E.
ABS-CBN BROADCASTING CORPORATION V. COMELEC ..............
325
F.
SOCIAL WEATHER STATIONS V. COMELEC .....................................
328
NOTE: Freedom to Campaign...........................................................................
332
Commercial speech. ...........................................................................................
332
A.
6.
CENTRAL HUDSON GAS & ELEC. CORP. V. PUBLIC

SERVICE COMMN ..................................................................................
332
B.
PHARMACEUTICAL V. SECRETARY OF HEALTH ............................
333
C.
CITY OF LADUE V. GILLEO ..................................................................
334
Speech and the judicial process. ........................................................................
335
A.
7.
8.
RE: REQUEST RADIO-TV COVERAGE OF THE TRIAL IN THE

SANDIGANBAYAN OF THE PLUNDER CASES AGAINST THE
FORMER PRESIDENT JOSEPH E. ESTRADA .....................................
335
B.
IN RE: PETITION TO ANNUL 98-7-02 SC .............................................
336
C.
UNITED STATES V. GRACE...................................................................
337
Libel. ...................................................................................................................
338
A.
POLICARPIO V. MANILA TIMES ..........................................................
338
B.
LOPEZ V. COURT OF APPEALS ............................................................
340
C.
NEW YORK TIMES CO. V. SULLIVAN .................................................
345
D.
BORJAL V. COURT OF APPEALS..........................................................
347
E.
VASQUEZ V. COURT OF APPEALS.......................................................
353
F.
TIME, INC. V. FIRESTONE ....................................................................
353
G.
HUSTLER MAGAZINE V. FALWELL ....................................................
354
H.
JAL V. SIMANGAN ..................................................................................
355
Obscenity and indecency. ..................................................................................
356
A.
356
MILLER V. CALIFORNIA ........................................................................

vii
B.
GONZALES V. KALAW KATIGBAK .......................................................
361
C.
SORIANO V. LAGUARDIA ......................................................................
365
D.
BARNES V. GLEN THEATER .................................................................
371
E.
F.C.C. V. PACIFICA FOUNDATION.......................................................
375
F.
RENTON V. PLAYTIME THEATERS .....................................................
382
G.
BETHEL SCH. DIST. V. FRASER ...........................................................
386
H.
HAZELWOOD SCHOOL DISTRICT V. KUHLMEIER NO. 86-836 ......
390
I.
RENO V. AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION ................................
394
J.
ASHCROFT V. FREE SPEECH COALITION.........................................
396
K.
UNITED STATES, ET AL. V. AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION,

INC., ET AL. ..............................................................................................
399
Assembly and petition. ......................................................................................
401
A.
NAVARRO V. VILLEGAS.........................................................................
402
B.
PBM EMPLOYEES V. PBM .....................................................................
403
C.
JBL REYES V. MAYOR BAGATSING ....................................................
408
D.
MALABANAN V. RAMENTO ..................................................................
414
E.
BAYAN V. ERMITA ..................................................................................
419
Sec. 5.
.............................................................................................................................
433
1.
Jurisprudence before the 1935 Constitution. ...................................................
434
2.
Non-establishment of religion. ..........................................................................
435
A.
AGLIPAY V. RUIZ ....................................................................................
435
B.
TARUC V. BISHOP ...................................................................................
438
C.
GARCES V. ESTENZO .............................................................................
440
D.
SCHOOL DISTRICT V. SCHEMPP .........................................................
442
E.
LEMON V. KURTZMAN ..........................................................................
442
F.
TILTON V. RICHARDSON ......................................................................
447
G.
ZOBREST, ET AL. V. CATALINA FOOTHILLS

SCHOOL DISTRICT .................................................................................
450
H.
AGOSTINI, ET AL. V. FELTON, ET AL. ................................................
451
I.
MITCHELL, ET AL. V. HELMS, ET AL. ................................................
453
J.
ZELMAN, SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION OF

OHIO, ET AL. V. SIMMONS-HARRIS, ET AL. ......................................
456
COUNTY OF ALLEGHENY V. AMERICAN CIVIL

LIBERTIES UNION..................................................................................
457
CAPITOL SQUARE REVIEW AND ADVISORY BOARD, ET AL.

V. PINETTE, ET AL..................................................................................
460
ISLAMIC DAWAH COUNCIL V. OFFICE OF THE EXECUTIVE

SECRETARY .............................................................................................
462
SORIANO V. LAGUARDIA ......................................................................
464
Religion in the public schools. ...........................................................................
464
9.
K.
L.
M.
N.
3.
viii
4.
Intramural religious disputes. ..........................................................................
464
NOTE: Other provision on non-establishment. ...............................................
466
Free exercise of religion. ....................................................................................
466
A.
CANTWELL V. CONNECTICUT .............................................................
467
B.
UNITED STATES V. BALLARD ..............................................................
470
C.
AMERICAN BIBLE SOCIETY V. CITY OF MANILA ............................
473
D.
ANG LADLAD V. COMELEC ..................................................................
476
E.
EBRALINAG V. SUPERINTENDENT ....................................................
487
F.
EMPLOYMENT DIVISION V. SMITH....................................................
490
G.
LONG AND ALMERIA V. BASA, ET AL. ...............................................
491
H.
AUSTRIA V. NLRC ...................................................................................
492
I.
CENTENO V. VILLALON-PORNILLOS .................................................
495
J.
WISCONSIN V. YODER ...........................................................................
497
K.
PAMIL V. TELERON ................................................................................
498
L.
MCDANIEL V. PATY ................................................................................
504
M.
GOLDMAN V. WEINBERGER ................................................................
505
N.
LEE, ET AL. V. WEISMAN ......................................................................
508
O.
CHURCH OF THE LUKUMI BABALU AYE, INC., ET AL.

V. CITY OF HIALEAH .............................................................................
509
LAMBS CHAPEL, ET AL. V. CENTER MORICHES UNION

FREE SCHOOL DISTRICT ......................................................................
511
Q.
IGLESIA NI KRISTO V. COURT OF APPEALS ....................................
511
R.
ESTRADA V. ESCRITOR .........................................................................
520
NOTE: Conict of obligations. ..........................................................................
528
Sec. 6.
.............................................................................................................................
530
1.
Liberties of abode and of travel. ........................................................................
530
A.
530
5.
P.
MARCOS V. MANGLAPUS ......................................................................
NOTE:
...........................................................................................................
537
Sec. 7.
.............................................................................................................................
537
1.
Right to information. .........................................................................................
537
A.
LEGASPI V. CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION .......................................
537
B.
VALMONTE V. BELMONTE, JR. ...........................................................
542
C.
AQUINO-SARMIENTO V. MORATO ......................................................
547
D.
GONZALES V. NARVASA........................................................................
553
E.
CHAVEZ V. PUBLIC ESTATES AUTHORITY.......................................
554
F.
HILADO V. JUDGE REYES.....................................................................
556
G.
BA-RA 7941 V. COMELEC .......................................................................
559
NOTE: Exceptions .............................................................................................
561
H.
562
GUINGONA, JR. V. COMELEC...............................................................
ix
Sec. 8.
.............................................................................................................................
568
1.
The right to form associations. ..........................................................................
568
A.
UNITED PEPSI COLA SUPERVISORY UNION V. LAGUESMA ........
568
Government employees. .....................................................................................
578
A.
TUCP V. NHC............................................................................................
578
B.
SSS EMPLOYEES V. COURT OF APPEALS .........................................
579
C.
MANILA PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS V. LAGUIO, JR. ..................
583
3.
Subversive organizations. ..................................................................................
588
Sec. 9.
.............................................................................................................................
589
1.
Eminent domain. ................................................................................................
589
2.
Eminent domain: Denition, nature. ................................................................
589
A.
BARDILLON V. BARANGAU MASILI....................................................
591
B.
ESTATE OF JBL REYES V. CITY OF MANILA ....................................
592
NOTE: Municipal property ...............................................................................
595
Elements of taking. ............................................................................................
595
A.
REPUBLIC V. VDA. DE CASTELLVI .....................................................
595
B.
CITY GOVERNMENT V. JUDGE ERICTA ............................................
598
C.
UNITED STATES V. CAUSBY ................................................................
601
D.
PEOPLE V. FAJARDO .............................................................................
604
E.
REPUBLIC V. PLDT .................................................................................
604
F.
NPC V. JOCSON .......................................................................................
606
G.
DIDIPIO EARTH SAVERS V. SECRETARY ..........................................
607
H.
BENNIS V. MICHIGAN ...........................................................................
615
I.
PENN CENTRAL TRANSPORTATION CO. V. NEW YORK CITY ......
615
Public Use. .......................................................................................................
616
A.
SUMULONG V. GUERRERO ..................................................................
616
B.
PROVINCE OF CAM. SUR V. COURT OF APPEALS ...........................
619
C.
MASIKIP V. CIY OF PASIG .....................................................................
622
D.
MACTAN CEBU INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT V. LOZADA, JR. ........
624
Just compensation. ............................................................................................
629
A.
EPZA V. DULAY .......................................................................................
630
B.
CITY OF MANILA V. ESTRADA .............................................................
632
C.
MADDUMBA V. GSIS ..............................................................................
633
D.
NATIONAL POWER CORPORATION V. COURT OF APPEALS.........
635
E.
MERALCO V. PINEDA.............................................................................
636
F.
LAND BANK V. SPOUSES ORILLA .......................................................
638
Judicial review. ..................................................................................................
640
A.
DE KNECHT V. BAUTISTA ....................................................................
640
B.
REPUBLIC V. DE KNECHT ....................................................................
644
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
C.
MANOTOK V. NATIONAL HOUSING AUTHORITY............................
648
NOTE: Expropriation and contract .................................................................
656
NOTE: Jurisdiction............................................................................................
656
Sec. 10.
.............................................................................................................................
657
1.
The Contract Clause before the 1935 Constitution. .........................................
657
A.
HOME BUILDING AND LOAN ASSN. V. BLAISDELL .......................
658
B.
RUTTER V. ESTEBAN .............................................................................
659
C.
ORTIGAS & CO. V. FEATI BANK ...........................................................
663
D.
JUAREZ V. COURT OF APPEALS ..........................................................
666
NOTE: Precise of some recent cases .................................................................
666
NOTE: Annulment of contract. .........................................................................
667
NOTE: Contracts, taxation, free exercise. ........................................................
668
Sec. 11.
.............................................................................................................................
668
1.
Free access to courts and other bodies. .............................................................
668
Sec. 12.
.............................................................................................................................
668
1.
Rights under Section 12: Origins and rationale. ..............................................
669
A.
MIRANDA V. ARIZONA ...........................................................................
669
B.
MAGTOTO V. MANGUERA .....................................................................
673
C.
PEOPLE V. MAHINAY .............................................................................
674
NOTE: The Miranda Rights......................................................................
674
When the rights become available. ...................................................................
675
A.
PEOPLE V. TAYLARAN...........................................................................
675
B.
PEOPLE V. MARCOS ...............................................................................
675
C.
PEOPLE V. RAPEZA ................................................................................
676
D.
PEOPLE V. JUDGE AYSON ....................................................................
679
NOTE: Is an Interview Made by Newsmen Covered by the

Miranda Rule? ...........................................................................................
684
NOTE: Counsel in Administrative Investigations? .........................................
685
E.
PEOPLE V. MARRA .................................................................................
685
F.
PEOPLE V. MAQUEDA ...........................................................................
686
G.
PEOPLE V. BALISTEROS .......................................................................
687
NOTE: When the rights cease to be available. ................................................
688
Police line-ups; parafn test; signature. ...........................................................
688
A.
GAMBOA V. JUDGE CRUZ .....................................................................
688
B.
PEOPLE V. LOVERIA ..............................................................................
689
C.
PEOPLE V. HATTON ...............................................................................
690
D.
PEOPLE V. FRAGO ..................................................................................
691
E.
PEOPLE V. GAMBOA ..............................................................................
692
F.
PEOPLE V. LINSANGAN ........................................................................
693
2.
3.
xi
G.
PEOPLE V. DE LAS MARIAS ...............................................................
693
H.
PEOPLE V. ENRIQUE .............................................................................
693
I.
PEOPLE V. BANDIN ................................................................................
694
Right to counsel. .................................................................................................
694
A.
ESTACIO V. SANDIGANBAYAN ............................................................
694
B.
PEOPLE V. DE JESUS .............................................................................
695
C.
PEOPLE V. BOLANOS .............................................................................
695
D.
PEOPLE V. LUCERO ...............................................................................
696
E.
PEOPLE V. PAROJINOG .........................................................................
697
F.
PEOPLE V. PAMON .................................................................................
699
G.
PEOPLE V. BAELLO ................................................................................
699
H.
PEOPLE V. AGUSTIN ..............................................................................
701
I.
PEOPLE V. BALISTEROS .......................................................................
703
J.
PEOPLE V. GUILLERMO ........................................................................
703
K.
PEOPLE V. MOJELLO .............................................................................
705
L.
PEOPLE V. SAYABOC .............................................................................
706
M.
PEOPLE V. MARLENE OLERMO ..........................................................
708
NOTE: Independent Counsel ...........................................................................
709
Right to be informed. .........................................................................................
709
A.
PEOPLE V. PINLAC .................................................................................
709
NOTE: Sundrey situations. ...............................................................................
710
Waiver.................................................................................................................
710
A.
PEOPLE V. ROUS.....................................................................................
710
Sec. 13.
.............................................................................................................................
711
1.
Nature of bail and recognizance. .......................................................................
711
2.
Right to bail or recognizance. ............................................................................
712
A.
PEOPLE V. NITCHA ................................................................................
712
B.
CARDINES V. ROSETE ...........................................................................
713
C.
PADERANGA V. COURT OF APPEALS .................................................
714
D.
YAP V. COURT OF APPEALS .................................................................
716
E.
NARCISO V. STA. ROMANA-CRUZ .......................................................
719
F.
PEOPLE V. CABRAL ................................................................................
720
G.
SERAPIO V. SANDIGANBAYAN ............................................................
720
H.
LEVISTE V. COURT OF APPEALS ........................................................
721
I.
UNITED STATES V. JUDGE PURUGANAN .........................................
725
J.
RODRIGUEZ V. JUDGE ..........................................................................
730
K.
GOVERNMENT OF HONGKONG V. JUDGE OLALIA ........................
733
Waiver of the right . ...........................................................................................
737
A.
737
4.
5.
6.
3.
PEOPLE V. JUDGE DONATO & RODOLFO SALAS ............................

xii
4.
Excessive bail. ....................................................................................................
744
A.
744
DE LA CAMARA V. ENAGE ....................................................................
NOTE:
...........................................................................................................
747
Sec. 14.
.............................................................................................................................
747
1.
Due process in criminal cases............................................................................
747
2.
Military tribunals...............................................................................................
748
A.
OLAGUER V. MILITARY COMMISSION NO. 34 ..................................
748
B.
TAN V. BARRIOS......................................................................................
752
Presumption of innocence. .................................................................................
753
A.
UNITED STATES V. LULING .................................................................
753
B.
PEOPLE V. MINGOA ...............................................................................
754
C.
DUMLAO V. COMELEC ..........................................................................
755
D.
MARQUEZ, JR. V. COMELEC .................................................................
756
NOTE: When presumption ends. ......................................................................
759
NOTE: Equipoise Rule ......................................................................................
759
Right to counsel. .................................................................................................
760
A.
PEOPLE V. HOLGADO ............................................................................
760
B.
UNITED STATES V. ASH ........................................................................
761
C.
PEOPLE V. LIWANAG .............................................................................
764
D.
PEOPLE V. LARRAAGA, ET AL. .........................................................
766
Right to be informed. .........................................................................................
768
A.
PEOPLE V. REGALA................................................................................
768
B.
ENRILE V. SALAZAR...............................................................................
769
C.
PEOPLE V. LEGAZPI, ET AL. .................................................................
770
D.
771
NOTE: Qualifying Circumstance..............................................................
771
E.
PEOPLE V. ESPERANZA ........................................................................
771
F.
PEOPLE V. PURAZO ................................................................................
772
G.
GARCIA V. PEOPLE.................................................................................
773
H.
773
NOTE: Qualifying Circumstance..............................................................
774
Right to speedy trial...........................................................................................
774
A.
CONDE V. RIVERA ..................................................................................
774
B.
NEPUMOCENO V. SECRETARY OF NATIONAL DEFENSE .............
776
Right to an impartial trial. ................................................................................
778
A.
MATEO, JR. V. VILLALUZ ......................................................................
778
Right to a public trial. ........................................................................................
783
A.
RE OLIVER ...............................................................................................
783
B.
GARCIA V. DOMINGO .............................................................................
784
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
xiii
9.
Right to meet witness face to face. ....................................................................
785
10.
Compulsory process. ..........................................................................................
787
A.
FAJARDO V. GARCIA ..............................................................................
787
Trial in absentia; right to be present. ...............................................................
789
A.
CARREDO V. PEOPLE.............................................................................
790
NOTE: Waiver of Rights ...........................................................................
792
Sec. 15.
.............................................................................................................................
792
1.
Suspension of the privilege: seat and limits of the power under the
1935 and 1973 Constitutions. ............................................................................
792
Effect of the suspension of the privilege under the 1935 and 1973
Constitutions. .....................................................................................................
795
Sec. 16.
.............................................................................................................................
797
1.
Speedy disposition of cases. ...............................................................................
797
A.
LOPEZ, JR. V. OMBUDSMAN .................................................................
798
Sec. 17.
.............................................................................................................................
799
1.
Right against self-incrimination. ......................................................................
799
A.
UNITED STATES V. NAVARRO .............................................................
800
B.
UNITED STATES V. TAN TENG ............................................................
802
C.
VILLAFLOR V. SUMMERS .....................................................................
804
D.
UNITED STATES V. ONG SIU HONG ...................................................
807
E.
BELTRAN V. SAMSON ............................................................................
807
F.
BERMUDEZ V. CASTILLO ......................................................................
811
G.
CHAVEZ V. COURT OF APPEALS .........................................................
811
H.
CABAL V. KAPUNAN, JR. .......................................................................
817
I.
PASCUAL, JR. V. BOARD OF MEDICAL EXAMINERS.......................
820
Sec. 18.
.............................................................................................................................
823
1.
Freedom of political belief. ................................................................................
823
2.
Involuntary servitude. .......................................................................................
823
Sec. 19.
.............................................................................................................................
824
1.
Cruel, degrading or inhuman punishment; excessive nes. ............................
824
A.
PEOPLE V. ESTOISTA ............................................................................
825
NOTE: The measure of cruelty and excess. .....................................................
825
NOTE: Death Penalty .......................................................................................
826
2.
Abolition of death penalty. ................................................................................
827
3.
Effect of abolition on application of penal laws. ...............................................
828
A.
PEOPLE V. MUOZ .................................................................................
828
NOTE: R.A. And Review of Death Penalty. .....................................................
830
Restoration of the death penalty. ......................................................................
830
A.
830
11.
2.
4.
PEOPLE V. ECHEGARAY .......................................................................
xiv
B.
PEOPLE V. PURAZO ................................................................................
833
5.
Custodial cruelties and inadequate penal facilities. ........................................
840
Sec. 20.
.............................................................................................................................
841
1.
Imprisonment for debt. ......................................................................................
841
A.
LOZANO V. MARTINEZ ..........................................................................
841
B.
IN RE PETION FOR HABEAS CORPUS ................................................
844
NOTE: Meaning of poll tax.............................................................................
844
Sec. 21.
.............................................................................................................................
845
1.
Attachment of jeopardy. ....................................................................................
845
A.
PEOPLE V. YLAGAN ...............................................................................
845
B.
PEOPLE V. BALISACAN .........................................................................
846
C.
PEOPLE V. ESPINOSA ............................................................................
847
Termination of jeopardy. ...................................................................................
850
A.
BULAONG V. PEOPLE ............................................................................
850
B.
BUSTAMANTE V. MACEREN ................................................................
851
C.
PEOPLE V. OBSANIA ..............................................................................
854
D.
RIVERA, JR. V. PEOPLE .........................................................................
862
E.
PEOPLE V. SANDIGANBAYAN AND VELASCO .................................
863
F.
CONDRADA V. PEOPLE .........................................................................
864
G.
PEOPLE V. LACSON................................................................................
865
H.
PEOPLE V. COURT OF APPEALS .........................................................
874
Same offense; ordinance and statute. ...............................................................
876
A.
PEOPLE V. RELOVA................................................................................
877
Rule on supervening facts. ..............................................................................
885
A.
MELO V. PEOPLE ....................................................................................
885
B.
PEOPLE V. BULING ................................................................................
887
5.
Appeals. ..............................................................................................................
890
Sec. 22.
.............................................................................................................................
890
1.
Ex post facto laws. ...........................................................................................
890
A.
LACSON V. EXECUTIVE SECRETARY .................................................
892
NOTE: No Ex Post Facto Law...........................................................................
897
Bills of attainder. ...............................................................................................
897
A.
PEOPLE V. FERRER ................................................................................
897
B.
PEOPLE V. SANDIGANBAYAN..............................................................
905
C.
CO V. COURT OF APPEALS ...................................................................
905
Article IV: Citizenship .................................................................................................................
911
Section 1. .............................................................................................................................
911
2.
3.
4.
2.
1.
Citizenship..........................................................................................................
xv
911
2.
Citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of the

1973 Constitution. ..............................................................................................
911
Children of Filipino fathers or mothers. ...........................................................
912
A.
VALLES V. COMELEC.............................................................................
913
B.
TECSON V. COMELEC ........................................................................
916
Citizens by election. ...........................................................................................
925
A.
CO V. HOUSE ELECTORAL TRIBUNAL ..............................................
927
5.
Naturalization. ...................................................................................................
936
Sec. 2.
.............................................................................................................................
938
1.
Natural-born citizen...........................................................................................
938
Sec. 3.
.............................................................................................................................
939
1.
Loss of citizenship. .............................................................................................
939
2.
Loss of citizenship. .............................................................................................
940
A.
YU V. DEFENSOR-SANTIAGO ...............................................................
940
B.
FRIVALDO V. COMELEC ........................................................................
942
C.
LABO, JR. V. COMELEC .........................................................................
946
D.
AZNAR V. OSMEA .................................................................................
951
Repatriation. ......................................................................................................
954
A.
BENGZON V. CRUZ .................................................................................
955
4.
R.A. 9225 The Dual Citizenship Law. ..........................................................
959
Sec. 4.
.............................................................................................................................
960
1.
Marriage to an alien spouse. .............................................................................
960
Sec. 5.
.............................................................................................................................
961
1.
Dual allegiance. ..................................................................................................
961
Article V: Suffrage .......................................................................................................................
962
Section 1. .............................................................................................................................
962
1. Suffrage as right and duty.................................................................................
962
3.
4.
3.
A.
AKBAYAN V. COMELEC .........................................................................
963
2. The broadening of the mass base. .....................................................................
968
3. Citizenship qualication. ...................................................................................
969
4. Age qualication. ...............................................................................................
969
5. Residence qualication. .....................................................................................
969
A.
ROMUALDEZ V. REGIONAL TRIAL COURT .......................................
971
6. Absentee voting. .................................................................................................
973
A.
MACALINTAL V. COMELEC .................................................................
973
B.
NICOLAS-LEWIS V. COMELEC .............................................................
987
C.
JAPZON V. COMELEC ............................................................................
992
7. Prohibited qualications: literacy .....................................................................
1001
xvi
8. Voting by illiterates and disabled in the 1987 Constitution............................
1002
9. Secrecy and sanctity of the ballot......................................................................
1002
10.
Prohibited qualications: property. ..................................................................
1003
11.
Prohibited qualications: other substantive requirements. ............................
1003
12.
Disqualications: forfeiture of the right. ..........................................................
1004
Sec. 2. ...................................................................................................................................
1005
Article XIII: Social Justice and Human Rights ..........................................................................
1006
SOCIAL JUSTICE .......................................................................................................................
1006
Sec. 1.
.............................................................................................................................
1006
Sec. 2.
.............................................................................................................................
1006
1.
Towards social justice. .......................................................................................
1006
Sec. 3.
.............................................................................................................................
1007
1.
Right to strike. ...................................................................................................
1007
A.
SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM EMPLOYEES V.

COURT OF APPEALS ..............................................................................
1007
AGRARIAN AND NATURAL RESOURCES REFORM ............................................................
1010
Sec. 4.
.............................................................................................................................
1010
1.
Agrarian Reform. ...............................................................................................
1011
A.
ASSOCIATION OF SMALL LANDOWNERS V. SEC. OF

AGRARIAN REFORM .............................................................................
1011
MADDUMBA V. GSIS ..............................................................................
1022
NOTE: Just compensation in agrarian reform. ...............................................
1024
C.
LUZ FARMS V. SEC. OF AGRARIAN REFORM ...................................
1024
D.
DAR V. DECS ............................................................................................
1028
E.
ARCHBISHOP V. SECRETARY ..............................................................
1031
Sec. 5.
.............................................................................................................................
1036
Sec. 6.
.............................................................................................................................
1036
Sec. 7.
.............................................................................................................................
1036
Sec. 8.
.............................................................................................................................
1036
NOTE: Industrialization and Agrarian Reform ...............................................
1036
URBAN LAND REFORM AND HOUSING ...............................................................................
1036
B.
Sec. 9.
.............................................................................................................................
1036
Sec. 10.
.............................................................................................................................
1037
1.
Dealing with squatters....................................................................................
1037
2.
Eviction and demolition under R.A. 7279 .........................................................
1038
POWER OF NHA...............................................................................................
1039
xvii
HEALTH
.............................................................................................................................
1039
.............................................................................................................................
1039
NOTE: An integrated and comprehensive approach to health

development. ...........................................................................................
1039
Sec. 12.
.............................................................................................................................
1039
Sec. 13.
.............................................................................................................................
1040
WOMEN .....................................................................................................................................
1040
Sec. 11.
Sec. 14.
.............................................................................................................................
1040
ROLE AND RIGHTS OF PEOPLES ORGANIZATIONS .........................................................
1040
Sec. 15.
.............................................................................................................................
1040
Sec. 16.
.............................................................................................................................
1040
NOTE: Peoples organizations. ......................................................................
1040
HUMAN RIGHTS ........................................................................................................................
1040
Sec. 17.
.............................................................................................................................
1040
Sec. 18.
.............................................................................................................................
1040
1.
Commission on Human Rights. .........................................................................
1041
A.
CARIO V. COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS ................................
1041
B.
EXPORT PROCESSING ZONE AUTHORITY V. COMMISSION

ON HUMAN RIGHTS ...............................................................................
1047
SIMON, JR V. COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS ...........................
1050
NOTE: Commission on Human Rights. ...................................................
1058
.............................................................................................................................
1059
Article XIV: Education, Science and Technology, Arts, Culture, and Sports .........................
1060
EDUCATION .............................................................................................................................
1060
Section 1. .............................................................................................................................
1060
C.
Sec. 19.
1.
2.
The natural and primary right of parents. .......................................................
1060
A.
MEYER V. NEBRASKA ............................................................................
1060
B.
PIERCE V. SOCIETY OF SISTERS ........................................................
1063
C.
WISCONSIN V. YODER ...........................................................................
1064
D.
GINSBERG V. NEW YORK......................................................................
1072
Quality and accessibility of educational system...............................................
1074
A.
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, CULTURE AND SPORTS

V. SAN DIEGO ..........................................................................................
1075
B.
NON V. JUDGE DAMES ..........................................................................
1077
C.
SUPERINTENDENT V. AZARCON ........................................................
1086
xviii
Sec. 2.
.............................................................................................................................
1089
Sec. 3
.............................................................................................................................
1089
Sec. 4.
.............................................................................................................................
1090
1.
State supervision and reasonable regution of schools...................................
1090
2.
Filipinization of schools. ....................................................................................
1091
3.
Tax exemption. ...................................................................................................
1091
A.
COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE V.

COURT OF APPEALS ..............................................................................
1091
Sec. 5.
.............................................................................................................................
1093
1.
Academic freedom of institutions of higher learning. ...................................
1094
A.
BOARD OF MEDICAL EDUCATION V. JUDGE ALFONSO AND

PHILIPPINE MUSLIM-CHRISTIAN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE ........
1094
B.
CAPITOL MEDICAL CENTER V. COURT OF APPEALS ....................
1098
C.
GARCIA V. FACULTY ADMISSION COMMITTEE ..............................
1101
D.
LUPANGCO V. COURT OF APPEALS ...................................................
1105
E.
UNIVERSITY OF SAN CARLOS V. COURT OF APPEALS..................
1107
F.
REYES V. COURT OF APPEALS ............................................................
1108
G.
MIRIAM COLLEGE V. COURT OF APPEALS ......................................
1111
H.
UP BOARD OF REGENTS V. COURT OF APPEALS ...........................
1117
I.
TAN V. COURT OF APPEALS .................................................................
1121
NOTE: Security of Tenure.................................................................................
1121
J.
PARENT TEACHERS ASSOCIATION V. METROBANK .....................
1122
NOTE: Probationary teachers...........................................................................
1123
.............................................................................................................................
1123
Sec. 6.
.............................................................................................................................
1123
Sec. 7.
.............................................................................................................................
1123
1.
Filipino; Pilipino; National Language. ....................................................
1123
Sec. 8.
.............................................................................................................................
1124
1.
Language of the Constitution. ...........................................................................
1124
Sec. 9.
.............................................................................................................................
1124
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ................................................................................................
1124
LANGUAGE
Sec. 10.
.............................................................................................................................
1124
Sec. 11.
.............................................................................................................................
1124
Sec. 12.
.............................................................................................................................
1124
Sec. 13.
.............................................................................................................................
1124
ARTS AND CULTURE ................................................................................................................
1125
Sec. 14.
.............................................................................................................................
xix
1125
Sec. 15.
.............................................................................................................................
1125
Sec. 16.
.............................................................................................................................
1125
Sec. 17.
.............................................................................................................................
1125
Sec. 18.
.............................................................................................................................
1125
SPORTS .....................................................................................................................................
1125
Sec. 19.
.............................................................................................................................
1125
Article XV: The Family ................................................................................................................
1126
Section 1. .............................................................................................................................
1126
Sec. 2.
.............................................................................................................................
1126
1.
Protection of marriage .......................................................................................
1126
Sec. 3.
.............................................................................................................................
1126
1.
Protection of children .........................................................................................
1127
Sec. 4.
.............................................................................................................................
1127
xx

Bill of Rights Explained: Police Power and Protections of Life, Liberty, Property

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Bill of Rights Explained: Police Power and Protections of Life, Liberty, Property

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ARTICLE III: BILL OF RIGHTS

has been Chief Justice Shaws classic statement

1. Purpose of Bill of Rights.

Police power rests upon public necessity

3. The seat of police power.

A. MMDA v. Bel Air Village

Police power has been characterized as the

CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS AND SOCIAL DEMANDS

corporation whose members are homeowners in

G.R. No. 135962, March 27, 2000.

a corporate entity representing the inhabitants

ARTICLE III: BILL OF RIGHTS

of the mayors of the component 12 cities and 5

It is recognized that ones employment,

1. Purpose of Bill of Rights ....................................................................................

2. Police power. .......................................................................................................

3. The seat of police power .....................................................................................

MMDA V. BEL AIR VILLAGE .................................................................

4. Life, liberty, property. .......................................................................................

5. Hierarchy of Rights. ...........................................................................................

PHILIPPINE BLOOMING MILLS EMPLOYEES ORGANIZATION

DUNCAN ASSOCIATION V. GLAXO WELLCOME PHILIPPINES ...

STAR PAPER CORPORATION V. SIMBOL ...........................................

6. Procedural due process: judicial and administrative. ......................................

BANCO ESPAOL FILIPINO V. PALANCA .........................................

FABELLA V. COURT OF APPEALS .......................................................

NON V. JUDGE DAMES ..........................................................................

LAO GI ALIAS CHIA, JR. V. COURT OF APPEALS .............................

PEOPLE V. NAZARIO ..............................................................................

CORONA V. UNITED HARBOR PILOTS ...............................................

ARMY AND NAVY CLUB V. COURT OF APPEALS .............................

SUMMARY DISMISSAL BOARD V. TORCITA .....................................

ESTRADA V. SANDIGANBAYAN ...........................................................

GONZALES V. NLRC AND ATENEO DE DAVAO ................................

NOTE: Need of Publication as Requisite of Due Process. ...............................

7. Substantive due process. ...................................................................................

UNITED STATES V. TORIBIO................................................................

YNOT V. INTERMEDIATE COURT OF APPEALS ...............................

CHURCHILL V. RAFFERTY ...................................................................

PEOPLE V. FAJARDO .............................................................................

ACEBEDO OPTICAL CO. V. COURT OF APPEALS .............................

LAWRENCE, ET AL. V. TEXAS ..............................................................

ERMITA-MALATE HOTEL AND MOTEL OPERATORS V.

CITY OF MANILA V. JUDGE LAGUIO ..................................................

WHITE LIGHT CORPORATION V. CITY OF MANILA ........................

BALACUIT V. CFI ....................................................................................

MAGTAJAS V. PRYCE PROPERTIES ....................................................

BENNIS V. MICHIGAN ...........................................................................

CRUZAN V. DIRECTOR, MISSOURI DEPARTMENT OF

BELTRAN V. SECRETARY OF HEALTH ..............................................

MANALO V. PNP CHIEF .........................................................................

LUCENA GRAND CENTRAL TERMINAL, INC. V.

8. Equal protection of law. .....................................................................................

PEOPLE V. CAYAT ..................................................................................

DUMLAO V. COMELEC ..........................................................................

GOESART V. CLEARY .............................................................................

ORMOC SUGAR CENTRAL V. ORMOC CITY .......................................

SISON, JR. V. ANCHETA ........................................................................

HIMAGAN V. PEOPLE ............................................................................

PHIL. JUDGES ASSN V. PRADO ...........................................................

TIU V. COURT OF APPEALS ..................................................................

DE GUZMAN, JR., ET AL. V. COMELEC...............................................