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FSRU STUDY
OVERVIEW


Antonius Yunianto
Founder & Principal
Offshore-Skills.com
OffshoreSubseaDeepwater
Knowledge Management













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1. Methodology of FSRU Study
The following standard step is conducted to accomplish the FSRU study :




























2. Gas Balance and LNG Demand
In order to meet growing natural gas demand in the area/region are, a secure and stable
natural gas supply is needed.
Based on the condition, the additional gas supplies are needed. To solve this problem, need
a plan to build and operate an additional floating LNG receiving terminal. The gas from this
regasification facilities will be delivered through export pipeline.
Under the aforesaid circumstances, Company or Country crucial to do a feasibility study LNG
Floating Storage and Regasification Unit Project in order to identify, develop and optimize
the initial concepts of the project, including technical configurations and preliminary
business structure and to examine the economics of the project.
The objective of this study is to evaluate the technical and economical feasibility of the LNG
FSRU Project. The result of study are as follow :
Gas Balance
Considering the gas balance from range of time and the maximum design capacity of
export pipeline
Gas Balance and
LNG demand
LNG Supply
Alternatives
Site Selection
FSRU Concept
and Design
LNG
Transportation
Project Planning
and Controlling
Quality, Safety
and Environment
Economic Analysis
Conclusion and
Recommendation
Business Model
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LNG Supply
The LNG supply for FSRU is not only from location of LNG Supplies
(domestic/import). The price of LNG plays a significant role to determine where the
LNG supply comes from. In current situation, LNG price in spot market is current
situation, LNG price in spot market is high because of nuclear incident in Japan.
Therefore, Japan switch from nuclear to natural gas for power plant. Even though,
LNG supply from Middle East and also Australia are still available.
3. LNG Supply Alternatives
There are supply alternatives and consideration to provide LNG demand for FSRU as follows :
Domestic LNG supply
International LNG Supply
LNG Price
4. Site Selection
Site comparison were made based on the parameters presented in the following items :
Water depth
Fishermen + Rigs + Nets
Offshore Pipe Length
Onshore pipe Length (Land Acquisition)
ORF Station
Distance FSRU to Export Pipeline
Estimation of Volume Trenching (indication based on initial survey)
Distance to the nearest facilities
5. FSRU Concept
5.1 Comparison between Land Based LNG Regasification terminal (onshore) and Floating
Terminal (Offshore)
Comparison Items Onshore Offshore (FSRU)
Capex Higher cost-land, jetty,
breakwater, dredging, cryogenic
pipelines, storage tanks
Lower cost vessel, pipeline and
mooring lines
Excluding jetty and required shore
infrastructure
Installation
abandonment
High cost permanent
installation
Lower cost, removable offshore
floating terminal
Homeland security Higher risk Lower risk being located
offshore, away from inhabited or
sensitive areas
Location flexibility Restriction due to suitability of
seafronts, water depth
Flexible-can be located at any
suitable site
Area requirement Requires large area for the
placement of storage tanks,
regasification and other support
facilities. Also need additional
area to fulfill safety
requirements.
The required plant area for the
FSRU is extremely limited; most of
the process and utility systems are
assigned to FSRU cargo deck area
as topside modules
Delivery Schedule 3-4 years Less than 2 years
Technology Technology are quite mature and
have proved their reliability
through decades of operation
Operation based platform and
Floating Production Storage and
Offloading (FPSO) technologies
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The above comparison of fundamental characteristics shows potential benefits of an FSRU
Concept in comparison to the traditional approach since it :
Allows commencement of gas supply to the domestic market within a shorter period
(2years); and
Requires lower capital investment with a portion of the project, i.e the FSRU possibly
rented/leased.
5.2 Comparison between GBS and LNG Carrier converted to FSRU
Name Gravity Based Structure (GBS) LNG Carrier converted to FSRU
Construction
Duration
Longer Estimated 2 years or less if
charter scheme
Regulation &
Standard
Platform standard Carrier or Large Ship Standard
If the construction time becomes the main consideration, the LNG Carrier converted to FSRU
is the best option for storage and regasification unit in order to solve the problem to fulfill
the gas demand in the next two years.
5.3 FSRU Technology
5.3.1 Mooring System
There are several types of mooring systems in use worldwide for FSRUs :
1. Platform, jetty, Pier Systems
2. Buoy Mooring types
3. Turret Mooring systems
4. Soft Yoke Mooring systems
5.3.2 Concept Technical Evaluation
The technical evaluation criteria are based on the following requirements :
1. Technical viability
Site Location : with safety analysis, the FSRU should not be moored in water
depth of less than 16m.
Concept Selection : Water depth requirement, type of construction (permanent
or temporary facility) and stress analysis of the facility according to deepwater
conditions.
2. Availability Requirements
Developing efficient terminal operating philosophies and designing an LNG
logistics chain are complex matters :
- The sizing of the onboard FSRU and LNGC storage capacities
- Identify the type of LNGC containment system
- Distances between the FSRU and LNG supply
3. Schedule requirements
It must be cleared that the chosen technology and its facilities, including long
lead items can be on stream by the deadline.
5.3.3 Offloading Technology Overview
Offloading LNG Concept from LNG Carriers (LNGCs) to FSRU :
Side by side offloading
Tandem offloading
Carrier Type : FSRU Side by side Offloading Tandem Offloading (*)
Standard LNGC X
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Dedicated LNGC x
(*) Tandem offloading refers to bow to stem loading only and does not consider
loading via floating hose since such technology does not exist at present.
5.4 LNG Containment Systems
FSRU facilities are all double hull constructions, inside the inner hull the tanks could be
either of the following types :
Membrane Tanks
Spherical Tanks
Independent Prismatic Tanks
5.5 Vaporizer System Technology
There are some LNG regasification alternatives to determine the most suitable technology.
Based on the process, the various vaporization technologies are :
1. Open Rack Vaporizes (ORVs)
2. Submerged Combustion Vaporizers (SCVs)
3. Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger with Heat Transfer Fluid (HTF)
ORV and SCV systems are historically the most proven operational experiences (proven
technology). However, the SCV system is significantly less space and weight bearing capacity
than ORV
6. FSRU Design
The project will utilize the existing LNG Carrier or new LNG carrier then converted to FSRU.
6.1 Process Description
Four main steps :
Berthing of the LNG vessel to the offshore facility
Connecting of the unloading arms to the LNG vessel
Transferring the cargo
Disconnecting the unloading arms and unberthing the LNG vessel.
6.1.1 FSRU Design
a. Containment
Moss or Membrane type
Total containment capacity
The LNG storage tank facility
b. Mooring Facilities and Offloading System
Side by side arrangement
Mooring and Offloading system : ship to ship
Offloading system
The capacity of offloading equipment
c. Regasification Facilities
BOG Compressor
Recondenser
High Pressure Pump
Vaporizer
6.1.2 Utility & Offsite Facility
The following equipment need to be installed :
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Power Receiving and Transformer Facility
Emergency Power Generator Facility
Sampling System
Fuel Oil Facility
Water Intake and Discharge (Seawater Facility)
Instrument Air Facility
Nitrogen Facility
Metering Facility
Fire Fighting Facility
Flare Stack and Vent Stack
Freshwater supply Facility
6.2 Design Basis of Offshore Onshore Pipeline and Its Facilities
General Consideration of Pipeline and Facility of FSRU
No Consideration
1 Location
2 Potential Costumer
3 Installation Facilities LNG RT
FSRU
Offshore Pipeline
Onshore Pipeline
ORF
Metering Regulator System
4 Send out rate
6.3 Applicable Regulations, Codes and Standards
Relevant rules and recommendations :
Class : Offshore service Specification
Statutory Regulations : Safety regulations for LNG
ICLL : International Convention of Load Lines
IMO : Gas Code
SOLAS : International Convention for Safety at Sea
OCIMF : Standardization of Manifolds for LNG
Industry Standards : API, ASME, ISO et
SIGGTO : Society of International Gas Tankers & Terminal Operators)
7. Business Model and Management
Indonesia LNG Chain
1. Upstream 2. Liquefaction 3. Shipping 4. Regasification
Gas Reserves
Terms of GSA
Ownership rights
Domestic
Obligations
Business Model :
Integrated
Tolling
Non
Integrated
Conventional vs FLNG
Indonesian
Cabotage
Shipyard
Local Content
Ownership vs
lease of LNG
Vessels
Choice of business
model (merchant vs
tolling)
Source of LNG
Gas Price and demand
FSRU vs onshore regas


8. Economics
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The leasing of FSRU is dominant factor in operating cost and affect on economic feasibility,
so that re-evaluation must be carried out with updated leasing cost from FSRU provider
when this project is decided to be implemented. LNG supply and LNG price are correlated,
these will affect on regasification tariff. The least of LNG prices and the shortest distance of
LNG supply are preferable.
9. References
Ram R. Tarakad, LNG Receiving And Regasification Terminals, An Overview of Design,
Operation and Project Development Considerations, Zeus Development Corporation,
Houston 2002
Anonim, LNG Floating Terminal West Java, Worley parsons, January 2010
Anonim, Delivering the Worlds First Floating Storage and Regasification Units, Blake
Blackwell Golar LNG, October 2009


INSPIRING NATIONALISM THROUGH SHARING KNOWLEDGE