3

Introduction
The terms wireless and mobility are quite often confused in the world of
mobility. In fact, many mobile technology users consider these two terms
as having the same or very similar definitions. However, the two words
have very unique meanings, yet are used interchangeably, especially in the
mobile business world. What then is the difference? The American Heritage
Dictionary definitions are:
Wireless: Having no wire or wires.
Mobility: 1. Capable of moving or of being moved readily. 2. Changing
quickly from one condition to another.
(The American Heritage Dictionary, 3rd Edition, Delta Trade Paperbacks by
Dell Publishing, copyright 1992)
As mentioned, in the world of mobile technology, the two terms wireless
and mobility are often used interchangeably, especially when we talk
about business applications for the enterprise. In any case, these defini-
tions can get somewhat confusing, so lets talk about what they mean in the
Wireless and Mobility Defined
Adam Kornak
C HAPT E R
1
03 237620 Ch01.qxd 3/24/04 8:50 AM Page 3
mobile business-applications sense. Hopefully, our definitions will give
you a better idea of how you can apply wireless technologies and mobile
technologies to your unique situation.
What Is Mobility?
There is no doubt that mobility can mean many things, depending upon
the situation. Lets look at some interesting examples of mobility. Start by
imagining yourself on a trip to your favorite vacation spot in Costa Rica.
Generally, a flight in an airplane is required to get there. You are mobile in
the sense that your physical person can be moved through various means
to get to your destination. The device(s) or vehicles that you use to get to
your destination are an airplane and probably a car or taxicab to drive you
to your hotel while in sunny Costa Rica. The taxicab, the car, an airplane, or
bicycle, are all examples of mobile devices or mobile objects. The hotel you
stay in while in Costa Rica and the restaurant where you eat dinner are cer-
tainly not high on the mobility list. Besides yourself, the airplane, and the
car, what other mobile devices might you use during your trip? Well, you
may have taken along your calculator for expense management. You may
have also used your personal digital assistant (PDA) to manage your vaca-
tion schedule while in Costa Rica. For that matter, assume that your son
loves to play Tetris on your IPAQ device as well. These are all examples of
mobile applications in the traditional sense. Lets take a look at mobile
applications with more of a business perspective. As our dictionary defini-
tion explained, mobility is the capability of being moved readily. Theres
certainly much more to that definition that meets the eye, which is where
wed like to pick up. Our definition of mobility is:
The application of mobile devices and wireless technology to enable commu-
nication, information access, and business transactions from any device, from
anyone, from anywhere, at anytime.
You may have noticed that this definition includes the word wireless. The
key pieces of this definition here are that mobility and wireless can go
together and are not necessarily separate entities. For an additional per-
spective, see Figure 1.1.
4 Chapter 1
03 237620 Ch01.qxd 3/24/04 8:50 AM Page 4
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Wireless and Mobility Defined 5
03 237620 Ch01.qxd 3/24/04 8:50 AM Page 5
As Figure 1.1 illustrates, mobility solutions may include the delivery of
applications for information sharing and networking such as accessibility
to corporate e-mail or groupware applications through a mobile device
instead of a desktop computer. These types of mobile applications are typ-
ically categorized as mobile office solutions. The most important point to
remember about mobile solutions is that the device need not be constantly
connected to a network or the Internet to provide value. The mobile office
is a perfect example of a mobile application. Many of us in the consulting
world typically carry laptops or some sort of mobile device. Probably one
of the most heavily used applications on the desktop or the laptop is
e-mail. The beauty of most e-mail applications today is that a wired con-
nection is not required. You can type the e-mail, attach files, and create
documents while sitting in a car, on a plane, almost anywhere! When a mail
message is sent in disconnected mode, it typically is stored in a cached out-
box or other temporary storage mechanism. Once the user logs on to his or
her normal network connection, voil, the e-mail is delivered to the
intended recipient automatically! As you can see, e-mail is a great example
of a mobile application. You can manage your e-mail and calendar any-
where and anytime, even without a network connection. E-mail generally
falls into the mobile office category, along with word processing, spread-
sheets, groupware, Web browsing, and many other applications. Well go
into greater detail on the different types of mobile applications in Chap-
ter 2. For now, lets continue our discussion and define what we mean by
wireless solutions and applications.
What Are Wireless Applications?
There are really two categories of wireless solutions that need to be
defined. As Figure 1.1 illustrates, one type of wireless application is a wire-
less public solution. In other words, its the use of a terminal and public
networks to conduct transactions and access information that ultimately
results in the transaction of some sort of service or exchange. A Web
browser such as Internet Explorer for Pocket PC is an example of a wireless
public application. Unless youre browsing cached pages, a Web browser
typically is of little use for obtaining up-to-the-minute stock quotes unless
youre connected to the Internet. The same holds true for the wireless Web
browser application that resides on a mobile device such as a WAP (Wire-
less Application Protocol) phone or a Pocket PC device. Other examples of
wireless public applications are described in the following sections.
6 Chapter 1
03 237620 Ch01.qxd 3/24/04 8:50 AM Page 6
Real-Time Quoting Engines
These are applications that provide real-time information to the end-user
typically for informational or analysis purposes. The key term to remem-
ber here is real-time, because most truly Wireless services supply essential
information as it happens, such as emergency alerts, or a stock price drop.
Typically, real-time information is required to make immediate and
informed business decisions. Nonessential data, such as news articles, can
usually be downloaded to a mobile device and read while on your train
ride home or at home.
Location-Based Services
Location-based applications require the device to be constantly connected,
or always on. It involves a two-way communication of information based
on the location of a device (for promotions, emergency services, and so on).
For example, the local hardware store can push coupons to a users mobile
phone as theyre driving by the store. Location-based services have
received some pushback from the consumers for security reasons. After all,
who wants Big Brother watching over your shoulder, sending you mes-
sages at his whim? On the other hand, location services can also be used to
locate individuals in need of help, as is done by E911 or enhanced 911 ser-
vices. Well cover these and other location services in more detail in the fol-
lowing section.
Wireless Portal/Commerce
Web portals such as Yahoo.com, MSN.com, and so forth require a live
Internet connection to provide the door to enter their various services. The
wireless Internet ultimately acts as that door. The Web portal can also be a
corporate intranet portal that allows the employees of the company access
address books or administrative applications such as ERP reports. The
wireless device is another vehicle with which to access the portal. In the
book CGE&Y Guide to Wireless Enterprise Application Architecture, we cover
the various concepts behind wireless portals, including exchanges for B2B
(business to business), B2C (business to consumer), B2E (business to
employee), and so forth. For now, its important to understand that wire-
less technology is a springboard for bringing the portal to life.
Wireless and Mobility Defined 7
03 237620 Ch01.qxd 3/24/04 8:50 AM Page 7
Sales Force Automation (SFA)
In todays world, the sales force plays an integral role not only in market-
ing a companys products to its clients, but also in building the strong busi-
ness relationships that will ultimately lead to that big deal. The
technology that combines the power of a virtual sales team with up-to-the-
minute decision-making processes is known as sales force automation (SFA).
SFA is arguably a great deal more than just a client relationship manage-
ment tool, but for our definition, its a fair start. Generally, SFAapplications
fall into a far broader category known as customer relationship manage-
ment (CRM). Sales teams are generally known as a mobile workforce,
which makes them perfect candidates for leveraging mobile applications.
SFA mobile applications can be as simple as a Personal Information Man-
agement (PIM) tool that manages schedules, to a sophisticated data ware-
house generating monthly sales reports. Well talk about what some of
those SFAapplications are in more detail in Chapter 9.
Global Positioning Systems (GPS)
One of the more captivating mobile technologies that has been around for
quite some time is the global positioning system. The government has
leveraged this technology for defense systems since the 1970s. More
recently, the consumer and enterprise business markets are becoming
aware of this technology; its now being built for the everyday mobile user.
Asimple explanation of a global positioning system is that it provides the
ability to pinpoint the exact location (within 1050 feet) of an object carry-
ing a GPS locator device, using satellites in outer space. An example of a
GPS device is a golf ball tracking mechanism at your local golf course. Usu-
ally residing on a golf cart, a small television screen maps out the distance
of a golf ball location to the final destination, the pin. Its designed to tell
the golfer the proper golf club to use in any particular situation. By the
way, the golf club also has the opportunity to provide additional services
to the golfer through food or golf equipment ads. When golfers reach hole
9, they receive a message asking them if they would like to order food or
beverages before reaching hole 10. The food and beverages are ordered and
(theoretically) waiting for them once they complete the front 9.
Telematics
Last, but not least, is the technology that combines the best of all the worlds
of mobility, Telematics. In one sense, Telematics combines location-based
8 Chapter 1
03 237620 Ch01.qxd 3/24/04 8:50 AM Page 8
services, wireless portals, CRM, and GPS. Telematics is the use of wireless
applications in vehicles, such as cars, buses, trains, and so on. Telematics
applications typically provide a wireless connection to some service
provider that allows the exchange of data between the vehicle and the ser-
vice provider, like an automotive dealership. Areal example of Telematics
is General Motors On-Star system. With On-Star, data about your auto-
mobile, such as when its time for an oil change, is tracked and sent to the
nearest dealership in your vehicles area. You, as the vehicles owner, are
notified to complete the service. Other services provided include emer-
gency services, stolen vehicle tracking, voice-activated wireless telephony,
roadside assistance, and accident assistance to name a few. Telematics ser-
vices are growing exponentially, as Figure 1.2 illustrates. Well dig deeper
into more Telematics examples in Chapter 9.
Figure 1.2 The growth of Telematics services.
Worldwide Telematics Revenues
Millions of Dollars
Source: Micrologic Research
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'01 '02 '03 '04 '05
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$1,500
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'05
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Wireless and Mobility Defined 9
03 237620 Ch01.qxd 3/24/04 8:50 AM Page 9
The other category of wireless applications that we need to discuss is
wireless private applications. Referring back to Figure 1.1, you can see
that our definition of wireless private applications involves the use of
radio and private mobile networks (spectrum) to access information and
conduct transactions that result in the transfer of value in exchange for
information services internally. Now, lets decipher that quickly. The wire-
less private application has actually been used in the enterprise for
many, many years. Agood example is renting a car. Many automobile rent-
ing services, such as Avis, have been using ruggedized wireless devices to
check cars back into their lots when a customer returns a rental car. Most of
us dont even give it a second thought, because the service is very much
behind the scenes.
When you drop off the car, the attendant supplies you with a receipt of
payment literally within minutes of doing so. That attendant holds a com-
mercial mobile device that is designed to withstand outside temperatures
and can take being dropped (called a ruggedized mobile device). This device
connects to an internal wireless radio network that accepts the transaction,
looks up the renters information as to when the car was dropped off, rates,
and so forth. If the information is accepted, the device spits out a receipt of
the transaction and off you go to your flight or next destination.
Other examples of wireless private networks include supply chain
optimization for manufacturing processes, commercial Telematics, and
wireless home networks. Wireless private applications generally exclu-
sively use private spectrums, but in some instances can use the wireless
Internet to conduct transactions. A wireless B2B exchange is an example.
Usually, exchanges require many organizations to become members of the
exchange to conduct business transactions. To reduce costs and provide
easy access to the exchange, the Web is used as an access tool. Mind you,
the back-end processes and accounting usually still occur in a private set-
ting, but the initial browser access and transaction initiation can occur in a
public setting. Figure 1.3 illustrates some other wireless and mobile solu-
tions that weve applied to the utilities industry.
Without going into great detail on each of the solutions in Figure 1.3, you
can see the enormous potential for leveraging mobility in the enterprise.
The bottom line is, if a workforce is mobile, there likely exists mobile or
wireless applications that improve processes and reduce costs. Hopefully,
some of the topics covered in this book will help you understand the
importance of mobility, where it is, and where its going, and ultimately
help you make intelligent decisions to apply mobile services that will affect
your bottom line.
10 Chapter 1
03 237620 Ch01.qxd 3/24/04 8:50 AM Page 10
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Wireless and Mobility Defined 11
03 237620 Ch01.qxd 3/24/04 8:50 AM Page 11
Now that weve covered the basic differences between what wireless
applications and services are and what mobile applications and services
are, lets go into more detail about the attributes and applications of mobil-
ity and wireless services.
Attributes of Mobility and Wireless Services
Now that weve talked about the differences and complements between a
wireless and a mobile application, lets get a better understanding of the
characteristics of the two and how they might be applied to a sample busi-
ness scenario.
One of the first important points to mention regarding the attributes of
mobility and wireless is the plethora of devices used to enable these appli-
cations. At last count, the number of mobile devices available to the mar-
ketplace was over 100 and rising. Many of these devices perform similar
functions, whereas others are in a class of their own. Well get into the var-
ious mobile devices available today and their characteristics in Chapter 3.
For now, take a look at Figure 1.4, which gives you a high-level idea of the
categories of devices and whether they fit into the wireless or mobile
attribute category.
Figure 1.4 Mobile or wireless devices?
Network/Internet Connectivity
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Source: CSFB
12 Chapter 1
03 237620 Ch01.qxd 3/24/04 8:50 AM Page 12
In Figure 1.4, CGE&Y performed a study that indicates various devices
and where they might fit in a spectrum between requiring a wireless con-
nection to simply acting as a stand-alone mobile device. The most obvious
nonwireless, nonmobile device is the desktop PC, because a wired connec-
tion is typically required and carrying your PC with you is an unlikely sce-
nario. On the other end of the spectrum is a wireless e-mail device or a
Pocket PC, both of which are easy to take along with you wherever you go
and usually require some wireless capability for their applications to func-
tion. It is important to note, however, that a Pocket PC type of device also
fits well as a fully functional nonwireless mobile device, whereas a non-
wireless Palm III is primarily a nonwireless mobile device.
Always On
The term always on refers to the characteristic of a wireless device to
have to have the capability to constantly send or receive data. In other
words, its not necessary to initiate a dial-up connection with a modem, but
the connection is constant. Always-on technology is quite often referred
to in the third generation (3G) world of wireless systems. In case youre
wondering what we mean by 3G, take a look at Figure 1.5 for a brief
overview of the timeline of the generations of wireless technologies.
Without going into great detail on each of the generations of wireless
technology, its fairly easy to see in Figure 1.5 that each generation enables
new functions and experiences for the mobile user. One of the best exam-
ples of always-on technology is an E911 (Enhanced 911) service. The
basic idea behind E911 is to locate an individual who requires emergency
attention. The device that is carried by the person needing attention trans-
mits a signal that enables the home office to find the person within 50 and
300 meters. Not bad, but the device must always be on for the patient to be
found.
Remote Access
An attribute of mobility that probably comes to mind first is the ability to
access information while away from the office or home where the comforts
of the wired desktop PC reside. Most devices, even a laptop, are small
enough that they can be carried virtually anywhere. Even better, if my
device is capable of a wireless connection, I can now access my data almost
anywhere.
Wireless and Mobility Defined 13
03 237620 Ch01.qxd 3/24/04 8:50 AM Page 13
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14 Chapter 1
03 237620 Ch01.qxd 3/24/04 8:50 AM Page 14
Localization
Localization refers to the ability to locate your customers and provide them
services based on their current location. Sound familiar? It should, because
localization was mentioned in the previous section under location-based
services. Localization is another attribute of wireless devices that provides
additional services to the wireless user. An example of such a service goes
back to sales force automation application. Again, the sales force is typi-
cally a mobile workforce traveling from city to city routinely. Wouldnt it
be nice to know if another member of your sales team is in your area so that
he or she may be able to assist on a presentation? There has been a great
deal of talk about privacy and localization. Do I want just anyone to know
where I am at all times? It really depends on the customer and what the
service is. Some consumers dont mind receiving coupons for coffee while
passing the local Starbucks. E911 services are dependent upon localization
to work properly. The bottom line is that localization can be turned off. Its
certainly not a requirement. The potential, however, is very high, espe-
cially for the enterprise, because it can target customers based on their
likes, dislikes, and location.
Ubiquity
Whether you carry a wireless or a nonwireless mobile device, you always
benefit from the ubiquitous personality of mobility. Any mobile device has
the ability to perform work anywhere and anytime. Whether youre walk-
ing in the park and need to check your work schedule or youre receiving an
e-mail message on your mobile phone, mobile devices go anywhere you go.
Personalization
As people, we are all unique beings who like and dislike different things. I
like to listen to blues and rock music, whereas the next person may like jazz.
I like to eat Italian food, whereas the next person may like Greek. Its an
ever-changing and evolving world we live in that constantly gives us new
things to enjoy and new places to go. The world of the Internet also strives
to provide an adaptable experience that makes us want to come back.
The idea of personalizing the Internet experience opens the door to com-
mercialization. If I know what my users are interested in buying, I can mar-
ket specifically those products to them, instead of mass marketing a
million different products to them. A good example of personalization is
the very popular Amazon.com site. Once you log into the site and tell
Wireless and Mobility Defined 15
03 237620 Ch01.qxd 3/24/04 8:50 AM Page 15
Amazon a few things about yourself, the shopping experience begins. As I
shop throughout the various electronic malls at Amazon and make various
purchases, my personal likes are cataloged for future reference. For
instance, I bought a classical music CD and a comedy DVD movie. In my
future shopping with Amazon.com, they will provide me with links or
match the new comedy movies to my user profile. Additionally, I wont be
bombarded with online commercials for every ad under the sun.
Now, lets take personalization to the next level and provide a mobile
spin to it. One of the advantages of location-based services is the ability to
pick and choose what kind of alerts I would like to receive. For instance,
when Im in Chicago, Id like to be notified of a good blues bar when Im
driving near an area rated high on Zaggats list of blues bars. Because Im
also a fan of Italian food, Id also like to be notified when Im near a highly
rated Italian restaurant. You can imagine the possibilities if we can learn
more about our customers. The customers are happy because they feel like
they are being treated as individuals and not just part of the mass market.
The business is happy because customer satisfaction and the percentage of
return business are high.
Proactive Push
One of the characteristics of mobility (notice that we said mobility and not
just wireless technology) is that we now are holding a device that can
accept information anytime and anywhere. Thus, our business partners
now have the ability to send us e-mail, instant messages, alerts, and other
data. This is called pushing the messages or data to the device as opposed
to the device requesting the information. Proactive pushing works quite
well in location-based services applications because its a messaging-based
service. Pushing messages to our customers is one of the earliest innova-
tions in mobility. Small message services (SMS) have been around for quite
some time, and in fact, is the most popular mobile service in Europe. SMS
messages are basically like mini-e-mail messages that can be sent to and
from any SMS enabled device, such as a mobile phone. The simplest exam-
ple of pushing data to a device is an instant message sent at the same time
every day with the days weather. There are numerous services, such as
MSN Mobile and Yahoo mobile, that provide instant messaging to capable
mobile devices. Proactively pushing messages works quite nicely in the
business world as well. Supply chain optimization applications that moni-
tor product shipments and notify the proper management personnel of
breaks in the supply chain through hot alerts, are an example of push tech-
nology. Well cover proactive push applications throughout this book.
16 Chapter 1
03 237620 Ch01.qxd 3/24/04 8:50 AM Page 16
Summary
As we bring this first chapter to a close, lets quickly review some of the key
concepts. You learned that the terms wireless and mobile can actually have
very different meanings when applied to the world of mobility. Generally,
when we talk about wireless devices or wireless technology, some sort of
direct connection to a network is required for the application to function as
intended. The wireless connection can be through a company network,
usually a firewalled private network, or through a public Internet connec-
tion through a wireless service provider. An example of a wireless applica-
tion is Web browsing through Internet Explorer or some browsing device.
The term mobile spans the realm of wireless or nonwireless applications
because in many instances its not necessary to be fully connected to a net-
work to perform work. An example of a mobile application is an intercom-
pany address book. The names in the address book are available anytime
and anywhere, whether you are connected to a network or not. Once the
user syncs or initiates a wireless connection to a network, the address book
is updated with the most current changes. Finally, we covered the various
attributes of mobility and what makes these characteristics unique to
mobile and wireless applications. The next chapter covers the growth fac-
tors of mobility.
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