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CanNearDeathExperiencesBeRevealingAbout
ConsciousExperience?

BYBRYANWILLIAMS

Numerouspersonalaccountssuggestthatmanypeopletendtoencounteranumberofvividand
profound spiritual aspects during a neardeath experience (NDE). These can include venturing
through a dark tunnel, seeing otherworldly visions of the afterlife, encountering deceased
relativesandfriends,andsensingthepresenceofdivinebeings,amongothers.
13
Butperhapsone
of the most interesting aspects from a parapsychological research perspective is the sense that
people sometimes have of still being fully aware of their surroundings at times when they are
presumedto befullyunconscious, comatose, orevenclinicallydead.Illustrativeexamplesofthis
maybefoundinpersonalaccountssenttothePsychicalResearchFoundationbyLucynaEllis,who
hadexperiencedanNDEontwoseparateoccasions.HerfirstNDEoccurredinconjunctionwitha
serioushealthcrisisthatsuddenlyarosewhileshewasparticipatinginadancemarathonin1993.
Theaccountofherexperiencewhileunconsciousisasfollows:

Ifeltsubmergedinsuchawarmth;abeautifulsenseoflove.Ithadsuchblissandharmony,withno
judgment. I found myself in some kind of tunnel and at the end there was a huge shining bright
light.IinstantlybegantoruntowardstheendofthetunnelsoIcouldgettothelight.IfeltIwasnt
allowed to get through the light and at that point, I found myself in horrible darkness again. I
startedtoshiverbadlyandfeltthepainagain,andIheardvoicessaying,Sheiscomingback,sheis
comingback

Duringherperiodofunconsciousness,Mrs.Ellisrelatedhowshehadbeenawareofcertainevents
goingonaroundherbody:

Irememberintuitivelytherusharoundme.Iknewthe[IV]dripwasbeinginstalledandfeltsome
splashonmyarmIrememberthinking,Whataretheydoingtome?
.Atsomepoint,Irememberjustknowingthatmybestfriendwastouchingmyhair.Iactually
wantedhertotalktomeandreassuremethatIwillbeOK,andwasangrywithherthatshedidnt
do that. I was talking to her and expected her to talk back to me; that was quite a frustrating
feelingbecauseIwasconvincedshecouldhearmebutofcourse,shedidnot.
.WhenIwasresuscitated,Iconfrontedmyfriendaboutmyattempttocommunicatewithher
andshewasshockedatwhatIwassayingbecausewhenshestrokedmyhairshecouldseemyblue
lips,bluefaceandnosignsoflife.Ihadnopulseandtherewasnobreathing,andithadnoteven
occurredtohertotalktome.

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Mrs. Ellis described a similar kind of awareness during her second NDE, which occurred
following a surgical procedure to treat the complications she experienced in conjunction with
givingbirthtohersecondsoninMayof2009:

I remember sensing urgency around me and seeing lots of people. I also remember seeing
somebodyopenmyeyelidsandshinealight[intomyeyes],andthatpersonsaid,NothingAgain
I was furious. I was so angry with the doctors and was telling them (not using my usual voice,
though)thatiftheywanttotalkaboutmelikeIamdead,theyshouldleavetheroomandconsult
outsidenotinfrontofme!!!IwasshoutingthatIcanhearthemandIamnotdead!!!

Other hospital patients who have claimed such awareness during an NDE seem to have
been able to describe people, objects, and events around their body that they presumably
couldnt have perceived if they had flatlined and their brain activity was declining rapidly or had
stopped from a lack of blood flow.
39
One such account of awareness by a patient was cited by
Kenneth Ring and Madelaine Lawrence during their early studies of NDEs at Hartford Hospital in
Connecticut:

In the late 1970s, Sue Saunders was working at Hartford Hospital as a respiratory therapist. One
day,shewashelpingtoresuscitatea60ishmanintheemergencyroom,whoseelectrocardiogram
[i.e.,heartmonitor]hadgoneflat.Medicswereshockinghimrepeatedlywithnoresults.Saunders
was trying to give him oxygen. In the middle of the resuscitation, someone else took over for her
andsheleft.
Acoupleofdayslater,sheencounteredthispatientintheICU.Hespontaneouslycommented,
Youlookedsomuchbetterinyouryellowtop.
Shewassoshockedatthisremarkthatshegotgoosebumps,forshehadbeenwearingayellow
smockthepreviousday.
Yeah,themancontinued,Isawyou.Youhadsomethingoveryourfaceandyouwerepushing
airintome.AndIsawyouryellowsmock.
Saundersconfirmedthatshehadhadsomethingoverherfaceamaskandthatshehadworn
the yellow smock while trying to give him oxygen, while he was unconscious and without a
heartbeat.
9,pp.227228,italicsinoriginal

In a small number of NDE cases, the patient was apparently able to have an outofbody
experience (OBE) and go one step further by venturing beyond the room where their body was
located.DuringthatbriefOBEexcursion,thepatientwasabletoperceiveotherpeopleandevents
that were presumably outside the range of their bodys sensorymotor system.
5,cases8,9,&11
Such
cases become particularly interesting when the people or events witnessed by the patient are
later independently verified either by the people directly involved (i.e., they confirm that they
weredoingwhatthepatientsawthemdoingduringtheOBE),orbyothersnearbywhocanvouch
for the event.
6,8
One such case is that of Peggy Raso, which was documented by the late Ian
Stevenson and his colleagues at the University of Virginias Division of Perceptual Studies.
5,case11

Duringherrecoveryfromanelectivesurgicalprocedure,Mrs.Rasosuddenlysufferedapulmonary
embolismonemorningandfellunconscious.Asmedicalpersonnelsoughttoreviveher,Mrs.Raso
reportedly had an NDE in which she went out of her body and observed the events occurring in
and outside of herhospitalroom fromabove.Partoftheextensivepersonalaccount of herNDE
wentasfollows:

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IlookeddownatthebedfrommyvantagepointneartheceilingIsawagirltherewholookedto
beinagreatdealofpain.Hereyebrowsweredrawntogether,herlipswereblue,sheappearedto
haveabluemustache,therewasanoxygentubeinhernose,herhairwaswetlookingandstrung
outonthepillow.Ifeltsorryforher.Doctorsandnurseswerecomingandgoingfromtheroom.I
sawonedoctorhitherhardinthechest.IreallyfeltconfusedatwhatIwasseeingandhearing.The
nurses station was about fifty feet from my room. I saw a doctor come to the station that I
recognized.HewasafamilyfriendandIhadbeenraisednextdoortohim.Thenursetoldhimthat
PeggyAdams[Mrs.Rasosmaidenname]hadjustdied.HerepliedthathewouldcallMargaret(my
mother). My hearing was extremely acute. I heard and saw another patient on the floor
complainingabouttheactivityandnoisecomingfrommyroom.
It dawned on me they were talking about me. I tried to tell them I was not down there. It
became obvious they were not hearing me. I recognized another nurse from another floor come
intotheroom.Iknewherthoughts.ShehadheardfromthehospitalgrapevinethatIhaddiedand
wanted to see. She leaned on the foot of the bed and said, Too bad, and she was only twenty
five.Shelefttheroomshakingherheadnegativelyandsaidtosomeoneinthehall,Imsosorry.
I was aware of a priest being in the room and from my vantage point I watched him leave. As he
enteredthehall,Iheardhimsay,Iwillprayforhersoul.Isawmyhusbandsoftlycryinginthehall.
Hesaid,WhatcanItellthechildren?Myaunt,anRN,answeredhimwith,Godjustwantedher.
Ifeltsorryforthem.
My attention was called back to the hall by my aunts voice. I saw her sitting in a squatting
positionleaningagainstthewallandtalkingtoanothernursewhowasonduty.Shesaid,Shewas
suchagoodlittlemother.IknewshewastalkingaboutmeandIthought,Iamstillagoodlittle
mother.HerwordsstartledmeintorealizingIwasdead.IlookedatthebodyagainandIknewit
was mine. I tried so hard to tell them I wasnt there anymore and I wasnt in pain. I wished they
couldallbeuptherewithme.
5,p.393

Lateron,Mrs.Rasoshusbandverifiedthatheraunt,whodidworkasanRNatthesamehospital,
hadsaid,Shewassuchagoodlittlemother,andherememberedthathehadsaidtoher,Ido
notknowwhatIwilldonow.Ihavethreechildrentotakecareofnow.Hedidnotbelievethathis
wifecouldhaveseenhimfromhispositionthroughthedoorway,anddidnotthinkshecouldhave
heardhimcryingorwhatheandherauntweresaying.
In a few NDE cases involving OBE, the patients were apparently able to perceive objects
locatedinanareabeyondthesensoryreachoftheirbody,whichwaslatercheckedandverified.
OnesuchcasewasthatdescribedbynurseKathyMilne,whichwascitedbyRingandLawrence.
9
Milne personally recounted the case as follows, which she received from a woman who had had
anNDEwhilebeingresuscitated:

[Thepatient]toldmehowshefloatedupoverherbody,viewedtheresuscitationeffortforashort
time and then felt herself being pulled up through several floors of the hospital. She then found
herselfabovetheroofandrealizedshewaslookingattheskylineofHartford.Shemarvelledathow
interestingthisviewwasandoutofthecornerofhereyeshesawaredobject.Itturnedouttobea
shoe.[S]hethoughtabouttheshoeandsuddenly,shefeltsuckedupablackenedhole.Therest
ofherNDEwasfairlytypical,asIremember.
Iwasrelatingthistoa[skeptical]residentwhoinamockingmannerleft.Apparently,hegota
janitortogethimontotheroof.WhenIsawhimlaterthatday,hehadaredshoeandbecamea
believer,too.
9,pp.226227

Collectivelylookedatinretrospect,NDEcasesinvolvingpatientawarenesswouldseemto
offeranargumentagainstthelongheldassumptionthathumanconsciousexperienceissolelythe
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result of complex physiological processes occurring in the brain. If some NDE patients are
apparently able to perceive and accurately recall events at times when their brain function is
either declining or gone, then this may be suggestive of some aspect of conscious awareness
extendingbeyondthebrain,whichsomemightinterpretasbeingsuggestiveofsurvival.Thisraises
the question: Can NDEs of this type possibly shed some light on the nature of conscious
experience?
Such a question was posed by physician Sam Parnia in an article published in the journal
Medical Hypotheses in 2007, in light of the results from four separate survey studies that
examined NDEs in hospital patients who had survived cardiac arrest.
10
Parnia was a coauthor of
thefirststudy,whichlookedatNDEsamongcardiacsurvivorsadmittedtoSouthamptonGeneral
Hospital in the UK over a oneyear period.
11
Of the 63 survivors, 11.1% claimed to have been
aware of the moment that they had been unconscious, with the majority of them describing
features characteristic of NDEs. Apart from the amount of oxygen they received during their
cardiac episode, these surviving patients did not significantly differ in vital signs or medical
conditionfromcardiacpatientswhodidnotreportanNDE.
Appearing in the prominent medical journal The Lancet, the second study by Dutch
cardiologist Pim van Lommel and colleagues had surveyed 344 cardiac arrest patients from ten
hospitalsintheNetherlandsintheyearsbetween1988and1992.
12
Eighteenpercenthadreported
anNDE, theoccurrence ofwhich was significantlymorecommonforyounger patients(under 60
years of age) than for older patients. Similar to the first study, NDE patients did not differ
medicallyfromnonNDEpatientsintermsofthetypeofcardiactreatmenttheyreceived,suchas
medication,assistedbreathing,CPR,anddefibrillation(i.e.,electricshockoftheheart).
PsychiatristBruceGreysonoftheUniversityofVirginiasDivisionofPerceptualStudieshad
reported the third study, which looked at 1,595 patients admitted to the University Hospitals
cardiac care unit over two and a half years.
13
About 7% of these patients had suffered cardiac
arrest, and of these, 10% reported an NDE. In contrast, only 1% of patients with other kinds of
cardiac problems reported an NDE. Greyson also found that NDEs were significantly common
among younger patients, and NDE patients were significantly more likely to have had previous
paranormal experiences. They also did not differ from nonNDE patients in terms of medical
condition/diagnosis,socialstatus,andotherdemographics.
ThefourthstudywasconductedbyresearchnurseJanetSchwaningerandhercolleagues
at the BarnesJewish Hospital of the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis,
Missouri.
14
All patients who suffered cardiac arrest at the hospital from April 1991 to February
1994 were identified, and of the 30 patients who were able to be interviewed, 23% had had an
NDE.
Collectively,thesefourstudiessuggestthatNDEsoccurinlessthanaquarter(1023%)of
cardiac patients, that patients who have NDEs tend to be younger, and that there isnt anything
thatmedicallyorsociallydistinguishesacardiacpatienthavinganNDEfromothercardiacpatients
whodonthaveone.
Parnia argues that NDE cases which seem to involve patient awareness and OBElike
aspectsconstituteaproblemforscienceandmedicinethatshouldbestudiedfurtherinorderto
exploretheimplicationsthesecasesmayhaveforconsciousness.
10
Thisargumentmaybefurther
supplementedbyfindingsfromotherstudieswhichsuggestthatsuchNDEcasesmaynotbeeasily
explainedaway.Forinstance,inanotherstudypublishedinTheLancet,theUniversityofVirginia
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researchersfoundthatpatientswhowereclosetodeath(asdeterminedbytheirmedicalrecords)
were significantly more likely to report enhanced mental functioning during their NDE than
patients who were not close to death (but may have thought they were).
15
An update they later
made to this study obtained similar results, in addition to finding that of the 130 patients who
were determined to be close to death, 92% reported normal or enhanced mental ability during
their NDE.
6
Such findings again suggest the possibility of continuing mental awareness in NDE
patientsatatimewhentheirbrainfunctioningispresumedtobedecreasingorgone.
However,itisimportanttoconsiderthepossibilitythatatleastsomeinstancesofpatient
awareness during an NDE could still be due to patients subtly gaining information through
conventionalmeans,inspiteofappearingtobefullyunconsciousordeadatthetime.Thiswould
mainlyapplytocasesinwhichpatientswereabletodescribeeventsoccurringincloseproximity
to their body (e.g., events occurring in the same room), where they could have possibly seen or
overheard some of the events going on around them while remaining semiconscious. Cases of
peoplestillbeingabletohearsoundswhileunderanesthesiahavebeendocumented
16
,butthey
tend to be somewhat rare. This possibility might further be countered by findings which suggest
thatdecreasedbloodflowtothebrain(whichcouldoccurduringcardiacarrest)isassociatedwith
adeteriorationofsustainableattention
17
,whichwouldreducethelikelihoodofsustainingsensory
functionandthusargueagainstordinarysenseperceptionasasourceforpatientawareness.
Some proposed physiological mechanisms for NDE
18
, such as hypoxia and anoxia (i.e.,
decreasedorinsufficientamountsofoxygeninvitaltissue)inthebrain,couldbeappliedtocardiac
arrestcaseswhenconsideringthelikelihoodofreducedbloodflowtothebrainasaresultofthe
arrest. Episodes of hypoxia and anoxia have been known to produce experiences of euphoria,
tunnellike imagery, and floating sensations, which might account for the presence of these
featuresinsomeNDEs.However,thesemechanismsdonotseemtobeadequateforexplainingall
cardiacarrestNDEsontheirown,becauseasvanLommelandhiscolleaguespointout
12
,ifhypoxia
and anoxia were the cause of the NDEs, then we might expect nearly all patients who suffer a
cardiacarresttoalsoreportanNDE,whichisclearlynotthecasefromthenumbers.
Researcher Justine Owens has also argued that certain psychological aspects, such as the
patients own personal expectations, might factor into their account of what happened during
theirNDE.
8
Shegivestheillustrativeexampleofamedicalemergencyscript,amentalconstruct
comprised ofanumber of imaginativeelementsthatwemight typicallyassociatewithamedical
emergency situation. For instance, we might expect a lot of medical personnel will be rushing
aboutandgatheringaroundapatientsbodyduringtheemergency,usingcertaininstrumentsto
try and revive him or her (e.g., a defibrillator to shock the heart). This typical, common sense
imageofamedicalemergencymightslipintoapatientsaccountandinfluenceanythingtheymay
haveseenorheardwhilesemiconscious,andtherebyproducesomefalsehitsonwhatoccurred
duringtheNDE.YetitisimportanttorealizethatsuchascriptcannoteasilyaccountforNDEcases
inwhichthepatienthasanOBEandisabletoventurebeyondtheirroomandperceivepeopleand
eventsinotherrooms,asexemplifiedbythecaseofPeggyRaso(discussedabove).
One valuable thing to note about NDE cases like Peggy Rasos is that the events that the
patient witnesses while being out of their body have the potential to be verified for accuracy
throughotherpeopleordocumentation,andforthatreason,Parniaarguesthatsuchcasesmight
be amenable to some level of quasiexperimental study.
10
He suggests that experimental trials
could be setup in some hospitals where hidden visual targets are strategically placed in critical
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care and emergency rooms, in positions and at heights that only a person looking down at their
bodyfromtheceilingmightseethem(e.g.,byplacingarandomlyselectedpictureflatonashelf
suspended from the ceiling). Parnia made a preliminary attempt to do this during his study of
cardiacpatientsatSouthamptonGeneralHospital,althoughnoneoftheNDEpatientsinhisstudy
reportedhavinganOBE.
11

Parnia is apparently not the first to propose experimental trials of this type; Janice Miner
Holden of the University of North Texas had made such a proposal nearly two decades before.
19

However, practical issues and difficulty in finding hospitals willing and open enough to host such
trialshadmadeherownpreliminaryattempttoconductthemchallenging,withnoreportsofan
NDE.
20
Morerecently,incollaborationwiththeUniversityofVirginiaresearchers,Holdenhasbeen
able to conduct additional trials during brief moments of
controlled cardiac arrest that are purposely induced as part
of the surgical implantation of small defibrillatortype
devices in some cardiac patients. But again, none of the 52
patients who received the surgery reported an NDE during
their brief cardiac arrest, possibly due to the amnesia
brought on by the sedative medication they were given
and/ortoreassurancesthattheywouldnotbeindangerof
dyingduringtheprocedure.
21

In addition to the relatively small number of NDEs


thatoccuramongcardiacpatients(basedontheestimateof
1023%,asmentionedabove),oneotherchallengethatmaybefacedinsuchexperimentaltrials
isthattherateofsuccessintestingOBEperceptionsduringanNDEissomewhatupintheair.A
review of studies in which OBE perceptions were experimentally tested generally indicates that
the evidence for such perceptions tends to be rather weak, with some OBE participants being
successful, while others are not.
22
As one case in point, Charles Tart conducted six classic OBE
studies with two participants: a woman known as Miss Z., and famed OBE experient Robert
Monroe.
23
Inasuccessfultrial,MissZ.wasapparentlyabletoseeafivedigitnumberwrittenona
piece of paper lying on a shelf high up near the ceiling, several feet above the bed she was
sleepingon.MissZ.hadpreviouslyreportedhavingfrequentOBEsinwhichshesawherbodyfrom
a position near the ceiling, and this trial had been a test of her perception from that position.
24

However, Tart had less success with Monroe, who, in spite of having very vivid OBEs, was never
abletocorrectlyseethenumberduringhistrials.
OBE studies previously conducted by the Psychical Research Foundation in the 1970s
furtherillustratethechallengeintestingOBEperceptions.
25
Inthosestudies,OBEparticipantKeith
Harary (then a PRF research associate and graduate student at Duke University, who was
commonlyknownbyhisnicknameBlue)oftenreportedvividOBEsinwhichhefeltthathehad
traveled to other rooms, but his attempts to perceive target objects and letters in those other
roomswereoftenerroneous.
Lastly, it might be somewhat difficult to generalize any findings that may result from test
trials given that the number of NDEs in cardiac arrests is so relatively small. In other words,
whatever the results may possibly tell us about the conscious experience of the patients having
such NDEs, it may be difficult to generalize the results to the conscious experience of all people
given the small numbers of patients. However, this should not take away from the potential
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benefits of conducting such trials, and it is still an open question as to whether or not additional
trialswillbecarriedoutinthefuture.

Acknowledgments

MythankstoMrs.LucynaEllis,whokindlywroteuptheaccountsofhertwoNDEsandmadethemavailable
forthisarticle.

References&Notes

1
Moody, R. A. (1975). Life After Life: The Investigation of a Phenomenon Survival of Bodily Death. Covington, GA:
MockingbirdBooks.
2
Ring, K. (1979). Further studies of the neardeath experience. Theta, 7(2), 1 3; Ring, K. (1980). Life at Death: A
ScientificInvestigationoftheNearDeathExperience.NewYork:Coward,McCann,&Geoghegan.
3
Sabom,M.B.,&Kreutziger,S.A.(1978).Physiciansevaluatetheneardeathexperience.Theta,6(4),16.
4
Holden, J. M. (1988). Visual perception during the naturalistic neardeath outofbody experience. Journal of Near
DeathStudies,7,107120.
5
Cook,E.W.,Greyson,B.,&Stevenson,I.(1998).Doanyneardeathexperiencesprovideevidenceforthesurvivalof
human personality after death? Relevant features and illustrative case reports. Journal of Scientific
Exploration,12,377406.
6
Kelly, E. W., Greyson, B., & Stevenson, I. (1999 2000). Can experiences near death furnish evidence of life after
death?Omega:JournalofDeath&Dying,40,513519.
7
Lawrence, M. M. (1995). Paranormal experiences of previously unconscious patients. In L. Coly & J. D. S. McMahon
(Eds.) Proceedings of an International Conference: Parapsychology and Thanatology (pp. 122 148). New
York:ParapsychologyFoundation,Inc.
8
Owens,J.E.(1995).Paranormalreportsfromastudyofneardeathexperienceandacaseofanunusualneardeath
vision.InL.Coly&J.D.S.McMahon(Eds.)ProceedingsofanInternationalConference:Parapsychologyand
Thanatology(pp.149172).NewYork:ParapsychologyFoundation,Inc.
9
Ring,K.,&Lawrence,M.(1993).Furtherevidenceforveridicalperceptionduringneardeathexperiences.Journalof
NearDeathStudies,223229.
10
Parnia, S. (2007). Do reports of consciousness during cardiac arrest hold the key to discovering the nature of
consciousness?MedicalHypotheses,69,933937.
11
Parnia, S., Waller, D. G., Yeates, R., & Fenwick, P. (2001). A qualitative and quantitative study of the incidence,
featuresandaetiologyofneardeathexperiencesincardiacarrestsurvivors.Resuscitation,48,149156.
12
vanLommel,P.,vanWees,R.,Meyers,V.,&Elfferich,I.(2001).Neardeathexperienceinsurvivorsofcardiacarrest:
AprospectivestudyintheNetherlands.Lancet,358,20392045.
13
Greyson, B. (2003). Incidence and correlates of neardeath experiences in a cardiac care unit. General Hospital
Psychiatry,25,269276.
14
Schwaninger, J., Eisenberg, P. R., Schechtman, K. B., Weiss, A. N. (2002). A prospective analysis of neardeath
experiencesincardiacarrestpatients.JournalofNearDeathStudies,20,215232.
15
Owens,J.E.,Cook,E.W.,&Stevenson,I.(1990).Featuresofneardeathexperienceinrelationtowhetherornot
patientswereneardeath.Lancet,336,11751177.
16
Moerman, N., Bonke, B., & Oosting, J. (1993). Awareness and recall during general anesthesia. Anesthesiology, 79,
454464.
17
Marshall, R. S., Lazar, R. M., & Spellman, J. P. (2001). Recovery of brain function during induced cerebral
hypoperfusion.Brain,124,12081217.
18
For a review of these and other proposed mechanisms, see Greyson, B. (1998). Biological aspects of neardeath
experiences.PerspectivesinBiologyandMedicine,42,1432.
19
Holden,J.M.(1988).Rationaleandconsiderationsforproposedneardeathresearchinthehospitalsetting.Journal
ofNearDeathStudies,7,1931.
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20
Holden, J. M., & Joesten, L. (1990). Neardeath veridicality research in the hospital setting: Problems and promise.
JournalofNearDeathStudies,9,4554.
21
Greyson,B.,Holden,J.M.,&Mounsey,J.P.(2006).Failuretoelicitneardeathexperiencesininducedcardiacarrest.
JournalofNearDeathStudies,25,8598.
22
Alvarado, C. S. (1982). ESP during outofbody experiences: A review of experimental studies. Journal of
Parapsychology,46,209230.
23
Forareviewofstudies,seeTart,C.T.(1998).Sixstudiesofoutofbodyexperiences.JournalofNearDeathStudies,
17,7399.
24
InadditiontoOBE,wemayalsohavetoconsiderESPonthepartofMissZ.inpossiblyaccountingforhersuccessin
recallingthenumber.
25
Roll, W. G., & Harary, B. (1976). Target responses during outofbody experiences [Abstract]. Journal of
Parapsychology, 40, 53; Morris, R. L., Harary, S. B., Janis, J., Hartwell, J., & Roll, W. G. (1978). Studies of
communicationduringoutofbodyexperiences.JournaloftheAmericanSocietyforPsychicalResearch,72,1
21.

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