CHAPTER 3 -

METHODOLOGY
Ryan Jeffrey P. Curbano
Subtopics
Research Design
Determination of Sample Size (if sample survey)
Sampling Design and Technique (if sample survey)
The Subjects
The Research Instrument
Validation of the Research Instrument
Data Gathering Procedure
Data Processing Method
Statistical Treatment
Research Design
A proponent has to choose the most appropriate
research design to his proposed study. In descriptive
research, there are 9 types namely:
Descriptive survey type is suitable wherever the
subjects vary among themselves and one is interested to
know the extent to which different conditions and
situations are obtained among the subject.
Descriptive normative survey - the result/ findings of
the study should be compared with the norm
Descriptive status this approach of problem solving
seeks to answer questions to real facts relating to
existing conditions.
Descriptive analysis method determines or describes
the nature of an object by separating it into its parts
Descriptive classification this method is employed in
natural sciences subjects. Data are collected and
classified
Descriptive evaluative this design is to appraised
carefully the worthiness of the current study.
Descriptive comparative the design where the
researcher consider two variables and establishes a
formal procedure to compare and conclude that
one is better than the other
Correlational survey designed to determined the
relationship of two variables
Longitudinal survey involves much time allotted for
investigation of the same subjects of two or more
points in time.
Determination of sample size
If sample survey is used due to N (total population)
is too large, he has to determine the sample size
using Slovins Formula
Sampling Design and Technique
There are two kinds of sampling design. These are
(1) scientific sampling each member given equal
chance (2) non scientific sampling not all members
in the population are given an equal chance
Scientific sampling design namely (1) restricted random
sampling (2) unrestricted random sampling (3) stratified
random sampling (4) systematic sampling (5) multistage
sampling design (6) cluster sampling
Nonscientific sampling (3 types)
Purposive sampling this type of non scientific sampling is
based on selecting the individuals as sample according to
the purposes of the researcher as his control
Incidental sampling type of sampling design is applied to
those samples which are taken because they are the most
available.
Quota sampling - type of design is popular in the field of
opinion research because it is done by merely looking for
individuals with the requisite characteristics
The Subjects
The proponents has to explain how and where the
subjects will be taken. It can be either using entire
population or by using sample survey
Research Instrument
The research instrument can either be in the form of
questionnaire, test, interview, observation schedule
or rating scale, its design must be described by the
proponents. Each part of the research instrument
must be clearly stated.
Validation of the Instrument
Suggestions, correction and refinement of the draft
must be explained thoroughly. The different
individuals involved in the corrections and
refinement of the research instrument must be
mentioned. After it is refined, testing the validity
and reliability of research instrument must be done.
Data Gathering procedure
Having found the research instrument valid and
reliable, the researcher proceeds to ask permission
and approval from the head of the agency where
the subjects are employed.
Data Processing Method
After the retrieval of the questionnaire, the
researcher tabulates and processes the data either
manually or by machine. Quantitative and
qualitative data processing must be determined to
arrive at precise analysis and interpretation of the
result.
Statistical Treatment
The statistical tools to be used to answer the
research questions of the study must be described
and the formula must be explained. The level of
significance must be stated to determine the
significance of the findings