THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAMS OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAMS

SUPPORT ZONE STRENGTHENED
WITH FRP COMPOSITES WITH FRP COMPOSITES
NAGY-GYRGY Tams
Lecturer, PhD
INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION
S h i i h FRP i i id l d h d f Strengthening with FRP composites is a widely used method for
retrofitting or increasing load bearing capacity of structural elements.
Applicability for reinforced concrete members was demonstrated for
various domains, in this paper being presented studies performed on
dapped beam ends strengthened in different modes.
Theoretical investigation was carried out, using finite element
analysis programs and strut-and-tie models, which were followed by
experimental investigations on four full scale beam ends.
Obj ti t i ti t th l d b i it f th b Objectives: to investigate the load bearing capacity of the beams
support zone and the effectiveness of the FRP strengthening used.
D d d b id l d i t t b ildi
RESEARCH RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE SIGNIFICANCE
Dapped-end beams are widely used in precast concrete buildings
and bridges, thus one span elements being supported on
columns, pylons or longitudinal beams.
F hi f b h id ifi d fi i l f il d
RESEARCH RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE SIGNIFICANCE
For this type of beams, there were identified five potential failure modes:
(1) flexure (cantilever bending) and axial tension in the extended end
(2) direct shear at the junction between the dapped and undapped zone of the member (2) direct shear at the junction between the dapped and undapped zone of the member
(3) diagonal tension on the re-entrant corner
(4) diagonal tension in the extended end and
(5) diagonal tension in undapped zone
RESEARCH RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE SIGNIFICANCE
The research program has been performed in the following steps:
predimensioning and detailing the element,
numerical analysis with finite element and strut-and-tie methods, y ,
experimental testing on four dapped beam ends strengthened with
FRP composite
interpreting the results and preparing the conclusions
DIMENSIONING DIMENSIONING AND DETAILING OF THE ELEMENT AND DETAILING OF THE ELEMENT
Preliminary dimensioning and detailing of the studied dapped beam
end were made according to the Romanian codes and verified
with those from EC2, ACI318 and PCI Design Handbook, in
order to attain the bearing capacity of 80 t (800 kN).
Beams height - 150 cm,
Dapped zone 80/80 cm
Element width was 66 cm Element width was 66 cm.
DIMENSIONING DIMENSIONING AND DETAILING OF THE ELEMENT AND DETAILING OF THE ELEMENT
2
2
1-1 2-2
1
2
2
2
2
12
2
12
90
4
80
12
2
2
66
8
12
70
1
4
2
1
1
66
2
8
1
1
80
2
51 50
1
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
In the theoretical model, there were used the characteristic
strengths of the concrete and the steel reinforcement.
We used three main methods for the analysis:
- Elastic analysis using the AxisVM program
Nonlinear analysis using the Biograf software - Nonlinear analysis using the Biograf software
- Strut-and-Tie models
It f d i fi it l t A i VM Th
Elastic Elastic Analysis Analysis
It was performed using finite element program AxisVM. There were
obtained the level and the distribution of stresses in concrete. The load
level corresponding to the yielding limit in the horizontal reinforcement
was 115 t was 115 t.

Nonlinear Nonlinear Analysis Analysis
It f d i BIOGRAF ft lti th k tt It was performed using BIOGRAF software, resulting the crack pattern
at different load levels, the failure load and the collapse mechanism of the
element. Yielding in the horizontal reinforcement started at the load level
of 90 t of 90 t.
Strut Strut- -and and- -Tie Tie Models Models
Due to the fact that in our case the steel reinforcement was known,
the analysis was performed to determine the maximum force in
the element when the horizontal bars from the dapped-end are
starting to yield. In this assumption, there were used several
models which can approximate accurately the studied zone. The
maximum force at which the most tensioned reinforcement started
to yield was 94 t.
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
ELASTIC (AXIS VM) NON-LINEAR (BIOGRAF) STRUT-AND-TIE

EXPERIMENTAL EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM PROGRAM
Two dapped beams with the same dimensions and internal reinforcement
were manufactured; the mid-span was over-reinforced. Before casting,
two strain gages were added nearly the re-entrant corner, one to the
h i t l i f t (S1) d th th t th ti l ti (S2) horizontal reinforcement (S1) and the other to the vertical stirrup (S2).
W
8
0
E

V
I
E
W
O
N
T

V
I
E
W
7
0
7
0
175 100
S
I
D
E
RC
F
R
O
7
FLOOR
STRENGTHENING STRENGTHENING OF THE ELEMENTS OF THE ELEMENTS
S
C
A
L
E

D
-
E
N
D
S
C1 PRIOR TO FAILURE (REFERENCE)
C2
4

F
U
L
L

S
D
A
P
P
E
D
C3 UP TO 800 KN (SERVICEABILITY)
C4
STRENGTHENING 3 SYSTEMS OF CFRP COMPOSITES
4 RETROFITTING SOLUTIONS 4 RETROFITTING SOLUTIONS
AIM TO INCREASE THE SERVICE LOAD BY 20%.
RC1 / RC3 3 LAYERS 30 CM WIDE UNIDIRECTIONAL CARBON FIBRE RC1 / RC3 3 LAYERS, 30 CM WIDE UNIDIRECTIONAL CARBON FIBRE
FABRIC APPLIED ON BOTH SIDES IN 45/0/90 DIRECTIONS
RC2 / RC4 10 CM WIDE CFRP PLATES, APPLIED IN 45/ 90, , ,
RESPECTIVELY IN 0/ 90 DIRECTION, ON BOTH SIDES
FRP FRP COMPOSITE SYSTEMS COMPOSITE SYSTEMS
System Components
Tensile
Strength
[N/mm
2
]
Tensile
Modulus
[N/mm
2
]
Strain at
Failure
[]
Sik W 230C F b i 4100 231000 17
System 1
(RC1)
SikaWrap 230C Fabric 4100 231000 17
SikaDur 330 Resin 30 3800 -
S t 2
Sika CarboDur S1012 Plate 2800 165000 17
System 2
(RC2/
RC4)
Sika CarboDur S1012 Plate 2800 165000 17
SikaDur 30 Resin 30 12800 -
System 3
(RC3)
SikaWrap 400C HiMod NW Fabric 2600 640000 4
SikaDur 300 Resin 45 3500 15
TEST RESULTS TEST RESULTS 11
ST ST
PHASE PHASE
The elements showed a similar behaviour with respect to the
maximum force and deflection. The design value of the
serviceability limit state was of 80 t. y
For this value of the experimental load:
(a) the stress level recorded in the reinforcement was
comparable for all the elements;
(b) the unloading behaviour was similar for all the specimens (b) the unloading behaviour was similar for all the specimens,
very close to the initial starting point;
(c) it was noted a good similarity between the crack pattern for
ll th i th l t b i id ti l all the specimens, the general aspect being identical;
TEST RESULTS TEST RESULTS 22
ND ND
PHASE PHASE
C1/RC1 C1/RC1
Specimen C1 was tested close to failure and served as control element.
- The first crack started at an angle of 60, from the re-entrant corner and up to 74 t
did not appear other. The final crack pattern was uniformly distributed around the re-
entrant corner, as expected. The first crack had the major width (approx. 3.5 mm).
- The maximum displacement was 30 mm, the remanent was 14 mm. Strain gages
attached to reinforcement did not function. The peak load was 160 t.
- After that, the specimen was retrofitted and retested.
The specimen RC1 had a linear behaviour up to 160 t, when there were observed the first
fibre ruptures.
- The maximum reached load was 178 t and after that it followed a long yielding level
(approx. 14 mm) until collapse. The failure was ductile, produced by successive
b ki f th b fib l i i l k d t d t fib d b di breaking of the carbon fibres along a principal crack and not due to fibre debonding or
delamination.
- In the same time concrete crushed in the compressed zone at the maximum load.
The maximum displacement was 35 mm and the remanent one 19 mm The strain in The maximum displacement was 35 mm and the remanent one 19 mm. The strain in
fibres reached the maximum values.
180
TEST RESULTS TEST RESULTS 22
ND ND
PHASE PHASE
C1/RC1 C1/RC1
100
120
140
160
180
D

[
t
]
V
20
40
60
80
L
O
A
D
C1
RC1
V 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36
DISPLACEMENT [mm]
C
180
2
1
3
100
120
140
160
A
D

[
t
]
G3 - RC1
G4 - RC1
G5 - RC1
G6 - RC1
V
0
20
40
60
80
L
O
A
G4/G6
G
3
/
G
5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
STRAIN []
TEST RESULTS TEST RESULTS 22
ND ND
PHASE PHASE
C1/RC1 C1/RC1
180
100
120
140
160
180
D

[
t
]
20
40
60
80
L
O
A
D
C1
RC1
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36
DISPLACEMENT [mm]
C
Specimen C2 was tested up to 80 t
TEST RESULTS TEST RESULTS 22
ND ND
PHASE PHASE
C2/RC2 C2/RC2
Specimen C2 was tested up to 80 t.
- The first crack started at a 42 angle from the re-entrant corner and up to 65 t it did
not appear others. At this load level there developed four major cracks, but their
openings were not significant.
- The maximum displacement was 6 mm, the remanent was 2 mm. Strain gages
attached to the steel reinforcement (S1) indicated 1.87 , which meant that it was at
the yielding level. After that the specimen was retrofitted and retested.
The specimen RC2 had a linear behaviour up to 130 t, when, beside some cracks, it
developed a crack around the inclined plates, which, for a small increase in load (143
t), determined the peeling-off.
Th l i d 1 6 h l h i l l f il d h h - The element resisted up to 176 t, when also the vertical plates failed through
peeling-off. The failure was brittle at the maximum displacement of 20 mm, the
remament being 5 mm.
- The maximum measured strain in steel reinforcement was 2.59 at 148 t and 1.87
at 116 t, which indicated an increase of service load by 45 %, compared with the
same strain level of the reference specimen (C2).
- The maximum strain in composite reached 7 , which correspond to 41 % of the
composites ultimate value. p
200
TEST RESULTS TEST RESULTS 22
ND ND
PHASE PHASE
C2/RC2 C2/RC2
100
120
140
160
180
A
D

[
t
]
V
0
20
40
60
80
L
O
A
RC2
C2
2
3 4
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36
DISPLACEMENT [mm]
160
180
1
80
100
120
140
160
L
O
A
D

[
t
]
S1 - C2
S1 - RC2
G3 - RC2
G4 - RC2
G5 - RC2
V
0
20
40
60
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
L
G
4
/
G
5
G
3
S1
STRAIN []
TEST RESULTS TEST RESULTS 22
ND ND
PHASE PHASE
C2/RC2 C2/RC2
200
100
120
140
160
180
A
D

[
t
]
0
20
40
60
80
L
O
A
RC2
C2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36
DISPLACEMENT [mm]
TEST RESULTS TEST RESULTS 22
ND ND
PHASE PHASE
C3/RC3 C3/RC3
Specimen C3 was tested up to 80 t.
- The first crack started at a 45 angle from re-entrant corner and up to 65 t it did not
appear others. After that four new major cracks developed, but without significant
openings openings.
- The maximum displacement was 5 mm, the remanent was 0.5 mm. Strain gages
attached to the steel reinforcement (S1) indicate 1.95 , which meant that it was at
the yielding level. After that, the specimen was retrofitted and retested.
The specimen RC3 had a linear behaviour up to 90 t, but starting from 64 t it was
observed the composite step by step failure through an inclined crack, which could be
observed also in the load-displacement curve. The curve aspect is very close to the
one of C1 specimen, without significant differences over 100 t.
- The strain gages attached to composite were out of work after 50 t. However,
comparing the maximum strain in steel reinforcements in C3 at 80 t with the same
level in RC3, it could be observed an increase in service load of 25 50 %. , %
- The maximum load and remanent displacement were identical with the one from C1.
The failure was brittle, produced by successive breaking of the carbon fibres along the
principal crack.
180
TEST RESULTS TEST RESULTS 22
ND ND
PHASE PHASE
C3/RC3 C3/RC3
100
120
140
160
180
D

[
t
]
V
20
40
60
80
L
O
A
D
C3
RC3
V
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36
DISPLACEMENT [mm]
180
S1 - C4
2
1
3
80
100
120
140
160
O
A
D

[
t
]
S1 - C4
S2 - C4
S1 - RC4
S2 - RC4
G3 - RC4
G4 - RC4
G5 - RC4
V
0
20
40
60
80
L
O
G4
G
3
G
5
S1
0 1 2 3 4 5
STRAIN []
TEST RESULTS TEST RESULTS 22
ND ND
PHASE PHASE
C3/RC3 C3/RC3
180
100
120
140
160
180
D

[
t
]
20
40
60
80
L
O
A
D
C3
RC3
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36
DISPLACEMENT [mm]
TEST RESULTS TEST RESULTS 22
ND ND
PHASE PHASE
C4/RC4 C4/RC4
Specimen C4 was tested up to 80 t the first crack started at a 46 angle from re-entrant
corner and up to 60 t it did not appear others.
- After that four new major cracks developed, but without significant openings. The
maximum displacement was 5 mm, the remanent was smaller than 0.5 mm. p ,
- Strain gages attached to steel reinforcement (S1) indicated 1.44 , consequently
was at yielding level. After that the specimen was retrofitted and retested.
Th i RC4 h d li b h i t 98 t h it d th fi t The specimen RC4 had a linear behaviour up to 98 t, when it appeared the first new
crack. At 119 t a crack developed around the horizontal plates.
- The element failed at 169 t through debonding of vertical plates with an immediate
peeling-off of the horizontal plates. The failure was brittle at the maximum
displacement of 19 mm, the remament being over 6 mm.
- The maximum measured strain in steel reinforcement was 3.78 at 153 t and 1.44
at 100 t, which indicate an increase of service load by 25 %, compared with the
same strain level of the reference specimen (C2). p ( )
- The maximum strain in composite reached 6.72 , which corresponded to 40 % of
the composites ultimate value.
180
TEST RESULTS TEST RESULTS 22
ND ND
PHASE PHASE
C4/RC4 C4/RC4
100
120
140
160
180
D

[
t
]
0
20
40
60
80
L
O
A
C4
RC4
4 3
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36
DISPLACEMENT [mm]
180
1
2
4 3
80
100
120
140
160
O
A
D

[
t
]
S1 - C3
S1 - RC3
G3 - RC3
G4 - RC3
G5 - RC3
1
0
20
40
60
80
L
O
G4/G5
G
3
S
2
S1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
STRAIN []
TEST RESULTS TEST RESULTS 22
ND ND
PHASE PHASE
C4/RC4 C4/RC4
180
100
120
140
160
180
D

[
t
]
0
20
40
60
80
L
O
A
C4
RC4
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36
DISPLACEMENT [mm]
TEST RESULTS TEST RESULTS FAILURE MODES FAILURE MODES
V V V
2
1
3
1
2
3 4
2
1
3
1
2
4 3
V V
V
CONCLUSIONS CONCLUSIONS
THE USED FRP SYSTEMS PROVED TO BE VIABLE FOR THESE
KINDS OF APPLICATIONS, INCREASING THE SERVICE LOAD BY 25%
FOR RC3, 40% FOR RC4 AND 45% FOR RC2 (COMPARED WITH THE
REFERENCE STRAIN IN THE STEEL REINFORCEMENT AT 800 KN) REFERENCE STRAIN IN THE STEEL REINFORCEMENT AT 800 KN)
THE MAXIMUM LOAD BEARING CAPACITY OF THE ELEMENTS
INCREASED BY 11% FOR RC1 10% FOR RC2 6% FOR RC4 AND 0% FOR RC3 INCREASED BY 11% FOR RC1, 10% FOR RC2, 6% FOR RC4 AND 0% FOR RC3.
Further increase of the ultimate load supplementing the fabric cross-
sectional area (RC1 / RC3) and by using anchorages for plates (RC2 / RC4)
ELEMENTS STRENGTHENED WITH FABRICS FAILED MORE
DUCTILE COMPARED WITH THE PLATES RETROFITTED ELEMENTS
THE STRENGTHENED ELEMENTS SHOW A DELAY IN CRACKING,
THE FAILURE OCCURRING BY
PEELING-OFF THE HORIZONTAL OR INCLINED PLATES
FIBRE RUPTURE ALONG THE MAIN DIAGONAL CRACK IN
THE CASE OF FABRIC STRENGTHENING
CONTINUED
CONCLUSIONS CONCLUSIONS
WITH RESPECT TO THE BASELINE SPECIMEN (C1), THE
MAXIMUM DISPLACEMENT HAD A VERY CLOSE VALUE FOR FABRIC
RETROFITTED ELEMENTS, BUT A DECREASED VALUE, BY MORE
THAN 30%, IN THE CASE OF PLATE RETROFITTED ELEMENTS
1800
V
2
1
3
1200
1500
]
RC1
V
V
1
2 3 4
600
900
L
O
A
D

[
k
N
]
RC1
RC2
RC3
RC4
C1
V
2
1
3
4 3
300
600
1
2
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
DISPLACEMENT [mm]
THANK YOU THANK YOU
FOR YOUR KIND FOR YOUR KIND
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