“Karnikos”
Neoplasm
“Cancer adheres to any part that it seizes
upon in an obstinate manner like the crab.”
The crab depicts the manner of growth of
the disease.
Cancer
More than 100 neoplastic diseases that
involve all body organs
Uncontrolled growth of one of more cells
Progression from normal tissue to invasive
cancer is 5 – 20 years
Driven by a series of accumulative genetic
changes
Terminologies
Neoplasia – “new growth”
Tumor – swelling originally due to
inflammation
Oncology – study of tumors or neoplasms
Terminologies
Benign - designated by the suffix
“-oma”
Malignant – “sarcomas, carcinomas”
Benign Tumors
1.2 million in US are diagnosed with cancer
 product of new growth
 abnormal mass of tissue
 exceeds and is uncoordinated with
that of the normal tissues
 persists in the same excessive
manner after cessation of the stimuli
which evoked that change
 purposeless, preys on the host,
autonomous

Epidemiology
Second leading cause of death in the US
after heart disease
Ranks fourth for males and first for females
as leading cause of death
Ranks second for children as cause of death,
after accidents
Epidemiology
Do not invade adjacent structures
Do not spread to distant sites
Usually not lethal
Life-threatening
- if it forms in a critical location
every year
Greatest increase seen in lung CA
Number of CA deaths increased by 11%
during past 40 years
Epidemiology
Geographic and Environmental Factors
 Gastric CA in Japan
 Racial differences due to
environmental influences
Age
 Late age
 Cancers of certain age groups
Heredity
 Inherited cancer syndromes
(Rhabdomyosarcoma)
 Familial cancers (Breast, colon, ovary
and brain)
- grows to a large size
- it obstructs important channels in the body
- it ulcerates or bleeds
- it produces endocrine disturbances
 Tissue of Origin Benign Malignant

Tissue of Origin Benign Malignant

Composed of
More Than One Composed of More Than
Neoplastic Cell One Neoplastic Cell Type
Type (Mixed From More Than One
Tissue of Tumors)
Origin Benign Malignant Benign Germ Layer -
vs. Tissue of Origin Benign Malignant
Teratogenous
Composed1. of One
Salivary Pleomor Malignant mixed tumor of Composed of One Parenchymal Cell Type
Parenchymal Cell 1. Totipotential cells in Mature teratoma, dermoid Immature teratoma,
Type glands phic salivary gland
adenoma gonads or in embryonic
B. Epithelial Tumors cyst Squamous cellteratocarcinoma
papilloma Squamous cell
rests 1. Stratified squamous carcinoma
A. Mesenchymal Fibroma Fibrosarcoma
Tumors 2. Breast Fibroade Malignant cystosarcoma
2. Basal cell Basal cell carcinoma
Lipoma noma phyllodes
Liposarcoma
1. Connective 3. Glands or ducts Adenoma Adenocarcinoma
tissue and Chondroma Chondrosarcoma
3. Renal Anlage
derivatives Wilms’ tumor
4. Respiratory passages Bronchogenic
Osteoma Osteosarcoma carcinoma

Malignant 5. Neuroectoderm Nevus Malignant melanoma

2. Endothelial and Hemangioma Angiosarcoma
Tumors
related tissues
Lymphangioma Lymphangiosarcoma 6. Renal epithelium Renal tubular adenoma Renal cell carcinoma

7. Liver cells Liver cell adenoma Hepatocellular

carcinoma
3. Blood cells Leukemias
8. Urinary tract epithelium Transitional cell papilloma Transitional cell
carcinoma
3. Muscle Leiomyoma Leiomyosarcoma

Rhabdomyoma Rhabdomyosarcoma
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