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Adap%ve

immunity
Week 2, Session 5
How viruses cause disease
Prof. V. Racaniello

Adap%ve responses are essen%al for eradica%ng


infected cells and virus par%cles
!

(clearing the infec%on)

Eectors of
the adap%ve
response

TWiV 161: Concerto in B


Principles of Virology, ASM Press

Neutralizing an%bodies

EssenIal defense against many virus infecIons

IgA at mucosal surfaces (secretory anIbody) blocks


entry into the host

Some neutralizing anIbodies are important for


recovery from infecIon (picornavirus, togavirus,
avivirus, parvovirus)

Neutralize virus parIcles in the blood, prevent virus


spread

Passive an%body protects against poliovirus


infec%on

Principles of Virology, ASM Press

hSp://www.virology.ws/2009/05/28/inuenza-microneutralizaIon-assay/

Cell mediated immunity

EssenIal for clearing most viral infecIons


Th1 response
CTL and target cells form an immunological synapse
Lysis of target cell by two mechanisms

Transfer of cytoplasmic granules containing perforin


and granzymes

Apoptosis

Principles of Virology, ASM Press

An%body vs cellular immunity in protec%ng


against monkeypox virus infec%on

For some infec%ons, CTL response is more


important than the an%body response
!

How is an eec%ve combina%on of immune defenses produced?


Begins in lymph 3ssues where sen3nels tell naive B and T cells nature of invader

Principles of Virology, ASM Press

This decision is made in part by special T helper


cells (Th cells)
Th cells make direct contact in the lymph nodes with the

senInel dendriIc and macrophage cells that patrol the Issues

InformaIon exchanged (processed pepIdes and cytokines)

causes dierenIaIon of these naive Th cells - they become Th1


or Th2 cells

Principles of Virology, ASM Press

Th1 or Th2?

Th1 cells secrete cytokines that turn on killer T cells

- Most viral infec3ons are cleared by this response (cell-


mediated immunity)

Th2 cells secrete cytokines that acIvate B cells

- Good for bacterial and worm infec3ons; not a good


response for most viral infec3ons

How is the balance determined?

- By mix of cytokines produced by sen3nels

Adap%ve responses also provide memory

If the host is subsequently infected by the same virus,


the response will be rapid and specic

- Innate responses dont have memory

Memory: the basis for vaccina%on

Crispr/Cas: A microbial immune system

Nature 468, 4546 (04 November 2010)

Images from Principles of Virology


2009 American Society for Microbiology
Are used with permission
No further reproducIon or distribuIon is permiSed
without the prior wriSen permission of the
American Society for Microbiology

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