26. A(Chapter 10) The teacher wanted someone to turn off the alarms.

She reinforced
closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior, which is known as shaping.
27. D(Chapter 10) Tom wants to drive the car, but because of his behavior, his parents
took the car away from him. This is called omission training or negative punishment.
28. D(Chapter 10) JoBeth learned by observing her mother and imitating the behavior.
29. B(Chapter 11) Syntax is the set of rules that regulate the order in which words can
be combined into grammatically sensible sentences in a language.
30. A(Chapter 11) Ralph is looking only for instances that uphold his hypothesis, not
for instances that disconfirm it, so he is showing the confirmation bias.
31. A(Chapter 11) Mnemonic devices are memory tricks that help us retrieve informa-
tion from long term memory.
32. B(Chapter 11) Implicit memory stores memories of procedural skills.
33. E(Chapter 11) A heuristic is a rule of thumb, a shortcut to an answer that is
usually, but not always, correct.
34. C(Chapter 11) We often incorporate information that was not presented into our
memories of events.
35. B(Chapter 12) Homeostasis is the maintenance of the steady state of metabolism in
our bodies. Reestablishing equilibrium is the goal of drive reduction.
36. B(Chapter 12) Bingeing and purging characterize bulimia nervosa.
37. E(Chapter 12) All three factors define emotions.
38. B(Chapter 12) The sympathetic nervous system is activated when the body is
aroused, which dilates pupils, slows digestion, speeds the heart, speeds breathing,
increases perspiration, etc.
39. C(Chapter 12) Facial expressions seem to be universal across all cultures.
40. D(Chapter 13) The Y chromosome determines that the fertilized egg will develop
into a male baby, no matter how many X chromosomes are present.
41. A(Chapter 13) The lower limit is the level at which the child can solve the problem
working alone, whereas the upper limit requires the child to work hard with a mentor
to solve the problem.
42. D(Chapter 13) Chemicals that damage the embryo or fetus, such as alcohol, are
teratogens.
43. B(Chapter 13) Continuity is gradual change and discontinuity occurs in stages.
44. C(Chapter 13) As a happily married man, Darren seems to identify himself as
a heterosexual male, which is appropriate according to traditionalists. Traditionally,
however, nursery school teachers are women, so being a nursery school teacher would
be regarded as an inappropriate role for a male.
45. A(Chapter 14) Of Freuds three personality constructs (the id, ego, and superego),
the id is the one guided by the pleasure principle.
46. D(Chapter 14) Regression is a retreat to an earlier level of development character-
ized by more immature, pleasurable behavior (in this case oral behavior).
47. E(Chapter 14) Reciprocal determinism theory states that characteristics of the
person, the persons behavior, and the environment all affect one another in two-way
causal relationships.
48. E(Chapter 14) According to Eysenck, neuroticism is our level of instability and
extroversion is our sociability.
49. E(Chapter 14) The Rorschach presents ambiguous inkblots so that test takers will
project their unconscious thoughts or feelings onto them.
50. D(Chapter 15) In a normal distribution, the mean, median, and mode are the same
score.
51. C(Chapter 15) Salovey and Mayer described emotional intelligence as the ability
to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions.
52. D(Chapter 15) All good tests must have content validity and reliability. Aptitude
tests, but not achievement tests, must have predictive validity.
53. A(Chapter 15) Heritability is the proportion of variation among individuals that
results from genetic causes. Since identical triplets have all of the same genes, none of
the variation results from genetic causes.
54. B(Chapter 15) Claude Steele hypothesizes that at least part of the difference in scores
can be attributed to anxiety that influences members of a group concerned that their
performance on a test will confirm a negative stereotype.
55. B(Chapter 16) Abnormal behavior is statistically rare, violates cultural norms, person-
ally interferes with day-to-day living, and legally may cause a person to be unable to
know right from wrong. Her behavior seems bizarre to others, but not to her.
56. C(Chapter 16) According to Freudian theory, all abnormal behavior results from
unconscious conflicts that have not been resolved.
57. C(Chapter 16) Narcissistic personality is characterized by preoccupation with
fantasies about ultimate power, riches, brilliance, or beauty, as well as an unwarranted
sense of self-importance.
58. A(Chapter 16) A hallucination is a sensory experience in the absence of an external
stimulus, which in this case is hearing a voice that isnt there.
59. E(Chapter 16) DSM-IV classifies disorders into 17 major categories according to
their symptoms.
60. D(Chapter 17) Systematic desensitization is the only behavioral therapy listed. It has
been very helpful in lessening fear step-by-step.
61. E(Chapter 17) Humanistic therapy focuses on the present and future, conscious
thoughts and feelings, and promoting growth. Psychoanalytic therapy focuses on
unconscious thoughts and feelings in the past and on curing illness.

62. D(Chapter 17) Aversive conditioning is a type of counterconditioning. An associa-
tion is formed between an obnoxious stimulus (such as nausea) with an unwanted
behavior (such as drinking alcohol).
63. B(Chapter 17) Bright light exposure in the morning results in lower secretion of the
sleep-inducing hormone melatonin and protects against depression.
64. A(Chapter 17) Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil are classified as SSRIs (selective serotonin
reuptake inhibitors), which prevent the presynaptic neuron from reabsorbing
serotonin, leaving more serotonin in the synapse to bind to receptor sites on postsynaptic
neurons, enabling them to fire.
65. B(Chapter 18) Foot-in-the-door phenomenon is the tendency for a person who has
agreed to a limited commitment to later agree to a more significant commitment.
66. C(Chapter 18) Social facilitation is the improved performance of well-learned or
simple tasks in the presence of others.
67. D(Chapter 18) The bystander effect, the tendency for bystanders not to help some-
one in need when others are present, often results from diffusion of responsibility and
lack of recognition of the need. Specifying someone to perform a specific task generally
results in the person doing that job.
68. D(Chapter 18) Research by Burnstein and Vinokur has shown that when a group is
evenly split on an issue, participants in a discussion partially convince each other that
their own positions are valid, and participants moderate their positionsbut this seems
to be true only when group members are evenly divided and equally passionate about
their views.
69. C(Chapter 18) Social psychology studies how the individual thinks about, influ-
ences, and relates to others and how others relate to him/her; sociology emphasizes the
behavior and functions of groups.
70. E(Chapter 18) According to evolutionary psychologists, our behavior tends to help
perpetuate our genes. We are, thus, more likely to help close kin who are likely to repro-
duce than others. If we need to choose others to help in life or death situations, we will
tend to choose those who may benefit us or our kin.