Spss 17

SPSS17AnalysingQuantitativeData
Prof.MarkN.K.Saunders April2009
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Analysing quantitative data using SPSS 17 forWindows
1) INTRODUCTION
1.1) Aims
Toillustratecomputationalanalysisofdata.
Tointroducethebasicsofquantitativedataanalysis.
To provide familiarisation with the SPSS for Windows package so that users can
begintoassessitssuitabilityfortheirownanalysis.
1.2) Aboutthese notes
Duringtheclass, workyourwaythroughexercises1to16, excludingExercise3,
following the instructions as requested. The symbol usually means you
shouldundertakesomeworkawayfromthecomputerorcheckthatyouhave
already undertaken some tasks on the computer. The symbol usually
means that you should issue a command or series of commands to the
computer this usually means pointing and clicking with the mouse's left
button.
Exercises17and18aredesignedtohelpyoutoanalyseyourowndatainSPSS
1
forWindows.
2
Duringtheclassifyougetstuckaskforhelp.
Note: thesenotesassumetheuserisfamiliarwithaWindowspackagesuchas
WordforWindowsorExcel.
3
1
SPSSisaregisteredtrademarkofSPSSInc.
2
WindowsisaregisteredtrademarkofMicrosoftInc.
3
WordandExcelareregisteredtrademarks ofMicrosoftInc.
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2) BACKGROUND
2.1) SPSSforWindows
SPSS for Windows is a powerful computer package providing statistical analyses
and data management. The SPSS suite of programs is the most widely used
statisticalanalysispackageintheworld.
2.2) Data types
Before data are analysed in SPSS it is necessary to understand what type of data
youareworkingwith, asthiswillaffecttheanalysisused.
Categorical: categorical data consist of values which cannot be expressed
numericallybutcanbegroupedintocategories;forexamplegenderwhichcan
begroupedintomaleandfemale.
Quantifiable: quantifiable data consist of values that can be expressed
numericallyasquantities;forexampleyearofbirth.
Quantifiabledatacanfurtherbesubdividedintotwogroups:
Discrete, where individual items of numeric data can have one of a finite
numberofvalueswithinaspecifiedrange;suchasspinalcolumnpointforthe
variable salary scale. The value can usually be counted and it changes in
discrete units, in this case whole numbers. In some instances discrete data
mayberankdata,forexampletheorderagroupofpeoplefinishedinarace.
Continuous, where numeric data are not restricted to specific values and are
usually measured on a continuous scale; such as journey to work distance (in
km).
Journeytoworkdistancealonghere
0km 120km
With such data it is possible to tell the interval between the data values for
differentcases;forexampletheintervalbetweenajourneytoworkof15miles
andanotherof22milesis7miles. NB Observedvaluesofacontinuousvariable
always appear discrete due to limitations of the equipment used for
measurement(e.g.acarodometer).
One potentially confusing aspect of SPSS is that all data are usually coded
numerically (e.g. 1 = male). Although it appears less meaningful to code such
responses numerically, it is better from a data manipulation point of view since
SPSSallowsonlyautomaticrecodingoncodeswhicharenumeric.
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2.3) TheTEACH.SAV data file
This data file consists of data about 347 people recruited to work for a UK local
authority over a tenyear period from the mid 1970s to mid 1980s and weas
obtainedfrompersonnelrecords. Thedatacollectionformisincludedas Appendix
2.
The vast majority of data relates to the time of their appointment and is taken
from a range of secondary data sources such as their application form and the
requisition orders to various meoutlets for vacancy advertisements. The data
refers predominantly to nonmanual employees, although there areafewmanual
employees. The datahavebeenanonymisedinavarietyof waysandalllocational
datahasbeenamendedtopreserveconfidentiality.Permissionwasobtainedfrom
the local authority to use these data in suitably anonymised format for teaching
purposes.
The data file can best be thought of as a large spreadsheet with each column
representing a variable for which data are available and each row representing
thatdataforanindividualorcase:
gender born marital educate profmemb
1 2 67 1 5 3
2 1 19 . 7 3
3 2 24 2 7 3
Thus, for the table above, row 1 represents a person who has gender code 2
(female), was born in 1967, hasmaritalstatus code1(single),waseducatedupto
code 5 (O level/GCSE grade C or above), and professional membership code 3
(none).The datathen continueto therightforfurthervariables.Thesymbol"."is
theSPSSsymbolformissingdata,thisisdiscussedinmoredetailinHelp17.4.Afull
listofvariablesandtheircodesisgiveninAppendix1.
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3) USING SPSS FOR WINDOWS
Exercise1:To loadSPSS
SPSSforWindowsfollowsthe conventionsusedinotherWindowsapplications,making
use of a variety of menus and dialogue boxes. This means you rarely have to use the
keyboardotherthanforenteringdata,or fornamingspecificvariables.
Powerupyourmachine(switchiton!)andyournormalscreenwillappear.
After clicking the button, SPSS will be located somewhere in the
Programsoptionasshownbelow:
Click toopenSPSS.Thiswill
takesometimesobepatient! Youwillseethis
screen.
Whenyoudo,click atthebottomof
thedialogueboxtoremoveit.
YoushouldnowhaveanUntitledSPSSDataEditor
screen.
EndofExercise1
3.1) TheSPSSWindows
When you load and run the SPSS packageit opensupamenu barandtwoviews.
Theseare DataView (currentlyvisible)and VariableView
This sheet will
contain your data, each
column representing a
variable for which data are
available and each row
representing the data for
an individual or case. At
present this sheet should
be blank. As this sheet is
currently selected,itsname
onthetab atthe bottom is
inbold.
At presentthis sheetis notvisibleasthe variableviewsheetisnotactive.
Consequently,thenameisnotinbold.Donotbothertoclickonthetabandlookatthis
sheetyet,wewilldothat later.
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MenuBar:Thisprovidesaselectionofoptions(File,Edit,View,Data )whichallowyou,
for example, to open files, edit data, generate graphs, create tables and perform
statistical analyses. Selecting from this menu bar will, like in other Windows packages,
providefurtherpulldownmenusanddialogueboxes.
Themenubaroptionsareusedasfollows:
Fileisusedtoaccessanyfileswhetheryouwantto Open anexistingSPSSfileorread
data from another application such as Excel or dBase, or start a New file. It is also
themenuoptionyouchooseto Save files.
Edit canbeusedtoalterdataortextintheDataViewortheVariableView.
View canbeusedtoalterthewayyourscreenlooks.Pleaseleavethisonthedefault
settings.
Data isusedto definevariablesandmakechangestothedatafileyouareusing.
Transform is used to make changes to selected variable(s) in the data file you are
using. This can include recode(ing) existing variables and compute(ing) new
variables.
Analyze is used to undertake a variety of analyses such as producing Reports,
calculating Descriptive Statistics such as Frequencies and Crosstabs (crosstabulations)
and associated summary statistics, as well as various statistical procedures such as
Regression and Correlation.
Graphs is used to create a variety of graphs and charts such as Bar, Line and Pie
charts.
Utilities is for more general housekeeping such as changing display options and
fonts,displayinginformationonvariables.
Window operatesinthesamewayasotherWindowspackages.
Help is a contextsensitive help feature which operates the same way as other
Windowspackages.
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Exercise2:To loada previously createdSPSSforWindows data file
AllversionsofSPSSforWindows
will work with data files using a
filename of up to eight
charactersandthefileextension
.SAV,forexample TEACH.SAV.
For the most recent versions
longer filenames can be used,
butitisbettertobesafe!
Makesureyouhaveloaded
SPSS(seeExercise1).
In theMenu BarclickFile | Open |Data.TheOpenFile dialogueboxappears.Notice
thatSPSSlooksfordatafilesinthemostrecentlyusedsubdirectory. Forexample,
if you are going to loadafilewhichis onaUSBportable storagedeviceyouneed
locatethe appropriate drive.
Locatethe TEACH.SAV file.
Openthe TEACH.SAV bydoubleclickingonit.
You willnowseethe dataappearintheDataViewwindowandthe filenameabovethe
menubarchangeto TEACH.SAV.Thismaytakesometimesobepatient!
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Alternatively, you can download the file TEACH.SAV from the web by following the
tutorial and datasets link: http://wps.pearsoned.co.uk/saunders (for the 5th Edn) and
thensaveitonyourUSBportablestoragedevice.
EndofExercise2
Exercise3:To loadanExcel spreadsheet data file
Do not undertake this exercise until you need to load your own data from an Excel
spreadsheet.
Make sure that your Excel spreadsheet file is set out with one column per variable and
one row for each individual (survey form). Note: the first row should be the variable
names.ThisisillustratedfortheExcelequivalentofanextractfromtheteach.savdatafile
below:
A B C D E
1 gender born marital educate profmemb
2 2 67 1 5 3
3 1 19 7 3
4 2 24 2 7 3
MakesureyouhaveloadedSPSS(seeExercise1).
IntheMenuBar,clickFile|Open|Data.TheOpenFiledialogueboxappears. Notice
that SPSS looks for data files in the most recently used subdirectory. As you are
going to load an Excel file from a USB portable mass storage device you need to
insertthisfirst.
Insertyour USBportablemassstoragedevice andclick6inthe Lookin: box.
Clickon theappropriateremovabledisk,forexample: .
Click6intheFilesoftype:boxandusethescrollarrowsontherightofthedialogue
boxtofindExcel.
Click Excel (*.xls). You will see your Excel files displayed in the Open File dialogue
box.
Select the filename you want by clicking
on it and then click on the Open button.
The Opening Excel Data Source dialog box
appears.
Makesurethereisa totheleftofRead
variable names and click OK. You will see
the file appear in the Data View and the
filename above the menu bar change.
Thiswilltakesometimesobepatient!
EndofExercise3
Becauseyouareloadingthe filefrom Excelyouwillstillneedto addvariable labelsand
valuelabelswithinSPSSandsaveyourdataasanSPSSdatafile(*.sav).
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Exercise4:To check how variableshavebeen coded
Tocheckwhatthecolumnheadingforeachvariableandthecodesreferto:
Click sheetatthebottomofthescreen.Youwillnowsee:
The first column containsthe variableName,inthecaseofthefirstrowgender.Thisis
thecolumnheadingthatappearsinthe .
The second column refersto theType of data.Althoughgender is categoricaldata,it is
refered to as numeric because numeric code values have been used! The key to these
codevaluesisgiveninthecolumnheaded Values.
ThefifthcolumncontainsthevariablesLabel.Atpresentthisis partiallyobscuredbythe
subsequentcolumn.Toseethefullvaluelabel:
Move your mouse pointer inbetween the Label and the Values column headings
untillthis, appears.
Click and drag the column width to the right until the
variableslabelcanberead.
Note: ifyouwishtoeditavariableslabeljustretypethelabelin
theappropriatecell.
Thesixthcolumncontainsthekeytothecodesusedforeachvariable.Theseareknown
asthe Value labels.
ToseetheValue labelsused:
Clickonthecellcontainingthefirstvalueforthevariablegender
Clickonthe totherightofthiscell.
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The Value Labels dialogue box appears.
Itshowsthecurrentvaluelabelsforthis
variable.
Note: you can also use this optionto
changeeachvaluelabelforthe codes
orenternewvaluelabels.
Click in the Value
Labelsdialogueboxtoreturnto
theVariableView.
Usetheideasinthisexercisetoexploreatleastfiveothervariablesinthedataset.
CheckthecodeswiththosethatappearinAppendix1,can youfindanyerrors?
EndofExercise4
Exercise5: Toundertakeafrequencydistribution
Returnto .
Click Analyse | Descriptive
Statistics | Frequencies. The
Frequencies dialogue box
appears.
Ifthevariablesarearranged
alphabetically, use the
downward arrow on the
lefthandboxtoscrolldown
until Gender appears.
Highlight Gender in the left
handboxbyclickingonit.
Click tomovegenderintothe Variable(s) box.
Note the arrow button changes direction and the cursor moves to the Variable(s)
box.Thisistoallowyoutoreverseyourdecisionifyouwish.
Click .
You willseeaseriesof tables displayedintheSPSSViewer.NotethatSPSStellsyouif
therearemissingcases.Inthisinstance,thereisonemissingcase.
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Use6and4to scroll to view the frequencies table. Note that SPSS lets you know if
thereareanymissingcasesandcalculatesthevalidpercentappropriately.
Repeat this process using Analyze | Descriptive Statistics | Frequencies for at least
five other variables of your choice. You can do this by pointing and clicking on
themenucommandswhicharevisibleatthetopofyourscreen.
While you are doing this, explore the effect of the
buttonsonyouroutput.
To remove the variables from the right Variable(s) box within the dialogue box
either click or highlight the variable in the right Variable(s) box and
click .
Toquitthisanalysis(forexample, ifyoumakeamistake)click .
You may(ormaynot!)havenoticedthateachof thetasksyouhaveperformedinSPSS
has beenautomaticallyappendedtothe SPSSOutputViewer.Youcanseethisbyscrolling
throughyouroutputwindowusingtheupanddownarrowsontherightofthewindow.
YoucanedittheSPSSViewerandsaveit,orpartsofit,toafilewhichcansubsequently beread
intoawordprocessor.Alternativelyyoucanprintitout.
5.1:To delete outputinthe SPSS output viewer
TodeletesomeoutputintheSPSSOutputViewer:
Click the area you want to delete, a line will
appeararoundit.
PressDelete.
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Todeletealltheoutputinthe SPSSOutputViewer:
Ensurethatthe SPSSOutputViewer windowismaximised.
IntheSPSSOutputViewerclick Edit|SelectAll.
Press Delete.
5.2: TosavethecontentsoftheSPSS output viewertoafile
Click File|SaveAs
Type in the filename you
wish to save it to in the
Filename box,makingsure
thefiletypeis *.spv.
Ensure that the file is
beingsavedtothecorrect
drive and directory (note:
pleasedonotsaveoutput
fromthe TEACH.SAV file).
Click .
EndofExercise 5
Exercise6: Tocalculatethearithmeticmean(average)andthestandarddeviation
Click Analyze|DescriptiveStatistics|Descriptives.
Scroll down to and
select the Journey
variable (its at the
end of the variable
list), then click4to
put it in the
Variable(s) box.
Click .
Notehowtheresults
areaddedtotheend
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of youroutputinthe
SPSS Viewer. Note:
you may need to
maximise the
window by clicking
[ ] to see all the
statistics.
We can therefore see that
the mean journey to work
is11.45km.
Endof Exercise6
Calculatingameanmakessense,asweareworkingout the averagedistance.However
wehavetobecareful.
We could calculate the mean gender in the same way. SPSS would take the codes for
male(1)andfemale(2),addthemallupanddividebythenumberof observations.Itis
therefore important that you decide what statistic makes sense for the type of data
(Section2.2).
Other statistics for the average are more appropriate in this case the mode (the one
thatoccursmostoften).
Exercise7: Tocalculatethemodeandothermeasuresofcentraltendency
Tocalculatethemodeforthevariablegender:
Click Analyze|DescriptiveStatistics|Frequencies.
Click toemptytheVariable(s)box.
Select Gender, then
click4to put it in the
Variable(s) box.
Click on the
right
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Select Mode in the Central
Tendency dialogue box by
clickingonit.
A appears in the box when it is
selected(see right).
Click to return
to the Frequencies
dialoguebox.
This time, wedonotwant
an output table so click
the box to the left of
to
removethetick.
Click .
The following will be added to
the SPSS Output Viewer (dont
forget to maximise the window
andscrolldown).
We now know that the most
commongenderis2 female.
Repeatthis process bycalculatingthe most appropriateaverageforthefollowing
variables:
educate prevemp salary
seg class threeothersofyourchoice
Yourchoicesforthemostappropriateaverageare:
Mean:normallyknownastheaverageofthedatavalues.
Median:themidpointonceallthedatavalueshavebeenranked.
Mode:thedatavaluethatoccursmostoften.
EndofExercise7
Exercise8:To producea bar chart
Click Analyze|DescriptiveStatistics|Frequencies.
Deselectallvariablesbyclickingthe Reset button.
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Scrolldownandselectthevariable (socialclass) Class.
Click .
Usetheradiobuttontoselect BarCharts|Continue.
Atthe Frequencies dialogueboxclick OK.
The SPSS Output
Viewer will contain
yourbarchart.
Noticethatmissing
data are
automatically
excluded from the
chart. Notice also
that you are
presented with a
different menu bar
which allows you
to edit the current
chart and other
options.
To the left of your bar chart is aseriesof icons.Theseprovideanindexto your
outputthatisinthe SPSSOutputViewer.
Clickthe icon ontheleft toseewhathappens.
Now practice your charting skills by creating another bar chart for the variable
(educational attainment) Educate butwiththe verticalaxisdisplayingpercentages
ratherthanfrequencies.
Youwillneedto:
Deselect the variable
Class and select the
variable Educate.
Select Percentages |
Continue.
Thiswillgiveyouachartlike
theoneontheright.
EndofExercise8
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Exercise9:To createa table(Crosstab)of one variable against another
male female
postgradplus
uptodegree
uptoHNC/D
uptoA'level
uptoO'level(GCSEC+)
uptoCSE(GCSED)
One of the most useful features of SPSS is its
ability to create crosstabulations of one variable
againstanother.Inthisexercise,youwillcreatea
table of the variable Educate (Educational
attainment) by the variable Gender. You will want
yourtabletolooklikethis.
Todothis:
MinimisetheSPSSOutputViewer.
Noquals.
Click Analyze|DescriptiveStatistics |Crosstabs.
This gives the Crosstabs
dialoguebox.
Select the Row(s) variable
Educational Attainment and
theColumn(s)variableGender
using the same principles as
whenselectingfrequencies.
Once you have selected row
and column variables, you
willbeabletoclick OK.
Your table will appear in the
SPSSOutputViewer.
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EndofExercise9
Exercise10:To calculateaChicsquare statisticfora table
Click Analyze | Descriptive Statistics |
Crosstabs.
Select the Row(s) variable Educational
Attainment and the Column(s) variable
Gender using the same principles as
whenselectingfrequencies.
Click , the Crosstab:
Statistics dialogueboxappears.
Select Chisquare option.
Click Continue | OK. The results will be
displayedintheSPSSOutputViewer.
The key elements of your output are in the row titled Pearson ChiSquare and the
associatedfootnote.
The chisquarestatistic(the valueforPearsonChiSquare),is,inthis case,52.529with6
degreesof freedom (df).Thisishighlysignificant.000.Thefootnotestatesthatnocells
have an expected count of less than 5 and that the minimum expected frequency for
each cell in the table is 7.86. This means the assumptions of the Chisquare test are
satisfied.
EndofExercise 10
Exercise11:To add rowand column percentstoa table using crosstabs
SelecttwovariablesyouwishtousetocreateatableasoutlinedinExercise9.
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Click atthetop rightof
thecrosstabsdialoguebox.
Click on Row and/or Column and/or
Total in the Percentages dialogue
box (see right) to obtain the desired
percentages.
Click Continue|OK.
Use SPSS to create further new
tables from pairs of variables of your
choice. Note: it would be sensible to
usevariablesthatcontaincategorical
data rather that quantifiable data
seeSection2.2.
EndofExercise11
Exercise12:To recodea variable's valuesintoa new variable
Inthisexerciseyouaregoingtocreateanewvariable educnewfromthevariable Educate
(Educationalattainment) byrecodingthevaluesasfollows:
Postgraduatestudy(1) 1 UptoAlevel(4) 4
Uptodegreelevel(2) 1 UptoOlevelorequivalent(5) 4
UptoHNC/Dordiploma(3) 1 UptoCSEorequivalent(6) 4
Notstated Missing
This will split educational attainment into those educated up to A level (code 4) and those
educatedaboveAlevel(code1).
Click Transform|Recode|IntoDifferentVariables.
Thisgivesthe RecodeintoDifferentVariables dialoguebox.
Click Educate in the variable list
on the lefthand side, it will be
highlighted.
Click to transfer the
variable into the Numeric
Variable >OutputVariable box.
In the Output Variable area,
clickintheName: boxandtype
the new variable name
educnew and a new variable
label College Education? in the
Label boxbelow.
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Click .
NoticethatthenewvariablelabelappearsintheNumericVariable >OutputVariable
box.
Click
and the Recode into
Different Variables
dialogueboxopens.
To recode the values 1, 2
and3into1:
Click the Range radio
button in the Old
Value dialogue box
andtype1 inthefirst
box and 3 in the
secondbox.
ClicktheValue radio buttonintheNewValue dialogueboxandtype1 intheboxto
theright.
Click Add.
Notethattherecodehasbeenaddedintothe Old >New dialoguebox:
Revisethisproceduretorecodethevalues4,5and6to4.
Revisethisproceduretorecodethevalue7toamissingvalue,usingtheValueand
the SystemMissing radiobuttons.
Checkthe Old > New dialogueboxlookslikethis:
Click Continue|OK.
Thenewvariablewillbecreatedandyouwillbereturnedtothe DataView.
NowusetheproceduresoutlinedinExercise5toproduceafrequencydistribution
foryournewvariable.
EndofExercise12
WARNING: it is possible to recode a variable into the same variable, however doing this will
DELETEtheoriginalvaluesforthevariable.Ifyoudecidetodothis,makeasecuritycopy(save
ontoadifferentdisc)ofyourdatafirst.
Exercise13: Tocomputeanewvariablefromexistingvariable(s)
In this exercise, you are going to create a new variable age from the variable born by
subtractingthevariablebornfromtheyear,inthisinstance95.Remember, yearofbirth
wasonlycodedastheyearsinthe lastcenturyandsowedonotincludethe19.
Age =95 born
EnsuretheSPSSOutputViewerisminimised.
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Click Transform|Compute.
This gives the Compute
Variable dialoguebox.
Typeage intheTarget
Variable: box.
Click
and label the variable
Ageinyears.
Click Continue.
Point and click the
number9followedby
5 on the number pad
inthedialoguebox.
Point and click the
arithmetic operator
in the dialogue
box.
Clickthevariableborn
(Year of birth) in the
list of variable names
on the list and click
.
Check that this
expression has
appeared in the
Numeric Expression
box.
Ifyoumakeacompletemessofit,click Reset atthebottomandstartagain.
Click OK.
This is only a very simple compute and it is possible to do far more complex calculations. In
somecasesitisbettertowritethemdownpriortotypingthemin!
EndofExercise13
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Exercise14:To undertakean analysison partofthe data set
Inthisexerciseyouaregoingtoselectasubsetofyourdata:allfemaleemployees.
Ifnecessary,minimisetheSPSSOutputViewer.
Click Data|SelectCases.
Click on the If condition is
satisfied radiobutton.
Click button,
the following dialogue
boxappears:
Click Gender in the
variablelist.
variable into the box on
the right.
Click on the operator
inthedialoguebox.
Click on the number 2 on
the number pad in the
dialoguebox.
Check thatthe expression
gender=2hasappearedin
thebox.
Click .
Check that the Unselected
Cases Are: Filtered is
selected. Filtered means
that you will not be
deleting the rest of your
data, in this case all the
males!
Click OK.
Undertakeananalysisofyourchoice, usingjustthedataforfemales.
EndofExercise14
Exercise15:To returntothe full data setafter usinga selection(select cases)
MakesuretheSPSSOutputViewerisminimised.
Click Data|SelectCases.
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Clickonthe Allcases radiobutton.
Click OK.
EndofExercise15
Exercise16:To exitSPSS
Click File|Exit.
SPSSwillaskyouifyouwanttosavethecontentsofyour OutputViewerandData
Editor.
EndofExercise16
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4) ANALYSINGYOUROWNDATAIN SPSS FOR WINDOWS
Exercise17:To checkthatyour datahave been entered correctly
MakesurethatyouhaveloadedSPSS(Exercise1).
Loadyourdatafile(Exercise2,orExercise3foranExcelfile).
Construct a frequency distribution (frequencies) for each variable and check it in
the output window (Exercise 5). Provided you have labelled all valid value labels,
any values without labels will be errors! NB: if you have loaded anExcelfilethere
willbenovaluelabels.
Construct tables (crosstabs) to discover if data have been entered for questions
where the respondent should have not responded (Exercise 9); perhaps due to a
skipgeneratedbyafilterquestion.
Compute new variables to make sure there are no foolish responses (Exercise 13)
suchasemployeesagedover65.
Foreacherrornotedowntheidnumberwhichcorrespondstothesurveyformby
using:
SelectCases (Exercise14)toonlyselectthosecaseswhichcontainthe error.
Crosstabs (Exercise 9) to construct a table of the variable identifier by the
variablewhichcontainstheerror.
CorrectyourdataasdescribedinHelp17.1to17.4.
Help17.1:toreplaceadatavalue
MakesurethatyouhaveloadedSPSSandthatthedatafilehasalreadybeenopened.
Clickthecellthatcontainsthedatavalue.
Enterthenewvalue(thiswillreplacetheoldvalue).
Press Return.Thenewvalueappearsinthecell.
Help17.2:To deleteall data valuesfora variable(or case)
Note:beforedeletinganentirevariable(orcase),itisworthsavingthedatafile(Exercise
10)incaseyoumakeamistake.
Highlightallthevaluesforthatvariable(orrow)but not thevariablename.
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Press Delete.Eachvaluewillbereplacedby"."signifyinga"missingvalue".
Note: if you make a mistake, you can rectify it immediately afterwards by clicking Edit |
Undo.
Help17.3:To deletea variable(or case)
Clickthevariablename(orcasenumber)tohighlighttheentirecolumn(orcase).
Press Delete.Thevariable(orcase)willbedeleted.
Note: if you make a mistake, you can rectify it immediately afterwards by clicking Edit |
Undo.
Help17.4: Toentermissingvalues
Missing valuesinacellaresignifiedbya"."asillustratedinHelp17.2.Toenteramissing
valueinablankcelldo not type"."
Clickoncellinwhichtoenterthatthedataismissing.
Press Tab tomoveonecelltotheright.
Typeinthenextvalue.
Press Tab tomoveonecelltotherightandsoon.
Toenteramissingvalueinacellwhichalreadyhasavalueit:
Clickoncellwhichcurrentlycontainsthedata.
Press Delete.
Press Tab tomoveonecelltotheright.
Exercise18:To analyse data
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Notetheresearchquestionsyouwishtoanswer.
Choose the most appropriate statistical and charting techniques and SPSS
procedures.
Use the SPSS procedures to analyse the data (see Help 18.1 to 18.3 for additional
procedures).
Help18.1:To testfora significant relationship between two variables(correlation)
MakesureyouhaveloadedSPSSandthatthedatafilehasalreadybeenopened.
Click Analyze|Correlate|Bivariate.
Click on the first variable for
you wish to obtain a
correlation coefficient with
anothervariable.
variable into the Variables
box.
Repeatthisprocedureforthe
other variable(s) you wish to
correlate with the first
variable.
Choose the most appropriate
CorrelationCoefficient foryour
dataandmakesurethereisa
inthebox.
Choosethemostappropriate TestofSignificance andclickontheradiobutton.
Note: use a Twotailed test when the direction of the relationship, positive or negative,
cannotspecifiedinadvance.Usea Onetailed testwhenitcanbespecifiedinadvance.
Make sure there is a in theboxFlag significant correlations.Thiswillensurethe
significancelevelisdisplayed.
Click OK.
TheresultsofthecorrelationwillappearintheOutputWindow.
Document1
25
In this output window,
the variablesSalary and
Born from the
TEACH.SAV data set
havebeencorrelated.
SPSS has produced a
correlation matrix.
Obviously there is a
perfect correlation
(1.0000) between the
variable initial annual
Salary anditself.
As thevariable is correlatedwithitselfitisimpossibletocalculatethesignificance(p=.
). There is no correlation (0.011) between the variable Salary and the variable Born and
thislackofcorrelationissignificantatthe0.841(p = 0.841)level.
Help 18.2: To test for a significant causal relationshipbetweenonedependentandone
ormoreindependentvariables(linearregression)
MakesureyouhaveloadedSPSSandthatthedatafilehasalreadybeenopened.
Checkthatyourdataareappropriateforregressionanalysis.
Click Analyze|Regression|Linear.
Click on the
dependent
variable
which you
wish to
predict
using
another
variable or
variables.
Click to
transfer the
variableinto
the
Dependent
box.
Repeatthisproceduretotransfertheindependentvariable(s)youwishtouse
topredictthedependentvariableintothe Independent(s) box.
Click OK.
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26
Warning: interpreting the regression output is comparatively complicated. You need to
understand the regression coefficient (r2) and the regression equation (y = a + bx). The
SPSS manual (Norusis, 1992) explains these in some detail. A simpler explanation of
regression with one independent variable is provided in Section 2, Unit 18 of Saunders
andCooper(1993).
Help18.3:To useotherstatisticaltests
Giventhe introductorynatureofthishandout,andtheneedforareasonablestatistical
knowledgeto makeinformeddecisionsabouttheuseofstatisticaltests,theprocedures
forotherstatisticaltestsarenotdiscussed.
Document1
27
5) FURTHER READING
ThemostusefulbookonSPSSinmyopinionis:
q Norusis,M.J.(2007). SPSS15GuidetoDataAnalysis.London:Prentice Hall.
Unlike many computer manuals this is both readable and easy to use! It also contains
adviceregardingwhentousedifferentstatisticaltests.However,atthetimeofwriting,
theupdateofthebookforversion10hasyettobewritten.
Two goodbooks onSPSSforbeginners, whichalsoclearlyexplainthestatisticsare:
q Field,A.(2009). DiscoveringStatisticsUsingSPSS (3rd Edn).London:Sage.
q Pallant, J. (2007). SPSS Survival Manual: A Step by Step Guide to Data Analysis Using
SPSSforWindows(Version15).Buckingham:OUP.
These books offer a clear, nontechnical approach to using SPSS. They assume little
familiarity with the data analysis software and cover both inputting data and how to
generateandinterpretawiderangeoftables,diagramsand statistics.
A reasonably straightforward book on collecting your data and preparing it for
quantitativeanalysisis:
q Saunders, M.N.K., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. (2009). Research Methods for Business
Students (5th Edn). London:FinancialTimes PrenticeHall,Chapters10and11.
If you need a statistics book that assumes virtually no statistical knowledge focussing
upon which test or graph, when to use it and why. It is written for people who are
fearfulandanxiousaboutstatisticsanddonotthinktheycanunderstandnumbers then
youmayfindthefollowinghelpful:
q BermanBrown,R.andSaunders,M.(2008). Dealingwith Statistics:Whatyouneedto
know. Maidenhead: McGrawHillOpenUniversityPress.
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28
6) APPENDIX 1: LISTOF VARIABLES
ANDTHEIR CODESFOR DATA SET
TEACH.SAV
Variable names are in capitals with the
variablelabelonthesameline.Codesand
valuelabelsappearonsubsequentlines.
GENDER
GenderofEmployee
1) Male
2) Female
BORN
YearofBirth
19 year
MARITAL
MaritalStatus
1) Single
2) Married
3) Widowed
4) Divorced
EDUCATE
EducationalAttainment
1) PostgraduateStudy
2) UptoDegreeLevel
3) UptoHNC/DorDiploma
4) UptoAlevel
5) UptoOlevel
6) UptoCSE
7) Noeducationalqualificationsstated
PROFMEMB
ProfessionalBodyMembership
1) MemberofProfessionalBody
2) Notamemberofa ProfessionalBody
PREVEMP
NatureofPreviousEmployment
1) LocalGovernment
2) OutsideLocalGovernment
3) Student
4) Unemployed
5) Selfemployed
6) YouthTrainingScheme
7) Retired
PREVEAST
TownofpreviousemploymentEastings
PREVNOR
TownofpreviousemploymentNorthings
APPLEAST
HomeTownwhenappliedEastings
APPLNOR
HomeTownwhenAppliedNorthings
OCCUPAT
Occupation(OPCS1980Classification)
1.00 Solicitor
2.10 Auditor
2.20 Accountant
2.50 Valuer
3.10 PersonnelOfficer
3.20 WorkStudyOfficer
4.20 ComputerProgrammer
5.20 AdvertisingExecutive
6.10 EHOfficer
6.20 BuildingInspector
8.00 AdminExecutive
9.50 LegalExecutive
9.80 Curator(Museum)
13.10 Warden(OAP)
13.20 PlayGroupLeader
13.30 WelfareOccupationsn.e.c.
18.20 Vet
Document1
29
22.20 Projectionist
25.00 MunicipalEngineer
31.10 Architect/TownPlanner
31.20 QuantitySurveyor
31.30 BuildingSurveyor
33.10 Architect/TownPlannerTechnician
33.20 Building/EngineeringTechnician
33.40 WorksManager
35.10 MaintenanceSupervisor
35.20 ClerkofWorks
36.20 TransportManager
36.30 StoresController
37.20 OfficeManager
39.50 Entertainments/SportsManager
44.10 CaravanSiteManager
44.40 Managersn.e.c.
45.20 SupervisorStoresClerks
45.30 SupervisorDrawingAssistants
45.40 SupervisorClerks
45.50 SupervisorCashiers
46.10 ClerkStores
46.20 TracerAssistant
46.30 ClerkNonretail
47.00 CashierRetail
48.20 SupervisorMachineOperators
49.10 Receptionist
49.20 Typist
50.00 PunchCardOperator
51.10 TelephoneReceptionist
51.20 SwitchBoardOperator
56.00 MealsonWheelsOperator
60.40 EstateRanger
60.60 SupervisorSecurity
62.10 ParkKeeper
62.30 ArtGallaryAttendant
63.30 SupervisorBar
63.40 SupervisorCatering
65.20 Barperson
66.10 CounterHand
71.10 SupervisorCaretakers
71.40 SupervisorCarParks
72.10 Caretaker
72.20 Cleaner
75.20 CarParkAttendant
75.60 ServiceWorkern.e.c.
76.30 ForemanGardeners
78.10 HorticultureWorkers
78.20 Gardener
83.00 DogWarden
100.30 PrintMachineOperator
105.10 Carpenter
109.30 BlackSmith
111.00 ManagementTrainee
114.50 ForemanFitters
118.10 Fitter
125.00 Plumber
133.40 PainterandDecorator
139.10 ForemanBricklayers
139.11 ForemanSewageWorkers
139.12 ForemanConstructionWorkers
139.80HighwaysInspector
140.10 Bricklayer
140.50BuildingWorker
142.10 SeagePlantAttendant
152.20 RefugeVehicleDriver
152.30 RoadSweeperDriver
156.10 ForemanStorekeeper
156.40ForemanRefuseCollection
Document1
30
157.10 StoreKeeper
157.40 RefuseCollector
159.80ForemanLabourers
160.80 Labourern.e.c.
EMPSTAT
EmploymentStatusonapplication
1) Manager
2) Foreman/Supervisor
3) Apprentice/Trainee
4) Employeen.e.c.
SEG
SocioeconomicGroup
1.2 Managers in Government and
Industry
4.0 ProfessionalEmployees
5.1 AncillaryWorkers
5.2 Foremen/Supervisors(nonmanual)
6.0 JuniorNonmanual
7.0 PersonalServices
8.0 Foremen/Supervisors(manual)
9.0 SkilledManual
10.0 SemiskilledManual
11.0 UnskilledManual
15.0 AgriculturalWorkers
CLASS
SocialClass
1) Professional
2) IntermediateNonmanual
3) JuniorNonmanual
4) SkilledManual
5) SemiskilledManual
6) UnskilledManual
SALARY
InitialAnnualSalary(SpinalColumnPoint)
EMPLEAST
TownofEmploymentEastings
EMPLNOR
TownofEmployment(Northings)
HOMEEAST
Home Town at start of Employment
(Eastings)
HOMENOR
Home Town at start of Employment
(Northings)
NOTIFY
1) NotificationOutlet1
2) Internal
3) Wordof Mouth
4) LetterofEnquiry
5) CirculartoadjacentLocalAuthorities
6) JobCentre
7) PER(ProfessionalExecutiveRegister)
8) EmploymentAgency(PrivateSector)
9) CareersOffice(local)
DAILYLOCALNEWSPAPERS
10) EveningPost
WEEKLYLOCALNEWSPAPERS
11) TwoCountyCourier
12) Local TownChronicle
13) CountyMessenger
14) CountyExpress
15) LocalTownNews
16) EastCountyGazette
FREEWEEKLYLOCALNEWSPAPERS
17) LocalTownNewsinFocus
18) NewsinFocus
19) LocalTownTimes
20) LocalTownTimesandGazette
NATIONALDAILYNEWSPAPERS
Document1
31
21) DailyMail
22) DailyTelegraph
23) TheTimes
24) TheGuardian
NATIONALSUNDAYNEWSPAPERS
25) SundayTimes
JOURNALS AND MAGAZINES (*PUBLIC
SERVICE)
26) CommercialMotor
27) HorticultureandAmenitiesWeekly
28) Army Appointments Service
Magazine
29) ChurchTimes
30) ParksandRecreation
31) GolfIllustrated
32) Groundsman
33) Healthand SocialServices Journal
34) LadyMagazine
35) PublicFinanceandAccounting*
36) Institute of Management Science
Journal
37) UKPressGazette
38) BuildingTradesJournal
39) GardenersChronicle
40) SolicitorsJournal
41) NursingTimes
42) NurisingMirror
43) PolicyHolderInsuranceJournal
44) Opportunities*
45) EstatesGazette
46) ClerkofWorksWeekly
47) Computing
48) Association of Recreation Managers
Appointments
49) LocalGovernmentChronicle*
50) MunicipalJournal*
51) Public Service and Local
Government*
52) MunicipalEngineer*
53) BathsServiceCircular
54) CatererandHotelSupervisor
55) AccountancyAge
56) Management(WorkStudy)Services
57) QuantitySurveyorsWeekly
58) Surveyor
59) ArchitectsJournal
60) ThePlanner
61) Building
62) Planning
63) LawSocietyGazette
64) MeatTradesJournal
65) Protection
66) Institute of Personnel Managers
Digest
67) NewCivelEngineer
68) VeterinaryRecord
69) CurrentVacancies
70) TheStage
71) RegionalArtsMagazine
72) HealthandSafetyatWork
NOTIFY2
NotificationOutletasforNOTIFY1
NOTIFY3
NOTIFY4
NOTIFY5
NOTIFY6
Document1
32
NOTIFY7
NOTIFY8
NOTIFY9
NOTIFY10
YEAREMP
YearofEmployment
19 Year ofEmployment
ASSISTAC
AssistancebyAccommodationProvision
1) PermanentAccommodationProvided
2) TemporaryAccommodationProvided
3) Noassistancegiven
ASSISTMO
AssistancewithMovingExpenses
1) FinancialAssistanceGiven
2) NoAssistanceGiven
TERMYEAR
YearofTerminationofEmployment
19 Yearof Termination
TERMWHY
1) ReasonforTermination
2) NewJob
3) Spouse'sNewJob
4) GoingtoCollege
5) HavingaBaby
6) EarlyRetirement
7) Retirement
8) Redundancy
9) Dismissed
10) Death
11) Illness
12) Marriage
13) FamilyCommitments
14) FirstJobCommitments
15) Leaving theCountry
16) TravelCosts
17) FixedTermContract
18) Other
FULLPART
FullorParttimeEmployment
1) Part Time
2) Part Time(secondjob)
3) Fulltime
HEARDN1
NOTIFY1ishowfirstheardofvacancy
1) Yes
2) No
The followingadditionalvariableshavebeen
createdusingSPSS
INTERNAL
Notifiedinternally
1) used
2) notused
CIRCULAR
Notified by circulating other Local
Authorities
1) used
2) notused
JOBCENTR
NotifiedatJobCentre
1) used
2) notused
LOCAL
NotifiedinLocalPress
Document1
33
1) used
2) notused
REGIONAL
NotifiedinRegionalMedia
1) used
2) notused
NATIONAL
NotifiedinNationalMedia
1) used
2) notused
DISTMIG
DistanceMigrated(km)
straightlinedistancemigrated
JTOWORK
Journeytowork(km) newjob
straightlinedistanceofjourney
Nameoforganisation: page:
Document1
DATACOLLECTIONSHEETFORPERSONNELRECORDS
I
D
G
e
n
d
e
r
Y
o
B
M
a
r
i
t
a
l
s
t
a
t
u
s
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
(
1
)
P
r
o
f
e
s
s
i
o
n
a
l
m
e
m
b
e
r
s
h
i
p
(
2
)
P
r
e
v
i
o
u
s
E
m
p
l
o
y
m
e
n
t
n
a
t
u
r
e
(
3
)
P
r
e
v
i
o
u
s
E
m
p
l
o
y
m
e
n
t
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
(
4
)
H
o
m
e
t
o
w
n
a
p
p
l
i
e
d
(
4
)
O
c
c
u
p
a
t
i
o
n
(
5
)
S
p
i
n
a
l
C
o
l
u
m
n
p
o
i
n
t
(
6
)
N
e
w
E
m
p
l
o
y
m
e
n
t
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
(
4
)
H
o
m
e
t
o
w
n
n
e
w
(
4
)
N
o
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
u
t
l
e
t
(
s
)
(
7
)
Y
e
a
r
o
f
E
m
p
l
o
y
m
e
n
t
A
s
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
(
8
)
Y
e
a
r
o
f
t
e
r
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
R
e
a
s
o
n
f
o
r
t
e
r
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
(
9
)
F
u
l
l
t
i
m
e
/
p
a
r
t
t
i
m
e
Nameoforganisation:
Document1
7) NOTESON DATACOLLECTION
1) Recordedashighestqualificationachieved.
2) Recordedonayes/nobasis.
3) Codedatcollection (1:LocalGovernment,3: OutsideLocalGovernment,4:Student,
5: Unemployed, 6: SelfeEmployed; additional codes added as necessary during
collection).
4) Recorded as place name, subsequently coded as a grid reference (Eastings and
Northings).
5) Recorded as actual job; subsequently coded into occupation, employment status,
socioeconomic group and social class using existing UK government classification
(see pages 3334 of Research Methods for Business Students, 3rd Edn for details of
UKgovernmentclassifications).
6) Recordedasspinalcolumnpointtoovercometheimpactofinflationonsalaries.
7) Alloutletsrecorded,whereoutletactuallyheardaboutjobknown, indicatedby*.
8) Provisionofaccommodationand/ormovingexpensesrecorded.
9) Recordedasactualreason,subsequentlycoded.

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