Homework: 9/21

13.1
16. Draw the projection of the curve on the three coordinate planes. Use these projections to
help sketch the curve.
The three coordinate planes are the xy-, yz-, and xz-coordinate planes. We can look at each o
them !y considerin" r#t$ % &t, t, t
2
' two components at a time.
()ttin" them all to"ether, we see that the x- and y- coordinates will always !e on the plane y % x,
whereas the z-coordinate will !e para!olic:
18. Find a vector equation and parametric equations for the line segment that joins P to Q.
P(-! "! -"#! Q(-$! %! #
*n order to deine a line, we re+)ire its direction and a point on the line #or two points, !)t
!asically the same$. We know that o)r line m)st "o thro)"h ( and ,, so let )s say that the point
on the line is (. -or the direction, we look or the .ector that "oes rom ( to ,/ namely (,.
(, % 0-1 2 #-1$, 3 2 2, 1 2 #-2$4 % 0-2, 1, 14. Thereore, we set )p a parameter 5t6 to help )s
deine this as direction: 0-1, 2, -24 7 t80-2, 1, 14 % 0-1 2 2t, 2 7 1t, -2 7 1t4 % r#t$. That is, we
start at 0-1, 2, -24 and then span in the direction #or opposite direction$ o 0-2, 1, 14.
Howe.er, the +)estion asked or the line segment, and so we m)st !o)nd o)r 5t6. 9ince we start
at 0-1, 2, -24, and the se"ment has to reach and stop at 0-1, 3, 14, !y o)r constr)ction we can
test/see/know that we sho)ld !o)nd t as ollows: : ; t ; 1.
The parameterization, takin" each component one at a time, is:
x#t$ % 1 2 2t y#t$ % 2 7 1t z#t$ % -2 7 1t
<=
>et?s start !y sayin" we?re "oin" to draw a line !etween points ( and ,, and it will !e
represented !y r#t$. @lso, let?s esta!lish that we?ll )se a .aria!le 5t6 as a parameter to help )s
deine this line, and or simplicity, restrict it !etween : and 1. Aeca)se we want r#t$ to e+)al r:
when t % :, #at the start$ and r1 when t % 1, #at the end$ we constr)ct the "eneral e+)ation r#t$ %
#1 2 t$r:7 tr1. Then we set ( % r: and , % r1, and the res)lt is r#t$ % 0-1 -2t, 2 7 1t, -2 7 1t4,
where : ; t ; 1.
The parameterization, takin" each component at a time, is:
x#t$ % 1 2 2t y#t$ % 2 7 1t z#t$ % -2 7 1t
28. &how that the curve with parametric equations ' ( sin t! ) ( cos t! * ( sin
"
t is the curve of
the intersection of the surfaces * ( '
"
and '
"
+ )
"
( . Use this fact to help sketch the curve.
-irst let )s )nderstand that the s)races z % x
2
and x
2
7 y
2
% 1 ha.e some intersection #which
mi"ht !e empty$. @ll we ha.e to do is show that the parametric e+)ations pro.ided will contain
all those points o intersection. 9o or e.ery point o intersection, the z-coordinate will e+)al the
.al)e o the x-coordinate s+)ared, and the x-coordinate s+)ared s)mmed with the y-coordinate
s+)ared will e+)al 1. Bo o)r parametric e+)ations dri.en !y o)r parameter 5t6 satisy thisC
z % x
2
z#t$ .s. #x#t$$
2
sin
2
t % #sin t$
2
Des, this is satisied.
x
2
7 y
2
% 1 #x#t$$
2
7 #y#t$$
2
.s. 1 sin
2
t 7 cos
2
t % 1 Des, this is satisied.
Th)s we concl)de that the c)r.e is in act the intersection o the two s)races.
The simplest way to sketch this is to draw !oth s)races, and then ima"ine where they intersect:
#Eredit: math.)cla.ed)/ =onald Fiech$
#The intersection$
30. ,t what point does the heli' r(t# ( -sin t! cos t! t. intersect the sphere '
"
+ )
"
+ *
"
( %/
We can )nderstand the .ector )nction r#t$?s components separately: x % sin#t$, y % cos#t$, z % t.
Aeca)se where the c)r.e intersects the sphere their coordinates will !e e+)al, we can expect that
i we s)!stit)te o)r x-, y-, and z-.al)es rom r#t$ into the e+)ation or the sphere, the e+)ation
sho)ld still hold:
#sin#t$$
2
7 #cos#t$$
2
7 #t$
2
% 3
1 7 t
2
% 3
t
2
% G
t % H2
Then we know that r#t$ will intersect the sphere when t % -2, and t % 2. 9o to ind these points,
we s)!stit)te these .al)es into o)r ori"inal e+)ation:
r#2$ % &sin#2$, cos#2$, 2'
r#-2$ % &sin#-2$, cos#-2$, -2'
#IA: the )nits or 5t6, or lack thereo, implies radians$
#40. and 42.$ Find a vector function that represents the curve of intersection of the two surfaces.
#IA: Do) may )se any parameterization that yo) wish/ these are the ones * elt were simplest.$
40. 0he c)linder '
"
+ )
"
( 1 and the surface * ( ').
<)r .ector )nction will !e o the orm r#t$, so that means we?ll !e )sin" a parameter 5t6 as o)r
only .aria!le. That is, we m)st express x, y, and z in terms o t. Aeca)se we know an ele"ant
parameterization or x
2
7 y
2
% E in "eneral, let )s start rom there: x#t$ % 2cos#t$, y#t$ % 2sin#t$.
This satisies the e+)ation x
2
7 y
2
% G #.eriy or yo)rsel$, and will reach all .al)es o x and y i
we !o)nd : ; t ; 2J. Then the parameterization or z ollows directly rom the e+)ation: z#t$ %
x#t$8y#t$ % Gcos#t$sin#t$ % 2sin#2t$.
Th)s o)r .ector )nction can !e written as r#t$ % &2cos#t$, 2sin#t$, 2sin#2t$', : ; t ; 2J.
42. 0he para2oloid * ( 1'
"
+ )
"
and the para2olic c)linder ) ( '
"
.
<)r .ector )nction will !e o the orm r#t$, so that means we?ll !e )sin" a parameter 5t6 as o)r
only .aria!le. That is, we m)st express x, y, and z in terms o t. The second e+)ation seems to
oer a startin" point, since that shows a simple relationship: x#t$ % t, y#t$ % t
2
. Then, we sol.e
or z#t$ !y )sin" x#t$ and y#t$: z#t$ % Gt
2
7 t
G
.
Th)s o)r .ector )nction can !e written as r#t$ % &t, t
2
, Gt
2
7 t
G
'.
#IA: we do not ha.e to !o)nd o)r parameter in this pro!lem, since a !o)nd was not implied in
the pro!lem or !y any o o)r )nctions$
47. 3f two o2jects travel through space along two different curves! it4s often important to know
whether the) will collide. 0he curves might intersect! 2ut we need to know whether the o2jects
are in the same position at the same time. &uppose the trajectories of two particles are given 2)
the vector functions
r(t# ( -t
"
! 5t 6 "! t
"
. r"(t# ( -1t 6 $! t
"
! %t 6 7.
for t 8 9. Do the particles collide/
-irst, let )s )nderstand what?s happenin". Two particles are "oin" to ly thro)"h space
independently o each other. * we try to trace o)t their paths, we mi"ht ind that their paths
intersect. Howe.er, this DOES NOT mean that they e.er collid. @ter all, i yo)?re sittin" in a
chair in 9FKB 2:3, and someone else sits in the same chair 2 ho)rs later, yo) two do not
necessarily collide at that point. @ss)min" yo) let, yo) two happened to occ)py the same space
!)t at dierent times. 9o, when we look or points o intersection or these two .ector )nctions,
we m)st check to see whether the )nctions attain the same .al)e at the same value of t.
9o let?s analyze intersection points. When r1#t$ and r2#t$ intersect, their x-, y-, and z-coordinates
will !e e+)al. Th)s, we can e+)ate them to ind the .al)es o t where this happens:
x-coordinate: t
2
% Gt 2 1 t
2
2 Gt 7 1 % : #t 2 1$#t 2 1$ % : t % 1 or 1
@t this point, we can check the other two coordinates and see which .al)es o t are common to
all three. Howe.er, we may also pl)" in o)r o)nd .al)es o t and see whether these work. *
they do not, then we can concl)de that there are no .al)es o t where the two intersect, since
there are only these two places where the x-coordinates are the same, at the same time t.
r1#1$ % &#1$
2
, L#1$ 2 12, #1$
2
' % &1, -3, 1'
r2#1$ % &G#1$ 2 1, #1$
2
, 3#1$ 2 M' % &1, 1, -1'
@ltho)"h they ha.e the same x-coordinate at t % 1, their other coordinates do not match )p.
Th)s, the c)r.es do not intersect at t % 1. IextN
r1#1$ % &#1$
2
, L#1$ 2 12, #1$
2
' % &9, 9, 9'
r2#1$ % &G#1$ 2 1, #1$
2
, 3#1$ 2 M' % &9, 9, 9'
TadaO @t the point t % 1, the two c)r.es ha.e the same coordinates, so they occ)py the same
space at the same time, and thereore they intersect #or are tan"ent$. Th)s, we can concl)de that
the particles do collide.
13.2
5. r(t# ( sin(t#i + "cos(t#j! t ( :;1
5.a. &ketch the plane curve with the given vector equations.
We can test a ew points to "et an idea o what it looks like, !)t more likely we can reco"nize the
e+)ation as a 5sort o6 circle. @lternati.ely, we can directly see that it?s an ellipse. Howe.er yo)
"et there, here?s the sketch:
Ae care)l that yo) reco"nize the direction that the c)r.e is tracin". Aeca)se this is a parametric
c)r.e, there exists a distinct direction !y which it traces its path, and this c)r.e is dierent rom
the i")re we "et rom tracin" the c)r.e in the opposite direction. We test or direction !y tryin"
a ew points o)t. @lso, it?s worth mentionin" that we achie.e the )ll c)r.e on : ; t ; 2J
5.b. Find r4(t#.
9trai"htorward component !y component dierentiation:
r#t$ % sin#t$i 7 2cos#t$j
r?#t$ % cos#t$i 7 #-2$sin#t$j
5.c. &ketch the position vector r(t# and the tangent vector r4(t# for the given value of t.
To sketch the position .ector, we irst ha.e to e.al)ate it:
r#J/G$ % sin#J/G$i 7 2cos#J/G$j #1/P2$i 7 P2j
Ae care)l well lookin" or the tan"ent .ector. They are not askin" )s to draw the position .ector
r?#t$. Th)s, we ha.e to place it, correctly, tan"ent to the c)r.e on the sketch.
r?#J/G$ % cos#J/G$i 7 #-2$sin#J/G$j #1/P2$i 7 -P2j
24. Find the parametric equations for the tangent line to the curve with the given parametric
equations at the specified point.
x % e
t
, y % te
t
, z % te
tQ2
/ #1, :, :$
-irst, we m)st reco"nize that they are not askin" )s to ind the parametric e+)ations or the
)nction that will "i.e )s the #direction o the$ tan"ent line at any point. They are askin" )s to
ind the parametric e+)ations that will descri!e the mo.ement o a partic)lar tan"ent line, at a
partic)lar point. 9o, they?re askin" )s to "i.e the e+)ation o a line #that is, the tan"ent line$.
We can s)iciently descri!e a line with a point and a direction. Aeore we do either, let?s irst
consolidate the a!o.e parametric e+)ations into a sin"le .ector e+)ation:
r#t$ % &e
t
, te
t
, te
tQ2
'
Iow, we sho)ld o!tain the 5point6 that will descri!e the line. We are act)ally "i.en a point, #1,
:, :$. A)t the pro!lem with this is that i we?re "oin" to "o thro)"h the rest o this pro!lem with
a sin"le )nction with common .aria!le t, rather than three distinct )nctions, we ha.e to
descri!e x % 1, y % :, z % :, in terms o t. >ookin" at the irst component, we see that this is only
achie.a!le when t % :. 9o, we?re interested in the )nction at the point #1, :, :$, or when t % :/
same thin".
<n to the direction. We can o!tain a )nction which will "i.e )s the direction o the tan"ent line
at any point !y simply takin" the deri.ati.e o o)r ori"inal:
r#t$ % &e
t
, te
t
, te
tQ2
'
r?#t$ % &e
t
, e
t
7 te
t
, e
tQ2
7 e
tQ2
#tQ2$?t'
% &e
t
, e
t
7 te
t
, e
tQ2
7 2t
2
e
tQ2
'
9o to ind the 5direction6 that will descri!e the line we?re interested in, we )se the point t % ::
r?#:$ % &e
:
, e
:
7 :8e
:
, e
:Q2
7 2#:
2
$e
:Q2
'
&1, 1, 1'
#since this will "i.e )s the tan"ent .ector at the point t % :$
Aeca)se we ha.e o)r point and o)r direction, we can now compose o)r parametric )nction #with
the idea that it will start at the point, and then span o)t in the direction$:
v#t$ % r#:$ 7 t8r?#:$
&1, :, :' 7 t8&1, 1, 1'
<r, in parametric terms:
x#t$ % 1 7 t, y#t$ % t, z#t$ % t
27. Find a vector equation for the tangent line to the curve of intersection of the c)linders
'
"
+ )
"
( "% and )
"
+ *
"
( "9 at the point ($! 1! "#.
This t)rns into a .ery simple pro!lem with m)ltiple steps i we !reak down the +)estion:
1$ ind a vector equation or the
2$ tangent line to the c)r.e o
1$ intersection o the
G$ cylinders x
2
7 y
2
% 23 and y
2
7 z
2
% 2: at the point #1, G, 2$
9o we want to ind the .ector e+)ation or the tan"ent line. A)t the tan"ent line is tan"ent to the
c)r.e o the intersection. 9o we can?t ind 1$, or 2$, )ntil we ind 1$. 9imple irst +)estion then:
Bescri!e the intersection o the cylinders x
2
7 y
2
% 23 and y
2
7 z
2
% 2: at the point #1, G, 2$.
Do) may do this part howe.er yo) want, !)t it?s )s)ally a "ood idea to represent x, y, and z in a
reasona!ly clean way. <ne s)ch way is x#t$ % 3cos#t$, y#t$ % 3sin#t$ #this satisies the irst
cylinder$. Ay the e+)ation o the second cylinder, we sol.e or z#t$ % P#2: 2 23sin
2
#t$$. Then o)r
consolidated .ector e+)ation or this intersection o two cylinders is:
r#t$ % &3cos#t$, 3sin#t$, P#2: 2 23sin
2
#t$$'
Iext step is to ind the tan"ent line, and we descri!e a line with a point and a direction. We ha.e
the point tho)"h, #1, G, 2$, so all we need is the direction. The )nction r?#t$ will "i.e )s the
direction #and also ma"nit)de tho)"h that?s not important to )s$ o the tan"ent .ectors !y nat)re
o dierentiation, so let?s ind that:
r?#t$ % &-3sin#t$, 3cos#t$, -23sin#t$cos#t$/P#2: 2 23sin
2
#t$$'
@h, !)t yo) see that o)r dierentiated )nction is in terms o t. Det, the point #1, G, 2$ is in terms
o x-, y-, and z-coordinates. 9o, we ha.e to ind the appropriate t: to "et an appropriate r?#t$:
r#t:$ % &3cos#t:$, 3sin#t:$, P#2: 2 23sin
2
#t:$$' % &1, G, 2'
3cos#t:$ % 1, 3sin#t:$ % G
cos#t:$ % 1/3 sin#t:$ % G/3
* co)ld sol.e or t:, and then * wo)ldn?t ha.e to consider the e+)ality rom the y-coordinate, !)t
this way is act)ally a little easier:
r?#t:$ % &-3sin#t:$, 3cos#t:$, -23sin#t:$cos#t:$/P#2: 2 23sin
2
#t:$$'
% &-3#G/3$, 3#1/3$, -23#G/3$#1/3$/P#2: 2 23#G/3$
2
$'
% &-G, 1, -12/P#2: 2 1M$
% &-G, 1, -M'
Aeca)se we ha.e o)r point and o)r direction, we can now compose o)r .ector )nction #with the
idea that it will start at the point, and then span o)t in the direction$:
v#t$ % r#:$ 7 t8r?#:$
% &1, G, 2' 7 t8&-G, 1, -M'
% &1 2 Gt, G 7 1t, 2 2 Mt'
32.a. Find the point of intersection of the tangent lines to the curve r(t# ( -sin(:t#! "sin(:t#!
cos(:t#. at the points where t ( 9 and t ( 9.%.
This +)estion can !e !roken down into irst 5indin"6 each o the tan"ent lines and then seein"
where they intersect. 9o let?s ind the tan"ent lines. To descri!e a line, we need a point and its
direction, and the dierentiated )nction r?#t$ will "i.e )s a direction .ector or the tan"ent line.
The two tan"ent lines we?re analyzin" are deri.ed rom the point t % :, and t % :.3. 9o, assem!ly
line style:
r#:$ % &sin#J#:$$, 2sin#J#:$$, cos#J#:$$' % &:, :, 1'
r?#:$ % &Jcos#J#:$$, 2Jcos#J#:$$, -Jsin#J#:$$' % &J, 2J, :'
r#:.3$ % &sin#J#:.3$$, 2sin#J#:.3$$, cos#J#:.3$$' % &1, 2, :'
r?#:.3$ % &Jcos#J#:.3$$, 2Jcos#J#:.3$$, -Jsin#J#:.3$$' % &:, :, -J'
9o we parameterize each tan"ent .ector e+)ation as ollows:
v#t$ % r#:$ 7 t8r?#:$ % &:, :, 1' 7 t8&J, 2J, :' % &Jt, 2Jt, 1'
u#s$ % r#:.3$ 7 t8r?#:.3$ % &1, 2, :' 7 s8&:, :, -J' % &1, 2, -Js'
Ae .ery care)l. Rach parametric )nction v#t$ and u#s$ operates completely apart rom the other,
so * ha.e parameterized one with 5t6, and the other with 5s6 to make this distinction clearer. To
ind where they intersect, we ha.e to identiy all coordinates that !oth )nctions pass thro)"h.
Ay e+)atin" each component:
Jt % 1, 2Jt % 2, 1 % -Js
t % 1/J, t % 1/J, -1/J % s
9ol.in" or t and s is a little )nnecessary, !)t it does help to el)cidate the point that v#t$ and u#s$
!oth, in their own time #v#t$ when t % 1/J, u#s$ when s % -1/J$, "o thro)"h the point #1, 2, 1$.
32.b.
37. 9
:;"
( $sin
"
(t#cos(t#i + $sin(t#cos
"
(t#j + "sin(t#cos(t#k#dt
S)mpin" ri"ht into it:
#:
J/2
1sin
2
#t$cos#t$dt$i 7 #:
J/2
1cos
2
#t$sin#t$dt$j 7 #:
J/2
2sin#t$cos#t$dt$k
Ksin" the )-s)!stit)tion method #) % sin#t$, d) % cos#t$dt/ . % cos#t$, d. % -sin#t$dt$:
Tsin
1
#t$U:
J/2
i 7 T-cos
1
#t$U:
J/2
j 7 Tsin
2
#t$U:
J/2
k
#1 2 :$i 7 #: 7 1$j 7 #1 2 :$k % i 7 j 7 k
51. &how that if r is a vector function such that r44 e'ists! then
d;dt<r(t# = r4(t#> ( r(t# = r44(t#
We can !r)te orce this proo !y splittin" r into components #o which there may or may not !e
1, !)t since cross prod)ct or )s has only !een deined or 1-dimensional spaces, this is okay$
and then act)ally indin" the deri.ati.es and the cross prod)cts. Howe.er, there?s a aster way.
>et?s start with the let side o the e+)ation we want to pro.e. Ay theorem 1 part 3, we know that
d/dtTu#t$ V v#t$U % u?#t$ V v#t$ 7 u#t$ V v?#t$. 9o, i we let u#t$ % r#t$, and v#t$ % r?#t$, we "et:
r?#t$ V r?#t$ 7 r#t$ V r??#t$
Howe.er, we also know that i yo) take the cross prod)ct o any .ector with itsel, the res)lt is 0
#the .ector, not the n)m!er$. 9o then we "et:
r#t$ V r??#t$, which is the ri"ht side o the e+)ation we want to pro.e.
-ast track:
d/dtTr#t$ V r?#t$U
r?#t$ V r?#t$ 7 r#t$ V r??#t$ TAy theorem 1 part 3U
r#t$ V r??#t$ Tu#t$ V u#t$ % 0 or any .ector u#t$U
53. 3f r(t# ? 0! show that d;dt@r(t#@ ( (;@r(t#@# r(t# A r4(t#.
<BintC @r(t#@
"
( r(t# A r(t#>
Waste not want not:
Wr#t$W
2
% r#t$ X r#t$ #1$
9o, it doesn?t seem that the let side o #1$ is similar to either side o the e+)ality o what we
want to pro.e, !)t nor is the ri"ht side. A)t i we had to choose, * mean, it seems like it?d take a
ew strai"htorward manip)lations to "et Wr#t$W
2
to look like d/dtWr#t$W/ namely, s+)are root, and
then dierentiation:
Wr#t$W
2
% r#t$ X r#t$
Wr#t$W % P#r#t$ X r#t$$
d/dtWr#t$W % d/dtP#r#t$ X r#t$$
#IA: We can take the s+)are root o !oth sides !eca)se the dot prod)ct o any .ector with itsel
is nonne"ati.e, and the let hand side is in 5a!sol)te .al)es6.$
9o the let side is all taken care o. Iow we ha.e to "et d/dtP#r#t$ X r#t$$ to t)rn into the
expression #1/Wr#t$W$ r#t$ X r?#t$ somehowY. Well, let?s )se o)r r)les o dierentiation #o dot
prod)cts and chain r)le$ to work it o)t:
d/dtP#r#t$ X r#t$$
% #1/2$ #r#t$ X r#t$$
-1/2
d/dt#r#t$ X r#t$$
% #1/2$ #r#t$ X r#t$$
-1/2
2#r#t$ X r?#t$$
% #r#t$ X r#t$$
-1/2
r#t$ X r?#t$
9o this is .ery promisin". *t seems the only part that doesn?t match )p with the what we want is
that #r#t$ X r#t$$
-1/2
doesn?t seem to e+)al #1/Wr#t$W$Y or does itC =emem!er that Wr#t$W
2
% r#t$ X r#t$,
so then #r#t$ X r#t$$
1/2
sho)ld e+)al Wr#t$W, and #r#t$ X r#t$$
-1/2
% Wr#t$W
-1
% 1/Wr#t$W.
Hooray we?re doneN
-ast track:
Wr#t$W
2
% r#t$ X r#t$ #Zi.en$
Wr#t$W % P#r#t$ X r#t$$ #9+)are root [)stiied !y nonne"ati.ity o sel dot prod)ct$
d/dtWr#t$W % d/dtP#r#t$ X r#t$$
OOO
d/dtP#r#t$ X r#t$$ #Eonsider [)st the ri"ht hand side$
#1/2$ #r#t$ X r#t$$
-1/2
d/dt#r#t$ X r#t$$ #Ehain r)le$
#r#t$ X r#t$$
-1/2
r#t$ X r?#t$ #Ehain r)le$
#1/Wr#t$W$ r#t$ X r?#t$ #Ay the "i.en$
OOO
d/dtWr#t$W % #1/Wr#t$W$ r#t$ X r?#t$ #9)!stit)tion$
<=
Wr#t$W
2
% r#t$ X r#t$ #Zi.en$
d/dt#Wr#t$W
2
$ % d/dt#r#t$ X r#t$$
2Wr#t$W d/dtWr#t$W % 2#r#t$ X r?#t$$ #Ehain r)le$
Wr#t$Wd/dtWr#t$W % r#t$ X r?#t$
d/dtWr#t$W % #1/Wr#t$W$ #r#t$Xr?#t$$
This way is m)ch aster, !)t it takes a little int)ition to see how it?ll work o)t.
#Bisclaimer: this sol)tion set is s)![ect to typos or careless errors. * apolo"ize in ad.ance or
any o those.$