9-4 I E S LIGHTING HANDBOOK

The measured values have been multiplied by an efficiency factor of 64

per cent (80 per cent glass transmittance times 80 per cent absorptance for
transoms, muntins, and mullions) and by a maintenance factor
(50 per
cent for vertical windows or 25 per cent for windows with a 30-degree
slope).
Figure
9-7*
gives factors by which the tabulated and plotted values may
be multiplied in order to obtain values for other than 100-foot window
lengths. To determine illumination for values of sky brightness other
than 980 footlamberts, the data should be divided by 980 and multiplied
by the new brightness.
The following rules of thumb direct attention to several variables which
should be considered when different designs are being evaluated
1
.
The window area should be as large as practicable and at least equal
to 25 per cent of the floor area. When near-by trees or buildings reduce the
sky area visible from the windows, the ratio of window to floor area should
be increased above 25 per cent.
2. Windows should be placed as high in a wall as practicable and in more
than one wall whenever possible.
3. Transoms, muntins, and mullions should be made as small in cross
section as possible and a minimum number should be used.
4. Deep reveals should be splaj'ed.
5. For a given window area, small in comparison to that of a wall, greater
uniformity of illumination will result from two small windows spaced not
farther apart than their combined width than from a single centered
window.
6. Some type of brightness control should be planned for windows which
will receive direct sunlight.
Brightness Control
In offices, roller shades or Venetian blinds are used to reduce the apparent
source brightness. In factories, saw-tooth roofs usually face north and
are sloped so that no direct sunlight is admitted. A saw-tooth roof can
be constructed with windows facing south; however, with this orientation
some means for diffusing the direct sunlight should be used in summer.
Diffusers reduce the maximum illumination to a greater extent than they
do the minimum and therefore improve uniformity.
A coat of whitewash or other diffuse transmittance material sometimes
is sprayed on a glass window late in the spring and washed off in the fall.
It should be noted that ordinary whitewash (slaked lime) may etch a glass
surface slightly during the summer and consequently hasten the accumula-
tion of dirt the following winter.
Heat-absorbing glass with permanent diffusing surfaces has lower trans-
mittance than ordinary glass, but when it is used the application and
removal of the diffuser are unnecessary.
Painting. Finishing an interior with high-reflectance paint or other
coating increases the daylight as well as the electrical illumination level

Page 9-7.