OILWELL

DRILLING
ENGINEERING
&
computer
programs
MITCHELL
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ClIAP'IER I 'IUBl.JIARDESIGN.ANDUSE 1
Tubular Design and use ; l
Failure Theories 1
Tubular End Conditions 1
Names of Casings , 2
Loads 2
Salt and Diaperic Shale 6
Casing Design Criteria 7
ManagementI s Guidelines 7
Popular Desigri Factors : 11
Drilling Burst Criteria 11
An Overview of Casing Selection 13
Minimum Tubular Strengths: 14
Failure Mode 15
Triaxial Equation 16
Real Gas 2O
Fundamentals of Tubulars 22
Stress Analysis CZ7
Effective Tension ro
Buoyed Weight 31
Free Bodies 34
Stretch and Wall Strains 41
Change in the Diameter of a Tube .41
Bending Stress in Doglegs 49
Lubinski Bending Stress 49
Buckling v. Tension & Compression 53
Critical Buckling Events of Casing 54
Buckling Tendency & Wellhead Load 57
Intermediate Casing Design 63
Tubular Strengths 68
API Collapse Resistance OO
API Internal Pressure Resistance 75
Pipe Body Yield Strength 79
API Hydrostatic Test Pressures 82
Tolerances on Dimensions 83
Make-up Torque for API Couplings 86
Round Thread with Bending and Tension 86
Tubular Connections 89
Slack-off Bending Loads OO
Surface Running Loads 92
Dogleg Running Loads 92
Tubing Design $
Drillpipe Design 1fJ7
Combined Tension, Torsion, Bending & Pressure Loads , 108
Von Mises Stress 108
Slip Crushing 116
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 MITCHELL Box 1492 Golden CO 80402
Fatigue of Drillpipe , 117
Life of Drillpipe 121
Casing Tally 122
Casing Centralizer Spacing 125
Casing Sag between Centralizers 127
Wall Force Equation 129
Helical Buckled pipe length 130
CHAPTERn DRJI,IJNG OPTIMIZATIONMETHODS 144
Cost per foot Equation 144
Time Value of Money 147
Expected Value Method 148
Lagrangian Multiplier 153
Multiple Regression with Least Squares 156
Confidence Lines 100
Lagrange's Interpolation Formula 162
CHAPTER III DRILL HOLE MECHANICS I64
Selecting Casing Setting depths 165
Stresses around a Drill Hole 168
Leakoff Test ' 171
Fractures in a Drill Hole 174
Fracture Gradient Plot 180
Filtration of Mud into the Formation 182
Barite & Water required to drill a Section of Hole 183
Solids Concentration Selection 185
ClIAPrERIV KICKREMOVAL...........................192
Kill Parameters 197
Initial Conditions 197
Drillers Method 199
Engineer's Method 204
Kick Control Worksheet 210
Gas Migration 217
Recognition 223
High Weight Pill 223
Barite Plug W
Filling the Hole on Trips ..' 228
Novel Techniques 229
CHAP'rERV RIG ..............................zra
Effect of Mud Weight on Bit Hydraulics 243
Bingham's Drilling efficiency Diagram 246
Optimal Bottom Hole Cleaning 249
Theory of Maximizing Impact Force 259
Effect of Mud Weight of Bit Hydraulics 261
Hole Cleaning 262
Drill Cuttings concentration in the Annulus 264
Hopkin's Particle Slip Velocity Chart 267
TABLE OF CONTENTS 11 MITCHELL Box 1492 Golden CO 80402
Oribital Motion of the Drill String 274
Surge and Swab for Long Pipe Strings 276
Surge and Swab Pressures of Short Tools 285
Circulating Pressures for Short Tools 2i57
Equivalent Circulating Density 289
CHAPTERVI DffiECTIONALDRaLING 292
Directional Drilling 292
Directional well planning 2fJ7
Transposing MD to TVD 306
Tie Point and Collision : 310
Kill Well Design 314
Leading the Target with planned walk 316
Dogleg Severity of Holes 319
Dogleg-abrupt '" , 32D
Wilson's Equation 322
Monitoring of a Directional Well 325
Radius of Curvature 327
Sectional Method and Minimum Curvature 331
Stability of Computational Surveys 338
Errors in Surveying 343
Ellipse of Uncertainty 343
Systematic and Random Errors by Warren 346
Circle of Uncertainty 347
Declination Changes 350
Drilling String Measurements 350
Magnetic and other Interferences 351
Hot Spots in BHA 352
People Recording Errors 353
3 Dimensional Drill Hole Planning 355
Tool Face Rotation 359
CIlAP"IERvn HORIZONrAL DRll.LING 3m
Uses of Horizontal Well 373
Horizontal Drilling 373
Types of Horizontal Wells 374
Horizontal Well Costs 376
Casing & Drill bit sizes , 378
Equipment 381
Directional Drilling subs and stabilizers 384
Bottom Hole Assemblies 386
Length of non-magnetic Drill collars 388
Trajectory Planning 3OO
Vertical Turn to aNew Track 3m
Selection of Mud Weights 399
Drill bit Hydraulics 403
Torque and Drag 405
Friction factors 409
Buckling of the Drill String .414
TABLE OF CONTENTS 111 MITCHELL Box 1492 Golden CO 80402
CAPITULO VII PERFORACION HORIZONTAL
CAPITULO VI PERFORACION DIRECCIONAL
Lock-up of the Drill String .415
Available Torque for the Drill bit .415
Cementing Problems .418
Cement Sheath within Casing .418
Conveyed Logging 419
Case Histories 420
Austin Chalk Well 420
Tyra field offshore Denmark 422
CHAPTER VIII BOTTOM HOLE ASSEMBLIES...............................427
Purpose of BHA 4Zl
Type of BHS's 4Zl
Discussion of Components , 429
Mechanical Properties of BHA 432
Tapered . BHA 436
Usable Hole Diameter 438
Centrifugal Force : 440
Torsional Dampening 441
Torque of a Spinning BHA 442
Torsional Buckling of a BRA and Drillpipe 443
Buckling by Rotational Drag 445
Critical Buckling Load 446
Weight on Drill bit in Veritcal and Inclined Holes 447
Critical Rotary Speeds of BHA .450
Placement of the Pendulum Stabilizer 453
Packed BRA 458
Directional BHA 460
BHA Connections 462
Make-up of Connections 464
Identification of Connections and Drillpipe 464
ClIAP'I"ER:IX. AIRDRII...LIN"G
Advantages and Limitations of Air/Gas 467
Air Drilling Equipment 4OO
Pneumatics and Hydraulics .476
Pressure Losses in Pipe and Fittings .478
Air Temperature Increases on Compression .480
Air Pressure Requirements 481
Mist Drilling Volumes and Pressure Requirements 486
Foam Drilling Volumes and Pressure Requirements 486
Aerated Mud Volume and Pressure Requirements 488
IKOKU 488
Operational Procedures 489
Concentric Drillpipe and the Jet Sub .494
Parasite String 494
Safety Practices 499
CHAPTER X CEMENT fj(l;
One Dozen Cementation Problems 506
TABLE OF CONTENTS iv MITCHELL Box 1492 Golden CO 80402
CAPITULO VIII ENSAMBLAJES DE FONDO (BHA)
Solutions to a Dozen Problems 506
Balanced Plug Cementation Formula 516
Cementation Temperatures 517
CHAPTER XI DRILL BIT SELECTION...................................522
Drill Bit Characteristics 525
Rock Bit Terminology 5CZl
Rock Failure Models 528
Drill Bit Selection Criteria 528
Trip Time 530
Optimal Weight on Bit Rotary Speeds 530
Contour Method 531
Analytical Method 533
Optimal WOB Rotary Speed Charts 539
Diamond Bit Hydraulic Lift Off 545
Dull Bit Grading 547
CIlAP'rERXII FISHIN"G m>
Definitions 551
To Fish or Not to Fish ; 551
When to Stop Fishing 552
Break-even Charts 553
Expected Value Method 554
Confidence Lines Least Squares 556
Differential Sticking ; OO:>
Mechanics of Differential Sticking 00:>
Freeing Differentially Stuck Pipe 561
Jars and Accelerators 566
Back-off 569
Free Point 569
Free Point Procedures 569
Free Point with Pipe Stretch 569
Back-off Procedure , 571
Latching on to a Fish 573
Overshot Specifications 574
Mi lling 575
Washover Pipe 578
Rotary Shoes 578
Perforation of Pipe 580
Perforating Procedure 581
Fishing Wire Line Tools 582
Fishing small objects 585
Fishing Drill Collars 586
Fishing Drillpipe 586
Back-off Depth 5f57
Cutting of Tubulars 588
Sidetracking 589
Whipstock .. " " , ..590
PDM snd Bent sub 591
TABLE OF CONTENTS v MITCHELL Box 1492 Golden CO 80402
Cement Plugs for Sidetrack 591
Common Fishing Tools 593
Bottom Hole Motor 597
~ ] [ ~ ~ ~
TABLE OF CONTENTS VI MITCHELL Box 1492 Golden CO 80402
CHAPTER VI
DIRECTIONAL DRILLING
INTRODUCTION
Directional wells are defined as those wells which are to follow a prescribed
traverse and intersect a specific objective. The objective is called a target and is
usually an enclosed area in a horizontal plane. A target could be a circular area
at the top of a producing zone.
If tolerance in the deviations of the well from the planned traverse is
critical, the traverse is usually specified as a cylinder surrounding a section of the
hole; otherwise, the traverse is given as a line path between the rotary table and
the target.
BOH5
tvd
build radius
~
target
B hang angle
X build
"
~ n t n g l e
Yslant
"
Zdrop
T
U vertical
8004
B053
8082
The horizontal view depicts north-
south and east-west axis' which intersect
in the center of the rotary table. The
target, the traverse, and directional
stations are recorded on the two charts.
The axis of the horizontal view may
represent magnetic directions if it is desired.
N
Popular visual presentations of RTB 0
directional well data are on charts called
horizontal and section views. The section
view is a vertical cross-section drawn
through the centers of the rotary table and KOP 1
the target.
The primary purposes of the two views are to pictorially show deviations of
the drilled traverse from the planned traverse and the progress of the hole relative
to the target.
DIRECTIONAL DRILLING 292 MITCHELL Box 1492 Golden CO 80402
CHAPTER VII
HORIZONTAL DRILLING
USES OF HORIZONTALWELL
Horizontal wells are directional wells drilled with an inclination angle near 90
degrees. The purposes of drilling horizontal wells are not new. However, the
application of solid state electronics in directional drilling at long last permits the
fulfillment of those purposes. The primary purposes of horizontal wells are the
following:
1. Intersect many fractures in a hydrocarbon containing formation.
Very popular in limestone and some shale formations.
2. Avoid drilling into water below (or gas above) hydrocarbons or
perforating adjacent to water or gas. Either are thought to
promote gas and water coning. Popular in formations containing
relatively thin oil zones as compared with the underlying water
zone.
3. Increase both the drainage area of the well in the reservoir and the
lateral surface area of the well bore. The first .is thought to
increase the cumulative hydrocarbon production, while the
second enhances the hydrocarbon production rate. Popular in
formations containing heavy oil. These holes may be thought of as
drain holes in .some cases.
4. Intersect layered reservoirs at high dip angles.
5. Improve coal gas production (degasification).
6. Improve injection of water, gas, steam, chemical, and polymer
into formations.
The counter proposal to the drilling of a horizontal well is to drill a vertical well
and hydraulically fracture the pay formation. This rarely accomplishes a purpose
of a horizontal well, because hydraulic fracturing rarely if ever succeeds in
intersecting many fractures in a naturally fractured formation; fractures usually
intersect underlying water zones, and fractures filled with propants (sand) are
not drain holes.
The above purposes stipulate the requirements for the evaluation of a horizontal
hole.
1. Hits all targets
2. Smooth turns and builds for promoting long lateral sections
HORIZONTAL DRILLING 373 MITCHELL Box 1492 Golden CO 80402
CHAPTER VIII
BOTTOM HOLE ASSEMBLIES
DEFINITION OF BHA
A bottom hole assembly (known as BRA) is a component of a drill string. A BHA
resides in the drill string above the drill bit and below the drillpipe. The primary
component of the BHA is the drill collar. The following figure shows the possible
components of a BRA and their typical location within a BHA.
PURPOSE OFBHA
The purposes of a BHA are as listed in the following.
1. protect the drillpipe in the drill string from excessive bending and
torsional loads,
2. control direction and inclination in directional holes,
3. drill more vertical holes,
4. drill straighter holes,
5. reduce severities of doglegs, keyseats, and ledges,
6. assure that casing can be run into a hole,
7. increase drill bit performance,
8. reduce rough drilling, (rig and drill string vibrations),
9. as a tool in fishing, testing, and workover operations,
10. not to place weight on the drill bit
TYPES OF BHA'S
The "SLICK" BRA is composed only of drill collars. It is least expensive and
perhaps carries the least risk in regard to fishing and recovery.
The "PENDULUM" BHA is designed to drill holes more vertically and to drop
inclination in inclined holes. Lubinski and Woods published tables and charts to
locate the lowest most stabilizers in the BHA. Most BHA theories which were
intended for vertical holes apply to holes wliich are inclined 20 degrees or less.
The "PACKED" BRA is designed to drill straight holes and to reduce the
severities of doglegs, keyseats, and ledges. It provides the highest assurance that
casing can be run into a hole. The theory which supports the packedBHA was
developed by Roch. A packed BHA can be expensive and perhaps carries the
highest risk in regard to fishing and recovery.
The "DIRECTIONAL" BRA is designed either to turn the hole to a chosen
inclination and direction or to maintain a course selected for the hole. The
directional BRA is based on the principles of levers and fulcrums.
BOTTOM HOLE ASSEMBLIES 427 MITCHELL Box 1492 Golden CO 80402