Experiment 1.

1
Aim: The aim of this experiment is to measure the density of two regularly shaped given
objects.
Procedures: The mass of objects A and B was measured respectively, using an electronic balance.
The dimensions of the objects were measured using Vernier Calipers.
The first steps are repeated five times, and the results noted.
The volumes of the different objects A and B were calculated, which after the
objects densities was determined.
Results:
The density of the objects is calculated through the following formula:

The mass is in kg, and

the volume is in cubic meters.
Object A
No. Diameter Height Breadth Thickness Mass (g) Volume
(cm
3
)
Density
(kg/m
3
)
1 12.1 30.5 25.24 3507.19 7196.64
2 12.2 30.4 25.22 3553.72 7096.79
3 12.1 30.5 25.22 3507.19 7190.94
4 12.1 30.5 25.23 3507.19 7193.79
5 12.1 30.5 25.22 3507.19 7190.94
Average 7173.82

Object B
No. Diameter Height Breadth Thickness Mass (g) Volume
(cm
3
)
Density
(kg/m
3
)
1 11.0 30.2 25.66 2870.00 8940.77
2 11.1 30.3 25.67 2932.09 8754.85
3 11.0 30.2 25.67 2870.00 8944.25
4 11.05 30.2 25.65 2896.15 8856.59
5 11.0 30.2 25.64 2870.00 8933.80
Average 8886.05

The density of object A is calculated as follows:

= 7173.82 kg/m
3
The density of object B is calculated as follows:

= 8886.05 kg/m
3

Discussion: The calculations have shown that object A has a density of 7173.82 kg/m
3
thus it is
made from Chrome according to a Density Table, while Object B has a density of
8886.05 kg/m
3
, so it is made from Copper, again according to a density table. These
densities are only approximate, since human error could influence the results.
Human errors include not working accurately, or the instruments used could have
been calibrated wrong.
Conclusion: Object A is made from Chrome, since it has a density of 7173.82 kg/m
3
.
Object B has an average density of 8886.05 kg/m
3
, so it is made from Copper.

Experiment 1.2 Density and Relative Density
Aim: The aim of this experiment is to determine the density of an irregular object.
Method: A measuring jar was filled half with water, and the volume noted.
A given substances mass was measured and noted before it was dropped into the
measuring jar.
The new volume was then noted.
The above steps were repeated 5 times, each time noting the results.
The difference between the two water levels is the volume of the given substance.
Using the mass and the volume of the substance the density is calculated.
Results:
The density of the object is calculated through the following formula:

The mass is in kg, and

the volume is in cubic meters. The reading in ml/cm
3
is converted to m
3
. The mass of the substance
is 1.224x10
-3
kg.
No. Initial reading (a) Final reading (b) Volume (b-a) Density (kg/m
3
)
1 9 ml 9.5 ml 0.5 ml 2448
2 5.4 ml 5.9 ml 0.5 ml 2448
3 7.5 ml 7.9 ml 0.4 ml 3060
4 5.7 ml 6.2 ml 0.5 ml 2448
5 6.1 ml 6.6 ml 0.5 ml 2448
Average 2570

The density of the stone is calculated as follows:

= 2570 kg/m
3

Discussion: The calculations have shown that the given substance has a density of 2570 kg/m
3
.
These densities are only approximate, since human error could influence the results.
Human errors include not working accurately, or the instruments used could have
been calibrated wrong.
Conclusion: The given stone was found to have an average density of 2570 kg/m
3
.

Experiment 2.1 Density and Relative Density
Aim: The aim of this experiment is to determine the density of a given solution.
Method: A density flask was used; it was first cleansed by rinsing with water, and then with
acetone.
The mass of the empty bottle was determined by weighing it on a balance.
The bottle was then filled with water, and again weighed on a calibrated analytical
balance.
The bottle was then emptied, and filled with salt solution.
The bottle with the solution was also weighed on a calibrated analytical balance.
After all the masses were determined, the Relative Density (RD) was calculated.

Results:
No. Mass of empty
bottle (m
1
) (g)
Mass of bottle and
water (m
2
) (g)
Mass of bottle and
solution (m
3
) (g)
RD =

1 6.84 18.59 20.15 1.13
2 6.83 18.61 20.14 1.13
3 6.85 18.82 20.14 1.13
4 6.82 18.59 20.15 1.13
5 6.84 18.59 20.14 1.13
Average 1.13

The RD was determined as follows: RD =

RD =

= 1.13
Discussion: The relative density of the salt solution was determined and found to be 1.13.
These calculations are only approximate, since human error could influence the
results. Human errors include not working accurately, or the instruments used could
have been calibrated wrong.
Conclusion: The RD of the solution was found to be an average of 1.13.