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BAB 12 : REDOK / CHAPTER 12: REDOX

A : Definasi / defination

1. Maksud / Meaning
a) Tindak balas Redok / Redox reaction
Tindak balas kimia yang melibatkan proses pengoksidaan dan penurunan yang berlaku serentak.
A chemical reaction that involves oxidation and reduction occurring at the same time.
b) Agen Pengoksidaan / Oxidising agent (oxidant)
Bahan yang mengoksidakan suatu bahan lain dan mengalami penurunan dalam suatu tindak balas.
A substance that oxidizes another substance and is reduced in a reaction.
c) Agen Penurunan / Reducing agent
Bahan yang menurunkan suatu bahan lain dan mengalami pengoksidaan dalam suatu tindak balas
A substance that reduces another substance and is oxidised in a reaction.

2. Maksud pengoksidaan dan penurunan dari segi
Meaning of oxidation and reduction in term of ..


Proses
Process

Dari segi.../ In term

Agen / bahan
Agent /
Substance

Oksigen,O
2
Oxygen, O
2

Hidrogen,H
2

Hydrogen, H
2

Perpindahan
elektron, e
Transfer of
electrons, e
-
Perubahan
nombor
pengoksidaan
Change in
oxidation number
a) Pengoksidaan
Oxidation
Terminal
Anode
( - ve)
Penerimaan
oksigen
Gain
Oxygen

Kehilangan
hidrogen,H
Loss of
hydrogen

Kehilangan
elektron
Loss of
electron

Peningkatan
nombor
pengoksidaan
Increase in
oxidation number
Agen
penurunan
Reducing
agent

b) Penurunan
Reduction
Terminal
Cathode
( + ve)
Kehilangan
oksigen
Loss
Oxygen
Penerimaan
hidrogen
Gain of
hydrogen
Penerimaan
elekron
Gain of
electron
Penurunan
nombor
pengoksidaan
Decreases in
oxidation number
Agen
pengoksidaan
Oxidising
agent


3. Agen pengoksidaan dan agen penurunan yang terlibat

Reducing agent


Oxidising agent
i) Iron (II) chloride, FeCl
2
solution.(e.g Fe(NO
3
)
2
)
Fe
2+
Fe
3+
+ e
Green to brown
i) Iron (III) chloride FeCl
3
solution (e.g Fe(NO
3
)
3
)
Fe
3+
+ e
-
Fe
2+

Brown to green

ii) Potassium bromide,KBr solution
2Br
-
Br
2
+

2e
-
Colourless to brown
ii) Bromine water,Br
2

Br
2
+ 2e
-
2Br
-
Brown to colourless
iii) Potassium iodide, KI solution
2I
-
I
2
+ 2e
-

Colourless to brown
iii) Chlorine water, Cl
2

Cl
2
+ 2e 2Cl

Yellow turns to colourless
iv) Hydrogen sulphide, H
2
S gas
H
2
S 2H
+
+ S + 2e
-

Yellow precipitate
iv) Acidified potassium mangganate
(VII),KMnO
4
solution.
MnO
-
4
+ H
+


+ 5e
-
Mn
2+
+ 4H
2
O
Purple colour turns to colourless


iv) Acidified potassium dichromate (VII), K
2
Cr
2
O
7

solution.
Cr
2
O
2-
7
+ 14H
+
+ 6e
-
2Cr
3+
+ 7H
2
O
Orange colour turns to green

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B : Tindak balas Redok / Redox reaction

Perubahan ion ferum (II), Fe
2+
kepada ion ferum (III), Fe
3+
dan sebaliknya.
Change of iron (II) ions, Fe
2+
to iron (III) ions, Fe
3+
and vice versa.

a) Tindak balas
kimia
Chemical reaction
Fe
2+
Fe
3+
+ e
Br
2
+ 2e 2Br

b) Agen
Agent
Agen pengoksidaan
Oxidising agent
Agen penurunan
Reducing agent
c) Proses
Process
Proses penurunan
Reduction process
Proses pengoksidaan
Oxidation process
d) Persamaan
setengah
Half equation
Anod/ anode :
Fe
2+
Fe
3+
+ e
Ion ferum(II) dioksidakan
Katod/ cathode :
Br
2
+ 2e 2Br

Molekul bromine diturunkan

e) Penerangan
Explanation :

Ion ferum(II) melepaskan 1 elektron
menghasilkan ion ferum(III)
Iron(II) ion release 1 electron to
produces iron(III) ion
Molekul bromine menerima 2
elektron menghasilkan ion bromida
Bromine molekul receive 2 electron to
produces bromide ion

Perubahan ion ferum (III), Fe
3+
kepada ion ferum (II), Fe
2+

Change of iron (III) ions, Fe
3+
to iron (II) ions, Fe
2+


a) Tindak balas
kimia
Chemical reaction
Fe
2+
Fe
3+
+ e
Br
2
+ 2e 2Br

b) Agen
Agent
Agen pengoksidaan
Oxidising agent
Agen penurunan
Reducing agent
c) Proses
Process
Proses penurunan
Reduction process
Proses pengoksidaan
Oxidation process
d) Persamaan
setengah
Half equation
Anod/ anode :
Fe
2+
Fe
3+
+ e
Ion ferum(II) dioksidakan
Katod/ cathode :
Br
2
+ 2e 2Br

Molekul bromine diturunkan

e) Penerangan
Explanation :

Ion ferum(II) melepaskan 1 elektron
menghasilkan ion ferum(III)
Iron(II) ion release 1 electron to
produces iron(III) ion
Molekul bromine menerima 2
elektron menghasilkan ion bromida
Bromine molekul receive 2 electron to
produces bromide ion

Penyesaran metal daripada larutan gramnya
Displacement of metal from its salt solution.

f) Tindak balas
kimia
Chemical reaction

Zn + CuSO
4
ZnSO
4
+ Cu
g) Agen
Agent
Agen pengoksidaan
Oxidising agent
Agen penurunan
Reducing agent
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h) Proses
Process
Proses penurunan
Reduction process
Proses pengoksidaan
Oxidation process
i) Persamaan
setengah
Half equation
Anod/ anode :
Zn Zn
2+
+ 2e

. is oxidised (lose electron)

Katod/ cathode :
Cu
2+
+ 2e Cu



.. gas is reduced (gain electron)
j) Penerangan
Explanation :

Ion ferum(II) melepaskan 1 elektron
menghasilkan ion ferum(III)
Iron(II) ion release 1 electron to
produces iron(III) ion
Molekul bromine menerima 2
elektron menghasilkan ion bromida
Bromine molekul receive 2 electron to
produces bromide ion




Displacement reaction Metal.

Example: Zn + CuSO
4
ZnSO
4
+ Cu // Zn + Cu
2+
Cu + Zn
2+

a)

Zn atom oxidized to Zn
2+
, Zn Zn
2+
+ 2e
b) Oxidation number of Zn changes / increase from 0 to +2,
c) Zn acts as reducing agent.
d) Copper (II) ion reduced to Cu, Cu
2+
+ 2e Cu
e) Oxidation number of copper changes / decrease from +2 to 0
f) Cu
2+
ion acts as oxidizing agent













Penyesaran halogen daripada larutan garamnya.
Displacement of halogen from its halide solution.


Perpindahan electron pada satu jarak
Transfer of electrons at a distance.


3.

4. Displacement of Halogen:

Example: Cl
2
+ 2KI 2KCl + I
2
// Cl
2
+ 2I
-
I
2
+ 2Cl
-

Cl
2
+ 2e 2Cl
-
( reduction) 2I
-
I
2
+ 2e (oxidation)

5. Transfer of electron at a distance U-tube
Procedure:

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1. clamp a U-tube to a retort stand
2. pour dilute sulphuric acid
3. add solution (oxidizing agent) into one end of the arm of the U-tube
4. add solution (reducing agent) into the other end.
5. place / dip carbon electrodes into each arm of the U-tube
6. connect the electrodes to a voltmeter/ galvanometer using connecting wire
7. leave the apparatus for 30minutes
8. record the observation

Rusting of iron

1. When iron exposed to water and oxygen
2. Iron atom releases 2 electrons to form iron (II) ion,
Fe
2+
/
3. Fe Fe
2+
+ 2e (anode)
4. Iron acts as reducing agent
5. Oxygen and water receives /gain electrons to form
hydroxide ions.
6. O
2
+ 2H
2
O + 4e 4OH
-
(cathode)
7. Oxygen acts as oxidizing agent.
8. Iron (II) ion, Fe
2+
combine with hydroxide ion, OH
-
to form
iron (II) hydroxide, Fe(OH)
2
.
9. Iron (II) hydroxide, Fe(OH)
2
oxidized by oxygen to form iron (III) oxide, brown solid/precipitate,
Fe
2
O
3
.x H
2
O. // Fe
2+
Fe
3+
+ e



Experiment : Effect of the contact of other metals on the rusting of iron.

Aim : To investigate the effect of in contact of other metals on the
rusting of iron.

Problem statement:
How does the effect on rusting when iron is in contact with another metal?

Hypothesis :
When a more electropositive metal is in contact with iron, the metal inhibits rusting.
When a less electropositive metal is in contact with iron, the metal speeds up the rusting.

Variable:
Manipulated : Type of metal that in contact with iron.
Responding : Rusting of iron
Fixed : Iron nails, temperature, medium in which iron nails are kept.

Apparatus : Test tube, test tube rack

Materials :
iron nails, magnesium ribbon, copper strip, zinc strip, tin strip, hot jelly solution, potassium
hexacyanoferat (III) , K
3
Fe(CN)
6
solution, phenolphthalein indicator, sand paper.

Procedure:
1. Five iron nails, magnesium ribbon, copper strip, zinc strip and tin strip were cleaned with sand
paper.
2. Four iron nails were coiled tightly with the magnesium ribbon, copper strip, zinc strip and tin strip
respectively.
3. All five iron nails were placed in separate test tube.
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4. The volume of hot jelly solution that was mixed with a little K
3
Fe(CN)
6
solution and phenolphthalein
indicator was poured into the each test tube to completely cover all the nails.
5. The test tubes were kept in a test tube rack and were aside for a day.
6. All observations were recorded.
Observation

Metal Observation
Intensity of dark
blue colouration
Intensity of pink
colouration
Condition of nail
Fe Low The surface of the nail was partially covered
with reddish brown solid
Fe-Mg High No reddish brown solid was found on the
surface of the nail.
Fe-Zn High No reddish brown solid was found on the
surface of the nail.
Fe-Sn Moderate Low The whole surface of the nail was covered with
reddish brown solid
Fe-Cu High Low The whole surface of the nail was heavily
covered with reddish brown solid

The nail in test tube A rusted a little. No rusting occurred to the nails in test tubes B and C .The nail in
test tube D rusted but the nail in test tube E rusted even more.

Discussion
1. Based on the observations magnesium and zinc metals inhibit rusting of iron, while copper
and tin metals speed up rusting of iron.
2. This is because magnesium and zinc are more electropositive than iron. Magnesium atom or
zinc atom releases its electron more easily than iron.
Mg Mg
2+
+ 2e
O
2
+ 2H
2
O + 4e 4OH
-

3. Copper and tin are less electropositive than iron. Iron atom releases its electrons more easily
than copper atom or tin atom.
4. The less electropositive metals that in contact with iron, the faster the rusting of iron
occurs.
5. The more electropositive metals that in contact with iron prevent iron from rusting.

Conclusion
Rusting can be prevented when iron is in contact with a more electropositive metal. Rusting occurs
faster when iron is in contact with a less electropositive metal.





Reactivity series


1. reactive metal with oxygen
2Mg + O
2
2MgO



K
Na
Ca
Mg
Al
C
Zn
H
Fe
Sn
Pb
Cu
Produce oxygen
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2. Hydrogen gas with oxide of less reactive metal
H
2
+ PbO Pb + H
2
O (H > M)

3. Carbon with oxide metal (C > M)
C + 2CuO 2Cu + CO
2


4. Carbon dioxide with metal (C < M)
CO
2
+ 2Mg 2MgO + C

















Positions of carbon
and hydrogen in the
reacting series of
metal
Oxidizing reducing
agent agent