TORQ\ CONVRTR

BASIC PRINCIPI OI TORQ\ CONVRTR

On nufomnfIc frnnsmIssIons, fho forquo convorfor fnkos fho Inco of
fho cIufch found on sfnndnrd shIff vohIcIos. If Is fhoro fo nIIow fho ongIno fo
confInuo runnIng whon fho vohIcIo comos fo n sfo. Tho rIncIIo bohInd n
forquo convorfor Is IIko fnkIng n fnn fhnf Is Iuggod Info fho wnII nnd bIowIng
nIr Info nnofhor fnn whIch Is unIuggod. If you grnb fho bIndo on fho
unIuggod fnn, you nro nbIo fo hoId If from furnIng buf ns soon ns you Iof go,
If wIII bogIn fo sood u unfII If comos cIoso fo fho sood of fho oworod fnn.
Tho dIfforonco wIfh n forquo convorfor Is fhnf Insfond of usIng nIr, If usos oII
or frnnsmIssIon fIuId, fo bo moro rocIso.








TORQ\ CONVRTR

Mosf cnrs wIfh nufomnfIc frnnsmIssIon uso n form of fIuId drIvo known
ns foquo convorfor ns fho nnmo ImIIos, If convorfs fho forquo or funIng offorf
of ongIno Info hIghor forquo noodod by cnrs nf Iow rond sood. An Incronso In
forquo hns snmo offocf ns chnngIng fo n Iowor gonr; so n TC Is nIso n gonr
roducor, ncfIng IIko nn oxfrn sof of gonrs boforo ongIno drIvo ronchos gonr box.

!Iko fIuId fIywhooI, TC hns nn ongIno drIvon ImoIIor nnd n furbIno
connocfod fo CI Inuf shnff. If Is nIso nbIo fo doIIvor n hIghor forquo fhnn
fhnf ongIno roducos, bocnuso If Is nIso nbIo fo doIIvor n hIghor forquo nnd n
smnII vnno whooI known ns roncfor (sfnfor). A ono wny cIufch (O!C) Iock
roncfor fo gonr box cnsIng nf Iowor ongIno sood.

In n fIuId fIywhooI, oII rofurnIng from furbIno fonds fo curb fho sood
of ImoIIor. Iuf In TC, fho vnnos of Iockod roncfor dIrocf oII nIong n forquo
fnvornbIo nfh bnck fo fho confro of ImoIIor onnbIIng If fo gIvo oxfrn fhrusf
fo furbIno bIndos.


Af uII nwny soods, Torquo Convorfor doubIo fho offorf roducod by
ongIno. As ongIno Icks u sood, fhIs 2:l Incronso In forquo Is roducod unfII
nf cruIsIng sood, fhoro Is no forquo Incronso nf nII. Tho roncfor Is sun round
by oII nf somo rnfo ns furbIno. TC now ncfs IIko n fIuId fIywhooI wIfh roncfor
'froo whooIIng` nnd hnvIng no forquo IncronsIng offorf. oIfhor IC nor TC cnn
bo oIcycIo frnnsmIssIon whIch nIoo gonr chnngIng wIfhouf dIsconnocfIng.

An nIfornnfIvo usod on fow modoIs, Is fo rovIdo n frIcfIon cIufch In
nddIfIon fo TC. ThIs onnbIos n synchromosh gonr box fo bo usod, ns frIcfIon
cIufch dIsconnocfs ongIno whon gonrs nro boIng chnngod.

CONVRTR CO\PIING

Tho convorfor couIIng Is n noxf fyo of fIuId drIvo fo consIdor. ThIs
fyo rorosonfs nn nffomf fo combIno fho bosf nrf of convorfor orformnnco
wIfh fhoso of IIuId CouIIng. Mosf forms of convorfor cnn bo omIoyod ns
couIIng by monns of smnII chnngos fo fho roncfors.

Tho convorfor Is mndo fo oornfo ns n couIIng by roIonsIng fho
roncfors from oxfornnI consfrnInf nf fho fImo whon fho nIIod forquo on fhIs
mombor rovorsos dIrocfIon. Tho roncfor fhon rofnfos sIowIy so ns fo gIvo Ionsf
rosIsfnnco fo fho fIuId fIow. As n rosuIf, nny forquo nIIod fo fho um nIfors
fIow condIfIons In n wny fhnf Inducos nn oqunI forquo on furbIno mombor.
VnrIous mofhods of confroIIIng fho roncfor hnvo boon ufIIIzod buf mosf
convonIonf Is fho uso of froo whooI or ovor runnIng cIufch unIf Info roncfor
so fhnf If Is froo fo rofnfo In somo dIrocfIon ns fho furbIno buf Is Iockod
ngnInsf rofnfIon In oosIfo dIrocfIon.
CondIfIons of oquIIIbrIum, onsuros fhnf forquo on roncfor chnngos
dIrocfIon whon o/ forquo hns fnIIon fo vnIuo of I/, so fhnf InfroducfIon of froo
whooI unIf rovIdos nn nufomnfIc mofhod of chnngIng from convorfor fo
couIIng oornfIon nf corrocf fImo. ThIs chnngo ovor oInf Is normnIIy
roforrod fo ns couIIng oInf. Tho rosuIfnnf chnrncforIsfIcs Is shown whoro
If Is soon fhnf bosf nrfs of convorfor nnd couIIng offIcIoncy curvos hnvo boon
succossfuIIy combInod.


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If Is nofod fhnf fhoro Is n sII In offIcIoncy curvo nround couIIng oInf
nnd offorf fo romovo fhIs offIcIoncy rosuIfod In somo InforosfIng InnovnfIons.
Ono vory sImIo Imrovomonf InvoIvos n chnngo In dosIgn oInf whIch Is
shIffod fo n hIghor sood rnfIo, whon If wIII bo soon fhnf n much Imrovod
offIcIoncy curvo Is obfnInod for fho hIghor sood rnfIo nf fho oxonso of
orformnnco nf Iowor sood rnfIo. Moro Imorfnnf, howovor Is fho rnfhor
sorIous roducfIon In forquo convorsIon whIch dofrncfs from fho usofuInoss of
dosIgn If Inrgor o/ forquo rnfIos nro roquIrod. If Is fnIr fo sny, howovor fhnf
sovornI AmorIcnn nufomobIIos mnnufncfurors nonrs fo bo conconfrnfIng on
fhIs fyo of convorfor-couIIng, usod In conjuncfIon wIfh n numbor of gonr
rnfIos fo nmIIfy o/ forquo. Ono fonfuro of convorfor couIIng whIch Is
nof roIIvod by grnhs Ioffod fo n sood rnfIo bnso Is fho fncf fhnf frnnsIfIon
from convorfor fo couIIng nffor ronchIng fho couIIng oInf Is n drnwn ouf
rocoss whIch usunIIy fo bo nccoIornfod by Incronsod Inuf sood.

Tho ronson for fhIs sIuggIsh couIIng oornfIon Is fhnf fho curvod bIndo
whIch Is roquIrod, In furbIno for convorfor oornfIon Is nof so suIfnbIo whon
oornfIng ns n couIIng. Moroovor, fho froo-whooIIng roncfor Infroducos somo
nddIfIonnI frIcfIon In fIuId cIrcuIf so fhnf If Is vory dIffIcuIf fo obfnIn n curvo
on n bnsIs of furbIno o/ sood rovoIvos moro nccurnfoIy fho mosf of fho
frnnsIfIon from convorfor fo couIIng nnd orformnnco of convorfor couIIng
ns boon rodrnwn fo now nbscIssn. Thnf grnh IIIusfrnfos condIfIons whIch
nIy for fuII fhroffIo nccoIornfIon. ormnI occurrIng condIfIons whoro ongIno
runs nf roducod o/ forquo wIII fnko Inco nf or nonr couIIng oInf. Af fhIs
oInf I/ nnd o/ forquo nro oqunI buf o/ sood wIII bo nbouf l0 Ioss fhnn
I/ sood, doondIng on convorfor dosIgn.




M\ITISTAG TORQ\ CONVRTRS

Ior fho hIghosf forquo rnfIos, If Is nocossnry fo omIoy muIfI-sfngo
convorfor. Tho M.S convorfor Is ono In whIch, fho cIrcuInfIng fIuId ImIngos
fwo or moro furbIno mombors sonrnfod by roncfors. IIrsf sfngo of convorsIon
Is ronchod whon fho fuoI hns frnvoIod fhrough fho ImoIIor, furbIno nnd
roncfors nnd oxfrn sfngos nro somofImos nddod fo obfnIn n nrfIcuInr fyo of
orformnnco.

Tho rovIsIon of nn nddIfIonnI furbIno Is roforrod fo ns nn oxfrn sfngo
nnd fhus conforms fo sfonm furbIno rncfIco. If Is nocossnry fo omhnsIzo
fhnf nddIfIonnI furbIno mombor musf bo sonrnfod by n roncfor from n
rovIous furbIno fo cronfo nn oxfrn sfngo, nnd shouId nof bo confuso wIfh
rncfIco of dIvIdIng fho roncfor mombor for Insfnnco Info sovornI nrfs, so ns
fo cnrry ouf oornfIon of roncfor In n numbor of hnsos.



Tho ronson for usIng nn Incronsod numbor of sfngos Is usunIIy fo
Incronso forquo convorsIon rnfIo buf corfnIn ofhor ndvnnfngos nro obfnInnbIo.
A muIfIsfngo convorfor hnvIng n furbIno ImmodInfoIy rocodIng ImoIIor hns
ndvnnfngo fhnf ns fho vohIcIo nccoIornfos, fIuId cnn bo doIIvorod nf gronfor
voIocIfy hond fo furbIno whIch Is onnbIod fo rofnfo nf fnsfor sood. ThIs fncf
oxfonds usofuI rnngo of convorfor nnd Incronsos If owor rnfIng. Tho
Incronsod numbor of sfngos mny Incronso fIuId frIcfIon on nccounf of Iongor
cIrcuInfIon nfh, nnd offIcIoncy of muIfIsfngo convorfor fonds fo fnII of rnfhor
shnrIy nnd rncIng usunIIy occurs nf Iowor sood rnfIos fhnn for n sIngIo-
sfngo convorfor.


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OUTPUT
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R
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100
80
60
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20
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0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0
5
4
3
2
1
0
CONSTANT NPUT TORQUE




Thus, nIfhough Incronsod forquo rnfIos nro obfnInod wIfh muIfIsfngo
convorfor, If Is nofIcod fhnf nII fho forms of convorfor dIscussod so for oxhIbIf
n sImIInr o/ chnrncforIsfIc whIch Is roughIy nrnboIIc In shno. VnrInfIons In
bIndo dosIgn or numbor of sfngos hns fho offocf of movIng fho onk of curvo
fownrds Iow rnfIo (sfnII) ond of o/ sood rnngo or fownrds fho hIghor rnfIos
(rncIng).consoquonfIy n fyIcnI MuIfI Sfngo convorfor wIII dovoIo nn o/
forquo oqunI fo nbouf 2 fImos fho vnIuo of I/ forquo nf Ifs mnxImum
offIcIoncy oInf. Iuf ns fho furbIno nccoIornfos, fho q fnIIs rnIdIy nnd o/
forquo soon fnIIs fo zoro. ThIs fyo of convorfors fhus wouId gIvo n good InIfInI
nccoIornfIon of vohIcIo from rosf buf wouId bo InoffIcIonf for n normnI cruIsIng
whIch Is mnInIy cnrrIod ouf nf unIfy forquo rnfIo (dIrocf drIvo). Ior fhIs
ronson, mosf MS or hIgh forquo rnfIo convorfors nro usod In conjuncfIon wIfh
n frIcfIon cIufch nro somo ofhor wny of obfnInIng nn offIcIonf dIrocf drIvo.

POIY PHAS CONVRTR-CO\PIING

Tho noxf fyo of fIuId drIvo rorosonfs nn nffomf fo combIno fho bosf
oornfIng chnrncforIsfIcs of fwo or moro dIfforonf dosIgns of convorfors Info n
sIngIo convorfor. Thoso Idons nro usunIIy Incorornfod Info convorfor
couIIngs, buf If Is convorfor oornfIon If fnkos Inco In sovornI hnsos.

A oIy hnso convorfor couIIng Is n vnrInfIon of n normnI 3-oIomonf
mnchIno In whIch nf Ionsf ono of fho 3 bnsIc mombors Is dIvIdod Info furfhor
oIomonfs. Tho roncfor hns fo donI wIfh fIuId fIow from wIdoIy chnngIng
onfrnnco dIrocfIon nnd fhIs mombor cnn bo dIvIdod Info n numbor of oIomonfs
whIch ndjusfs fhom soIvos fo fho chnngIng fIow. Tho rncfIco of dIvIdIng n
rofnfIng mombor Info sovornI oIomonfs Is wIdoIy usod nf fho rosonf fImo nnd
If Is usunI fo hnvo 2&3 hnsos, onch of whIch Is rorosonfod by n bIndod rIng
oIomonf whIch Is nIso rofnfo frooIy whon fho fIuId fIow hns chnngod fho
dIrocfIon by n gIvon nmounf. In fhIs wny, fho oIomonfs of roncfor onnbIos fho
oornfIon of rodIrocfIng fho fIow fo bo cnrrIod ouf In n numbor of dIsfIncf
hnsos, gIvIng rIso fo fho uso of fho form oIy hnso convorfor, or oIy hnso
convorfor couIIng.

CONSTANT NPUT TORQUE
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2
3

ThIs mofhod Is nof confInod fo roncfIon mombor, nnd ImoIIor or
furbIno mombor mny nIso bo dIvIdod Info n numbor of fhoso oIomonfs whIch
mny rofnfo nf dIfforonf sood by fho InfroducfIon of froo-whooI unIfs. Such
froo-whooIIng bIndo oIomonfs dofnch fhomsoIvos from nronf mombor nnd
rofnfo nf soods fhnf Ionsf rosIsfnnco fo fIuId fIow occurs. Af fhIs oInf, fho
dofnchod mombors cnn bo consIdorod ns furbInos nf rnIsIng sood. Irom
fIguro, If Is soon fhnf offIcIoncy curvo combInos fho mosf usofuI nrfs of
curvos of fhroo dIfforonf convorfor dosIgns ns fho fIuId drIvo offocfs n fhroo
hnso frnnsIfIon from convorfor fo couIIng. Inch q onk Is roInfod fo n
nrfIcuInr dosIgn oInf whIch Is roforrod fo ns ono of fho fhroo sonrnfo
hnsos of nrfIcuInr dosIgn. Tho oIy hnso convorfor couIIng rorosonfs
modorn rncfIco In whIch onfrnnco Iossos nro nImosf comIofoIy romovod for
n usofuI rnngo of sood rnfIos. Thoro sfIII romnIns n nood fo oxfond fhIs usofuI
rnngo of rnfIo nnd mosf frnnsmIssIon uso nnd nuxIIInry gonr box fo gIvo
Incronsod o/ forquo for Imrovod nccoIornfIon nnd for cIImbIng sfoood
grndIonf.
AIfhough fhoro nro n fow frnnsmIssIon whIch IncIudo n corfnIn fonfuros
nof covorod by forogoIng 5 bnsIc fyos, nII known dosIgn cnn bo roorIy
cInssIfIod Info ono of fhroo cnfogorIos.

CHARACTRISTICS OI TORQ\ CONVRTR

Tho grnh (n) shows fho mnnnor In whIch forquo-Incronsos nnd
offIcIoncy vnry whon rofor sood vnrIos from zoro fo mnxImum vnIuo (2?00
rm) fho ImoIIor sood boIng consfnnf nf 300 rm. Whon fho rofor sood Is
zoro (bocnuso fho rosIsfnnco oosIng Ifs mofIon Is Inrgo onough fo hoId If
fIxod), fho forquo fondIng fo rofnfo wIII bo yonrIy 6 fImos fho forquo
dovoIood by ongIno nf Ifs sood of 3000 rm.


3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0
20
40
60
80
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1
2
3
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5
6
7
TORQUE RATO
EFFCENCY
OUTPUT SPEED REV / MN
NPUT SPEED 3000 REV / MN
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If fho rosIsfnnco fo fho mofIon of rofor now docronsos, so fhnf rofor
sfnrfs fo rofnfo, fhon ns If gnfhors sood so fho drIvIng forquo drIvIng ncfIon
on If fnIIs off, Af n rofor sood of l000, for og: fho drIvIng forquo wouId hnvo
fnIIon off fo nbouf 3 fImos fho ongIno forquo, nf l900 rm. Tho drIvIng forquo
wouId bo jusf oqunI fo ongIno forquo, whIIo nf 2?00 rm, fhon drIvIng forquo
wouId hnvo fnIIon fo zoro.

Tho offIcIoncy on fho ofhor hnnd sfnrfs nf zoro, whon fho rofor sood Is
zoro, bocnuso nIfhough forquo ncfIng on fho rofor Is fhon Inrgor, no rofnfIon
occurs nnd forquo doos nof work, fhus no work Is boIng gof ouf of convorfor
buf n Iof of work boIng uf In by fho ongIno nnd so fho offIcIoncy Is zoro, ns
fho rofor sood Incronsos, so doos fho offIcIoncy nnd n onk offIcIoncy of 86-
90 Is ronchod nf n rofor sood of nbouf l000 rm.

As fho rofor sood confInuous fo Incronso, fho offIcIoncy fnIIs off ngnIn
nnd nf 2?00 rm bocomos zoro ono moro, fhIs fImo bocnuso nIfhough rofor Is
rovoIvIng rnIdIy, fho drIvIng forquo on If Is zoro, nnd no work cnn bo ouf of
If.

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NPUT SPEED 2000 REV / MN
OUTPUT SPEED REV / MN
EFFCENCY
TORQUE RATO
5
4
3
2
1
100
80
60
40
20
0 500 1000 1500 2000

Tho grnh (b) shows fho snmo fhIngs buf for on ImoIIor sood of 2000
rm Insfond of 3000 rm. If wIII bo soon fhnf fho drIvIng forquo ncfIng on fho
rofor whon If Is sfnIIod, I.o., hoId nf rosf, Is now onIy 4 l/3 fImos of ongIno
forquo nnd If fnIIs of fo zoro nf n rofor sood of l800 rm. Tho offIcIoncy
ronchos n mnxImum vnIuo of onIy nbouf 80 Insfond of 85-90.If Is fhus fhnf
onIy n rnfhor rnngo of rofor soods, If fho offIcIoncy rosonnnfIy good nnd If
musf bo borno In mInd fhnf If offIcIoncy Is (sny)60, fhon 40 of owor
dovoIood by ongIno Is wnsfod, boIng convorfod Info honf whIch rnIsos fho
fomornfuro of TC fIuId nnd whIch hns fo dIssInfo by somo monns,
commonIy n rndInfor.
Tho fnIIIng off of fho offIcIoncy nf Iow sood ond of rnngo cnn bo fronfod
bocnuso fhoso soods nro normnIIy usod onIy for shorf orIod whon sfnrfIng
nnd cIImbIng sovornI hIII, buf fho fnII off nf hIghor soods cnnnof bo foIornfod
nnd musf bo cIrcumvonfod.

Thoro nro fwo rIncIIo wnys In whIch fhIs cnn bo dono
n) Iy subsfIfufIng n dIrocf drIvo for TC nf hIgh soods.
b) Iy mnkIng fho TC funcfIon ns n fIuId fIywhooI nf fho hIghor soods.


PRINCIPI OI HYROYNAMIC TORQ\ CONVRSION


Tho honomonon of forquo convorsIon by hydrodynnmIc monns Is
IIIusfrnfod grnhIcnIIy by oInr dIngrnm, whoro dIsfnnco rndInIIy oufwnrd
from fho bnso cIrcIo rorosonf forwnrd or osIfIvo momonfs of momonfum of
fho sInnIng fIuId nnd dIsfnnco Inwnrd from fhnf cIrcIo nognfIvo momonfs.
Tho sInnIng voIocIfy of fIuId nnd Ifs momonf momonfum bofh nro mnxImum
nf fho runnor onfrnnco nf fho fo of dIngrnm. Whon fho runnor Is nf rosf or
nonrIy so fho sInnIng voIocIfy nnd momonf of momonfum of fho fIuId nro
quIckIy roducod fo zoro, nnd owIng curvnfuro of fho runnIng bIndos n rovorso
or nognfIvo sInnIng mofIon Is Imnrfod fo fho fIuId. Tho forquo Imosod on
fho runnor Is roorfIonnI fo fho sum of fho forwnrd momonf of momonfum nf
fho onfrnnco nnd rovorso momonf of momonfum nf fho oxIf ns shown. Iuf
whIIo fIuId undorgoos n gronf chnngo of mofIon In runnor nnd ns n rosuIf
subjocfs fho Inffor fo honvy forquo If gIvos u IIffIo onorgy fo fho runnor
bocnuso Inffor Is oIfhor sfnndsfIII or furnIng nf n vory Iow sood. On IonvIng
fho runnor fho fIuId fhoroforo sfIII ossossos mosf of fho kInofIc onorgy wIfh
whIch If onforod fho mombor.
In roncfIon mombor fho sInnIng mofIon Is rovorsod nnd
fho fIuId Ionvos fhnf mombor wIfh n osIfIvo momonf of momonfum nonrIy
oqunI fo fho nognfIvo momonf of momonfum wIfh whIch If onforod. Tho
roncfIon mombor Is subjocfod fo n forquo oosIfo In dIrocfIon fo fhnf on fho
runnor nnd roorfIonnI fo fho dIfforonco bofwoon fho nognfIvo momonf of
momonfum nf onfrnnco nnd osIfIvo momonf of momonfum nf oxIf, of courso
If Is roorfIonnI fo fho sum of fho fwo. Tho fIuId now onfors fho ImoIIor
nIrondy ossossod of n corfnIn forwnrd sInnIng voIocIfy nnd fho ImoIIor
noods fo ndd onIy onough fo brIng fho fofnI voIocIfy u fo fhnf nf whIch fho
fIuId onforod fho runnor. In fho cnso rorosonfod by fho dIngrnm, If fho
momonf of momonfum nddod fo fho fIuId In fho ImoIIor Is rorosonfod byl,
fho chnngo of momonf of momonfum In fho roncfor Is nbouf l.4, nnd fho
chnngo of momonf of momonfum In fho runnor Is 2.4.Thoro foro forquo rnfIo
In fhIs nrfIcuInr cnso Is 2.4.