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CONTENTS
(Click topic to jump to its location)
CHAPTER

PAGE

1. INTRODUCTION TO THE SOLUTION METHOD USED IN THE EMTP

2. LINEAR, UNCOUPLED LUMPED ELEMENTS

14

3. LINEAR, COUPLED LUMPED ELEMENTS

45

4. OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES

64

5. UNDERGROUND CABLES

150

6. TRANSFORMERS

192

7. SIMPLE VOLTAGE AND CURRENT SOURCES

238

8. THREE-PHASE SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE

251

9. UNIVERSAL MACHINE

311

10. SWITCHES

339

11. SURGE ARRESTERS AND PROTECTIVE GAPS

354

12. SOLUTION METHODS IN THE EMTP

360

13. TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF CONTROL SYSTEMS (TACS)

395

APPENDIX
I NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 413
II RE-INITIALIZATION AT INSTANTS OF DISCONTINUITIES

431

III SOLUTION OF LINEAR EQUATIONS, MATRIX REDUCTION AND

INVERSION, SPARCITY
IV ACTUAL VALUES VERSUS PERUNIT QUANTITIES
V RECURSIVE CONVOLUTION

434
452
459

VI TRANSIENT AND SUBTRANSIENT PARAMETERS OF SYNCHRONOUS

MACHINES

460

VII INTERNAL IMPEDANCE OF STRANDED CONDUCTORS

470

REFERENCES

472

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X
V '
X
V &
)V 
4 . )V <
4
.
K
V & JKUV
V&)V & JKUV
V&)V & JKUV
V&J



YJKEJ KU UKORN[ C NKPGCT CNIGDTCKE GSWCVKQP KP WPMPQYP XQNVCIGU YKVJ VJG TKIJVJCPF UKFG MPQYP HTQO XCNWGU QH
RTGEGFKPI VKOG UVGRU
(QT CP[ V[RG QH PGVYQTM YKVJ P PQFGU C U[UVGO QH P UWEJ GSWCVKQPU ECP DG HQTOGF
=)? =X
V? ' =K
V? & =JKUV?

C

$TCEMGVU CTG WUGF VQ KPFKECVG OCVTKZ CPF XGEVQT SWCPVKVKGU



YKVJ

=)?  P Z P U[OOGVTKE PQFCN EQPFWEVCPEG OCVTKZ

=X
V?  XGEVQT QH P PQFG XQNVCIGU
=K
V?  XGEVQT QH P EWTTGPV UQWTEGU CPF
=JKUV?  XGEVQT QH P MPQYP JKUVQT[ VGTOU

0QTOCNN[ UQOG PQFGU JCXG MPQYP XQNVCIGU GKVJGT DGECWUG XQNVCIG UQWTEGU CTG EQPPGEVGF VQ VJGO QT DGECWUG VJG
PQFG KU ITQWPFGF +P VJKU ECUG 'S
C KU RCTVKVKQPGF KPVQ C UGV # QH PQFGU YKVJ WPMPQYP XQNVCIGU CPF C UGV $
QH PQFGU YKVJ MPQYP XQNVCIGU 6JG WPMPQYP XQNVCIGU CTG VJGP HQWPF D[ UQNXKPI
=)##? =X#
V? ' =K#
V? & =JKUV#? & =)#$? =X$
V?

D

HQT =X#
V?
6JG CEVWCN EQORWVCVKQP KP VJG '/62 RTQEGGFU CU HQNNQYU /CVTKEGU =)##? CPF =)#$? CTG DWKNV CPF =)##?
KU VTKCPIWNCTK\GF YKVJ QTFGTGF GNKOKPCVKQP CPF GZRNQKVCVKQP QH URCTUKV[ +P GCEJ VKOG UVGR VJG XGEVQT QP VJG TKIJVJCPF
UKFG QH 'S
D KU CUUGODNGF HTQO MPQYP JKUVQT[ VGTOU CPF MPQYP EWTTGPV CPF XQNVCIG UQWTEGU 6JGP VJG
U[UVGO QH NKPGCT GSWCVKQPU KU UQNXGF HQT =X#
V? WUKPI VJG KPHQTOCVKQP EQPVCKPGF KP VJG VTKCPIWNCTK\GF EQPFWEVCPEG
OCVTKZ +P VJKU TGRGCV UQNWVKQP RTQEGUU VJG U[OOGVT[ QH VJG OCVTKZ KU GZRNQKVGF KP VJG UGPUG VJCV VJG UCOG
VTKCPIWNCTK\GF OCVTKZ WUGF HQT FQYPYCTF QRGTCVKQPU KU CNUQ WUGF KP VJG DCEMUWDUVKVWVKQP $GHQTG RTQEGGFKPI VQ VJG
PGZV VKOG UVGR VJG JKUVQT[ VGTOU JKUV QH 'S
D
D CPF
D CTG VJGP WRFCVGF HQT WUG KP HWVWTG VKOG UVGRU
1TKIKPCNN[ VJG '/62 YCU YTKVVGP HQT ECUGU UVCTVKPI HTQO \GTQ KPKVKCN EQPFKVKQPU +P UWEJ ECUGU VJG JKUVQT[
VGTOU JKUV JKUV CPF JKUV KP 'S
 CTG UKORN[ RTGUGV VQ \GTQ $WV UQQP ECUGU CTQUG YJGTG VJG VTCPUKGPV
UKOWNCVKQP JCF VQ DG UVCTVGF HTQO RQYGT HTGSWGPE[
 QT  *\ CE UVGCF[UVCVG KPKVKCN EQPFKVKQPU 1TKIKPCNN[ UWEJ
CE UVGCF[UVCVG KPKVKCN EQPFKVKQPU YGTG TGCF KP DWV VJKU RWV C JGCX[ DWTFGP QP VJG RTQITCO WUGT YJQ JCF VQ WUG
CPQVJGT UVGCF[UVCVG UQNWVKQP RTQITCO VQ QDVCKP VJGO 0QV QPN[ YCU VJG FCVC VTCPUHGT DQVJGTUQOG DWV VJG UGRCTCVG
UVGCF[UVCVG UQNWVKQP RTQITCO OKIJV CNUQ EQPVCKP PGVYQTM OQFGNU YJKEJ EQWNF FKHHGT OQTG QT NGUU HTQO VJQUG WUGF
KP VJG '/62 +V YCU VJGTGHQTG FGEKFGF VQ KPEQTRQTCVG CP CE UVGCF[UVCVG UQNWVKQP TQWVKPG FKTGEVN[ KPVQ VJG '/62
YJKEJ YCU YTKVVGP D[ ,9 9CNMGT
6JG CE UVGCF[UVCVG UQNWVKQP UJCNN CICKP DG GZRNCKPGF HQT VJG ECUG QH (KI  7UKPI PQFG GSWCVKQPU CICKP
'S
 PQY DGEQOGU
+ % + % + % + ' +



YJGTG VJG EWTTGPVU + CTG EQORNGZ RJCUQT SWCPVKVKGU *+* GL" PQY (QT VJG NWORGF GNGOGPVU VJG DTCPEJ GSWCVKQPU CTG
QDXKQWU (QT VJG TGUKUVCPEG
+ '

8 & 8
4 



6JKU QRVKQP KU UVKNN CXCKNCDNG KP VJG '/62 DWV KV JCU DGEQOG UQOGYJCV QH C JKUVQTKE TGNKE CPF JCU UGNFQO
DGGP WUGF CHVGT VJG CFFKVKQP QH C UVGCF[UVCVG UQNWVKQP TQWVKPG (QT UQOG V[RGU QH DTCPEJGU KV OC[ PQV GXGP YQTM

=? R E


HQT VJG KPFWEVCPEG



8 & 8
LT. 



+ ' LT%

8 & 8



+ '

CPF HQT VJG ECRCEKVCPEG

(QT C NKPG YKVJ FKUVTKDWVGF RCTCOGVGTU 4  .  )  %  VJG GZCEV UVGCF[UVCVG UQNWVKQP KU

+
+

;UGTKGU %
'


;
 UJWPV

&;UGTKGU

&;UGTKGU

8




8
;
;UGTKGU %
 UJWPV

KH VJG GSWKXCNGPV BEKTEWKV TGRTGUGPVCVKQP QH (KI  KU WUGF YKVJ

(KI   'SWKXCNGPV BEKTEWKV HQT CE UVGCF[UVCVG

UQNWVKQP QH VTCPUOKUUKQP NKPG

;UGTKGU '


<UGTKGU

 YKVJ <UGTKGU '

4 ) % LT. )


)
;
'

) % LT% )
 UJWPV


(

(


UKPJ
(
(

VCPJ



CPF UQOGVKOGU GSWCNN[ WUGHWN

;UGTKGU %


;
' EQUJ
( @ ;UGTKGU
 UJWPV

YJGTG ( KU VJG RTQRCICVKQP EQPUVCPV



( '
4 ) % LT. )
) ) % LT% )


(QT VJG NQUUNGUU ECUG YKVJ 4   CPF )   'S

 UKORNKHKGU VQ
<UGTKGU ' @ LT. ) @

;
@ LT% ) @
'
 UJWPV


VCP

;UGTKGU %

UKP
T . )% ) 
T . )% )

T ) )
.%

T ) )
.%





;
' EQU
T . )% ) @ ;UGTKGU
 UJWPV

+H VJG XCNWG QH T KU UOCNN V[RKECNN[ #  MO CV  *\ HQT QXGTJGCF NKPGU VJGP VJG TCVKQU UKPJ
Z  Z CPF
VCPJ
Z  Z KP 'S
 CU YGNN CU UKP
Z  Z CPF VCP
Z  Z KP 'S
 CNN DGEQOG  6JKU UKORNKHKGF
BEKTEWKV KU WUWCNN[ ECNNGF VJG PQOKPCN BEKTEWKV
<UGTKGU ' @
4 ) % LT. )

)
;
'

) % LT% )
 UJWPV


KH T KU UOCNN



9KVJ VJG GSWKXCNGPV BEKTEWKV QH (KI  VJG DTCPEJ GSWCVKQP HQT VJG NQUUNGUU NKPG HKPCNN[ DGEQOGU

+ '
;UGTKGU % ;UJWPV 8 & ;UGTKGU 8




0QY YG ECP CICKP YTKVG VJG PQFG GSWCVKQP HQT PQFG  D[ KPUGTVKPI 'S


 CPF

KPVQ 'S






%
% LT% % ;UGTKGU % ;UJWPV 8 & 8 &
8 & LT% 8 & ;UGTKGU 8 ' +
4 LT.

4
LT. 


(QT CP[ V[RG QH PGVYQTM YKVJ P PQFGU C U[UVGO QH P UWEJ GSWCVKQPU ECP DG HQTOGF
=;? =8? ' =+?
YKVJ



=;?  U[OOGVTKE PQFCN CFOKVVCPEG OCVTKZ YKVJ EQORNGZ GNGOGPVU

=8?  XGEVQT QH P PQFG XQNVCIGU
EQORNGZ RJCUQT XCNWGU
=+?  XGEVQT QH P EWTTGPV UQWTEGU
EQORNGZ RJCUQT XCNWGU

#ICKP 'S
 KU RCTVKVKQPGF KPVQ C UGV # QH PQFGU YKVJ WPMPQYP XQNVCIGU CPF C UGV $ QH PQFGU YKVJ MPQYP


XQNVCIGU 6JG WPMPQYP XQNVCIGU CTG VJGP HQWPF D[ UQNXKPI VJG U[UVGO QH NKPGCT CNIGDTCKE GSWCVKQPU
=;##? =8#? ' =+#? & =;#$? =8$?



$TKPIKPI VJG VGTO =;#$?=8$? HTQO VJG NGHVJCPF UKFG KP 'S

 VQ VJG TKIJVJCPF UKFG KP 'S
 KU VJG
IGPGTCNK\CVKQP QH EQPXGTVKPI 6JGXGPKP GSWKXCNGPV EKTEWKVU
XQNVCIG XGEVQT =8$? DGJKPF CFOKVVCPEG OCVTKZ =;#$? KPVQ
0QTVQP GSWKXCNGPV EKTEWKVU
EWTTGPV XGEVQT =;#$?=8$? KP RCTCNNGN YKVJ CFOKVVCPEG OCVTKZ =;#$?
0QTVQP GSWKXCNGPV EKTEWKVU
EWTTGPV XGEVQT =;#$?=8$? KP RCTCNNGN YKVJ CFOKVVCPEG OCVTKZ =;#$?



 .+0'#4 70%172.'& .7/2'& '.'/'065

.KPGCT WPEQWRNGF NWORGF GNGOGPVU CTG TGUKUVCPEGU 4 UGNH KPFWEVCPEGU . CPF ECRCEKVCPEGU % 6JG[ WUWCNN[
CRRGCT CU RCTVU QH GSWKXCNGPV EKTEWKVU YJKEJ OC[ TGRTGUGPV IGPGTCVQTU VTCPUHQTOGTU UJQTV UGEVKQPU QH VTCPUOKUUKQP
NKPGU QT QVJGT EQORQPGPVU QH CP GNGEVTKE RQYGT U[UVGO QT VJG[ OC[ TGRTGUGPV C EQORQPGPV D[ KVUGNH
 4GUKUVCPEG 4
4GUKUVCPEG GNGOGPVU CTG WUGF VQ TGRTGUGPV COQPI QVJGT VJKPIU

ENQUKPI CPF QRGPKPI TGUKUVQTU KP EKTEWKV DTGCMGTU

VQYGT HQQVKPI TGUKUVCPEG

CU C ETWFG CRRTQZKOCVKQP =? QH C EQORNKECVGF HTGSWGPE[FGRGPFGPV
ITQWPFKPI KORGFCPEG

TGUKUVCPEG ITQWPFKPI QH VTCPUHQTOGT CPF IGPGTCVQT PGWVTCNU

OGVGTKPI  TGUKUVCPEG KP RNCEGU YJGTG EWTTGPVU QH DTCPEJ XQNVCIGU ECPPQV DG QDVCKPGF KP QVJGT
YC[U D[ VJG '/62

CU RCTVU QH GSWKXCNGPV PGVYQTMU GI KP RCTCNNGN YKVJ KPFWEVCPEGU VQ RTQFWEG RTQRGT HTGSWGPE[
FGRGPFGPV FCORKPI
UGG 5GEVKQP 

HQT VJG TGRTGUGPVCVKQP QH NQPI NKPGU KP NKIJVPKPI UWTIG UVWFKGU KH PQ TGHNGEVKQP EQOGU DCEM HTQO VJG
TGOQVG GPF FWTKPI VJG FWTCVKQP VOCZ QH VJG UVWF[

'ZCORNG
H KU GCUKN[ FGTKXGF HTQO 'S
D KH KV KU CUUWOGF VJCV VJG KPKVKCN EQPFKVKQPU QP VJG NKPG CTG \GTQ +P VJCV
ECUG JKUV
V  J   HQT V  J UKPEG KV VCMGU VKOG J HQT CP[ PQP\GTQ EQPFKVKQP QEEWTTKPI KP PQFG  CHVGT V $  VQ
UJQY WR KP PQFG  +H PQVJKPI KU EQPPGEVGF VQ PQFG 
QRGPGPFGF NKPG  VJGP + YQWNF TGOCKP \GTQ HQT V   J
6JG '/62 TGEQIPK\GU VJKU UKORNKHKECVKQP KH

\GTQ KPKVKCN EQPFKVKQPU

VOCZ CPF

+H DQVJ EQPFKVKQPU
 CPF
 CTG OGV VJGP VJG '/62 TGRTGUGPVU VJG NKPG UKORN[ CU VYQ UJWPV TGUKUVCPEGU
(KI 
6JKU UKORNKHKECVKQP UCXGU PQV QPN[
EQORWVGT VKOG DWV UVQTCIG URCEG CU
YGNN DGECWUG PQ JKUVQT[ VGTOU JCXG
VQ DG UVQTGF HQT VJG NKPG 6JKU NQPI
NKPG OQFGN KU OQUVN[ WUGF KP NKIJVPKPI
UWTIG UVWFKGU CPF

(KI   'SWKXCNGPV EKTEWKV QH

NQPI NKPG KH PQ TGHNGEVKQPU EQOG
DCEM HTQO QVJGT GPF

+V KU RQUUKDNG VQ OQFKH[ VJKU UKORNKHKECVKQP HQT ECUGU UVCTVKPI HTQO NKPGCT CE UVGCF[UVCVG EQPFKVKQPU CU YGNN KP
VJCV ECUG PQFGU  CPF  KP (KI  YQWNF JCXG CE UVGCF[UVCVG EWTTGPV UQWTEGU EQPPGEVGF VQ VJGO
7PHQTVWPCVGN[ VJG '/62 FQGU PQV [GV EQPVCKP VJKU OQFKHKECVKQP




KP VTCPUKGPV TGEQXGT[ XQNVCIG UVWFKGU YJGTG VJG WPHCWNVGF NKPGU NGCXKPI VJG UWDUVCVKQP WPFGT UVWF[ CTG RTGHGTCDN[
OQFGNNGF VJKU YC[
6JG GSWCVKQP QH C NWORGF TGUKUVCPEG 4 DGVYGGP PQFGU M CPF O
KMO
V '


X
V & XO
V
4 M



KU UQNXGF CEEWTCVGN[ D[ VJG '/62 CU NQPI CU VJG XCNWG QH 4 KU PQV WPTGCUQPCDN[ UOCNN
 'TTQT #PCN[UKU
8GT[ NCTIG XCNWGU QH 4 CTG CEEGRVCDNG CPF FQ PQV FGITCFG VJG UQNWVKQP QH VJG EQORNGVG PGVYQTM +P VJG
NKOKVKPI ECUG 4  4 KVU TGEKRTQECN XCNWG 4 UKORN[ IGVU NQUV KP =)? QH 'S
 VJCV KU KV YKNN PQV JCXG CP[
KPHNWGPEG QP VJG PGVYQTM UQNWVKQP CU KV UJQWNF DG # RTCEVKECN NKOKV HQT XGT[ NCTIG TGUKUVCPEGU KU VJG CRRTQZKOCVG
USWCTG TQQV QH VJG NCTIGUV TGCN PWODGT YJKEJ VJG EQORWVGT ECP JCPFNG
GI 4   KH VJG EQORWVGT CEEGRVU
PWODGTU WR VQ  6JKU KU DGECWUG KPVGTOGFKCVG GZRTGUUKQPU QH VJG HQTO 4  : CTG EQORWVGF KP VJG UVGCF[UVCVG
UQNWVKQP KP VJG EQPXGTUKQP HTQO KORGFCPEGU VQ CFOKVVCPEGU 'ZVTGOGN[ NCTIG XCNWGU QH 4 JCXG DGGP WUGF KP VJG RCUV
VQ QDVCKP XQNVCIG FKHHGTGPEGU DGVYGGP PQFGU YKVJ UWEJ OGVGTKPI TGUKUVCPEG DTCPEJGU KP PGYGT '/62 XGTUKQPU
XQNVCIG FKHHGTGPEGU ECP DG QDVCKPGF FKTGEVN[
8GT[ NCTIG TGUKUVCPEGU ECP DG WUGF VQ TGRNCEG VJG UGTKGU 4. GNGOGPVU KP U[OOGVTKE OWNVKRJCUG BEKTEWKVU
KH QPG KU QPN[ KPVGTGUVGF KP VJG ECRCEKVKXG EQWRNKPI COQPI VJG RJCUGU CU GZRNCKPGF KP (KI  6JKU VTKEM TGFWEGU
VJG PWODGT QH PQFGU DWV OQTG KORQTVCPVN[ KV CXQKFU CEEWTCE[ RTQDNGOU YJKEJ OC[ QEECUKQPCNN[ UJQY WR KH VJG B
EKTEWKV TGRTGUGPVU C XGT[ UJQTV NKPG UGEVKQP +P VJG UVGCF[UVCVG UQNWVKQP QH 'S
 VJG XCNWG QH VJG UGTKGU

+V OC[ DG YQTVJ CFFKPI C FKCIPQUVKE RTKPVQWV KP VJG '/62 KH VJG CFOKVVCPEGU QH VJG UGTKGU CPF UJWPV GNGOGPVU
CTG VQQ HCT CRCTV KP QTFGTU QH OCIPKVWFG 6JKU YQWNF TGSWKTG C EQORCTKUQP QH T. CPF T% KP VJG UVGCF[UVCVG
UQNWVKQP CPF QH )V. CPF %)V KP VJG VTCPUKGPV UQNWVKQP




(KI   %QPXGTUKQP QH PQOKPCN BEKTEWKV HQT UJQTV NKPG KPVQ BEKTEWKV YKVJ ECRCEKVKXG EQWRNKPI QPN[

GNGOGPV KU GPVGTGF CU =< ? KPVQ =;? YJGTG =< ? KU VJG KORGFCPEG RGT WPKV NGPIVJ CPF VJG NGPIVJ QH VJG UJQTV
UGEVKQP (QT C UJQTV NGPIVJ KU UOCNN CPF =< ? CEEQTFKPIN[ TGNCVKXGN[ NCTIG #V VJG UCOG VKOG VJG UJWPV
UWUEGRVCPEGU  LT=% ? GPVGTGF KPVQ =;? DGEQOG TGNCVKXGN[ UOCNN #U KU FGETGCUGF VJG ECRCEKVKXG EQWRNKPI GHHGEV
YKNN GXGPVWCNN[ IGV NQUV KP VJG UQNWVKQP +P C RTCEVKECN ECUG QH ECRCEKVKXG EQWRNKPI DGVYGGP  M8 EKTEWKVU CV  *\
VJKU CEEWTCE[ RTQDNGO UJQYGF WR YKVJ VJG UJQTVGUV NKPG UGEVKQP DGKPI  MO KV YCU FKUEQXGTGF CEEKFGPVCNN[ DGECWUG
VJG UKPINGRTGEKUKQP UQNWVKQP
CEEWTCE[ CRRTQZ  FGEKOCN FKIKVU QP CP +$/  FKHHGTGF WPGZRGEVGFN[ D[ 

HTQO

VJG FQWDNGRTGEKUKQP UQNWVKQP

CEEWTCE[
CRRTQZ  FGEKOCN FKIKVU (QT TGCUQPCDNG UVGR UK\GU QH )V VJG RTQDNGO KU NGUU UGXGTG KP VJG VTCPUKGPV ECNEWNCVKQP
CU ECP GCUKN[ DG UGGP KH LT KP 'S
 KU TGRNCEGF D[ )V KP 'S
 +P VJKU GZCORNG YKVJ )V   zU VJG
XCNWG QH VJG UGTKGU GNGOGPV YQWNF DG UOCNNGT D[ C HCEVQT QH  YJKNG VJG XCNWG QH VJG UJWPV GNGOGPV YQWNF DG NCTIGT
D[ C HCEVQT QH  1T KP QVJGT YQTFU C UKOKNCT CEEWTCE[ RTQDNGO YQWNF CRRGCT FWTKPI VJG VTCPUKGPV UKOWNCVKQP KH
VJG NKPG YGTG UJQTVGPGF D[ C HCEVQT QH 
  O KPUVGCF QH  MO
8GT[ UOCNN XCNWGU QH 4 FQ ETGCVG CEEWTCE[ RTQDNGOU HQT VJG UCOG TGCUQP CU FKUEWUUGF KP VJG RTGEGFKPI
RCTCITCRJ 8GT[ UOCNN XCNWGU QH 4 ETGCVG XGT[ NCTIG EQPFWEVCPEG XCNWGU 4 KP VJG OCVTKZ =;? QH UVGCF[UVCVG
UQNWVKQPU CPF KP VJG OCVTKZ =)? QH VTCPUKGPV UQNWVKQPU YJKEJ ECP UYCOR QWV VJG GHHGEVU QH QVJGT GNGOGPVU EQPPGEVGF
VQ VJCV TGUKUVCPEG 8GT[ UOCNN XCNWGU QH 4 JCXG DGGP WUGF KP VJG RCUV RTKOCTKN[ VQ UGRCTCVG UYKVEJGU UKPEG GCTNKGT
'/62 XGTUKQPU CNNQYGF QPN[ QPG UYKVEJ VQ DG EQPPGEVGF VQ C PQFG YKVJ WPMPQYP XQNVCIG +P PGYGT XGTUKQPU VJKU
NKOKVCVKQP QP VJG NQECVKQP QH UYKVEJGU PQ NQPIGT GZKUVU CPF VJG PGGF HQT WUKPI XGT[ UOCNN XCNWGU QH 4 UJQWNF VJGTGHQTG
PQ NQPIGT GZKUV KP VJGUG NCVGT XGTUKQPU
*KPVU CDQWV VJG WUG QH UOCNN TGUKUVCPEGU CTG IKXGP KP =? RR DE



 'ZCORNG HQT 0GVYQTM YKVJ 4GUKUVCPEGU

2TCEVKECN GZCORNGU HQT RWTGN[ TGUKUVKXG PGVYQTMU CTG TCVJGT NKOKVGF # UKORNG ECUG KU UJQYP KP (KI 
#UUWOG C FE XQNVCIG UQWTEG YKVJ PGINKIKDNG UQWTEG KORGFCPEG KU EQPPGEVGF VQ C NKPG VJTQWIJ C EKTEWKV DTGCMGT YKVJ
C ENQUKPI TGUKUVQT QH XCNWG 4ENQUG +H YG CTG KPVGTGUVGF KP YJCV JCRRGPU CHVGT ENQUKPI QH EQPVCEV + KP VJG HKTUV UJQTV VKOG
RGTKQF FWTKPI YJKEJ TGHNGEVKQPU JCXG PQV [GV EQOG DCEM HTQO VJG TGOQVG GPF VJGP VJKU ECUG ECP DG UVWFKGF YKVJ VJG
EKTEWKV QH (KI 
D +H YG EJQQUG 4ENQUG  < YG UGG VJCV VJG XQNVCIG CV VJG UGPFKPI GPF YKNN DG  RW YJKEJ
YKNN FQWDNG VQ  RW CV VJG QRGP TGEGKXKPI GPF 6JGTGHQTG PQ QXGTXQNVCIG YKNN CRRGCT CU NQPI CU EQPVCEV ++ KU UVKNN
QRGP # TGCN ECUG KU QDXKQWUN[ OQTG EQORNKECVGF DGECWUG

C PGVYQTM

D GSWKXCNGPV EKTEWKV

(KI   'PGTIK\CVKQP QH C XGT[ NQPI NKPG

<  UWTIG
KORGFCPEG J  VTCXGN VKOG

! EQPVCEV ++ YKNN ENQUG

V[RKECNN[  VQ  OU NCVGT CU YGNN
! VJG U[UVGO KU VJTGGRJCUG
! VJG NKPG KU PQV NQUUNGUU
! OWNVKRNG TGHNGEVKQPU YKNN QEEWT CU YG UVWF[ C NQPIGT VKOG RGTKQF
! ENQUKPI QH EQPVCEV + FQGU PQV PGEGUUCTKN[ QEEWT CV OCZKOWO XQNVCIG
CRRTQZKOCVGF CU

C FE UQWTEG KP (KI

 DWV OC[ QEEWT CP[YJGTG QP VJG UKPGYCXG

! VJG UQWTEG KORGFCPEG KU PQV \GTQ
! VJG VJTGG RQNGU KP C VJTGGRJCUG U[UVGO FQ PQV ENQUG UKOWNVCPGQWUN[ CPF DGECWUG QH OCP[ QVJGT HCEVQTU
+P C V[RKECN U[UVGO OCZKOWO UYKVEJKPI UWTIG QXGTXQNVCIGU OC[ DG  VQ  RW YKVJQWV ENQUKPI TGUKUVQTU

XGTUWU  RW KP (KI  YJKEJ YQWNF V[RKECNN[ DG TGFWEGF VQ  VQ  RW YKVJ ENQUKPI TGUKUVQTU
XGTUWU 
RW KP (KI  =?
 5GNH +PFWEVCPEG .
/CIPGVKECNN[ EQWRNGF EKTEWKVU CTG UQ RTGXCNGPV KP RQYGT U[UVGOU UVCTVKPI HTQO VJG IGPGTCVQT VJTQWIJ VJG
VTCPUHQTOGT VQ VJG OCIPGVKECNN[ EQWRNGF RJCUG EQPFWEVQTU QH C VJTGGRJCUG NKPG VJCV KPFWEVCPEGU WUWCNN[ CRRGCT CU
EQWRNGF KPFWEVCPEGU 6JGTG CTG ECUGU JQYGXGT QH WPEQWRNGF UGNH KPFWEVCPEGU


#OQPI QVJGT VJKPIU UGNH

KPFWEVCPEGU CTG WUGF VQ TGRTGUGPV

C PQTOCN VJTGG
RJCUG EQPPGEVKQP

D HQWTTGCEVQT
EQORGPUCVKQP
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Zzero
Zpos
Zpos
.
.
.
Zpos
with the first diagonal element being the zero sequence (ground mode) impedance, and the next M-1 diagonal elements
being the positive sequence (aerial mode) impedance,
)

<\GTQ ' <U %

/ & <O

C

<RQU ' <U & <O

D

and similarly for the capacitances,

)

%\GTQ ' %U %
/ & %O

C

%RQU ' %U & %O

D

To refer to the two distinct diagonal elements as zero and positive sequence may be confusing, because the
concept of sequence values has primarily been used for three-phase lines. "Ground mode" and "aerial mode" may be
more appropriate. Confusion is most likely to arise for double-circuit three-phase lines, where each three-phase line
has its own zero and positive sequence values defined by Eq. (4.50) and (4.51) with symmetrical components used for
each three-phase circuit, while in the context of this section the double-circuit line is treated as a six-phase line with
different zero and positive sequence values defined by Eq. (4.60) and (4.61). The fact that the terms zero and positive
sequence are used for M 3 as well comes from the generalization of symmetrical components of Section 4.1.4 to M
phases with the transformation matrix [56, p. 155]
U U  U/
=5/&RJCUG? '

U U  U/



C

U/ U/  U//



with
UKM '


/

GZR 6&L

B

K&
M&>
/

D

A special case of interest for symmetric bipolar dc lines11 is M = 2. In this case [T] of Eq. (4.58) and [S] of
Eq. (4.62a) are identical,
=6&RJCUG? '

  
  &



4.1.3.3 Two Identical Three-Phase Lines with Zero Sequence Coupling Only
Just as a transposed single-circuit three-phase line can usually be approximated as a balanced line, so two
identical and parallel three-phase lines can often be approximated as "almost balanced" lines with an impedance matrix
of the form
< )U < )O < )O < )R < )R < )R
< )O < )U < )O < )R < )R < )R
< )O < )O < )U < )R < )R < )R



< )R < )R < )R < )U < )O < )O

< )R < )R < )R < )O < )U < )O
< )R < )R < )R < )O < )O < )U

The transposition scheme of Fig. 4.22 would produce such a matrix form, which implies that the two circuits are only
coupled in zero sequence, but not in positive or negative sequence. Such a complicated transposition scheme is seldom,
if ever, used, but the writer suspects that positive and negative sequence couplings in the more common double-circuit
transposition scheme of Fig. 4.23 is often so weak that the model discussed here may be a useful approximation for the
case of Fig. 4.23 as well.

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QPN[
T h e
matrix of Eq. (4.64) is diagonalized by modifying the transformation matrix of Eq. (4.58) to
 

=6? '

  &  

  

&

  &

 &

 &  

 &



&

with [T]-1 = [T]t again, which produces the diagonal matrix

ZG
ZIL
ZL
ZL

(4.66)
ZL
ZL

If each circuit has three-phase sequence parameters Zzero, Zpos, and if the three-phase zero sequence coupling between
the two circuits is Zzero-coupling, then the ground mode G, inter-line mode IL and line mode L values required by the EMTP
are found from

<)

+.

'

<)

\GTQ

&

<)

< ) ) ' < ) \GTQ % < )\GTQ&EQWRNKPI

\GTQ&EQWRNKPI



< ) . ' < ) RQU

with identical equations for the capacitances.

If the two three-phase circuits are not identical, then the transformation matrix of Eq. (4.65) can no longer be
used; instead, [T] depends on the particular tower configuration.



4.1.4 Symmetrical Components

Symmetrical components are not used as such in the EMTP, except that the parameters of balanced lines after
transformation to M-phase , , 0-components are the same as the parameters of symmetrical components, namely zero
and positive sequence values. The supporting routine LINE CONSTANTS does have output options for more detailed
symmetrical component information, however, which may warrant some explanations.
In addition to zero and positive sequence values, LINE CONSTANTS also prints full symmetrical component
matrices. Its diagonal elements are the familiar zero and positive sequence values of the line; they are correct for the
untransposed line as well as for a line which has been balanced through proper transpositions. The off-diagonal
elements are only meaningful for the untransposed case, because they would become zero for the balanced line. For
the untransposed case, these off-diagonal elements are used to define unbalance factors [47, p. 93]. The full symmetrical
component matrices are no longer symmetric, unless the columns for positive and negative sequence are exchanged [27].
This exchange is made in the output of the supporting routine LINE CONSTANTS with rows listed in order "zero, pos,
neg,..." and columns in order "zero, neg, pos,...". With this trick, matrices can be printed in triangular form (elements
in and below the diagonal), as is done with the matrices for individual and equivalent phase conductors.
Symmetrical components for two-phase lines are calculated with the transformation matrix of Eq. (4.63), while
those of three-phase lines are calculated with
CPF =XU[OO? ' =5?& =XRJCUG?

=XRJCUG? ' =5? =XU[OO?

C

identical for currents,

X\GTQ
YJGTG

=5? '

=5?&

'




 

=XU[OO? ' XRQU




 

XPGI


 C C
 C C

 C C
 C

D

and a = ej120E.
The columns in these matrices are normalized12; in that form, [S] is unitary,
=5?& ' =5 ?V



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where "*" indicates conjugate complex and "t" transposition.

For M $ 3, the supporting routine LINE CONSTANTS assumes three-phase lines in parallel. Examples:
M = 6: Two three-phase lines in parallel
M = 9: Three-phase lines in parallel
M = 8: Two three-phase lines in parallel, with equivalent phase conductors no. 7 and 8 ignored in the
transformation to symmetrical components.
The matrices are then transformed to three-phase symmetrical components and not to M-phase symmetrical components
of Eq. (4.62). For example for M = 6 (double-circuit three-phase line),
=< ) U[OO? '

=5?&

=5?&

< ) RJCUG

=5?

=5?



with [S] defined by Eq. (4.68), Eq. (4.70) produces the three-phase symmetrical component values required in Eq.
(4.67).
Balancing of double-circuit three-phase lines through transpositions never completely diagonalizes the
respective symmetrical component matrices. The best that can be achieved is with the seldom-used transposition scheme
of Fig. 4.22, which leads to

=< )

U[OO? '

< )\GTQ&+

<\GTQ&EQWRNKPI

< )RQU&+

< )RQU&+

<\GTQ&EQWRNKPI

< )\GTQ&++

< )RQU&++

< )RQU&++
(4.71)

If both circuits are identical, then Zzero-I = Zzero-II = Zzero , and Zpos-I = Zpos-II = Zpos ; in that case, the transformation matrix
of Eq. (4.65) can be used for diagonalization. The more common transposition scheme of Fig. 4.23 produces positive
and zero sequence coupling between the two



(a)

barrels rolled in
opposite direction

(b)

barrels rolled in
same direction

Fig. 4.23 - Double-circuit transposition scheme

circuits as well, with the nonzero pattern of the matrix in Eq. (4.71) changing to
:  *:  
 : * : 
  :*  :
:  *:  
 : * : 
  :*  :
where "X" indicates nonzero terms. Re-assigning the phases in Fig. 4.23(b) to CI, BI, AI, AII, BII, CII from top to
bottom would change the matrix further to cross-couplings between positive sequence of one circuit and negative
sequence of the other circuit, and vice versa,

:  *:  
 : *  :
  :* : 
:  *:  

  :* : 
 : *  :
4.1.5 Modal Parameters
From the discussions of Section 4.1.3 it should have become obvious that the solution of M-phase transmission
line equations becomes simpler if the M coupled equations can be transformed to M decoupled equations. These
decoupled equations can then be solved as if they were single-phase equations. For balanced lines, this transformation
is achieved with Eq. (4.58).
Many lines are untransposed, however, or each section of a transposition barrel may no longer be short
compared with the wave length of the highest frequencies occurring in a particular study, in which case each section
must be represented as an untransposed line. Fortunately, the matrices of untransposed lines can be diagonalized as
well, with transformations to "modal" parameters derived from eigenvalue/eigenvector theory. The transformation
matrices for untransposed lines are no longer known a priori, however, and must be calculated for each particular pair
of parameter matrices [Zphase] and [Yphase].
To explain the theory, let us start again from the two systems of equations (4.31) and (4.32),



F8RJCUG

&

' =< ) RJCUG? =+RJCUG?

C

' =; ) RJCUG?=8RJCUG?

D

FZ

and
F+RJCUG

&

FZ

with [Yphase] = j [Cphase] if shunt conductances are ignored, as is customarily done. By differentiating the first equation
with respect to x, and replacing the current derivative with the second equation, a second-order differential equation for
voltages only is obtained,
F 8RJCUG
FZ 

' =< ) RJCUG? =; ) RJCUG? =8RJCUG?

C

Similarly, a second-order differential equation for currents only can be obtained,

F +RJCUG
FZ 

' =; ) RJCUG? =< ) RJCUG? =+RJCUG?

D

where the matrix products are now in reverse order from that in Eq. (4.73a), and therefore different. Only for balanced
matrices, and for the lossless high-frequency approximations discussed in Section 4.1.5.2, would the matrix products
in Eq. (4.73a) and (4.73b) be identical.
With eigenvalue theory, it becomes possible to transform the two coupled equations (4.73) from phase
quantities to "modal" quantities in such a way that the equations become decoupled, or in terms of matrix algebra, that
the associated matrices become diagonal, e.g., for the voltages,
F 8OQFG
FZ 



' =7? =8OQFG?

with [ ] being a diagonal matrix. To get from Eq. (4.73a) to (4.74), the phase voltages must be transformed to mode
voltages, with
=8RJCUG? ' =6X? =8OQFG?

C

=8OQFG? ' =6X?& =8RJCUG?

D

and

Then Eq. (4.73a) becomes

F 8OQFG
FZ 

' =6X?& =< ) RJCUG? =; ) RJCUG? =6X? =8OQFG?



C

which, when compared with Eq. (4.74), shows us that

=7? ' =6X?& =< ) RJCUG? =; ) RJCUG? =6X?

D

To find the matrix [Tv] which diagonalizes [Zphase][Yphase] is the eigenvalue/eigenvector problem. The diagonal elements
of [ ] are the eigenvalues of the matrix product [Zphase][Yphase], and [Tv] is the matrix of eigenvectors or modal matrix
of that matrix product. There are many methods for finding eigenvalues and eigenvectors. The most reliable method
for finding the eigenvalues seems to be the QR-transformation due to Francis [3], while the most efficient method for
the eigenvector calculation seems to be the inverse iteration scheme due to Wilkinson [4, 5]. In the supporting routines
LINE CONSTANTS and CABLE CONSTANTS, the "EISPACK"-subroutines [67] are used, in which the eigenvalues
and eigenvectors of a complex upper Hessenberg matrix are found by the modified LR-method due to Rutishauser. This
method is a predecessor of the QR-method, and where applicable, as in the case of positive definite matrices, is more
efficient than the QR-method [68]. To transform the original complex matrix to upper Hessenberg form, stabilized
elementary similarity transformations are used. For a given eigenvalue

, the corresponding eigenvector [tvk] (= k-th

column of [Tv]) is found by solving the system of linear equations

6 =< ) RJCUG? =; ) RJCUG? & 8M=7? > =VXM? ' 



with [U] = unit or identity matrix. Eq. (4.77) shows that the eigenvectors are not uniquely defined in the sense that they
can be multiplied with any nonzero (complex) constant and still remain proper eigenvectors13, in contrast to the
eigenvalues which are always uniquely defined.
Floating-point overflow may occur in eigenvalue/eigenvector subroutines if the matrix is not properly scaled.
Unless the subroutine does the scaling automatically, [Zphase][Yphase] should be scaled before the subroutine call, by
dividing each element by

-( 2g0 0), as suggested by Galloway, Shorrows and Wedepohl [39]. This division brings

the matrix product close to unit matrix, because [Z'phase][Y'phase] is a diagonal matrix with elements - 2g0 0 if resistances,
internal reactances and Carson's correction terms are ignored in Eq. (4.7) and (4.8), as explained in Section 4.1.5.2. The
eigenvalues from this scaled matrix must of course be multiplied with - 2g0 0 to obtain the eigenvalues of the original
matrix. In [39] it is also suggested to subtract 1.0 from the diagonal elements after the division; the eigenvalues of this
modified matrix would then be the p.u. deviations from the eigenvalues of the lossless high-frequency approximation
of Section 4.1.5.2, and would be much more separated from each other than the unmodified eigenvalues which lie close
together. Using subroutines based on [67] gave identical results with and without this subtraction of 1.0, however.
In general, a different transformation must be used for the currents,
=+RJCUG? ' =6K? =+OQFG?

C

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!

 



and
=+OQFG? ' =6K?& =+RJCUG?

D

because the matrix products in Eq. (4.73a) and (4.73b) have different eigenvectors, though their eigenvalues are
identical. Therefore, Eq. (4.73b) is transformed to
F +OQFG
FZ 



' =7? =+OQFG?

with the same diagonal matrix as in Eq. (4.74). While [Ti] is different from [Tv], both are fortunately related to each
other [58],
=6K? ' =6X ?&
V



where "t" indicates transposition. It is therefore sufficient to calculate only one of them.
Modal analysis is a powerful tool for studying power line carrier problems [59-61] and radio noise interference
[62, 63]. Its use in the EMTP is discussed in Section 4.1.5.3. It is interesting to note that the modes in single-circuit
three-phase lines are almost identical with the , , 0-components of Section 4.1.3.1 [58]. Whether the matrix products
in Eq. (4.73) can always be diagonalized was first questioned by Pelissier in 1969 [64]. Brandao Faria and Borges da
Silva have shown in 1985 [65] that cases can indeed be constructed where the matrix product cannot be diagonalized.
It is unlikely that such situations will often occur in practice, because extremely small changes in the parameters (e.g.,
in the 8th significant digit) seem to be enough to make it diagonalizable again. Paul [66] has shown that diagonalization
can be guaranteed under simplifying assumptions, e.g., by neglecting conductor resistances.
The physical meaning of modes can be deduced from the transformation matrices [Tv] and [Ti]. Assume, for
example, that column 2 of [Ti] has entries of (-0.6, 1.0, -0.4). From Eq. (4.78a) we would then know that mode-2 current
flows into phase B in one way, with 60% returning in phase A and 40% returning in phase C.

4.1.5.1 Line Equations in Modal Domain

With the decoupled equations of (4.74) and (4.79) in modal quantities, each mode can be analyzed as if it were
a single-phase line. Comparing the modal equation
F 8OQFG&M
FZ 

' 8M 8OQFG&M

with the well-known equation of a single-phase line,

F 8
' (8

FZ
with the propagation constant defined in Eq. (1.15), shows that the modal propagation constant


mode-k

is the square

root of the eigenvalue,

(OQFG&M ' "M % L$M ' (M



with
k

= attenuation constant of mode k (e.g., in Np/km),

= phase constant of mode k (e.g., in rad/km).

The phase velocity of mode k is

RJCUG XGNQEKV[ '

T
$M

C

and the wavelength is

YCXG NGPIVJ '

B
$M

D

While the modal propagation constant is always uniquely defined, the modal series impedance and shunt
admittance as well as the modal characteristic impedance are not, because of the ambiguity in the eigenvectors.
Therefore, modal impedances and admittances only make sense if they are specified together with the eigenvectors used
in their calculation. To find them, transform Eq. (4.72a) to modal quantities
&

F8OQFG
FZ

' =6X?& =< ) RJCUG? =6K? =+OQFG?



The triple matrix product in Eq. (4.83) is diagonal, and the modal series impedances are the diagonal elements of this
matrix
=< ) OQFG? ' =6X?& =< ) RJCUG? =6K?

C

=< ) OQFG? ' =6K V? =< ) RJCUG? =6K?

D

or with Eq. (4.80),

Similarly, Eq. (4.72b) can be transformed to modal quantities, and the modal shunt admittances are then the diagonal
elements of the matrix
)

=;OQFG? ' =6K?& =;RJCUG? =6X?

C

=; ) OQFG? ' =6X V? =; ) RJCUG? =6X?

D

or with Eq. (4.80),



The proof that both [Zmode] and [Ymode] are diagonal is given by Wedepohl [58]. Finally, the modal characteristic
impedance can be found from the scalar equation
< )OQFG&M

<EJCT&OQFG&M '

C

; )OQFG&M

or from the simpler equation

(OQFG&M

<EJCT&OQFG&M '

D

; )OQFG&M

A good way to obtain the modal parameters may be as follows: First, obtain the eigenvalues

and the

eigenvector matrix [Tv] of the matrix product [Zphase][Yphase ]. Then find [Ymode ] from Eq. (4.85b), and the modal series
impedance from the scalar equation
< )OQFG&M '

8M

E

; )OQFG&M

The modal characteristic impedance can then be calculated from Eq. (4.86a), or from Eq. (4.86b) if the propagation
constant from Eq. (4.81) is needed as well. If [Ti] is needed, too, it can be found efficiently from Eq. (4.85a)
=6K? ' =; ) RJCUG? =6X? =; ) OQFG?&

E

because the product of the first two matrices is available anyhow when [Ymode] is found, and the post-multiplication with
[Ymode]-1 is simply a multiplication of each column with a constant (suggested by Luis Marti). Eq. (4.85c) also
establishes the link to an alternative formula for [Ti] mentioned in [57],
=6K? ' =; ) RJCUG? =6X? =&?
with [D] being an arbitrary diagonal matrix. Setting [D] = [Ymode]-1 leads us to the desirable condition [Ti] = [Tvt]-1 of
Eq. (4.80). If the unit matrix were used for [D], all modal matrices in Eq. (4.84) and (4.85) would still be diagonal, but
with the strange-looking result that all modal shunt admittances become 1.0 and that the modal series impedances
become k. Eq. (4.80) would, of course, no longer be fulfilled. For a lossless line, the modal series impedance would
then become a negative resistance, and the modal shunt admittance would become a shunt conductance with a value of
1.0 S. As long as the case is solved in the frequency domain, the answers would still be correct, but it would obviously
be wrong to associate such modal parameters with
&

MX
' 4 )K
MZ

CPF

(with R negative and G = 1.0) in the time domain.



&

MK
' ) )X
MZ

4.1.5.2 Lossless High-Frequency Approximation

In lightning surge studies, many simplifying assumptions are made. For example, the waveshape and amplitude
of the current source representing the lightning stroke is obviously not well known. Similarly, flashover criteria in the
form of volt-time characteristics or integral formulas [8] are only approximate. In view of all these uncertainties, the
use of highly sophisticated line models is not always justified. Experts in the field of lightning surge studies normally
use a simple line model in which all wave speeds are equal to the speed of light, with a surge impedance matrix [Zsurge ]
in phase quantities, where
<KK&UWTIG '  NP
JKTK

C

<KM&UWTIG '  NP
&KMFKM

D

CNN YCXG URGGFU ' URGGF QH NKIJV

E

with ri being the radius of the conductor, or the radius of the equivalent conductor from Eq. (4.30) in case of a bundle
conductor.14
Typically, each span between towers is represented separately as a line, and only a few spans are normally
modelled (3 for shielded lines, or 18 for unshielded lines in [8]). For such short distances, losses in series resistances
and differences in modal travel times are negligible. The effect of corona is sometimes included, however, by modifying
the simple model of Eq. (4.87) [8].
It is possible to develop a special line model based on Eq. (4.87) for the EMTP, in which all calculations are
done in phase quantities. But as shown here, the simple model of Eq. (4.87) can also be solved with modal parameters
as a special case of the untransposed line. The simple model follows from Eq. (4.72) by making two assumptions for
a "lossless high-frequency approximation":
1.

Conductor resistances and ground return resistances are ignored.

2.

The frequencies contained in the lightning surges are so high that all currents flow on the surface of
the conductors, and on the surface of the earth.

Then the elements of [Zphase] become

< ) KK ' LT

z
B

NP
JKTK 

< ) KM ' LT

z
B

NP
&KMFKM



while [Y] is obtained by inverting the potential coefficient matrix,

=; )? ' LT =2 )?&



with the elements of [P] being the same as in Eq. (4.88) if the factor j 0/(2 ) is replaced by 1/(2 g0). Then both matrix

)TQWPF YKTGU CTG WUWCNN[ TGVCKPGF CU RJCUG EQPFWEVQTU KP UWEJ UVWFKGU +H VJG[ CTG GNKOKPCVGF VJG OGVJQF
QH 5GEVKQP  OWUV DG WUGF QP =< ?
"

sq



products in Eq. (4.73) become diagonal matrices with all elements being
8M ' & Tgz

M'/



These values are automatically obtained from the supporting routines LINE CONSTANTS and CABLE
CONSTANTS as the eigenvalues of the matrix products in Eq. (4.73), by simply using the above two assumptions in
the input data (all conductor resistances = 0, GMR/r = 1.0, no Carson correction terms). The calculation of the
eigenvector matrix [Tv] or [Ti] needed for the untransposed line model of Section 4.2 breaks down, however, because
the matrix products in Eq. (4.73) are already diagonal. To obtain [Tv], let us first assume equal, but nonzero conductor
resistances R. Then the eigenvectors [tvk] are defined by

& Tgz=7? % LT4 )=2 )?& =VXM? ' 8M =VXM?



with the expression in parentheses being the matrix product [Zphase][Yphase], and [U] = unit matrix. Eq. (4.91) can be
rewritten as
=2 )?& =VXM? ' 8M&OQFKHKGF =VXM?



with modified eigenvalues

LT 4 ) 8M&OQFKHKGF ' 8M % Tgz



Eq. (4.92) is valid for any value of R, including zero. It therefore follows that [Tv] is obtained as the eigenvectors of
[P]-1, or alternatively as the eigenvectors of [P] since the eigenvectors of a matrix are equal to the eigenvectors of its
inverse. The eigenvalues of [P]-1 are not needed because they are already known from Eq. (4.90), but they could also
be obtained from Eq. (4.93) by setting R = 0.
For this simple mode, [Tv] is a real, orthogonal matrix,
=6X? =6X?V ' =7?



=6K? ' =6X?



and therefore,

D.E. Hedman has solved this case of the lossless high-frequency approximation more than 15 years ago [45]. He
recommended that the eigenvectors be calculated from the surge impedance matrix of Eq. (4.87), which is the same as
calculating them from [P] since both matrices differ only by a constant factor.
One can either modify the line constants supporting routines to find the eigenvectors from [P] for the lossless
high-frequency approximation, as was done in UBCs version, or use the same trick employed in Eq. (4.91) in an
unmodified program: Set all conductor resistances equal to some nonzero value R, set GMR/r = 1, and ask for zero
Carson correction terms. If the eigenvectors are found from [P], then it is advisable to scale this matrix first by
multiplying all elements with 2 g0.
The lossless high-frequency approximation produces eigenvectors which differ from those of the lossy case


at very high frequencies [61]. This is unimportant for lightning surge studies, but important for power line carrier
problems.

Example: For a distribution line with one ground wire (Fig. 4.24) the lossless high-frequency approximation produces
the following modal surge impedances and transformation matrix,
mode

Zsurge-mode ( )

1
2
3
4

993.44
209.67
360.70
310.62

(KI   2QUKVKQP QH RJCUG EQPFWEVQTU # $

% CPF ITQWPF YKTG &
CXGTCIG JGKIJV CNN
FKOGPUKQPU KP O %QPFWEVQT FKCOGVGT 
 OO
  &
 & 
 & 
 & &

Converted to phase quantities, the surge impedance matrix becomes [Tv][Zsurge-mode][Tv]t, or


=<UWTIG&RJCUG? '

  U[OOGVTKE

 



 





S


The elements from Eq. (4.87) are slightly larger, by a factor of 300,000/299,792, because the supporting routine LINE
CONSTANTS uses 299,792 km/s for the speed of light, versus 300,000 km/s implied in Eq. (4.87).
Representation in EMTP then would be by means of a 4-phase, constant-parameter, lossless line. The following
branch cards are for the first of 4 such cascaded sections:
-11A 2A
-11B 2B
-11C 2C
-11D 2D

993.44 .3E-6
993.44 .3E-6
993.44 .3E-6
993.44 .3E-6

2
2
2
2

4
4
4
4

The modelling of long lines as coupled shunt resistances [R] = [Zsurge-phase] has already been discussed in Section
3.1.3. In the example above, such a shunt resistance matrix could be used to represent the rest of the line after the 4
spans from the substation. Simply using the 4 x 4 matrix would be unrealistic with respect to the ground wire, however,
because it would imply that the ground wire is ungrounded on the rest of the line. More realistic, though not totally
accurate, would be a 3 x 3 matrix obtained from [Zphase] and [Yphase] in which the ground wire has been eliminated. This
model implies zero potential everywhere on the ground wire, in contrast to the four spans where the potential will more
or less oscillate around zero because of reflections up and down the towers.

Comparison with More Accurate Models: For EMTP users who are reluctant to use the simple model described in this
section, a few comments are in order. First, let us compare exact values with the approximate values. If we use constant
parameters and choose 400 kHz as a reasonable frequency for lightning surge studies, then we obtain the results of table
4.5 for the test example above, assuming T/D = 0.333 for skin effect correction and internal inductance calculation with
the tubular conductor formula, Rdc = 0.53609 /km, and = 100 m.

Table 4.5 - Exact line parameters at 400 kHz

mode

Zsurge-mode ( )

1
2
3
4

1027.6-j33.9
292.0-j0.5
361.9-j0.5
311.1-j0.5

wave velocity (m/s)

285.35
299.32
299.37
299.32

R ( /km)
597.4
7.9
8.2
8.0

The differences are less than 0.5% in surge impedance and wave speed for the aerial modes 2 to 4, and not more than
5% for the ground return mode 1. These are small differences, considering all the other approximations which are made
in lightning surge studies. If series resistances are included by lumping them in 3 places, totally erroneous results may
be obtained if the user forgets to check whether R/4 # Zsurge in the ground return mode. For the very short line length
of 90 m in this example, this condition would still be fulfilled here.
Using constant parameters at a particular frequency is of course an approximation as well, and some users may
therefore prefer frequency-dependent models. For very short line lengths, such as 90 m in the example, most frequencydependent models are probably unreliable, however. It may therefore be more sensible to use the simple model



described here, for which answers are reliable, rather than sophisticated models with possibly unreliable answers.
A somewhat better lossless line model for lightning surge studies than the preceding one has been suggested
by V. Larsen [92]. To obtain this better model, the line parameters are first calculated in the usual way, at a certain
frequency which is typical for lightning surges (e.g., at 400 kHz). The resistances are then set to zero when the matrix
product [Zphase][Yphase ] is formed, before the modal parameters are computed. With this approach, [Ti] will always be
real. Table 4.6 shows the modal parameters of this better lossless model. They differ very little from those in Table
4.5.

Table 4.6 - Approximate modal parameters at 400 kHz with R=0

mode

Zsurge-mode ( )

wave velocity (m/s)

1026.3

285.50

292.0

299.32

362.0

299.37

311.1

299.32

In particular, the wave velocity of the ground return mode 1 is now much closer to the exact value of Table 4.5. The
transformation matrix which goes with the modal parameters of Table 4.6 is
  &
=6K? '

 &  &

 & 



 & &

In this case [Tv] is no longer to [Ti]; Eq. (4.80) must be used instead.

4.1.5.3 Approximate Transformation Matrices for Transient Solutions

The transformation matrices [Tv] and [Ti] are theoretically complex, and frequency-dependent as well. With
a frequency-dependent transformation matrix, modes are only defined at the frequency at which the transformation
matrix was calculated. Then the concept of converting a polyphase line into decoupled single-phase lines (in the modal
domain) cannot be used over the entire frequency range. Since the solution methods for transients are much simpler
if the modal composition is the same for all frequencies, or in other words, if the transformation matrices are constant
with real coefficients, it is worthwhile to check whether such approximate transformation matrices can be used without
producing too much error. Fortunately, this is indeed possible for overhead lines [66, 78].
Guidelines for choosing approximate (real and constant) transformation matrices have not yet been worked out
at the time when these notes are being written. The frequency-dependent line model of J. Marti discussed in Section
4.2.2.6 needs such a real and constant transformation matrix, and wrong answers would be obtained if a complex
transformation matrix were used instead. Since a real and constant transformation matrix is always an approximation,



its use will always produce errors, even if they are small and acceptable. The errors may be small in one particular
frequency region, and larger in other regions, depending on how the approximation is chosen.
One choice for an approximate transformation matrix would be the one used in the lossless approximations
discussed in Section 4.1.5.2. This may be the best choice for lightning surge studies.
For switching surge studies and similar types of studies, the preferred approach at this time seems to be to
calculate [Tv] at a particular frequency (e.g., at 1 kHz), and then to ignore the imaginary part of it. In this approach, [Tv]
should be predominantly real before the imaginary part is discarded. One cannot rely on this when the subroutine
returns the eigenvectors, since an eigenvector multiplied with ej50E or any other constant would still be a proper
eigenvector. Therefore, the columns of [Tv] should be normalized in such a way that its components lie close to the real
axis. One such normalization procedure was discussed by V. Brandwajn [79]. The writer prefers a different approach,
which works as follows:
1.

Ignore shunt conductances, as is customarily done. Then [Yphase] is purely imaginary. Use Eq. (4.85)
to find the diagonal elements of the modal shunt admittance matrix Ymode-k-preliminary.

2.

In general, these "preliminary" modal shunt admittances will not be purely imaginary, but j Cmode-kej k

instead. Then normalize [Tv] by multiplying each column with ej

k/2

. With this normalized

transformation matrix, the modal shunt admittances will become j Cmode-k, or purely imaginary as in
the phase domain.
3.

To obtain the approximate (real and constant) transformation matrix, discard the imaginary part of
the normalized matrix from step 2.

4.

Use the approximate matrix [Tv-approx.] from step 3 to find modal series impedances and modal shunt
admittances from Eq. (4.84) and (4.85) over the frequency range of interest. If [Ti] is needed, use
=6K&CRRTQZ? ' =6X&CRRTQZ?&
V

5.



If the line model requires nonzero shunt conductances, add them as modal parameters. Usually, only
conductances from phase to ground are used (with phase-to-phase values being zero); in that case,
the modal conductances are the same as the phase-to-ground conductances if the latter are equal for
all phases.

An interesting method for finding approximate (real and constant) transformation matrices has been suggested
by Paul [66]. By ignoring conductor resistances, and by assuming that the Carson correction terms Rii + j Xii in Eq.
(4.7) and Rik + j Xik in Eq. (4.8) are all equal (all elements in the matrix of correction terms have one and the same
value), the approximate transformation matrix [Ti-approx.] is obtained as the eigenvectors of the matrix product

=% )

RJCUG?




with all elements of the second matrix being 1. To find [T v-approx.], Eq. (4.96) would have to be used. Wasley and


Selvavinayagamoorthy [93] find the approximate transformation matrices by simply taking the magnitudes of the
complex elements, with an appropriate sign reflecting the values of their arguments. They compared results using these
approximate matrices with the exact results (using complex, frequency-dependent matrices), and report that fairly high
accuracy can be obtained if the approximate matrix is computed at a low frequency, even for the case of double-circuit
lines.
If the M-phase line is assumed to be balanced (Section 4.1.3.2), then the transformation matrix is always real
and constant, and known a priori with Eq. (4.58) and Eq. (4.59). Two identical and balanced three-phase lines with zero
sequence coupling only have the real and constant transformation matrix of Eq. (4.65).

4.2 Line Models in the EMTP

The preceding Section 4.1 concentrated on the line parameters per unit length. These are now used to develop
line models for liens of a specific length.
For steady-state solutions, lines can be modelled with reasonable accuracy as nominal -circuits, or rigorously
as equivalent -circuits. For transient solutions, the methods become more complicated, as one proceeds from the simple
case of a single-phase lossless line with constant parameters to the more realistic case of a lossy polyphase line with
frequency-dependent parameters.

4.2.1 AC Steady-State Solutions

Lines can be represented rigorously in the steady-state solution with exact equivalent -circuits. Less accurate
representations are sometimes used, however, to match the model to the one used in the transient simulation (e.g.,
lumping R in three places, rather than distributing it evenly along the line, or using approximate real transformation
matrices instead of exact complex matrices). For lines of moderate "electrical" length (typically # 100 km at 60 Hz),
nominal -circuits are often accurate enough, and are probably the best models to use for steady-state solutions at power
frequency. If the steady-state solution is followed by a transient simulation, or if steady-state solutions are requested
over a wide frequency range, then the nominal -circuit must either be replaced by a cascade connection of shorter
nominal -circuits, or by an exact equivalent -circuit derived from the distributed parameters.

4.2.1.1 Nominal M-Phase -Circuit

For the nominal M-phase -circuit of Fig. 3.10, the series impedance matrix and the two equal shunt
susceptance matrices are obtained from the per unit length matrices by simply multiplying them with the line length, as
shown in Eq. (4.35) and (4.36). The equations for the coupled lumped elements of this M-phase -circuit have already
been discussed at length in Section 3, and shall not be repeated here.
Nominal -circuits are fairly accurate if the line is electrically short. This is practically always the case if
complicated transposition schemes are studied at power frequency (60 Hz or 50 Hz). Fig. 4.25 shows a typical example,
with three circuits on the same right-of-way. In this case, each of the five transposition sections (1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5, 5-6)
would be represented as a nominal 9-phase -circuit. While a nominal -circuit would already be reasonably accurate


for the total line length of 95 km, nominal -circuits are certainly accurate for each transposition section, since the
longest section is only 35 km long. A comparison between measurements on the de-energized line L3 and computer
results is shown in table 4.7 [80]. The coupling in this case is predominantly capacitive.

(KI   6TCPURQUKVKQP UEJGOG HQT VJTGG CFLCEGPV EKTEWKVU

Table 4.7 - Comparison between measurements and EMTP results (voltages on energized line L1 =
372 kV and on L2 = 535 kV)
phase

measurement

EMTP results

Induced voltages on de-energized line L3 if open at

both ends

A
B
C

30 kV
15 kV
10 kV

27.5 kV
13.8 kV
7.8 kV

Grounding currents if de-energized line L3 is

grounded at right end

A
B
C

11 A
5A
1A

10.5 A
3.2 A
1.5 A

Because nominal -circuits are so useful for studying complicated transposition schemes, a "CASCADED PI"
option was added to the BPA EMTP. With this option, the entire cascade connection is converted to one single circuit, which is an exact equivalent for the cascade connection. This is done by adding one "component" at a time, as
shown in Fig. 4.26. The "component" may either be an M-phase -circuit, or other types of network elements such as


shunt reactors or series capacitors. Whenever component k is added, the nodal admittance matrix

(KI   5EJGOCVKE KNNWUVTCVKQP QH ECUECFKPI QRGTCVKQP HQT -VJ EQORQPGPV

for nodes 1, 2, 3 is reduced by eliminating the inner nodes 2, to form the new admittance matrix of the equivalent for
the cascaded components 1, 2, ... K. This option keeps the computational effort in the steady-state solution as low as
possible by not having to use nodal equations for the inner nodes of the cascade connection, at the expense of extra
computational effort for the cascading procedure.

4.2.1.2 Equivalent -Circuit for Single-Phase Lines

Lines defined with distributed parameters at input time are always converted to equivalent -circuits for the
steady-state solution.
For lines with frequency-dependent parameters, the exact equivalent -circuit discussed in Section 1 is used,
with Eq. (1.14) and (1.15). The same exact equivalent -circuit is used for distortionless and lossless line models with
constant parameters.
In many applications, line models with constant parameters are accurate enough. For example, positive
sequence resistances and inductances are fairly constant up to approximately 1 kHz, as shown in Fig. 4.20. But even
with constant parameters, the solution for transients becomes very complicated (except for the unrealistic assumption
of distortionless propagation). Fortunately, experience showed that reasonable accuracy can be obtained if L and C
are distributed and if
4 ' 4 )



is lumped in a few places as long as R << Zsurge. In the EMTP, R/2 is lumped in the middle and R/4 at both ends of an
otherwise lossless line, as shown in Fig. 4.27, and as further discussed in Section 4.2.2.5. For this transient
representation, the EMTP uses the same assumption15 in the

6JG '/62 UJQWNF RTQDCDN[ DG EJCPIGF VQ D[RCUU VJKU QRVKQP KH QPN[ UVGCF[UVCVG UQNWVKQPU CTG TGSWGUVGF
GKVJGT CV QPG HTGSWGPE[ QT QXGT C TCPIG QH HTGSWGPEKGU
#



(KI   .KPG TGRTGUGPVCVKQP YKVJ NWORGF TGUKUVCPEGU

steady-state solution, to avoid any discrepancies between ac steady-state initialization and subsequent transient
simulation, even though experiments have shown that the differences are extremely small at power frequency. By using
equivalent -circuits for each lossless, half-length section in Fig. 4.27, and by eliminating the "inner" nodes 1, 2, 3, 4,
an equivalent -circuit (Fig. 1.2) was obtained by R.M. Hasibar with
<UGTKGU ' 4EQUTJ &  % 




;
'
 UJWPV

&  & 

4
<

4 UKPTJ % L UKPTJ EQUTJ@

4
%  <
<

4
4
 UKPTJ % L UKPTJ EQUTJ
<
<
<UGTKGU



where
J ' NGPIVJ . )% )
< '

.)
%)

4 ' NGPIVJ @ 4 )



4.2.1.3 Equivalent M-Phase -Circuit

To obtain an equivalent M-phase -circuit, the phase quantities are first transformed to modal quantities with
Eq. (4.84) and (4.85) for untransposed lines, or with Eq. (4.58) and (4.59) for balanced lines. For identical balanced
three-phase lines with zero sequence coupling only, Eq. (4.65) is used. For each mode, an equivalent single-phase circuit is then found in the same way as for single-phase lines; that is, either as an exact equivalent -circuit with Eq.
(1.14) and (1.15), or with Eq. (4.98) and (4.99) for the case of lumping R in three places. These single-phase modal
-circuits each has a series admittance Yseries-mode and two equal shunt admittances 1/2 Yshunt-mode. By assembling these
admittances as diagonal matrices, the admittance matrices of the M-phase -circuit in phase quantities are obtained from
=;UGTKGU? ' =6K? =;UGTKGU&OQFG? =6K?V



and




=;UJWPV? ' =6K? =;UJWPV&OQFG? =6K?V





While it is always possible to obtain the exact equivalent M-phase -circuit at any frequency in this way,
approximations are sometimes used to match the representation for the steady-state solution to the one used in the
transient solution. One such approximation is the lumping of resistances as shown in Fig. 4.27. Another approximation
is the use of real and constant transformation matrices in Eq. (4.100) and (4.101), as discussed in Section 4.1.5.3.

4.2.2 Transient Solutions

Historically, the first line models in the EMTP were cascade connections of -circuits, partly to prove that
computers could match switching surge study results obtained on transient network analyzers (TNAs) at that time. On
TNAs, balanced three-phase lines are usually represented with decoupled 4-conductor -circuits, as shown in Fig. 4.28.
This representation can easily be derived from Eq. (4.44) by rewriting it as
&

F8#
FZ

'
< ) U & < ) O +# % < ) O
+# % +$ % +%



(KI   (QWTEQPFWEVQT BEKTEWKV WUGF QP

60# U
for phase A, and similar for phases B and C. The first term in Eq. (4.102) is ZposIA (or branch A1-A2 in Fig. 4.28),
while the second term is the common voltage drop caused by the earth and ground wire return current IA + IB + IC
(branch N1-N2 in Fig. 4.28). Note, however, that Fig. 4.28 is only valid if the sum of the currents flowing out through
a line returns through the earth and ground wires of that same line. For that reason, the neutral nodes N2, N3, ... must
be kept floating, and only N1 at the sending end is grounded. Voltages with respect to ground at location i are obtained
by measuring between the phase and node Ni. In meshed networks with different R/X-ratios, this assumption is probably
not true. For this reason, and to be able to handle balanced as well as untransposed lines with any number of phases,
M-phase -circuits were modelled directly with M x M matrices, as discussed in Section 4.1.2.4. Voltages to ground
are then simply the node voltages. Comparisons between these M-phase -circuits, and with the four-conductor circuits of Fig. 4.28 confirmed that the results are identical.


The need for travelling wave solutions first arose in connection with rather simple lightning arrester studies,
where lossless single-phase line models seemed to be adequate. Section 1 briefly discusses the solution method used
in the EMTP for such lines. This method was already known in the 1920s and 1930s and strongly advocated by
Bergeron [81]; it is therefore often called Bergerons method. In the mathematical literature, it is known as the method
of characteristics, supposedly first described by Riemann.
It soon became apparent that travelling wave solutions were much faster and better suited for computers than
cascaded -circuits. To make the travelling wave solutions useful for switching surge studies, two changes were needed
from the simple single-phase lossless line: First, losses had to be included, which could be done with reasonable
accuracy by simply lumping R in three places. Secondly, the method had to be extended to M-phase lines, which was
achieved by transforming phase quantities to modal quantities. Originally, this was limited to balanced lines with builtin transformation matrices, then extended to double-circuit lines, and finally generalized to untransposed lines. Fig. 4.29
compared EMTP results with results obtained on TNAs, using the built-in transformation matrix for balanced threephase lines and simply lumping R in three places.

Fig. 4.29 - Energization of a three phase line. Computer simulation results (dotted line) superimposed on 8 transient


network analyzer results for receiving end voltage in phase B. Breaker contacts close at 3.05 ms in phase A, 8,05 ms
in phase B, and 5.55 ms in phase C (t=0 when source voltage of phase A goes through zero from negative to positive)
[82]. Reprinted by permission of CIGRE

While travelling wave solutions with constant distributed L, C and constant lumped R produced reasonable
accurate answers in many cases, as shown in Fig. 4.29, there were also cases where the frequency dependence,
especially of the zero sequence impedance, could not be ignored. Choosing constant line parameters at the dominant
resonance frequency sometimes improved the results. Eventually, frequency-dependent line models were developed
by Budner [83], by Meyer and Dommel [84] based on work of Snelson [85], by Semlyen [86], and by Ametani [87].
A careful re-evaluation of frequency-dependence by J. Marti [88] led to a fairly reliable solution method, which seems
to become the preferred option as these notes are being written. J. Martis method will therefore be discussed in more
detail.

4.2.2.1 Nominal -Circuits

Nominal -circuits are generally not the best choice for transient solutions, because travelling wave solutions
are faster and usually more accurate. Cascade connections of nominal -circuits may be useful for untransposed lines,
however, because one does not have to make the approximations for the transformation matrix discussed in Section
4.1.5.3. On the other hand, one cannot represent frequency-dependent line parameters and one has to accept the
spurious oscillations caused by the lumpiness. Fig. 4.30 shows these oscillations for the simple case of a single-phase
line being represented with 8 and 32 cascaded nominal -circuits. The exact solution with distributed parameters is
shown for comparison purposes as well. The proper choice of the number of -circuits for one line is discussed in [89],
as well as techniques for damping the spurious oscillations with damping resistances in parallel with the series R-L
branches of the -circuit of Fig. 4.28.



Fig. 4.30 - Voltage at receiving end of a single phase line if a dc voltage of 10 V is connected to the sending end at t=0
(line data: R=0.0376 /mile, L=1.52 mH/mile, C=14.3 nF/mile, length-320 miles; receiving end terminated with shunt
inductance of 100 mH)

The solution methods for nominal -circuits have already been discussed in Section 3.4. With M-phase
nominal -circuits, untransposed lines (or sections of a line) are as simple to represent as balanced lines. In the former
case, one simply uses the matrices of the untransposed line, whereas in the latter case one would use matrices with
averaged equal diagonal and averaged equal off-diagonal elements.

4.2.2.2 Single-Phase Lossless Line with Constant L and C

The solution method for the single-phase case has already been explained in Section 1. The storage scheme
for the history terms is the same as the one discussed in the next Section 4.2.2.3 for M-phase lossless lines, except that
each single-phase line occupies only one section in the table, rather than M section for M modes. Similarly, the
initialization of the history terms for cases starting from linear ac steady-state initial conditions is the same as in Eq.
(4.108).



(KI   .KPGCT KPVGTRQNCVKQP

(KI   'HHGEV QH NKPGCT KPVGTRQNCVKQP QP UJCTR RGCMU &QVVGF NKPG )V 

zU VQ OCMG J KPVGIGT OWNVKRNG QH )V 5QNKF NKPG )V   zU
J PQV KPVGIGT
OWNVKRNG QH )V



The solution is exact as long as the travel time is an integer multiple of the step size t. If this is not the case,
then linear interpolation is used in the EMTP, as indicated in Fig. 4.31. Linear interpolation is believed to be a
reasonable approximation for most cases, since the curves are usually smooth rather than discontinuous. If
discontinuities or very sharp peaks do exist, then rounding to the nearest integer multiple of t may be more sensible
than interpolation, however. There is no option for this rounding procedure in the EMTP, but the user can easily
accomplish this through changes in the input data. Fig. 4.32 compares results for the case of Fig. 4.30 with sharp peaks
with and without linear interpolation. The line was actually not lossless in this case, but the losses were represented
in a simple way by subdividing the line into 64 lossless sections and lumping resistances in between and at both ends.
The interpolation errors are more severe if lines are split up into many sections, as was done here. If the line were only
split up into two lossless sections, with R lumped in between and at both ends, then the errors in the peaks would be
less (the first peak would be 18.8, and the second peak would be -15.4).
The accumulation of interpolation errors on a line broken up into many sections, with of each section not
being an integer multiple of t, can easily be explained. Assume that a triangular pulse is switched onto a long, lossless
line, which is long enough so that no reflections come back from the remote end during the time span of the study (Fig.
4.33). Let us look at how this pulse becomes distorted through interpolation as it travels down the line if
(a)

the line is broken up into short sections of travel time 1.5 t each, and

(b)

the line from the sending end to the measuring point is represented as one section ( = k @ 1.5 t, with k = 1,
2, 3,...).

(KI   5KPINGRJCUG NQUUNGUU NKPG GPGTIK\GF YKVJ VTKCPIWNCT

RWNUG
At any point on the line, the current will be
K '


X
<

and between points 1 and 2 separated by (Fig. 4.33),

X
V % J ' X
V
This last equation was used in Fig. 4.34, together with linear interpolation, to find the shape of the pulse as it travels


down the line. The pulse loses its amplitude and becomes wider and wider if it is broken up into sections of travel time
1.5 t each. On the other hand, the pulse shape never becomes as badly distorted if the line is represented as one single
section.
What are the practical consequences of this interpolation error? Table 4.8 compares peak overvoltages from
a BPA switching surge study on a 1200 kV three-phase line16, 133 miles long. Each section was split up into two
lossless half-sections, with R lumped in the middle and

Table 4.8 - Interpolation errors in switching surge study with t = 50 s

Peak overvoltages (MV)

Run

Line model

1
2
3

phase A

phase B

phase C

single section

1.311

1.191

1.496

7 sections

1.276

1.136

1.457

1.342

1.167

1.489

single section with

rounded

at both ends, as explained in Section 4.2.2.4. Run no. 1 shows the results of the normal line representation as one
section. Run no. 2 with subdivision into 7 sections produces differences of 2.6 to 4.7%. In run no. 3 the zero and
positive sequence travel times

= 664.93 s and

= 445.74 s were rounded to 650 and 450 s, respectively, to make

them integer multiples of t = 50 s. These changes could be interpreted as a decrease in both L' 0 and C' 0 of 2.25%,
and as an increase in both L'1 and C'1 of 0.96%, with the surge impedances remaining unchanged. Since line parameters
are probably no more accurate than 5% at best anyhow, these implied changes are quite acceptable. With rounding,
a slightly modified case is then solved without interpolation errors. Whether an option for rounding to the nearest
integer multiple of t should be added to the EMTP is debatable. In general, rounding may imply much larger changes
in L', C' than in this case, and if implemented, warning messages with the magnitude of these implied changes should
be added as well. In Table 4.8, runs no. 3 to 1 differ by no more than 2.3%, and the interpolation error is therefore
acceptable if the line is represented as one section. Breaking the line up into very many sections may produce
unacceptable interpolation errors, however.
If the user is interested in a "voltage profile" along the line, then a better alternative to subdivisions into
sections would be a post-processor "profile program" which would calculate

6JG RTQDNGO QH KPVGTRQNCVKQP GTTQTU KU DCUKECNN[ VJG UCOG HQT UKPINGRJCUG CPF /RJCUG NKPGU VJGTGHQTG C
VJTGGRJCUG ECUG KU RTGUGPVGF JGTG HQT YJKEJ FCVC YCU CNTGCF[ CXCKNCDNG %JQQUKPI C UVGR UK\G )V YJKEJ OCMGU
VJG VTCXGN VKOG J CP KPVGIGT OWNVKRNG QH )V KU OQTG FKHHKEWNV HQT VJTGGRJCUG NKPGU JQYGXGT DGECWUG VJGTG CTG VYQ
VTCXGN VKOGU HQT VJG RQUKVKXG CPF \GTQ UGSWGPEG OQFG QP DCNCPEGF NKPGU
QT VJTGG VTCXGN VKOGU HQT VJG  OQFGU QP
WPVTCPURQUGF NKPGU
$



(KI   2WNUG CV KPETGOGPVCN FKUVCPEGU FQYP VJG NKPG



voltages and currents at intermediate points along the line from the results at both ends of the line. Such a program is
easy to write for lossless and distortionless lines. Luis Marti developed such a profile algorithm for the more
complicated frequency-dependent line models, which he merged into the time step loop of the EMTP [90]. This was
used to produce moves of travelling waves by displaying the voltage profile at numerous points along the line at time
intervals of t.
Fig. 4.34(a) suggests a digital filtering effect from the interpolation which is similar to that of the trapezoidal
rule described in Section 2.2.1. To explain this effect, Eq. (1.6) must first be transformed from the time domain


X
V & KMO
V ' XO
V&J % KOM
V&J
< M
<
into the frequency domain,
+ '


8 & +MO '
< M


8 % +OM
< O

@ G &LTJ



For simplicity, let us assume that voltage and current phasors Vm and Imk at node m are known, and that we want to find
I = Vk/Z - Ikm at node k. Without interpolation errors, Eq. (4.103) provides the answer. If interpolation is used, and if
for the sake of simplicity we assume that the interpolated value lies in the middle of an interval t, then Eq. (4.103)
becomes
)V

+KPVGTRQNCVGF '

&LT
J% 
&LT
J&



8O % +OM @ @ G
%G
<


)V 




Therefore, the ratio of the interpolated to the exact value becomes

+KPVGTRQNCVGF
+GZCEV

' EQU T

)V




which is indeed somewhat similar to Fig. 2.10 for the error produced by the trapezoidal rule.
Single-phase lossless line models can obviously only approximate the complicated phenomena on real lines.
Nonetheless, they are useful in a number of applications, for example
(a)

in simple studies where one wants to gain insight into the basic phenomena,

(b)

in lightning surge studies, and

(c)

as a basis for more sophisticated models discussed later.

For lightning surge studies, single-phase lossless line models have been used for a long time. They are
probably accurate enough in many cases because of the following reasons:
(1)

Only the phase being struck by lightning must be analyzed, because the voltages induced in the other
phases will be much lower.

(2)

Assumptions about the lightning stroke are by necessity very crude, and very refined line models are
therefore not warranted.


(3)

The risk of insulation failure in substations is highest for backflashovers at a distance of approx. 2
km or less. Insulation co-ordination studies are therefore usually made for nearby strokes. In that
case, the modal waves of an M-phase line "stay together," because differences in wave velocity and
distortion among the M waves are still small over such short distances. They can then easily be
combined into one resultant wave on the struck phase. There seems to be some uncertainty, however,
about the value of the surge impedance which should be used in such simplified single-phase
representations. It appears that the "self surge impedance" Zii-surge of Eq. (4.87a) should be used. For
nearby strokes it is also permissible to ignore the series resistance. Attenuation caused by corona may
be more important than that caused by conductor losses. At the time of writing these notes, corona
is still difficult to model, and it may therefore be best to ignore losses altogether to be on the safe side.

4.2.2.3 M-Phase Lossless Line with Constant L and C

Additional explanations are needed for extending the method of Section 1 from single-phase lines to M-phase
lines. In principle, the equations are first written down in the modal domain, where the coupled M-phase line appears
as if it consisted of M single-phase lines. Since the solution for single-phase lines is already known, this is
straightforward. For solving the line equations together with the rest of the network, which is always defined in phase
quantities, these modal equations must then be transformed to phase quantities, as schematically indicated in Fig. 4.35.

(KI   6TCPUHQTOCVKQP DGVYGGP RJCUG CPF OQFCN FQOCKP QP C VJTGGRJCUG NKPG
For simplicity, let us assume that the line has 3 phases. Then, with the notations from Fig. 4.35, each mode
is described by an equation of the form of Eq. (1.6), or

X
V % JKUVC&C
V&JC
<C C

X
V % JKUVD&D
V&JD
KD&D
V '
<D D
KC&C
V '





KE&E
V '


X
V % JKUVE&E
V&JE
<E E

where each history term hist was computed and stored earlier. For mode a, this history term would be
JKUVC&C
V&JC ' &


X
V&JC & KC&C
V&JC
<C C



and analogous for modes b and c. These history terms are calculated for both ends of the line as soon as the solution
has been obtained at instant t, and entered into a table for use at a later time step. As indicated in Fig. 4.36, the history
terms of a three-phase line would occupy 3 sections of the history tables for modes a, b, c, and the length of each section
would be

/ t, with

increased

increased

being the travel time of the particular mode increased to the nearest integer multiple

of t17. Since the modal travel times a, b,

differ from each other, the 3 sections in this table are generally of different

length. This is also the reason for storing history terms as modal values, because one has to go back different travel
times for each mode in picking up history terms. For the solution at time t, the history terms of Eq. (4.106) are obtained
by using linear interpolation on the top two entries of each mode section.

# UKPINGRJCUG NKPG YQWNF UKORN[ QEEWR[ QPG UGEVKQP YJGTGCU C UKZRJCUG NKPG YQWNF QEEWR[ UKZ UGEVKQPU KP
VJKU VCDNG
%



(KI   6CDNG HQT JKUVQT[ VGTOU QH VTCPUOKUUKQP NKPGU

After

the

solution in each time step, the entries in the tables of Fig. 4.36 must be shifted upwards by one location, thereby
throwing away the values at the oldest point at t-

. This is then followed by entering the newly calculated history

increased

terms hist(t) at the newest point t. Instead of physically shifting values, the EMTP moves the pointer for the starting
address of each section down by 1 location. When this pointer reaches the end of the table, it then goes back again to
the beginning of the table ("wrap-around table") [91].
The initial values for the history terms must be known for t = 0, - t, -2 t, ... -

. The necessity for

increased

knowing them beyond t = 0 comes from the fact that only terminal conditions are recorded. If the conditions were also
given along the line at travel time increments of t, then the initial values at t = 0 would suffice. For zero initial
conditions, the history table is simply preset to zero. For linear ac steady-state conditions (at one frequency ), the
history terms are first computed as phasors (peak, not rms),



*+56MO ' & 8O & +OM
<

C

where Vm and Imk are the voltage and current phasors at line end m (analogous for HISTmk ). With HIST = *HIST* ej ,
the instantaneous history terms are then
JKUVMO
V ' **+56MO* @ EQU
TV % "  YKVJ V' &)V &)V 
(4.108b)
Eq. (4.108) is used for single-phase lines as well as for M-phase lines, except that mode rather than phase quantities
must be used in the latter case.
Eq. (4.106) are interfaced with the rest of the network by transforming them from modal to phase quantities
with Eq. (4.78a),
RJCUG

K&

RJCUG

' ;UWTIG X

RJCUG

% JKUV&

C

with the surge admittance matrix in phase quantities,

&

<C

;UWTIG ' 6K 

<D

&

 6K V

D

&

<E

and the history terms in phase quantities,

JKUVC&C
RJCUG

JKUV&

' 6K JKUVD&D

E

JKUVE&E

For a lossless line with constant L' and C', the transformation matrix [Ti] will always be real, as explained in the last
paragraph of Section 4.1.5.2. It is found as the eigenvector matrix of the product [C'][L'] for each particular tower
configuration, where [L'] and [C'] are the per unit length series inductance and shunt capacitance matrices of the line.
For balanced lines, [Ti] is known a priori from Eq. (4.58), and for identical balanced three-phase lines with zero
sequence coupling only it is known a priori from Eq. (4.65).
The inclusion of Eq. (4.109) into the system of nodal equations (1.8a) for the entire network is quite
straightforward. Assume that for the example of Fig. 4.35, rows and columns for nodes 1A, 1B, 1C follow each other,
as do those for nodes 2A, 2B, 2C (Fig. 4.37). Then the 3 x 3 matrix [Ysurge] enters into two 3 x 3 blocks on the diagonal,
as indicated in Fig. 4.37, while the history terms [hist1-2phase] = [hist1A-2A, hist1B-2B , hist1C-2C ] of Eq. (4.109c) enter into rows
1A, 1B, 1C, on the right-hand side with negative signs. Analogous history terms for terminal 2 enter into rows 2A, 2B,


2C on the right-hand side. While [Ysurge] is entered into [G] only once outside the time-step loop, the history terms must
be added to the right-hand side in each time step.

(KI   'PVTKGU HQT C VJTGGRJCUG NKPG KPVQ U[UVGO QH GSWCVKQPU

M-phase lossless line models are useful, among other things, for
(a)

simple studies where one wants to investigate basic phenomena,

(b)

in lightning surge studies, where single-phase models are no longer adequate, and

(c)

as a basis for more sophisticated models discussed later.

Lightning surge studies cannot always be done with single-phase models. For simulating backflashovers on
lines with ground wires, for example, the ground wire and at least the struck phase must be modelled ("2-phase line").
Since it is not always known which phase will be struck by the backflashover, it is probably best to model all three
phases in such a situation ("4-phase line"). An example for such a study is discussed in Section 4.1.5.2, with 4-phase
lossless line models representing the distribution line, and single-phase lossless line models representing the towers.
Not included in the data listing are switches (or some other elements) for the simulation of potential flashovers from
the tower top (nodes D) to phases A, B, C.

4.2.2.4 Single and M-Phase Distortionless Lines with Constant Parameters

Distortionless line models are seldom used, because wave propagation on power transmission lines is far from
distortionless. They have been implemented in the EMTP, nonetheless, simply because it takes only a minor
modification to change the lossless line equation into the distortionless line equation.


A single-phase transmission line, or a mode of an M-phase line, is distortionless if

4)
))
'
.)
%)



Losses are incurred in the series resistance R as well as in the shunt conductance G. The real shunt conductance of
an overhead line is very small (close to zero), however. If its value must be artificially increased to make the line
distortionless, with a resulting increase in shunt losses, then it is best to compensate for that by reducing the series
resistance losses. The EMTP does this automatically by regarding the input value RINPUT as an indicator for the total
losses, and uses only half of it for R,
)
4)
))
 4 +0276
'
'
 .)
.)
%)



With this formula, the ac steady-state results are practically identical for the line being modelled as distortionless or with
R lumped in 3 places; the transient response differs mainly in the initial rate of rise. From Eq. (4.111), the attenuation
constant

becomes
" '

4 ) +0276


%)
.)



The factor 1/2 can also be justified by using an approximate expression for the attenuation constant for lines with low
attenuation and low distortion [48, p. 257],
" '

4 ) +0276


) ) +0276
%)
%

.)

.)
%)



which is reasonably accurate if R << L and G << C. This condition is fulfilled on overhead lines, except at very
low frequencies. Eq. (4.112) is then obtained by dropping the term with GINPUT and by ignoring the fact that the waves
are not only attenuated but distorted as well.
If a user wants to represent a truly distortionless line where G is indeed nonzero, then the factor 1/2 should
of course not be used. The factor 1/2 is built into the EMTP, however, and the user must therefore specify RINPUT twice
as large as the true series resistance in this case.
With known, an attenuation factor e- is calculated ( = length of line). The lossless line of Eq. (1.6) is then
changed into a distortionless line by simply multiplying the history term of Eq. (1.6b) with this attenuation factor,
JKUVMO
V&J ' &


X
V&J & KOM
V&J @ G &"
< O



The surge impedance remains the same, namely %L/C.

For M-phase lines, any of the M modes can be specified as distortionless. Mixing is allowed (e.g., mode 1
could be modelled with lumped resistances, and modes 2 and 3 as distortionless).


Better results are usually obtained with the lumped resistance model described next, even though lumping of
resistances in a few places is obviously an approximation, whereas the distortionless line is solved exactly if the travel
time is an integer multiple of t.

4.2.2.5 Single and M-Phase Lines with Lumped Resistances

Experience has shown that a lossy line with series resistance R and negligible shunt conductance can be
modelled with reasonable accuracy as one or more sections of lossless lines with lumped resistances in between. The
simplest such approach is one lossless line with two lumped resistances R/2 at both ends. The equation for this model
is easily derived from the cascade connection of R/2 - lossless line - R/2, and leads to a form which is identical with that
of Eq. (1.6),
KMO
V '


X
V % JKUVMO
V&J
<OQFKHKGF M



except that the values for the surge impedance and history terms are slightly modified. With Z, R and calculated from
Eq. (4.99),
<OQFKHKGF ' < %

4


and
JKUVMO
V&J ' &


<OQFKHKGF

4
XO
V&J %
<& KOM
V&J


This model with R/2 at both ends is not used in the EMTP. Instead, the EMTP goes one step further and lumps
resistances in 3 places, namely R/4 at both ends and R/2 in the middle, as shown in Fig. 4.27. This approach was taken
because the form of the equation still remains the same as in Eq. (4.115), except that
<OQFKHKGF ' < %

4




now. The history term becomes more complicated18, and contains conditions from both ends of the line at t - ,
JKUVMO
V&J ' &

<
<OQFKHKGF


4
XO
V&J %
<&  KOM
V&J


6JG GSWCVKQP CV VJG DQVVQO QH R  NGHV EQNWOP KP =? EQPVCKPU CP GTTQT + CPF + UJQWNF PQV DG
EQORWVGF HTQO 'S
D KPUVGCF WUG +  
< G
V  J JK
V  J YKVJ VJG PQVCVKQP QH =? YJGTG < KU
<
QH 'S
 (QT +  GZEJCPIG UWDUETKRVU M CPF O
&

ypuruqp

wy



&

4
<OQFKHKGF


4
XM
V&J %
<&  KMO
V&J




Users who want to lump resistances in more than 3 places can do so with the built-in three-resistance model,
by simply subdividing the line into shorter segments in the input data. For example, 32 segments would produce lumped
resistances in 65 places. Interestingly enough, the results do not change much if the number of lumped resistances is
increased as long as R << Z. For example, results in Fig. 4.30 for the distributed-parameter case were practically
identical for lumped resistances in 3, 65, or 301 places. Fig. 4.29 shows as well that TNA results are closely matched
with R lumped in 3 places only.
One word of caution is in order, however. The lumped resistance model gives reasonable answers only if R/4
<< Z, and should therefore not be used if the resistance is high. High resistances do appear in lightning surge studies
if the parameters are calculated at a high frequency, e.g., at 400 kHz in Table 4.5, where R = 597.4 /km in the zero
sequence mode. Lumping R in 3 places would still be reasonable in the case discussed there where each tower span of
90 m is modelled as one line, since 13.4

is still reasonably small compared with Z = 1028 . If it were used to model

a longer line, say 90 km, then R/4 = 13,400 , which would produce totally erroneous results19. In such a situation it
might be best to ignore R altogether, or to use the frequency-dependent option if higher accuracy is required.
For M-phase lines, any of the M modes can be specified with lumped resistances. Mixing is allowed (e.g.,
mode 1 could be modelled with lumped resistances, and modes 2, ... M as distortionless). The lumped resistances do
not appear explicitly as branches, but are built into Eq. (4.115) (4.116) and (4.117) for each mode. Should a user want
to add them explicitly as branches, e.g., for testing purposes, then they would have to be specified as M x M - matrices
[R] in phase quantities, which could easily be done with the M-phase nominal -circuit input option by setting L =
0 and C = 0. All modes would have to use the lumped resistance model in this set-up, that is, mixing of models would
not be allowed in it.

4.2.2.6 Single and M-Phase Lines with Frequency-Dependent Parameters

The two important parameters for wave propagation are the characteristic impedance
<E '

4 ) % LT. )
) ) % LT% )



and the propagation constant

( '
4 ) % LT. )
) ) % LT% )



Both parameters are functions of frequency, even for constant distributed parameters R, L, G, C (except for lossless
and distortionless lines). The line model with frequency-dependent parameters can handle this case of constant

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  <
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distributed parameters20, even though it has primarily been developed for frequency-dependent series impedance
parameters R( ) and L( ). This frequency-dependence of the resistance and inductance is most pronounced in the zero
sequence mode, as seen in Fig. 4.20. Frequency-dependent line models are therefore important for types of transients
which contain appreciable zero sequence voltages and currents. One such type is the single line-to-ground fault.
To develop a line model with frequency-dependent parameters which fits nicely into the EMTP, it is best to
use an approach which retains the basic idea behind Bergerons method. Let us therefore look at what the expression
v + Zi used by Bergeron looks like now, as one travels down the line. Since the parameters are given as functions of
frequency, this expression must first be derived in the frequency domain. At any frequency, the exact ac steady-state
solution is described by the equivalent -circuit of Eq. (1.13), or in an input-output relationship form more convenient
here,
8M
+MO

EQUJ
(
' 
UKPJ
(
<

<EUKPJ
(

8O



EQUJ
( &+OM

which can be found in any textbook on transmission lines. Assume that we want to travel with the wave from node m
to node k. Then the expression V + ZcI is obtained by subtracting Zc times the second row from the first row in Eq.
(4.120),
8M & <E +MO '
8O % <E +OM @ G &(

C

+MO ' 8M<E &

8O<E % +OM @ G &(

D

or rewritten as

with a negative sign on Ikm since its direction is opposite to the travel direction. Eq. (4.121) is very similar to Bergerons
method; the expression V + ZcI encountered when leaving node m, after having been multiplied with a propagation
factor e- , the same when arriving at node k. This is very similar to Bergerons equation for the distortionless line,
except that the factor is e- there, and that Eq. (4.121) is in the frequency domain here rather than in the time domain.
Before proceeding further, it may be worthwhile to look at the relationship between the equations in the
frequency and time domain for the simple case of a lossless line. In that case,
<E '

.)

%)

( ' LT . )% )  CPF G &( . G &LTJ

Anybody familiar with Fourier transformation methods for transforming an equation from the frequency into the time
domain will recall that a phase sift of e-j in the frequency domain will become a time delay in the time domain.
Furthermore, Zc is now just a constant (independent of frequency), and Eq. (4.121) therefore transforms to

PQY

6JKU ECUG FKHHGTU HTQO VJG NKPG YKVJ NWORGF TGUKUVCPEGU KPCUOWEJ CU VJG TGUKUVCPEG DGEQOGU VTWN[ FKUVTKDWVGF


XM
V & <E KMO
V ' XO
V&J % <E KOM
V&J
which is indeed Bergerons equation (1.6).
For the general lossy case, the propagation factor
#
T ' G &( ' G &" @ G &L$
with = + j , contains an attenuation factor e- as well as a phase shift e-j , which are both functions of frequency.
To explain its physical meaning, let us connect a voltage source Vsource to the sending end m through a source impedance
which is equal to Zc( ), to avoid reflections in m (Fig. 4.38). In that case, V m + Z cI mk = V source. Furthermore, let us
assume that the receiving end k is open. Then from Eq. (4.121),
8M ' 8UQWTEG @ #
T



(KI   8QNVCIG UQWTEG EQPPGEVGF VQ GPF O VJTQWIJ OCVEJKPI

KORGFCPEG

that is, the propagation factor is the ratio (receiving end voltage) / (source voltage) of an open-ended line if the line is
fed through a matching impedance Zc( ) to avoid reflections at the sending end21. If Vsource = 1.0 at all frequencies from
dc to infinity, then its time domain transform vsource(t) would be a unit impulse (infinitely high spike which is infinitely
narrow with an area of 1.0), and the integral of vsource(t) would be a unit step. Setting Vsource = 1.0 in Eq. (4.122) shows
that A( ) transformed to the time domain must be the impulse which arrives at the other end k, if the source is a unit
impulse. This response to the unit impulse,
C
V ' KPXGTUG (QWTKGT VTCPUHQTO QH 6#
T>



will be attenuated (no longer infinitely high), and distorted (no longer infinitely narrow). Fig. 4.39 shows these
responses for a typical 500 kV line of 100 miles length. They were obtained

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YKVJ NGPIVJ QT HTGSWGPE[
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(a)

zero sequence mode

(b)

positive sequence
mode with same
scale as (a)

(c)

positive sequence
mode with
expanded scale

Fig. 4.39 - Receiving end response vk(t) = a(t) for the network of Fig. 4.38 if vsource(t) = unit impulse [94]. Reprinted
by permission of J. Marti
from the inverse Fourier transformation of A( ) = exp(- ) calculated by the LINE CONSTANTS supporting routine
at a sufficient number of points in the frequency domain. The amplitude of the propagation factors A( ) for the case
of Fig. 4.39 is shown in Fig. 4.40.
The unit impulse response of a lossless line would be a unit impulse at t = with an area of 1.0. In Bergerons
method, this implies picking up the history term vm/Z + imk at t - with a weight of 1.0. In the more general case here,
history terms must now be picked up at more than one point, and weighted with the "weighting function" a(t). For the
example of Fig. 4.39(a),

C \GTQ UGSWGPEG OQFG

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history terms must be picked up starting at

min

min

= 0.6 ms back in time, to approx.

is the travel time of the fastest waves, while

max

max

= 2.0 ms back in time. The value

is the travel time of the slowest waves. Each terms has its own

weight, with the highest weight of approx. 5400 around = 0.7 ms back in time. Mathematically, this weighting of
history at the other end of the line is done with the convolution integral
JKUVRTQRCICVKQP ' &

JOCZ

mJOKP

KO&VQVCN
V&WC
WFW



which can either be evaluated point by point, or more efficiently with recursive convolution as discussed later. The
expression im-total in Eq. (4.124) is the sum of the line current i mk and of a current which would flow through the
characteristic impedance if the voltage vm were applied to it (expression Imk + Vm/Zc in the frequency domain).
With propagation of the conditions from m to k being taken care of through Eq. (4.124), the only unresolved
issue is the representation of the term Vk/Zc in Eq. (4.121b). For the same 500 kV line used in Fig. 4.39, the magnitude
and angle of the characteristic impedance Zc are shown in Fig. 4.41. If the shunt conductance per unit length G were
ignored, as is usually done, Zc would become infinite at

= 0. This complicates the mathematics somewhat, and since

G is not completely zero anyhow, it was therefore decided to use a nonzero value, with a default option of 0.03 s/km.
As originally suggested by E. Groschupf [96] and further developed by J. Marti [94], such a frequency-dependent
impedance can be approximated with a Foster-I R-C





network. Then the line seen from node k becomes a simple R-C network in parallel with a current source histpropagation
(Fig. 4.42(a)). One can then apply the trapezoidal rule of integration to the capacitances, or use any other method of
implicit integration. This transforms each R-C block into a current source in parallel with an equivalent resistance.
Summing these for all R-C blocks produces one voltage source in series with one equivalent resistance, or one current
source in parallel with one equivalent resistance (Fig. 4.42(b)). In the solution of the entire network with Eq. (1.8), the
frequency-dependent line is then simply represented again as a constant resistance Requiv to ground, in parallel with a
current source histRC + histpropagation, which has exactly the same form as the equivalent circuit for the lossless line.
To represent the line in the form of Fig. 4.42 in the EMTP, it is necessary to convert the line parameters into
a weighting function a(t) and into an R-C network which approximates the characteristic impedance. To do this, Zc and
are first calculated with the support routine LINE CONSTANTS, from dc to such a high frequency where both A( )
= exp(- ) becomes negligibly small and Zc( ) becomes practically constant. J. Marti [94] has shown that it is best to
approximate A( ) and Zc( ) by rational functions directly in the frequency domain. The weighting function a(t) can
then be written down explicitly as a sum of exponentials, without any need for numerical inverse Fourier transformation.
Similarly, the rational function approximation of Zc( ) produces directly the values of R and C in the R-C network in
Fig. 4.42.



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The rational function which approximates A( ) has the form

#CRRTQZ
U ' G

&UJOKP

U%\
U%\
U%\P



U%R
U%R
U%RO

with s = j and n < m. The subscript "approx" indicates that Eq. (4.125) is strictly speaking only an approximation to
the given function A( ), even though the approximation is very good. The factor e-j
fact that a(t) in Fig. 4.39 is zero up to t =

min

is included to take care of the

; this avoids fitting exponentials through the portion 0 # t #

min

min

where the

values are zero anyhow (remember that a time shift - in the time domain is a phase shift e-j in the frequency domain).
All poles pi and zeros zi in Eq. (4.125) are negative, real and simple (multiplicity one). With

n < m, the rational

function part of Eq. (4.125) can be expanded into partial fractions,

M

U%\
U%\
U%\P

U%R
U%R
U%RO

M

'

U%R

M
U%R

%

MO



U%RO

The corresponding time-domain form of Eq. (4.15) then becomes

CCRRTQZ
V ' MG

' 

&R
V&JOKP

% MG

&R
V&JOKP

HQT VJOKP

% MOG

&R O
V&JOKP

HQT V$JOKP



This weighting function aapprox(t) is used to calculate the history term histpropagation of Eq. (4.124) in each time step.
Because of its form as a sum of exponentials, the integral can be found with recursive convolution much more efficiently


than with a point-by-point integration. If we look at the contribution of one exponential term kie-pi(t- min),
UK
V '

mJOKP

K
V&WMK G

&RK
V & JOKP

FW



then si(t) can be directly obtained from the value si(t -

t) known from the preceding time step, with only 3

multiplications and 3 additions,

UK
V ' E @ UK
V&)V % E @ K
V&JOKP % E @ K
V&JOKP&)V



as explained in Appendix V, with c1, c2, c3 being constants which depend on the particular type of interpolation used
for i.
The characteristic impedance Zc( ) is approximated by a rational function of the form [94]
<E&CRRTQZ
U ' M

U%\
U%\
U%\P



U%R
U%R
U%RP

with s = j . All poles and zeros are again real, negative and simple, but the number of poles is equal to the number of
zeros now. This can be expressed as
<E&CRRTQZ
U ' M %

M
U%R

M
U%R



MP



U%RP

which corresponds to the R-C network of Fig. 4.42, with

4 ' M 

4K '

MK
RK

%K '


 K'P
MK



Rather than applying the trapezoidal rule to the capacitances in Fig. 4.42, J. Marti chose to use implicit integration with
Eq. (I.3) of Appendix I22, with linear interpolation on i. For each R-c block
K '

XK
4K

% %K

FXK
FV

which has the exact solution

XK
V ' G

& "K )V

@ XK
V&)V %

 V & "K
V&W
G
K
WFW
%K mV&)V



6JKU OGVJQF KU KFGPVKECN VQ VJG TGEWTUKXG EQPXQNWVKQP QH #RRGPFKZ 8 CRRNKGF VQ 'S

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with

= 1/(RiCi). By using linear interpolation on i, the solution takes the form of

XK
V ' 4GSWKX&K @ K
V % GK
V&)V



with ei(t - t) being known values of the preceding time step (formula omitted for simplicity), or after summing up over
all R-C blocks and R0,
X
V ' 4GSWKX @ K
V % G
V&)V

C

with
P

4GSWKX ' 4 % j 4GSWKX&K

K'

CPF G ' j GK

D

K'

which can be rewritten as

K
V '


X
V % JKUV4%
4GSWKX



The equivalent resistance R equiv enters into matrix [G] of Eq. (1.8), whereas the sum of the history terms hist RC +
histpropagation enters into the right hand side.
The key to the success of this approach is the quality of the rational function approximations for A( ) and
Zc( ). J. Marti uses Bodes procedure for approximating the magnitudes of the functions. Since the rational functions
have no zeros in the right-hand side of the complex plane, the corresponding phase functions are uniquely determined
from the magnitude functions (the rational functions are minimum phase-shift approximations in this case) [94]. To
illustrate Bodes procedure, assume that the magnitude of the characteristic impedance in decibels is plotted as a function
of the logarithm of the frequency, as shown in Fig. 4.43 [94]. The basic principle is to approximate the given curve by
straight-line segments which are either horizontal or have a slope which is a multiple of 20 decibels/decade. The points
where the slopes change define the poles and zeros of the rational function. By taking the logarithm on both sides of
Eq. (4.130), and multiplying by 20 to follow the convention of working with decibels, we obtain
NQI*<E&CRRTQZ
U* ' NQIM % NQI*U%\*% NQI*U%\P*
& NQI*U%R*@@@& NQI*U%RP*



For s = j , each one of the terms in this expression has a straight-line asymptotic behavior with respect to . For
instance, 20 log *j + z1* becomes 20 log z1 for

<< z1 , which is constant, and 20 log

for

>> zi , which is a straight

line with a slope of 20 db/decade. The approximation to Eq. (4.137) is constructed step by step: Each time a zero corner
(at

= zi) is added, the slope of the asymptotic curve is increased by 20 db, or decreased by 20 db each time a pole

corner (at

= pi) is added. The straight-line segments in Fig. 4.43 are only asymptotic traces; the actual function

becomes a smooth curve without sharp corners. Since the entire curve is traced from dc to the



Fig. 4.43 - Asymptotic approximation of the magnitude of Zc() [94].

Reprinted by permission of J. Marti

highest frequency at which the approximated function becomes practically constant, the entire frequency range is
approximated quite closely, with the number of poles and zeros not determined a priori. J. Marti improves the accuracy
further by shifting the location of the poles and zeros about their first positions. Fig. 4.44 shows the magnitude and
phase errors of the approximation of A( ), and Fig. 4.45 shows the errors for the approximation of Zc( ) for the line
used in Fig. 4.39.
L. Marti has recently shown [95] that very good results can be obtained by using lower-order approximations
with typically 5 poles and zeros rather than the 15 poles and zeros used in Fig. 4.44 and 4.45. Furthermore, he shows
that positive and zero sequence parameters at power frequency (50 or 60 Hz) can be used to infer what the tower
geometry of the line was, and use this geometry in turn to generate frequency-dependent parameters. With this
approach, simple input data (60 Hz parameters) can be used to generate a frequency-dependent line model internally
which is fairly accurate.



(a)

zero sequence mode

(15 zeros and 20 poles)

(b)

positive sequence mode

(13 zeros and 17 poles)

Fig. 4.44 - Errors in approximation of A( ) for line of Fig. 4.39 [94]. Reprinted by permission of J.
Marti

For M-phase lines, any of the M modes can be specified as frequency-dependent, or with lumped resistances,
or as distortionless. Mixing is allowed. A word of caution is in order here, however: At the time of writing these notes,
the frequency-dependent line model works only reliably for balanced lines. For untransposed lines, approximate real
and constant transformation matrices must be used, as explained in Section 4.1.5.3, which seems to produce reasonably



(a)

zero sequence mode

(15 zeros and poles)

(b)

positive sequence mode

(16 zeros and poles)

Fig. 4.45 - Errors in approximation of Zc( ) for line for Fig. 4.39 [94]. Reprinted by permission of
J. Marti

accurate results for single-circuit lines, but not for double-circuit lines. Research by L. Marti into frequency-dependent
transformation matrices in connection with models for underground cables will hopefully improve this unsatisfactory
state of affairs.





Fig. 4.46 - Comparison between voltages at phase b for [94]:

(a) Field test oscillograph
(b) BPAs frequency-dependence simulation
(c) New model simulation
Reprinted by permission of J. Marti

Field test results for a single-line-to-ground fault from Bonneville Power Administration have been sued by
various authors to demonstrate the accuracy of frequency-dependent line models [84]. Fig. 4.46 compares the field test
results with simulation results from an older method which used two weighting functions a1 and a2 [84], and from the
newer method described here. The peak overvoltage in the field test was 1.60 p.u., compared with 1.77 p.u. in the older
method and 1.71 p.u. in the newer method. Constant 60 Hz parameters would have produced an answer of 2.11 p.u.



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RKRG EWTTGPV
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S
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 &
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S
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BggT


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OWUV DG CFFGF VQ VJG NQQR KORGFCPEG OCVTKZ QH 'S

as in Eq. (5.18),

with elements defined

in Section 5.4.1

-Zm
0

[Zloop] =

(5.38a)

-Zm
0
0
-Zm
0 0 -Zm 0 0 -Zm 0 0 -Zm

Zs

with
Zm = Zpipe-mutual from Eq. (5.7c),

(5.38b)

Zs = Zpipe-out + Zinsulation + Zearth.

(5.38c)

The first two terms in Eq. (5.38c) are found from Eq. (5.7b) and (5.6) (Zinsulation = 0 if pipe in contact with earth), and
Zearth is the earth-return impedance discussed in Section 5.3. Transforming Eq. (5.38a) to phase quantities produces
same matrix as

Z Z

....Z

Ze

for infinite

Z Z

....Z

Ze

[Zphase] =

pipe thickness

..............

.
0 0 ...

..............

(5.39a)

Z Z

....Z

Ze

Ze Ze

...Ze

Zs

with Zs from Eq. (5.38c)

Ze = Zs - Zm

(5.39b)

Z = Zs - 2Zm
The last row and column in Eq. (5.39a) represent the pipe quantities, while the first 9 rows and columns refer to core,
sheath (shield tapes), armor (skid wires) of phases a, b, and c.
If the pipe is in contact with the earth, then the shunt admittance matrix is the same as in Section 5.4.1. If it
is insulated, then the potential coefficient matrix of Eq. (5.34) must be expanded with one extra row and column for the
pipe, and the same element



2) '

T

NP RKRG&KPUWNCVKQP
BggT
TRKRG&QWVUKFG



must be added to this expanded matrix,

same as in

P P

....P

Eq. (5.34)

P P

....P

[Pphase] =

.
0 0 ...

..............
P P

(5.41)

....P

The admittance matrix is then again found by inversion with Eq. (5.37).

5.5 Building of Conductors and Elimination of Grounded Conductors

Conductors are sometimes connected together ("bundled"). For example, the concentric neutral conductors
in the cable of Fig. 5.2 are in contact with each other, and therefore electrically connected. In a pipe-type cable, the
shield tapes and skid wires are in contact with the pipe. In a submarine cable, the sheath is often bonded to the armor
at certain intervals, to avoid voltage differences between the sheath and armor.
In such cases, the connected conductors 1,...m can be replaced by (or bundled into) one equivalent conductor,
by introducing the bundling conditions
I1 + I2 +...Im = Iequiv; V1 = V2 = ... Vm = Vequiv

(5.42)

into the equations for the series impedance and shunt admittance matrices. The bundling procedure for reducing the
equations from m individual to one equivalent conductor is the same as Method 1 of Section 4.1.2.2 for overhead lines,
and is therefore not explained again. It is exact if the conductors are continuously connected with zero connection
resistance (as the neutral conductors in Fig. 5.2), and accurate enough if the connections are made at discrete points with
negligible resistance (as in bonding of the sheath to the armor), as long as the distance between the connection points
is short compared to the wavelength of the highest frequency in the transient simulation.
As in the case of overhead lines with ground wires, some conductors in a cable may be grounded. For example,
the steel pipe of a pipe-type cable can usually be assumed grounded, because its asphalt mastic coating is not an electric
insulation. Also, neutral conductors may be connected to ground at certain intervals, or at both ends. If a conductor
i is grounded, then the condition is simply
Vi = 0

(5.43)

and conductor i can then be eliminated from the system of equations in the same way as described in Section 4.1.2.1.
Again, the elimination is only exact if the conductor is grounded continuously with zero grounding resistance, and
accurate enough if the distance between discrete grounding points is short compared to the wavelength of the highest
frequency.
An example of bundled as well as grounded conductors would be a single-core submarine cable which has its
sheath bonded to the armor. Since the asphalt coating of the armor is not an electric insulation, the armor is in effect


in contact with the sea water, and both sheath and armor are therefore grounded conductors. By eliminating both of
them, the submarine cable can be represented by single-phase equations for the core conductor, with the current return
combined in sea water, armor and sheath. For an overhead line, the equivalent situation would be a single-phase line
with two ground wires.
The case of segmented ground wires in overhead lines discussed in Section 4.1.2.5(b) can exist in cables as
well. For example, if the sheath is grounded at one end, but open and ungrounded at the other end, then the sheath could
be eliminated in the same way as segmented ground wires, provided the cable length is short compared to the wavelength
of the highest frequency. The support routine CABLE CONSTANTS does not have an option for such eliminations.
The user must represent the sheath as an explicit conductor, instead, with one end connected to ground. This offers the
advantage that the induced voltage at the other end can automatically be obtained, if so desired.

5.6 Buried Pipelines

Pipelines buried close to power lines can be subjected to hazardous induction effects, especially during singleline-to-ground faults. To study these effects, one can include the pipeline as an additional conductor into the
transmission line representation (Fig. 5.14(a)).

For steady-state analysis, one can also use the single-phase

representation of Fig. 5.14(b), with an impressed voltage

steady-state analysis, one can also use the single-phase representation of Fig. 5.14(b), with an impressed voltage

C RQN[RJCUG TGRTGUGPVCVKQP

D UKPINGRJCUG TGRTGUGPVCVKQP

(KI   2KRGNKPG TGRTGUGPVCVKQP

I  ITQWPF YKTG C D E  RJCUG
EQPFWEVQTU R  RKRGNKPG
&

F8KPFWEGF
FZ

' < ) RC +C % < ) RD +D % < ) RE +E % < ) RI +I



There is no capacitive coupling between the power line and the pipeline if it is buried in the ground.
As explained later, nominal -circuits can only be used for very short lengths of pipeline (typically # 0.3 km
at 60 Hz). The single-phase representation is therefore preferable for steady-state analysis, because the distributed
parameters of Fig. 5.14(b) are more easily converted into an exact equivalent -circuit than the polyphase parameters
of Fig. 5.14(a). This results in the active equivalent -circuit of Fig. 5.15, with Yseries and Yshunt being the usual


parameters obtained from Eq. (1.14), while Iinduced is an active current [158],
+KPFWEGF '

& F8KPFWEGFFZ



< ) RR

(KI   #EVKXG GSWKXCNGPV BEKTEWKV

The correctness of the active -circuit can easily be shown. Starting from the differential equations
&

F8
' < ) RR % < ) RR +KPFWEGF
FZ

&

F+
' ; ) RR 8
FZ

the introduction of a modified current

Imodified = I + Iinduced
transforms the differential equations into the normal form of the line equations, with the assumption that Iinduced does not
change along the line (dImodified/dx = dI/dx),
F8
' < ) RR +OQFKHKGF
FZ
F+
& OQFKHKGF ' ; ) RR 8
FZ

&

The solution for a line between nodes k and m is given in Eq. (1.13), except that the current is now Imodified, or rewritten,
+MO % +KPFWEGF
+OM & +KPFWEGF

'

;UGTKGU %
;UJWPV
& ;UGTKGU

& ;UGTKGU

8M

;UGTKGU %
;UJWPV 8O

This is exactly the same equations which comes out of the equivalent circuit of Fig. 5.15.


With this single-phase approach, the currents in the power line are assumed to be known, e.g., from the usual
type of short-circuit study. It is also assumed that they are constant over the length of the exposure to the pipeline, and
that the pipeline runs parallel to the power line (mutual impedances constant). If either assumption is not true, then the
power line-pipeline system must be split up into shorter sections as is customarily done in interference studies. The
effect of the pipe on the power line zero sequence impedance is usually ignored, but could be taken into account.
In both representations of Fig. 5.14, the mutual impedances between the pipe and the overhead conductors, as
well as the self impedance of the pipe with earth return, are needed. The mutual impedances are obtained with the
formulas discussed in Section 5.3.4. At 60 Hz, Carsons formula will give practically identical results as the more
complicated formula of Pollaczek.
The self impedance Zpp of the pipeline consists of the same three terms shown for the armor in Eq. (5.4). The
first two terms are calculated with Eq. (5.7b) and (5.6), while Rearth is found from the equations discussed in Section
5.3.
For the shunt admittance Ypp = G + j C, the capacitive part is calculated in the usual way with Eq. (5.13).
In contrast to the underground cable, the shunt conductance G of the pipeline can no longer be ignored. The insulation
around pipelines is electrically poor, either originally or because of puncturing during the laying operation. The loss
angle in Eq. (5.14) is so large on pipelines insulated with glass-fiber/bitumen that G becomes much larger than C
at power frequency, and if one part of the shunt admittance is ignored it should be C rather than G. On PVC-insulated
pipelines, G may still be smaller than C, though.
If the shunt resistance of the insulation is relatively small, then the grounding resistance of the pipe should be
connected in series with it2 [170], or
)) '

where

4)

KPUWNCVKQP


% 4 ) ITQWPFKPI



Rinsulation = resistance of pipe insulation,

Rgrounding = grounding resistance.

A useful formula for the grounding resistance is [170]

4 ) ITQWPFKPI '

with

earth

DGCTVJ


% NP
NP
B
&

J %


J%


&




= earth resistivity (e.g., in m),

h = depth of burial of pipe

= length of pipe
+H VJG UJGCVJ CTOQT QT RKRG QH CP WPFGTITQWPF ECDNG QT VJG ITQWPF YKTG QH CP QXGTJGCF NKPG KU ITQWPFGF
VJGP KV JCU DGGP UVCPFCTF RTCEVKEG VQ KIPQTG VJG ITQWPFKPI TGUKUVCPEG
8   #P CNVGTPCVKXG YQWNF DG VQ WUG C
HKPKVG UJWPV CFOKVVCPEG ;  4
 CU TGEGPVN[ UWIIGUVGF =?
spus



D = outside diameter of pipe.

Grounding grids must generally be analyzed as three-dimensional problems, even if they consist of only one
pipe. The grounding resistance from Eq. (5.47) is therefore no longer an evenly distributed parameter, but depends on
the length. Fortunately, the dependence of G on length is very small for typical values of Ginsulation [158]. In the region
of measured values for G between 0.1 S/km for newly-layed pipelines and 0.3 S/km for older pipelines with glass
fiber/bitumen insulation [170], the dependence of G on length is practically negligible, as shown in Fig. 5.16. Treating
G as an evenly distributed parameter is therefore a reasonable approximation.

(KI   5JWPV EQPFWEVCPEG QH DWTKGF RKRG

Because of G >> C, the wavelength of buried pipelines is significantly shorter than that of underground
cables, as shown in Table 5.3 [170]. Therefore, a nominal -circuit of a circuit which includes a buried pipeline should
not be longer than approximately 0.8 km for

Table 5.3 - Wavelength of pipeline at 50 Hz [170]

G (S/km)

wavelength (km)

0.1

41.3

1.0

13.1

10.0

4.13



steady-state analysis, or approximately 0.08 km for switching surge studies [158].

Fig. 5.17 shows a comparison between measured and calculated voltages and currents in a pipeline, induced
by currents in a neighboring power line, with the pipeline representation as discussed here [158].

(KI   +PFWEGF XQNVCIGU CPF EWTTGPVU KP C DWTKGF RKRGNKPG

5.7 Partial Conductor and Finite Element Methods

The support routine CABLE CONSTANTS uses analytical formulas which are essentially only applicable to
configurations with axial symmetry. The formulas for the nonconcentric configuration in pipe-type cables (Section 5.5)
are only approximate, and the authors of these formulas themselves suggest improvements along the lines discussed
here.
To find the impedances and capacitances for conductor systems with arbitrary shapes (e.g., for the cable of Fig.
5.1), numerical methods can be used in place of analytical formulas, which are either based on subdivisions into partial
conductors or on finite element methods. There is no support routine yet in the EMTP which uses these numerical
methods. The principle of these methods is therefore only outlined very briefly.



5.7.1 Subdivision into Partial Conductors

With this method, each conductor is subdivided into small "partial" conductors ("subconductors" in [162],
"segments" in [164]), as shown in Fig. 5.18. Various shapes can be used for the partial conductors, with rectangles
being the preferred shape for strip lines in

(KI   5WDFKXKUKQP QH VJG OCKP EQPFWEVQTU KPVQ RCTVKCN

EQPFWEVQTU
integrated circuits (Fig. 5.19).

(KI   5WDFKXKUKQP QH UVTKR NKPGU KPVQ RCTVKCN EQPFWEVQTU

QH TGEVCPIWNCT UJCRG =? %QR[TKIJV  D[ +PVGTPCVKQPCN
$WUKPGUU /CEJKPGU %QTRQTCVKQP TGRTKPVGF D[ RGTOKUUKQP
In deriving the equations for the system of partial conductors, uniform current density is assumed within each
partial conductor. Then the voltage drops along a system of n partial conductors at one frequency are described by the
phasor equations
F8FZ

4

F8FZ
&

@
@

. . @ @ .P

4
'

% LT

@
@

F8PFZ

4P

. . @ @ .P

@

@ @

.P .P @ @ .PP

+
+
@



@
+P

The diagonal resistance matrix contains the dc resistances, and the full inductance matrix contains the self and mutual
inductances of the partial conductors. The formulas for the matrix elements depend on the shape of the partial
conductor, but they are well known.
To obtain the frequency-dependent impedance of a cable system, the matrices [R] and [L] are first computed.
At each frequency, the complex matrix [Z] = [R] + j [L] is formed, and reduced to the number of actual conductors with
Bundling Method 1 of Section 5.5. For example, if partial conductors 1,...50 belong to the core conductor, and partial


conductors 51,...120 to the sheath, then this bundling procedure will reduce the 120 x 120-matrix to a 2 x 2-matrix,
which produces the frequency-dependent impedances
<EE
T <EU
T
<EU
T <UU
T

This numerical method works well as long as the conductors are subdivided into sufficiently small partial
conductors. The size of these partial conductors must be of the same order of magnitude as the depth of penetration.

5.7.2 Finite Element Methods

Finite element methods are more powerful than partial conductor methods in one sense, inasmuch as it is not
necessary to assume uniform current density within each element. However, it is very difficult to handle open-boundary
conditions with finite element methods, that is configurations where the magnetic field diminishes gradually as one
moves away from the conductors, with no clearly defined boundary of known magnetic vector potential reasonably close
to the conductors. In situations where a boundary is clearly defined, e.g., in pipe-type cables at high frequency where
the depth of penetration becomes much less than the wall thickness, finite element methods can be quite useful.
With finite element methods, the region inside and outside of the conductors is subdivided into small elements,
usually of triangular shape. Fig. 5.20(a) shows the example of a stranded conductor inside a pipe of radius Rb as the
return path (clearly defined boundary with zero magnetic field A = 0 outside the pipe and zero derivative along the two
edges of the "wedge"). Because of axial symmetry, it is sufficient to analyze the "wedge" shown in Fig. 5.20(a). This
wedge region is then subdivided into triangular elements as shown in Fig. 5.20(b), with longer triangles as one moves
away from the conductor.
The magnetic vector potential A is assumed to vary linearly along the edges and inside of each triangle,
A = ax + by + c,

(5.49)

when a first-order method is used (higher-order methods exist as well). The unknowns are essentially the values of A
in the node points. If they were shown in the z-direction of a three-dimensional picture, then the triangles would appear
in a shape similar to a geodesic dome, with the roof height being the value of A. The equations for finding A are linear
algebraic




C 5VTCPFGF EQPFWEVQT KPUKFG RKRG QH TCFKWU 4

D 5WDFKXKUKQP QH TGIKQP KPVQ VTKCPIWNCT GNGOGPVU

Fig. 5.20 - Analysis of stranded conductor with finite element method [171]. Reprinted by permission of Yin Yanan

equations with a sparse matrix, but the number of node points or the number of equations is usually quite high (146
equations for the example of Fig. 5.20). Once the magnetic vector potential is known in the entire region, the
impedances can be derived from it.
For readers interested in finite element methods for cable impedance calculations, the papers by Konrad, Weiss
and Csendes [165, 166, 167] are a good introduction.

5.8 Modal Parameters

Once the series impedance and shunt admittance matrices per unit length [Zphase], [Yphase] are known, the
derivation of modal parameters is exactly the same as described in Section 4.1.5 for overhead lines. They could be used,
for example, to develop exact equivalent -circuits for steady-state solutions as explained in Section 4.2.1.3.


For transient simulations, it is more difficult to use modal parameters, as compared to overhead lines, because
the transformation matrix [Ti] can no longer be assumed to be constant as for a single-circuit overhead line. Fig. 5.21
shows the variation of the elements in the third column of [Ti] for a typical three-phase arrangement of 230 kV singlecore cables with core conductor and sheath in each [155]. Especially around the power frequency of 50 or 60 Hz, the
variations are quite pronounced.

(KI   /CIPKVWFG QH VJG GNGOGPVU QH EQNWOP  QH =6 ?

u

Above a few kHz, the loop between core conductor and sheath becomes decoupled from the outer loop between sheath
and earth return, because the depth of penetration on the inside of the sheath for loop 1 becomes much smaller than the
sheath thickness. In that case, Ztube-mutual ~ 0. This makes the transformation matrix constant above a few kHz, as evident
from Fig. 5.21. For a single-phase single-core cable with sheath and armor, the three modes are identical with the 3
loops described in Eq. (5.1) at high frequency where Z12 ~ 0 and Z23 ~ 0. The transformation matrix between loop and
phase quantities of Eq. (5.9),
  
=6 ?&
K

'   
  


CPF =6K? ' & 




& 

5.9 Cable Models in the EMTP

Co-author: L. Marti

As of now (Summer 1986), there are no specific cable models in the BPA EMTP. The only way to simulate
cables is to fit cable data into the models available for overhead lines. It has long been recognized, of course, that this
is only possible in a limited number of cases. A method specifically developed for cables, as discussed in Section
5.9.2.3, will hopefully be implemented in late 1986 or early 1987. It has already been tested extensively in the UBC


EMTP.

5.9.1 Ac Steady-State Solutions

In principle, there is no difficulty in representing cables as nominal or equivalent -circuits in the same way
as overhead lines (Section 4.2.1). If nominal -circuits are used, it should be realized that the wavelength of
underground cables is shorter than on overhead lines. If a nominal -circuit should not be longer than 100 km at 60 Hz
for overhead lines, the limit is more typically 30 km for underground cables. If a pipeline is modelled, the limit can be
as low as 1 km, as discussed in Section 5.6.
Underground cables are often very short compared to the length of connected overhead lines. In such cases,
the (complicated) series impedances have very little effect on the results because the system sees the cable essentially
as a shunt capacitance. The cable can then be modelled as a simple lumped capacitance.

5.9.2 Transient Solutions

The accurate representation of cables with frequency-dependent impedances and frequency-dependent
transformation matrices is discussed in Section 5.9.2.3. Situations where simpler models should be accurate enough
are discussed first.

5.9.2.1 Short Cables

If a rectangular wave pulse travels on an overhead line and hits a relatively short underground cable, then the
cable termination is essentially seen as a lumped capacitance. The voltage then builds up exponentially with a time
constant of T = ZoverheadCcable, shown in Fig. 5.22(a). If the cable is modelled somewhat more accurately as a lossless
distributed-parameter line, then the voltage build-up has the staircase shape of Fig. 5.22(b), with the average of the
sending and receiving end curve being more or less the same as the continuous curve in Fig. 5.22(a). As long as the
travel time [] of the cable is short compared to the time constant T, reasonably accurate results can be obtained if the
cable is represented as a lumped capacitance.

(a)

Cable represented as lumped

(b)


Cable represented as

capacitance

lossless transmission line

------ sending end of cable
...... receiving end of cable

Fig. 5.22 - Voltage build-up in a cable connected to an overhead line

Nominal -circuit representations have often been suggested as approximate cable models. They obviously
represent the capacitance effect correctly, but the pronounced frequency-dependence in the series impedance is ignored.
Nominal -circuits give reasonable answers probably only in those cases in which the simpler lumped capacitance
representation is already accurate enough.

5.9.2.2 Single-Phase Cables

There are situations where single-phase representations are possible. An example is a single-phase submarine
cable in which the sheath and armor are bonded together, with the armor being in contact with the sea water. In such
a case, the sheath and armor can be eliminated from Eq. (5.10), which results in the reduced single-phase equation
&

F8E
FZ

' < ) EQTG +E

with Zcore being the impedance of the core conductor with combined current return through sheath, armor and sea water.
Coupling to the cables of the other two phases can be ignored because the three cables are layed relatively far apart, to
reduce the risk of anchors damaging more than one phase in the same mishap.
When the equations have been reduced to single-phase equations, then it is straightforward to use the
frequency-dependent overhead line model described in Section 4.2.2.6.
Sometimes it is not necessary to take the frequency-dependence in the series impedances into account. For
example, single phase SF6-busses have been modelled quite successfully for fast transients with two decoupled lossless
single-phase lines, one for the inside coaxial loop and a second one for the outside loop between the enclosure and the
earth-return. The coupling between the two loops through the enclosure is negligible at high frequencies because the
depth of penetration is much less than the enclosure wall thickness. The only coupling occurs through reflections at
the terminations. Agreement between simulation results from such simple models and field tests has been excellent
[169].

5.9.2.3 Polyphase Cables [155]

The simple overhead line models with constant parameters discussed in Section 4.2.2 are of limited use for
underground cables for two reasons:
(a)

The transformation matrix [Ti] is frequency-dependent up to a few kHz, though a constant [Ti] would be
acceptable for transients which contain only high frequencies (e.g., lightning surge studies).

(b)

The modal parameters (e.g., wave velocity and attenuation) are more frequency-dependent than on overhead
lines, as shown in Fig. 5.23 for three single-core cables with core and sheath [150].



C #VVGPWCVKQP

D 8GNQEKV[
Fig. 5.23 - Modal parameters as a function of frequency [150]. Reprinted by permission of IEE and
the authors

To derive an accurate model for an n-conductor cable system between nodes k and m, we can start from the
phasor equation (4.121) for the overhead line, if we replace that scalar equation, which was written for one phase or
mode, by a matrix equation for the n conductors,
=;E? =8M? & =+MO? ' =#? 6=;E? =8O? % =+OM?>





with [Yc] = [Zc]-1 = characteristic admittance matrix in phase quantities,

[A] = e-j k = propagation factor matrix.
Eq. (5.51) is transformed to modal quantities, with
=+? ' =6K? =+OQFG?

C

=8? ' =6K V?& =8OQFG?

D

and

which yields
=+MO&OQFG? ' =;E&OQFG? =8M&OQFG? & =#OQFG? 6 =;E&OQFG? =8O&OQFG? % =+OM&OQFG? >
(5.53)
with both [Yc-mode] and [Amode] being diagonal matrices,
=;E&OQFG? ' =6K?& =;E? =6K V?&

C

=#OQFG? ' =6K?& =#? =6K?

D

The diagonal element of [Amode] is obtained from the i-th eigenvalue

#OQFG&K ' G

& 8

of the product jYphasek jZphasek,

E

and [Ti] is the matrix of eigenvectors of the same product [Yphase ] [Zphase ]. Eq. (5.53) consists of n decoupled (scalar)
equations, with one equation for each mode.
Transforming these scalar equations into the time domain is the same procedure as described in Section 4.2.2.6
for the overhead line. For mode i, the second term in Eq. (5.53) is found with the same convolution integral as in Eq.
(4.124),
JKUVRTQRCICVKQP ' &

JOCZ

mJOKP

KO&VQVCN
V&WC
W FW HQT GCEJ OQFG



with the current im-total being the sum of the line current imk and of a current which would flow through the characteristic
impedance of mode i if the voltage vm of mode i were connected across it. Only known history terms appear in Eq.
(5.55), and histpropagation can therefore be found by n recursive convolutions for the n modes, in the same say as in Section
4.2.2.6. The modal propagation factors are very similar in shape to those of an overhead line, as shown for Amode-3 ( )
in Fig. 5.24.



(KI   /CIPKVWFG QH RTQRCICVKQP HCEVQT HQT OQFG  QH C EQPFWEVQT

U[UVGO
VJTGG UKPINGEQTG ECDNGU YKVJ EQTG CPF UJGCVJ KP GCEJ
With
propagation of the conditions from m to k being taken care of through Eq. (5.55), the only unresolved issue in the modal
domain equations is the representation of the term YcVk in Eq. (5.53). Again, the frequency dependence of Yc is similar
to that of an overhead line, as shown in Fig. 5.25, and can be represented with the same type of Foster-I R-C network
shown in Fig. 4.42(a), and reproduced here as Fig. 5.26. By applying the trapezoidal rule of integration to the
capacitances, or by using recursive convolution as discussed in Appendix V, the R-C

(KI   /CIPKVWFG QH EJCTCEVGTKUVKE CFOKVVCPEG HQT OQFG 

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network is converted into an equivalent conductance Gequiv in parallel with a known current source histRC + histpropagation.
After the network solution at each time step, the current flowing through the characteristic impedance represented by
the R-C network must be calculated for both ends of the cable from Gequivv + histRC, because this term is needed after
the elapse of travel time to form the expression im-total needed in Eq. (5.55).
From Fig. 5.26(b), it can be seen that each mode is now represented by the scalar, algebraic equation
ikm(t) = Gequivvk(t) + (histRC + histpropagation)

(5.56)

with an analogous equation for imk(t) at the other end. If the transformation matrix were constant and real, then Eq.
(5.56) could very easily be transformed back to phase quantities,
[ikm-phase(t)] = [Ti][Gequiv][Ti]t[vk-phase] + [Ti][hist]
as explained in Eq. (4.109) for the overhead line. As shown in Fig. 5.21, the transformation matrix [Ti] of cables is very
much frequency-dependent, and the transformation back to phase quantities now requires convolutions based on Eq.
(5.52),
=KRJCUG
V? '

=XOQFG
V? '

=V
V&W? =KOQFG
W? FW
m&4 K
V

m&4

=VK
V&W?V =XRJCUG
W? FW

C

D

where [ti] is a matrix obtained from the inverse Fourier transform of the frequency-dependent matrix [Ti]. Similar to
the curve fitting used for the modal characteristic impedances, each element of [Ti] is again approximated by rational
functions of the form


MK

K'

LT % RK

6z<
T ' M % j



with k0, ki and pi being real constants which, when transformed into the time domain, becomes
O

Vz<
V ' M F
V % j MK GZR
&RKV W
V
K'



With the simple sum of exponentials in Eq. (5.59), recursive convolution can be applied again (Appendix V). Then,
the convolution integrals in Eq. (5.57) can be split up into a term containing the yet unknown voltages and currents at
time t, and the known history terms which can be updated recursively,
=KRJCUG
V? ' =V? =KOQFG
V? % =JKUVEWTTGPV?

C

=XOQFG
V? ' =V?V =XRJCUG
V? % =JKUVXQNVCIG?

D

with [t0] being a real, constant n x n-matrix. With Eq. (5.60), the transformation of the modal equations (5.56) to phase
quantities is now fairly simple,
=KMO&RJCUG
V? ' =)RJCUG? =XM&RJCUG
V? % =JKUVRJCUG?

C

=)RJCUG? ' =V? =)RJCUG? =V?V

D

with

and the history term

[histphase] = [histcurrent] + [t0]{[Gequiv][histvoltage]
+ [histRC] + [histpropagation]}

(5.61c)

Since the form of Eq. (5.61a) is identical to that of Eq. (4.109) for the overhead line with constant [Ti], adding the model
to the EMTP is the same as described there. The extra effort lies essentially in the evaluation of the two extra history
vectors [histcurrent] and [histvoltage]. After the network solution at each time step, Eq. (5.60) is used to obtain the modal
quantities from the phase quantities.
The principle of the frequency-dependent cable model is fairly simple, but its correct implementation depends
on many intricacies, which are described in [155]. In particular, it is important to normalize the eigenvectors in such
a way that the elements of [Ti] as well as the modal surge admittances Yc-mode-i both become minimum phase shift
functions. This is achieved by making one element of each eigenvector a real and constant number through the entire
frequency range. Furthermore, standard eigenvalue/eigenvector subroutines do not produce smooth curves of [Ti] and
[Yc-mode] as a function of frequency, because the order in which the eigenvalues are calculated often changes as one
moves from one frequency point to the next. This problem was solved by using an extension of the Jacobi method for
complex symmetric matrices. Symmetry is obtained by reformulating the eigenproblem


=; ) RJCUG? =< ) RJCUG? =Z? ' 8=Z?

in the form
=*? =T? ' 8=T?

C

=*? ' =.?V =< ) RJCUG? =.?

D

=Z? ' =.? =T?

E

where

and

with [L] being the lower triangular matrix obtained from the Choleski decomposition of [Yphase] [157]. The Choleski
decomposition is a modification of the Gauss elimination method, as explained in Appendix III. One can also replace
[L] in Eq. (5.62) with the square root of [Yphase] obtained from
=; ) RJCUG? ' =:? =7? =:?&
where [



1/2

] is the diagonal matrix of the square roots of the eigenvalues, and [X[ is the eigenvector matrix of [Yphase].

Both approaches are very efficient if G is ignored, or if tan is constant for all dielectrics in the cable system, because
[L] or [Yphase]1/2 must then only be computed once for all frequencies.
For parallel single core cables layed in the ground (not in air), [Y] is diagonal if loop equations are used. In
that case it is more efficient to find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors for [Yloop][Zloop], where both [L] and [Yloop]1/2
become the same diagonal matrix with %Yloop-i as its elements. The conversion back to phase quantities is trivial with
Eq. (5.50).
The reason why the Jacobi procedure produces smooth eigenvectors is that the Jacobi algorithm requires an
initial guess for the solution of the eigenvectors. This initial guess is readily available from the solution of the
eigenproblem of the preceding frequency step; consequently, the order of the eigenvectors from one calculation to the
next is not lost.
Figure 5.27(a) shows the magnitude of the elements of row 3 of the eigenvector matrix [Ti] for the same 6conductor system as in Fig. 5.24, when standard eigenvalue/eigenvector routines are used. Fig. 5.27(b), on the other
hand, shows the same elements of [Ti] calculated with the modified Jacobi algorithm.
As an application for this cable model, consider the case of three 230 kV single-core cables (with core and
sheath), buried side by side in horizontal configuration, with a length of 10 km. A unit-step voltage is applied to the
core of phase A, and the cores of phases B and C as well as all three sheaths are left ungrounded at both ends. The unitstep function was approximated as a periodic rectangular pulse of 10 ms duration and a period of 20 ms with a Fourier
series containing 500 harmonics,





X
V ' C % j 6 CK EQU
TKV % DK UKP
TKV >
K'

The wave front of this approximation is shown in Fig. 5.28. Choosing a Fourier series

(KI   (QWTKGT UGTKGU CRRTQZKOCVKQP QH WPKVUVGR

approximation for the voltage source offered the advantage that exact answers could be found as well, by using ac
steady-state solutions with exact equivalent -circuits (Section 4.2.1.3) at each of the 500 frequencies, and by
superimposing them. Fig. 5.29 and 5.30 show the EMTP simulation results in the region of the third pulse,
superimposed on the exact answers. The two

C 5VCPFCTF GKIGPXCNWGGKIGPXGEVQT UWDTQWVKPGU




D /QFKHKGF ,CEQDK CNIQTKVJO
Fig.
5.27
Magnitude of the elements of row 3 of [Ti] (same 6-conductor system as in Fig. 5.24)

curves are indistinguishable in this third pulse region where the phenomena have already become more or less periodic.
This shows that the EMTP cable model is capable of producing highly accurate answers. The insert on the right-hand
side of Fig. 5.29 shows the response to the first pulse, where the EMTP simulation results differ slightly from the exact
answers, not because of inaccuracies in the model but because the EMTP starts from zero initial conditions while the
exact answer assumes periodic behavior even for t < 0.

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KPFWEVCPEG DTCPEJGU HQT VJG UKOWNCVKQP QH UCVWTCVKQP GHHGEVU

0QPNKPGCT KPFWEVCPEGU QH VJG HQTO QH (KI  ECP QHVGP DG OQFGNNGF YKVJ UWHHKEKGPV CEEWTCE[ CU VYQUNQRG
RKGEGYKUG NKPGCT KPFWEVCPEGU (KI  UJQYU VYQ CPF HKXGUNQRG RKGEGYKUG NKPGCT TGRTGUGPVCVKQPU HTQO C RTCEVKECN
ECUG =? HQT VJG U[UVGO UJQYP DGHQTG KP (KI  6JG UKOWNCVKQP TGUWNVU
(KI  CTG CNOQUV KFGPVKECN CPF CITGG
TGCUQPCDN[ YGNN YKVJ HKGNF VGUV TGUWNVU
(KI  6JG UNQRG KP VJG UCVWTCVGF TGIKQP CDQXG VJG MPGG KU VJG CKTEQTG
KPFWEVCPEG YJKEJ KU CNOQUV NKPGCT CPF HCKTN[ NQY EQORCTGF YKVJ VJG UNQRG KP VJG WPUCVWTCVGF TGIKQP 6[RKECN XCNWGU
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UGG (KI 
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(KI   6YQUNQRG CPF HKXGUNQRG RKGEGYKUG NKPGCT KPFWEVCPEG

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EQORCTGF VQ  S DGVYGGP 5 CPF 6 VJCV VJG PQPNKPGCT KPFWEVCPEG ECP DG EQPPGEVGF VQ 6 KPUVGCF QH # YKVJ NKVVNG
GTTQT (KI  CNUQ KFGPVKHKGU C RQKPV $ CV YJKEJ VJG KPVGITCVGF XQNVCIG KU GSWCN VQ [QMG HNWZ <KMJGTOCP =?
UWIIGUVU VQ EQPPGEV CPQVJGT PQPNKPGCT KPFWEVCPEG VQ VJCV RQKPV $ VQ TGRTGUGPV [QMG UCVWTCVKQP 5KPEG  S DGVYGGP
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VQ * YKVJQWV VQQ OWEJ GTTQT 6JG MPGGRQKPV CPF VJG UNQRG KP VJG UCVWTCVGF TGIKQP QH VJKU UGEQPF PQPNKPGCT



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KP S QH C VJTGGYKPFKPI VTCPUHQTOGT

HTQO =? YJKEJ RTQXKFGU VJG FCVC HQT  E[NKPFTKECN

YKPFKPIU VJG VYQ YKPFKPIU HCTVJGUV HTQO VJG EQTG CTG
KIPQTGF JGTG
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 UNQRG KP UCVWTCVGF TGIKQP
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EQPPGEVGF VQ CP[ VGTOKPCN

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VJG CORNKVWFG QH VJG KPTWUJ EWTTGPV YQWNF DG EQTTGEV +H KV YGTG GPGTIK\GF HTQO VJG VGTVKCT[ UKFG JQYGXGT VJGP VJG
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EQPUVTWEVKQP FGVCKNU YGTG MPQYP CPF . YCU UKORN[ RNCEGF CETQUU VJG JKIJ XQNVCIG VGTOKPCNU +P URKVG QH VJKU
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UKOWNCVKQP TGUWNVU ECOG TGCUQPCDN[ ENQUG VQ HKGNF VGUV TGUWNVU

 5KPING2JCUG 6TCPUHQTOGTU
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KP 5GEVKQP  VJGP VJG PQPNKPGCT KPFWEVCPEG KU UKORN[ CFFGF CETQUU VJG YKPFKPI ENQUGUV VQ VJG EQTG +H VJG =.?
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PQPNKPGCT KPFWEVCPEG OWUV DG CFFGF KP YJKEJ VJG WPUCVWTCVGF RCTV JCU DGGP UWDVTCEVGF QWV
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PQPNKPGCT KPFWEVCPEG JCU CP KPHKPKVG UNQRG DGNQY VJG MPGGRQKPV
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7UWCNN[ QPN[ VJG RQUKVKXG UGSWGPEG UCVWTCVKQP EWTXG
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6JGP KV KU DGUV VQ EQPPGEV VJG UCOG PQPNKPGCT KPFWEVCPEG CETQUU GCEJ QPG QH VJG VJTGG RJCUGU
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UVTWEVWTCN UVGGN CPF VJG VCPM (KI  UJQYU VJG OGCUWTGF \GTQ UGSWGPEG OCIPGVK\CVKQP EWTXG HQT VJG VTCPUHQTOGT
FGUETKDGF KP 6CDNG  =? $GECWUG QH VJG CKT ICR VJKU EWTXG KU PQV PGCTN[ CU PQPNKPGCT CU VJG EQTG UCVWTCVKQP
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EQTG NGI PQPNKPGCT KPFWEVCPEG
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=? ECP VJGP CICKP DG CFFGF CETQUU GCEJ QPG QH VJG RJCUGU

$[ UGVVKPI $   =.? YKNN TGOCKP UKPIWNCT 6JKU ECWUGU PQ RTQDNGOU KH VJG KPXGTUG KPFWEVCPEG KU WUGF
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QH VJG UKFGU YKVJ $  .  YJGTG . KU VJG NKPGCT
WPUCVWTCVGF RQUKVKXG UGSWGPEG OCIPGVK\KPI KPFWEVCPEG
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(KI   5WDVTCEVKQP QH NKPGCT

WPUCVWTCVGF RCTV KP
UCVWTCVKQP EWTXG
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(KI   <GTQ UGSWGPEG OCIPGVK\CVKQP EWTXG =? l  +'''

 *[UVGTGUKU CPF 'FF[ %WTTGPV .QUUGU
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y

# NKPGCT UJWPV EQPFWEVCPEG ) ECPPQV TGRTGUGPV VJG KTQPEQTG NQUUGU EQORNGVGN[ CEEWTCVGN[ 6JGUG NQUUGU
y

EQPUKUV QH VYQ RCTVU

2KTQP&EQTG ' 2J[UVGTGUKU % 2GFF[ EWTTGPV
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tqqu



CPF QH GFF[ EWTTGPV NQUUGU 2

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uiq

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qpp iq

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HQT ITCKP&QTKGPVGF UVGGN

YJKNG C OQTG TGEGPV TGHGTGPEG =? SWQVGU C V[RKECN TCVKQ QH  1P OQFGTP VTCPUHQTOGTU J[UVGTGUKU NQUUGU CTG
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y

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GI

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4 CPF 8
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2J[UVGTGUKU ' M
8C @
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D UJQYU 8 CU C HWPEVKQP
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y

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YKVJ NQYGT F8FK
y

EQOKPI QWV QH VJG QTKIKP EQORCTGF VQ 8  H

K KP (KI 
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&

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yg

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y

yg

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X  F8FV VJGP C TGUKUVCPEG 4 ECP DG EQPUVTWEVGF YJKEJ DGEQOGU PQPNKPGCT 6JKU RCTCNNGN EQODKPCVKQP QH PQPNKPGCT
y

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QTKGPVGF UVGGN
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C KU C HCOKN[ QH HNWZEWTTGPV NQQRU HQT  *\ UKPWUQKFCN HNWZ NKPMCIG QH XCTKQWU CORNKVWFGU (KI 
D UJQYU
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E KU C HCOKN[ QH
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F UJQYU C HCOKN[ QH NQQRU HQT
UKPWUQKFCN HNWZ NKPMCIGU CV   CPF  *\ +P CNN ECUGU VJG CITGGOGPV DGVYGGP OGCUWTGOGPVU CPF UKOWNCVKQP
TGUWNVU KU GZEGNNGPV 6JG OKPQT NQQRU KP (KI 
G YGTG QDVCKPGF YKVJ C  *\ UKPWUQKFCN EWTTGPV UWRGTKORQUGF
QP C FE DKCU EWTTGPV #ICKP VJGTG CRRGCTU VQ DG GZEGNNGPV CITGGOGPV

(KI   (NWZEWTTGPV NQQR

6JG OCLQT FTCYDCEM QH VJKU EQTGNQUU TGRTGUGPVCVKQP YKVJ C NKPGCT QT PQPNKPGCT TGUKUVCPEG KU KVU KPCDKNKV[ VQ
RTQFWEG VJG EQTTGEV TGUKFWCN HNWZ YJGP VJG VTCPUHQTOGT KU UYKVEJGF QHH 6JKU YCU QPG QH VJG OQVKXCVKQPU HQT VJG
FGXGNQROGPV QH OQTG UQRJKUVKECVGF J[UVGTGUKU OQFGNU DWV GXGP VJGUG OQFGNU FQ PQV UGGO VQ RTQFWEG VJG TGUKFWCN HNWZ
XGT[ CEEWTCVGN[ 6JKU YTKVGT DGNKGXGU VJCV VJGTG CTG PQ OQFGNU CXCKNCDNG CV VJKU VKOG YJKEJ ECP RTGFKEV TGUKFWCN HNWZGU
TGNKCDN[ CPF VJCV TGCUQPCDNG CUUWORVKQPU UJQWNF VJGTGHQTG DG OCFG 6JGTG KU PQ FKHHKEWNV[ YKVJ VJG NKPGCT QT
PQPNKPGCT 4 TGRTGUGPVCVKQP KP UVCTVKPI C VTCPUKGPV UKOWNCVKQP YKVJ C TGUKFWCN HNWZ KH KVU XCNWG KU RTQXKFGF CU KPRWV FCVC
y

CU GZRNCKPGF KP 5GEVKQP 



(KI   /QFGN HQT GZEKVKPI EWTTGPV YKVJ RCTCNNGN PQPNKPGCT TGUKUVCPEGU CPF KPFWEVCPEGU
=? l  +'''

6JG OQTG UQRJKUVKECVGF OQFGNU OGPVKQPGF CDQXG WUG RTGFGHKPGF VTCLGEVQTKGU QT VGORNCVGU KP VJG 8 KRNCPG
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QH =? JCU DGGP KORNGOGPVGF KP VJG $2#'/62
RUGWFQNKPGCT J[UVGTGVKE TGCEVQT  DWV C ECTGHWN EQORCTKUQP YKVJ
VJG UKORNGT 4 TGRTGUGPVCVKQPU
GKVJGT NKPGCT QT PQPNKPGCT JCU PQV [GV DGGP FQPG /QTG TGUGCTEJ OC[ DG PGGFGF
y

DGHQTG TGNKCDNG J[UVGTGUKU OQFGNU DGEQOG CXCKNCDNG 5WEJ OQFGNU OC[ DG DCUGF QP VJG FWCNKV[ DGVYGGP OCIPGVKE CPF
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QP VJG RJ[UKEU QH OCIPGVKE OCVGTKCNU =?



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 4GUKFWCN (NWZ
4GUKFWCN HNWZ KU VJG HNWZ YJKEJ TGOCKPU KP VJG KTQP EQTG CHVGT VJG VTCPUHQTOGT KU UYKVEJGF QHH  +V JCU C OCLQT
'

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GCU[ YKVJ UKORNG CU YGNN CU YKVJ UQRJKUVKECVGF J[UVGTGUKU OQFGNU 6Q HKPF VJG TGUKFWCN HNWZ HTQO C UKOWNCVKQP KU OQTG
EQORNKECVGF CPF VJG TGUWNVU UVKNN UGGO VQ DG WPTGNKCDNG CV VJKU VKOG GXGP YKVJ UQRJKUVKECVGF J[UVGTGUKU OQFGNU 7PVKN
VJKU UKVWCVKQP KORTQXGU KV OKIJV DG DGUV VQ WUG C V[RKECN XCNWG HQT VJG TGUKFWCN HNWZ CU RCTV QH VJG KPRWV FCVC
7PHQTVWPCVGN[ PQV OWEJ FCVC KU CXCKNCDNG QP TGUKFWCN HNWZ # TGEGPV UWTXG[ D[ %+)4' =? JCU PQV CFFGF OWEJ
VQ KV GKVJGT GZEGRV HQT VJG SWQVCVKQP QH  OCZKOWO XCNWGU QH  CPF  RW 6JKU UWTXG[ FQGU EQPVCKP C
TGCUQPCDNG COQWPV QH KPHQTOCVKQP CDQWV XCNWGU QH CKTEQTG KPFWEVCPEGU CPF UCVWTCVKQP EWTXGU JQYGXGT
6JG 7$% XGTUKQP QH VJG '/62 UVCTVU VJG UKOWNCVKQP HTQO C PQP\GTQ TGUKFWCN HNWZ YKVJ VJG HQNNQYKPI
CRRTQCEJ KP EQPPGEVKQP YKVJ RKGEGYKUG NKPGCT KPFWEVCPEGU
UGG CNUQ 5GEVKQP  #V V   VJG UVCTVKPI RQKPV


# NKGU CV 8

qupgx

CPF K   CPF VJG UKOWNCVKQP OQXGU CNQPI C UNQRG QH .

WPUCVWTCVGF XCNWG CU UJQYP KP (KI 


6JG UNQRG KU EJCPIGF VQ .

UCVWTCVGF XCNWG KP RQKPV $ CU UQQP CU 8 $ 8

 #V VJG UCOG VKOG C XCNWG 8

wqq

uit

KU

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CU 8 # 8

uit

 6JGTGCHVGT VJG PQTOCN 8KEWTXG YKNN DG HQNNQYGF /QTG FGVCKNU KP RCTVKEWNCT VJG RTQDNGO QH

QXGTUJQQV
8 UNKIJVN[ NCTIGT VJCP 8

wqq

YJGP IQKPI KPVQ UCVWTCVKQP CTG FKUEWUUGF KP 5GEVKQP  (QT V[RKECN

UCVWTCVKQP EWTXGU UWEJ CU VJG QPG UJQYP KP (KI  VJG NKPGCT UNQRG KU CNOQUV KPHKPKVG KP VJCV ECUG VJG HKTUV OQXG
KPVQ UCVWTCVKQP RTCEVKECNN[ NKGU QP VJG IKXGP 8KEWTXG TCVJGT VJCP UQOGYJCV JKIJGT CU KP (KI 

6JGTG UGGOU VQ DG UQOG EQPHWUKQP KP VGTOKPQNQI[ DGVYGGP TGUKFWCN CPF TGOCPGPV HNWZ +V CRRGCTU VJCV
TGOCPGPV HNWZ KU VJG HNWZ XCNWG CV K   KP VJG J[UVGTGUKU EWTXG WPFGT VJG CUUWORVKQP QH UKPWUQKFCN GZEKVCVKQP
'

+P VJG $2# XGTUKQP VJKU DTCPEJ V[RG JCU DGGP IGPGTCNK\GF HTQO  VQ P UNQRGU
RUGWFQNKPGCT KPFWEVQT  DWV
KV CRRGCTU VJCV KU PQ NQPIGT CEEGRVU TGUKFWCN HNWZ CU KPRWV FCVC




(KI   5VCTVKPI HTQO TGUKFWCN HNWZ

6JG UKORNG J[UVGTGUKU OQFGN QH C PQPNKPGCT . KP RCTCNNGN YKVJ C TGUKUVCPEG 4 ECPPQV DG WUGF VQ RTGFKEV VJG
y

TGUKFWCN HNWZ CHVGT VJG VTCPUHQTOGT KU UYKVEJGF QHH 6JG GPGTI[ UVQTGF KP . YKNN UKORN[ DG FKUUKRCVGF KP 4 KP VJKU
y

OQFGN YKVJ CP GZRQPGPVKCN FGEC[ KP EWTTGPV CPF HNWZ VQ \GTQ XCNWGU 6JG HNWZ XCNWG CV VJG KPUVCPV QH UYKVEJKPI EQWNF
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 #WVQVTCPUHQTOGTU
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FE XQNVCIG FKXKFGT GHHGEV
CC

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FGHKPKVKQP
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8+ ' 8* & 8.
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D CPF E CTG CV VJG UCOG RQVGPVKCN VJTQWIJ VJG UJQTVEKTEWKV
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8*

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8* & 8.



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KP RW XCNWGU



(KI   #WVQVTCPUHQTOGT YKVJ VGTVKCT[ YKPFKPI

(QT VJG VGUV DGVYGGP * CPF 6 VJG OQFKHKECVKQP ECP DGUV DG GZRNCKPGF KP VGTOU QH VJG GSWKXCNGPV UVCTEKTEWKV QH (KI
 YKVJ VJG KORGFCPEGU DGKPI <  <  <  DCUGF QP 8  8  8 KP VJKU ECUG 9KVJ +++ UJQTVEKTEWKVGF  RW EWTTGPV
C

CC

CCC

CC

CCC

DCUGF QP 8  8  YKNN HNQY VJTQWIJ <  6JKU EWTTGPV YKNN CNUQ HNQY VJTQWIJ + CPF ++ CU  RW DCUGF QP 8  QT
CCC

CCC

EQPXGTVGF VQ DCUGU 8  8  + 
8  8 8 CPF +  8 8  9KVJ VJGUG EWTTGPVU VJG RW XQNVCIGU DGEQOG
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8+ ' <+

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8.
8*

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KP RW XCNWGU

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8*

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UKORN[ TGFGHKPKPI VJG UJQTVEKTEWKV KORGFCPEGU YKVJ 'SU

 CPF
 6JKU OWUV DG FQPG HQT VJG
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CTG EQOOQP DWV VJKU XCNWG

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TQWVKPGU JCU DGGP ECTTKGF QWV

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EJCPIGU 8

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EWTXGU KPVQ HNWZEWTTGPVEWTXGU 8  H

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UKORNKH[KPI CUUWORVKQPU


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TGUKUVCPEG KP VJG YKPFKPI KU KIPQTGF CPF



VJG 8KEWTXG KU VQ DG IGPGTCVGF RQKPV D[ RQKPV CV UWEJ FKUVCPEGU VJCV NKPGCT KPVGTRQNCVKQP KU
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(QT VJG EQPXGTUKQP KV KU PGEGUUCT[ VQ CUUWOG VJCV VJG HNWZ XCTKGU UKPWUQKFCNN[ CV HWPFCOGPVCN HTGSWGPE[ CU
C HWPEVKQP QH VKOG DGECWUG KV KU OQUV NKMGN[ VJCV VJG 8

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EWTXG JCU DGGP OGCUWTGF YKVJ C UKPWUQKFCN VGTOKPCN

XQNVCIG 9KVJ CUUWORVKQP

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XCNWGU VQ HNWZ XCNWGU DGEQOGU C UKORNG TGUECNKPI

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VJCV VJG UKPWUQKFCN HNWZ LWUV TGCEJGU VJG XCNWG 8 CV KVU OCZKOWO
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EWTXG KPVQ C 8KEWTXG

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EWTXG KV YKNN OCVEJ VJG QTKIKPCN 8

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RGTWPKV 4/5 GZEKVKPI EWTTGPVU CU C HWPEVKQP QH RGTWPKV 4/5 XQNVCIGU

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YKVJ DCUG RQYGT   /8# CPF DCUG XQNVCIG  M8 KPVQ VJG HQNNQYKPI HNWZEWTTGPV TGNCVKQPUJKR
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EWTXG CU CP CEEWTCE[ EJGEM +P VJKU ECUG VJG 8

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CPF +

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XCNWGU YGTG KFGPVKECN YKVJ VJG QTKIKPCN KPRWV FCVC

8GT[ QHVGP VJG 8

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EWTXG KU QPN[ IKXGP CTQWPF VJG MPGGRQKPV CPF PQV HQT JKIJ XCNWGU QH UCVWTCVKQP

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VJG CKTEQTG KPFWEVCPEG
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PQFGU $75  CPF UVCT RQKPV 5 YJGTGCU GCEJ QH VJG QVJGT YKPFKPIU 0 KU VTGCVGF CU C VYQYKPFKPI VTCPUHQTOGT


HKTUV DTCPEJ HTQO 5 VQ $75  UGEQPF DTCPEJ HTQO $75 VQ $75  YKVJ M  0 6JG GSWCVKQPU HQT GCEJ QH




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(KI   %CUECFG EQPPGEVKQP QH KFGCN VTCPUHQTOGT CPF 4.DTCPEJ

YJKEJ KU VJG CNVGTPCVG GSWCVKQP
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6JG UCVWTCDNG VTCPUHQTOGT EQORQPGPV JCU UQOG NKOKVCVKQPU YJKEJ WUGTU UJQWNF DG CYCTG QH


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KPKVKCN TGFWEVKQP

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KP (KI 
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D +P TGRGCV UQNWVKQPU VJG CFFKVKQP QH TQYU HQT ENQUGF UYKVEJGU OWUV DG CRRNKGF VQ VJG TKIJVJCPF UKFGU CU
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VQ EQNNCRUG VJTGG PQFGU KPVQ QPG 6JKU TGUVTKEVKQP PQ NQPIGT
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6JG EWTTGPV ECNEWNCVKQP HQT ENQUGF UYKVEJGU KP VJG VKOG UVGR NQQR WUGU VJG TQY QH GKVJGT PQFG M QT O KP VJG
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EQTTGEV CV )V )VVOCZ
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VJG UNQRG QH RKGEGYKUG NKPGCT GNGOGPVU EJCPIGU 6JG EWTTGPV KU ECNEWNCVGF HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN TQY QT GKVJGT PQFG M QT
O YKVJ CNN UYKVEJGU QRGP YKVJ VJG RTQRGT TKIJVJCPF UKFG
9KVJ VJKU PGYGT UEJGOG CP[ PWODGT QH UYKVEJGU ECP DG EQPPGEVGF VQ CP[ PQFG CU NQPI CU VJG EWTTGPV KP
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DGECWUG KV YQWNF ETGCVG CP KPHKPKVG EWTTGPV 6JG UYKVEJ EWTTGPVU CTG PQY ECNEWNCVGF KP VJG CE UVGCF[UVCVG UQNWVKQP
CU YGNN CPF UYKVEJ EWTTGPVU CTG VJGTGHQTG EQTTGEV CV CNN VKOGU KPENWFKPI CV V  
 5YKVEJ%NQUKPI
9JGP VJG '/62 RTKPVU C OGUUCIG VJCV C UYKVEJ KU ENQUGF CHVGT 6 UGEQPFU 6 YKNN CNYC[U DG CP KPVGIGT
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FKHHGT UQOGYJCV HTQO VJG WUGTURGEKHKGF VKOG 6%.15' CU GZRNCKPGF KP (KI 
6JG PGVYQTM YKNN CNTGCF[ JCXG DGGP UQNXGF YKVJ VJG UYKVEJ UVKNN QRGP YJGP VJG FGEKUKQP KU OCFG VQ ENQUG
VJG UYKVEJ CV VKOG 6 #U UJQYP KP (KI  CNN XQNVCIGU CPF EWTTGPVU CV V  6 CTG VJGTGHQTG VJG RTGENQUKPI
XCNWGU #HVGT VJG PGVYQTM UQNWVKQP CV V  6 VJG OCVTKZ KU TGDWKNV CPF TGVTKCPIWNCTK\GF HQT VJG ENQUGF UYKVEJ RQUKVKQP
CPF KP VJG VTCPUKVKQP HTQO 6 VQ 6 )V KV KU CUUWOGF VJCV CNN XCTKCDNGU EJCPIG NKPGCTN[ YKVJ HKPKVG UNQRG TCVJGT VJCP
CDTWRVN[

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5WEJ XQNVCIG LWORU CTG XGT[ EQOOQP KP *8&% EQPXGTVGT UVCVKQPU 6JG GZCEV OGVJQF HQT JCPFNKPI UWEJ LWORU YQWNF
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KORNGOGPVGF KP VJG '/62
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KPFKECVQT QH KORTQRGT OQFGNNKPI #P GZCORNG KU VTCPUKGPV TGEQXGT[ XQNVCIG UVWFKGU YJGTG C UWFFGP LWOR KP XQNVCIG
YQWNF KPFKECVG VJCV VJG RTQRGT UVTC[ ECRCEKVCPEGU CTG OKUUKPI HTQO VJG OQFGN (KI  UJQYU C UKORNG GZCORNG
DQVJ UYKVEJGU + CPF ++ KP VJG PGVYQTM QH (KI 
C CTG ENQUGF CV V   VQ EJCTIG VJG ECRCEKVQT 5YKVEJ ++ QRGPU
YJGP VJG ECRCEKVQT KU EJCTIGF WR CPF YJGP VJG EWTTGPV KU OQTG QT NGUU \GTQ (KI 
D UJQYU VJG PWOGTKECN
QUEKNNCVKQPU KP VJG XQNVCIG X QP VJG HGGFKPI PGVYQTM UKFG $[ CFFKPI C UVTC[ ECRCEKVCPEG VQ VJG NGHV UKFG QH VJG UYKVEJ
CU KNNWUVTCVGF KP (KI 
E VJG VTCPUKGPV TGEQXGT[ XQNVCIG QP VJG HGGFKPI UKFG YQWNF PQ NQPIGT JCXG VJG WPTGCNKUVKE
LWOR CU UJQYP KP (KI 
F
 #TE 2JGPQOGPC KP %KTEWKV $TGCMGTU
9JGP VJG EQPVCEVU QH C EKTEWKV DTGCMGT QRGP VJG[ FTCY CP GNGEVTKE CTE YJKEJ OCKPVCKPU VJG EWTTGPV HNQY WPVKN
KPVGTTWRVKQP VCMGU RNCEG CV EWTTGPV \GTQ +P JKIJ XQNVCIG EKTEWKV DTGCMGTU VJG CTE TGUKUVCPEG KU PGINKIKDN[ UOCNN KH
PQTOCN NQCF EWTTGPVU QT JKIJ UJQTVEKTEWKV EWTTGPVU CTG




C PGVYQTM

D XQNVCIG CETQUU KPFWEVCPEG

E OQFKHKGF PGVYQTM



F XQNVCIG CETQUU KPFWEVCPEG

(KI   %CRCEKVQT EJCTIKPI CPF FKUEJCTIKPI

KPVGTTWRVGF +P VJG KPVGTTWRVKQP QH UOCNN KPFWEVKXG EWTTGPVU
GI KP UYKVEJKPI QHH CP WPNQCFGF VTCPUHQTOGT VJG CTE
TGUKUVCPEG KU JKIJGT DGECWUG QH VJG HCNNKPI CTE EJCTCEVGTKUVKE CPF OC[ DG KORQTVCPV KP FGEKFKPI YJGVJGT EWTTGPV
KPVGTTWRVKQP KU UWEEGUUHWN QT PQV +OOGFKCVGN[ CHVGT EWTTGPV KPVGTTWRVKQP C VTCPUKGPV TGEQXGT[ XQNVCIG DWKNFU WR CETQUU
VJG EQPVCEVU YJKEJ ECP NGCF VQ TGKIPKVKQP KH KV GZEGGFU VJG FKGNGEVTKE UVTGPIVJ YJKEJ TGCRRGCTU CU VJG ICR DGVYGGP
VJG EQPVCEVU KU DGKPI FGKQPK\GF
6JGTG KU PQ EKTEWKV DTGCMGT CTE OQFGN KP VJG '/62 PQY DWV YQTM KU KP RTQITGUU VQ CFF QPG 5VCVKE CTE
OQFGNU CTG PQV IQQF GPQWIJ CPF FKHHGTGPVKCN GSWCVKQPU FGUETKDKPI VJG CTE OWUV DG WUGF KPUVGCF /QUV GZRGTVU
YQTMKPI QP EWTTGPV KPVGTTWRVKQP RTQDNGOU WUG C OQFKHKECVKQP QH CP GSWCVKQP HKTUV RTQRQUGF D[ /C[T QH VJG HQTO
FI

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J
I
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YJGTG
I  CTE EQPFWEVCPEG
K  CTE EWTTGPV
J
V  EQPFWEVCPEGFGRGPFGPV VKOG EQPUVCPV
2
I  EQPFWEVCPEGFGRGPFGPV JGCV FKUUKRCVKQP
6JG RCTCOGVGTU J
V CPF 2
I CTG FGRGPFGPV QP VJG EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU QH VJG RCTVKEWNCT EKTEWKV DTGCMGT # FGVCKNGF
KPXGUVKICVKQP KPVQ VJG WUGHWNPGUU QH XCTKQWU CTE GSWCVKQPU KU RTGUGPVN[ DGKPI FQPG D[ %+)4' 9QTMKPI )TQWR 



2TCEVKECN #RRNKECVKQP QH #TE 2J[UKEU KP %KTEWKV $TGCMGTU 
+H JKIJHTGSWGPE[ QUEKNNCVKQPU FGXGNQR KP VJG CTE EWTTGPV RTKQT VQ KPVGTTWRVKQP CU VJG[ UQOGVKOGU FQ KP
UYKVEJKPI QHH UOCNN KPFWEVKXG EWTTGPVU QT KP QVJGT EWTTGPVEJQRRKPI UKVWCVKQPU VJGP TGKIPKVKQP OC[ QEEWT YKVJKP 
E[ENG CHVGT EWTTGPV KPVGTTWRVKQP
VJG VGTO TGUVTKMG KU WUGF VQ FGUETKDG TGUWORVKQP QH EWTTGPV EQPFWEVKQP KH KV QEEWTU
 E[ENG QT NQPIGT CHVGT EWTTGPV KPVGTTWRVKQP YJKEJ OQUV NKMGN[ QEEWTU KP VJG KPVGTTWRVKQP QH ECRCEKVKXG EWTTGPVU
(QT FGEKFKPI YJGVJGT TGKIPKVKQP QEEWTU VJG CTE GSWCVKQP QH 'S
 ECPPQV DG WUGF +PUVGCF VJG VTCPUKGPV
TGEQXGT[ XQNVCIG KU EQORCTGF CICKP VJG FKGNGEVTKE UVTGPIVJ YJKEJ KPETGCUGU CU C XQNVCIG KU EQORCTGF CICKPUV VJG
FKGNGEVTKE UVTGPIVJ YJKEJ KPETGCUGU CU C HWPEVKQP QH VKOG CPF KH KV GZEGGFU KV VJGP TGKIPKVKQP QEEWTU (QT VJG
DTGCMFQYP KVUGNH 6QGRNGT U GSWCVKQP ECP DG WUGF YJKEJ KU QH VJG HQTO =?
I '

 V
K
W FW
M U m



YJGTG
M  EQPUVCPV
U  ICR URCEKPI
K  EWTTGPV KP ICR
UVCTVKPI HTQO CP GZVTGOGN[ UOCNN XCNWG
X  XQNVCIG CETQUU ICR



 574)' #44'56'45 #0& 2416'%6+8' )#25

6Q RTQVGEV IGPGTCVQTU VTCPUHQTOGTU ECDNGU 5(DCUUGU CPF QVJGT FGXKEGU CICKPUV NGXGNU QH QXGTXQNVCIGU
YJKEJ EQWNF RGTOCPGPVN[ FGUVTQ[ VJGKT PQPUGNHTGUVQTKPI KPUWNCVKQP UWTIG CTTGUVGTU CTG KPUVCNNGF CU ENQUG CU RQUUKDNG
VQ VJG RTQVGEVGF FGXKEG 5JQTV EQPPGEVKQPU CTG KORQTVCPV VQ CXQKF VJG FQWDNKPI GHHGEV QH VTCXGNNKPI YCXGU QP QRGP
GPFGF NKPGU GXGP KH VJG[ CTG UJQTV DWUUGU 5WTIG CTTGUVGTU JCXG PQTOCNN[ PQV DGGP WUGF HQT VJG RTQVGEVKQP QH
VTCPUOKUUKQP NKPGU DGECWUG QPG ECP GCUKN[ TGEQXGT HTQO KPUWNCVQT HNCUJQXGTU YKVJ HCUV QRGPKPI CPF TGENQUKPI QH EKTEWKV
DTGCMGTU
UGNHTGUVQTKPI KPUWNCVKQP

5QOG WVKNKVKGU CTG UVWF[KPI VJG RQUUKDKNKV[ QH WUKPI UWTIG CTTGUVGTU QP

VTCPUOKUUKQP NKPGU VQQ VQ NKOKV UYKVEJKPI UWTIG QXGTXQNVCIGU

2TQVGEVKXG ICRU CTG UGNFQO WUGF PQYCFC[U GZEGRV KP VJG RTQVGEVKQP QH UGTKGUECRCEKVQT UVCVKQPU
 2TQVGEVKXG )CRU
2TQVGEVKXG ICRU CTG ETWFG RTQVGEVKQP FGXKEGU 6JG[ EQPUKUV QH CKT ICRU DGVYGGP GNGEVTQFGU QH XCTKQWU UJCRGU
'ZCORNGU CTG JQTPU QT TKPIU QP KPUWNCVQTU CPF DWUJKPIU QT TQF ICRU QP QT PGCT VTCPUHQTOGTU 6JG[ FQ RTQVGEV
CICKPUV QXGTXQNVCIGU D[ EQNNCRUKPI VJG XQNVCIG VQ RTCEVKECNN[ \GTQ CHVGT URCTMQXGT DWV VJG[ GUUGPVKCNN[ RTQFWEG C UJQTV
EKTEWKV YJKEJ OWUV VJGP DG KPVGTTWRVGF D[ EKTEWKV DTGCMGTU #NUQ VJGKT XQNVCIGVKOG EJCTCEVGTKUVKE
(KI  TKUGU
UVGGRN[ HQT HCUV HTQPVU YJKEJ OCMGU VJG RTQVGEVKQP CICKPUV HCUVTKUKPI KORWNUGU SWGUVKQPCDNG
2TQVGEVKXG URCTM ICRU CTG UVKNN WUGF VQ RTQVGEV UGTKGU ECRCEKVQTU 6JGTG VJG URCTMQXGT FQGU PQV KPETGCUG VJG
VTCPUOKUUKQP NKPG EWTTGPV DWV CEVWCNN[ TGFWEGU KV DGECWUG VJG NKPG KORGFCPEG KPETGCUGU YJGP VJG UGTKGU ECRCEKVQT KU
D[RCUUGF 5KPEG VJG URCTM ICR KU WPCDNG VQ KPVGTTWRV VJG EWTTGPV C D[RCUU EKTEWKV DTGCMGT OWUV DG ENQUGF VQ
GZVKPIWKUJ VJG CTE KP VJG URCTM ICR
(KI  6JKU D[RCUU DTGCMGT OWUV DG QRGPGF CICKP KH VJG UGTKGU ECRCEKVQT
KU VQ DG TGKPUGTVGF +P VJG HWVWTG RTQVGEVKXG URCTM ICRU OC[ DG TGRNCEGF D[ OGVCNQZKFG UWTIG CTTGUVGTU

(KI   5GTKGU ECRCEKVQT RTQVGEVKQP UEJGOG



2TQVGEVKXG ICRU CTG UKOWNCVGF KP VJG '/62 YKVJ VJG ICR UYKVEJ FKUEWUUGF KP 5GEVKQP 
 5WTIG #TTGUVGTU
6JGTG CTG VYQ DCUKE V[RGU QH UWTIG CTTGUVGTU PCOGN[ UKNKEQPECTDKFG UWTIG CTTGUVGTU CPF OGVCNQZKFG UWTIG
CTTGUVGTU 7PVKN CDQWV  [GCTU CIQ QPN[ UKNKEQPECTDKFG CTTGUVGTU YGTG WUGF DWV VJG OGVCNQZKFG CTTGUVGT KU SWKEMN[
TGRNCEKPI VJG QNFGT V[RG VQ VJG GZVGPV VJCV UQOG OCPWHCEVWTGTU RTQFWEG QPN[ OGVCNQZKFG CTTGUVGTU PQY
 5KNKEQP%CTDKFG 5WTIG #TTGUVGT
5KNKEQPECTDKFG CTTGUVGTU EQPUKUV QH C UKNKEQPECTDKFG TGUKUVQT YKVJ C PQPNKPGCT XK EJCTCEVGTKUVKE KP UGTKGU YKVJ
C URCTM ICR
(KI  6JG URCTM ICR EQPPGEVU VJG CTTGUVGT VQ VJG U[UVGO YJGP VJG QXGTXQNVCIG GZEGGFU VJG
URCTMQXGT XQNVCIG CPF VJG TGUKUVQT NKOKVU VJG HQNNQY EWTTGPV CPF GPCDNGU VJG CTTGUVGT VQ TGUGCN
KPVGTTWRV VJG EWTTGPV
KP VJG ICR 6Q HCEKNKVCVG TGUGCNKPI UQECNNGF CEVKXG URCTM ICRU JCXG DGGP FGUKIPGF KP YJKEJ CP CTE XQNVCIG DWKNFU
WR CHVGT UQOG VKOG # TGUKUVQT DNQEM KP UGTKGU YKVJ VJG ICR KU PQV XGT[ JKIJ
V[RKECNN[  EO CPF VQ RTQFWEG VJG
FGUKTGF URCTMQXGT XQNVCIG CPF PQPNKPGCT TGUKUVCPEG HQT C RCTVKEWNCT XQNVCIG NGXGN OCP[ UWEJ DNQEMU CTG UVCEMGF
VQIGVJGT KP C UGTKGU EQPPGEVKQP 6Q CEJKGXG TGCUQPCDN[ WPKHQTO

(KI   0QPNKPGCT EJCTCEVGTKUVKE QH C  M8 UKNKEQPECTDKFG UWTIG CTTGUVGT

XQNVCIG FKUVTKDWVKQP CNQPI VJG UVCEM RCTCNNGN 4% ITCFKPI PGVYQTMU CTG WUGF YJKEJ CTG PQTOCNN[ KIPQTGF KP
UKOWNCVKQPU
5KNKEQPECTDKFG CTTGUVGTU CTG OQFGNNGF KP VJG '/62 CU C PQPNKPGCT TGUKUVCPEG KP UGTKGU YKVJ C ICR YJKEJ JCU
C EQPUVCPV URCTMQXGT XQNVCIG +P TGCNKV[ VJG URCTMQXGT XQNVCIG FGRGPFU QP VJG UVGGRPGUU QH VJG KPEQOKPI YCXG CU
UJQYP KP (KI  =? 5KPEG UWTIGU KP C U[UVGO JCXG XGT[ KTTGIWNCT UJCRGU TCVJGT VJCP VJG NKPGCT TKUG WUGF KP


VJG OGCUWTGOGPVU QH (KI  VJG UVGGRPGUU FGRGPFGPEG QH VJG URCTMQXGT XQNVCIG KU PQV GCU[ VQ KORNGOGPV CU
CNTGCF[ FKUEWUUGF KP 5GEVKQP  6JG PQPNKPGCT TGUKUVCPEG KP UGTKGU YKVJ VJG ICR KU GKVJGT UQNXGF YKVJ VJG
EQORGPUCVKQP OGVJQF
5GEVKQP  QT YKVJ VJG RKGEGYKUG NKPGCT TGRTGUGPVCVKQP
5GEVKQP 
+P UKNKEQPECTDKFG UWTIG CTTGUVGTU YKVJ EWTTGPVNKOKVKPI ICRU C XQNVCIG DWKNFU WR CETQUU VJG ICR CHVGT 
VQ  zU YJKEJ KU DGUV OQFGNNGF CU CP KPUGTVGF TCORV[RG XQNVCIG UQWTEG =? CU UJQYP KP (KI  6JKU TCOR
XQNVCIG UQWTEG KU PQV RCTV QH VJG '/62 CTTGUVGT OQFGN PQY DWV KV ECP GCUKN[ DG CFFGF CU CP GZVTC XQNVCIG UQWTEG
CHVGT QPG VTKCN TWP VQ FGVGTOKPG YJGP URCTMQXGT QEEWTU 6JKU ICR XQNVCIG KU QPN[ KORQTVCPV KP UYKVEJKPI UWTIG
UVWFKGU +P NKIJVPKPI UWTIG UVWFKGU KV ECP DG KIPQTGF DGECWUG QH VJG VKOG FGNC[ QH  VQ  zU 7UGHWN +'''
IWKFGNKPGU HQT OQFGNNKPI UKNKEQPECTDKFG CTTGUVGTU CTG HQWPF KP =?

C
D
E

OGFKWO XQNVCIG
JKIJ XQNVCIG NKIJVPKPI UWTIG RTQVGEVKQP
JKIJ XQNVCIG NKIJVPKPI CPF UYKVEJKPI UWTIG RTQVGEVKQP

(KI   #TTGUVGT URCTMQXGT XQNVCIGVKOG EJCTCEVGTKUVKE HQT YCXGHTQPVU YKVJ NKPGCT TKUG =?
4GRTKPVGF D[ RGTOKUUKQP QH 2NGPWO 2WDNKUJKPI %QTR CPF $TQYP $QXGTK 1GTNKMQP
+V KU FQWDVHWN YJGVJGT XGT[ UQRJKUVKECVGF OQFGNU YKVJ F[PCOKE EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU UWEJ CU VJG V[RG OQFGTP
UV[NG 5K% UWTIG CTTGUVGT DCUGF QP =? KP VJG $2# '/62 CTG WUGHWN DGECWUG KV YQWNF DG CNOQUV KORQUUKDNG VQ
QDVCKP VJG TGSWKTGF FCVC $TCWPGT =? JCU FGXGNQRGF C OQFGN YKVJ F[PCOKE EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU YKVJ URGEKCN TGHGTGPEG
VQ )+5 KPUWNCVKQP EQQTFKPCVKQP YJKEJ CRRGCTU VQ TGSWKTG NGUU FCVC VJCP VJG V[RG CTTGUVGT



(KI   #TTGUVGT ICR EJCTCEVGTKUVKE

 /GVCN1ZKFG 5WTIG #TTGUVGT

/GVCNQZKFG QT \KPEQZKFG UWTIG CTTGUVGTU CTG JKIJN[ PQPNKPGCT TGUKUVQTU YKVJ CP CNOQUV KPHKPKVG UNQRG KP VJG
PQTOCNXQNVCIG TGIKQP CPF CP CNOQUV JQTK\QPVCN UNQRG KP VJG QXGTXQNVCIG RTQVGEVKQP TGIKQP CU UJQYP KP (KI 
6JG[ YGTG QTKIKPCNN[ ICRNGUU DWV UQOG OCPWHCEVWTGTU

(KI   8QNVCIGEWTTGPV EJCTCEVGTKUVKE QH C  M8 ICRNGUU OGVCNQZKFG UWTIG

CTTGUVGT =? l  +'''
JCXG TGKPVTQFWEGF ICRU KPVQ VJG FGUKIP +VU PQPNKPGCT TGUKUVCPEG KU TGRTGUGPVGF D[ C RQYGT HWPEVKQP QH VJG HQTO
K ' R

X
XTGH



YJGTG R XTGH CPF S CTG EQPUVCPVU

V[RKECN XCNWGU HQT S   VQ  5KPEG KV KU FKHHKEWNV VQ FGUETKDG VJG GPVKTG TGIKQP
YKVJ QPG RQYGT HWPEVKQP VJG XQNVCIG TGIKQP JCU DGGP FKXKFGF KPVQ UGIOGPVU KP VJG $2# '/62 YKVJ GCEJ UGIOGPV
FGHKPGF D[ KVU QYP RQYGT HWPEVKQP +P VJG 7$% '/62 QPN[ QPG HWPEVKQP KU CNNQYGF UQ HCT (QT XQNVCIGU


UWDUVCPVKCNN[ DGNQY XTGH VJG EWTTGPV KU GZVTGOGN[ UOCNN

GI K  R   R  HQT XXTGH   CPF C NKPGCT
TGRTGUGPVCVKQP KU VJGTGHQTG WUGF KP VJKU NQY XQNVCIG TGIKQP +P VJG OGCPKPIHWN QXGTXQNVCIG RTQVGEVKQP TGIKQP VYQ
UGIOGPVU YKVJ RQYGT HWPEVKQPU
 CTG WUWCNN[ UWHHKEKGPV
6JG UVCVKE EJCTCEVGTKUVKE QH 'S
 ECP DG GZVGPFGF VQ KPENWFG F[PCOKE EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU UKOKNCT VQ J[UVGTGUKU
GHHGEVU VJTQWIJ VJG CFFKVKQP QH C UGTKGU KPFWEVCPEG . YJQUG XCNWG ECP DG GUVKOCVGF QPEG VJG CTTGUVGT EWTTGPV KU
CRRTQZKOCVGN[ MPQYP HTQO C VTKCN TWP =? # OGVCNQZKFG UWTIG CTTGUVGT OQFGN HQT HCUV HTQPV EWTTGPV UWTIGU YKVJ
VKOG VQ ETGUV KP VJG TCPIG QH  VQ  zU YCU RTQRQUGF CPF EQORCTGF CICKPUV NCDQTCVQT[ VGUVU D[ &WTDCM =? 6JG
DCUKE KFGC KU VQ FKXKFG VJG UKPING PQPNKPGCT TGUKUVCPEG KPVQ O RCTCNNGN PQPNKPGCT TGUKUVCPEGU YJKEJ CTG UGRCTCVGF D[
NQY RCUU HKNVGTU CU KNNWUVTCVGF KP (KI  HQT VYQ RCTCNNGN PQPNKPGCTKVKGU YJKEJ KU WUWCNN[ UWHHKEKGPV KP RTCEVKEG 6JG
4.  EKTEWKV KU VJG NQY RCUU HKNVGT YJKEJ UGRCTCVGU VJG VYQ PQPNKPGCT TGUKUVCPEGU FGHKPGF D[ K Q
X Q CPF K 
X  6JG
KPFWEVCPEG .Q TGRTGUGPVU VJG UOCNN DWV HKPKVG KPFWEVCPEG CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ VJG OCIPGVKE HKGNFU KP VJG KOOGFKCVG XKEKPKV[
QH VJG UWTIG CTTGUVGT YJKNG 4Q KU WUGF QPN[ VQ FCOR PWOGTKECN QUEKNNCVKQPU
UGG 5GEVKQP  % KU VJG UVTC[
ECRCEKVCPEG QH VJG UWTIG CTTGUVGT 6JG OQFGN QH (KI  ECP GCUKN[ DG ETGCVGF HTQO GZKUVKPI '/62 GNGOGPVU +H
VJTGG UWEJ OQFGNU YGTG EQPPGEVGF VQ RJCUGU C D E VJGP VJG UKZ PQPNKPGCT TGUKUVCPEGU YQWNF JCXG VQ DG UQNXGF YKVJ
VJG EQORGPUCVKQP OGVJQF YKVJ C UKZRJCUG 6JGXGPKP GSWKXCNGPV EKTEWKV

(KI   6YQUGEVKQP UWTIG CTTGUVGT OQFGN HQT HCUV

HTQPV UWTIGU =?
# UQOGYJCV FKHHGTGPV OQFGN
(KI  JCU DGGP RTQRQUGF D[ -PGEJV =? +V EQPUKUVU QH C PQPNKPGCT
TGUKUVCPEG 4
X C OQTG QT NGUU EQPUVCPV ECRCEKVCPEG % CPF C NKPGCT DWV HTGSWGPE[FGRGPFGPV KORGFCPEG <
T
0Q +''' IWKFGNKPGU JCXG [GV DGGP RWDNKUJGF HQT VJG OQFGNNKPI QH OGVCNQZKFG UWTIG CTTGUVGTU 6JG GPGTI[
CDUQTDGF KP VJGO KU CP KORQTVCPV FGUKIP HCEVQT CPF UJQWNF VJGTGHQTG DG EQORWVGF KP YJCVGXGT V[RG QH OQFGN KU WUGF
5KPEG GPGTI[ CDUQTRVKQP OC[ EJCPIG CU VJG U[UVGO KU GZRCPFGF KV KU KORQTVCPV VQ EJGEM YJGVJGT TCVKPIU YJKEJ YGTG
CRRTQRTKCVG KPKVKCNN[ OC[ RQUUKDN[ DG GZEGGFGF KP HWVWTG [GCTU 'PGTI[ CDUQTRVKQP ECRCDKNKV[ KU RTQDCDN[ OQTG QH C
NKOKVCVKQP HQT UYKVEJKPI UWTIGU VJCP HQT NKIJVPKPI UWTIGU 6JG UJCTR EJCPIG HTQO VJG CNOQUV XGTVKECN VQ VJG CNOQUV
JQTK\QPVCN UNQRG YJKEJ NKOKVU QXGTXQNVCIGU CNOQUV KFGCNN[ CV VJG CTTGUVGT NQECVKQP EQWNF RTQFWEG QUEKNNCVKQPU YKVJ
QXGTUJQQV CV NQECVKQPU UQOG FKUVCPEG HTQO VJG CTTGUVGT GURGEKCNN[ KP UWDUVCVKQPU YKVJ NQPI DWU TWPU 6JKU OC[ DG


CPQVJGT HCEVQT YQTVJ YCVEJKPI HQT

/GVCNQZKFG UWTIG CTTGUVGTU CTG IGPGTCNN[ UQNXGF YKVJ VJG EQORGPUCVKQP OGVJQF KP VJG '/62 YKVJ KVGTCVKQPU
WUKPI 0GYVQP U OGVJQF CU GZRNCKPGF KP 5GEVKQP  6JG RKGEGYKUG NKPGCT TGRTGUGPVCVKQP KU NGUU WUGHWN DGECWUG
VJG JKIJN[ PQPNKPGCT EJCTCEVGTKUVKE QH 'S
 KU PQV GCUKN[ FGUETKDGF D[ RKGEGYKUG NKPGCT UGIOGPVU

(KI   #NVGTPCVKXG UWTIG CTTGUVGT OQFGN

+H VJG UWTIG CTTGUVGT KU GSWKRRGF YKVJ C UJWPV URCTM ICR CU KNNWUVTCVGF KP (KI  VJGP KV KU UVKNN TGRTGUGPVGF
CU C PQPNKPGCT TGUKUVCPEG KP VJG UQNWVKQP RTQEGUU GZEGRV VJCV VJG HWPEVKQP HQT

(KI   /GVCN QZKFG UWTIG

CTTGUVGT YKVJ UJWPV URCTM ICR
VJCV TGUKUVCPEG YKNN EJCPIG CDTWRVN[ HTQO 4
K 4
V DGHQTG URCTMQXGT VQ 4
K CHVGT URCTMQXGT +H VJG UWTIG CTTGUVGT
KU GSWKRRGF YKVJ C UGTKGU URCTM ICR VJGP C XGT[ JKIJ TGUKUVCPEG KU CFFGF VQ 4
K 4
K VQ TGRTGUGPV VJG UGTKGU ICR
DGHQTG URCTMQXGT



 51.76+10 /'6*1&5 +0 6*' '/62

6JG DCUKE VJGQT[ DGJKPF VJG UQNWVKQP OGVJQFU HQT VJG VTCPUKGPV UKOWNCVKQP CPF HQT VJG CE UVGCF[UVCVG RJCUQT
UQNWVKQP JCU CNTGCF[ DGGP GZRNCKPGF KP 5GEVKQP  'ZVGPUKQPU QH VJG DCUKE VJGQT[ HQT OQTG EQORNKECVGF PGVYQTM
GNGOGPVU JCXG OQUVN[ DGGP FKUEWUUGF KP VJG UGEVKQPU FGCNKPI YKVJ VJGUG GNGOGPVU 9JCV TGOCKPU VQ DG GZRNCKPGF JGTG
CTG VJG XCTKQWU QRVKQPU HQT JCPFNKPI PQPNKPGCTKVKGU VJG NQCF HNQY QRVKQP CPF OGVJQFU HQT KPKVKCNK\KPI XCTKCDNGU YKVJ
OQTG VJCP QPG HTGSWGPE[ EQORQPGPV
 +PENWUKQP QH 0QPNKPGCT 'NGOGPVU
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C

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FHMO
FXMO

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\GTQ CU UJQYP KP 'S
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6JKU JCU VQ DG VTGCVGF KP C URGEKCN YC[ KP 'S
 YJGTGCU PQ URGEKCN ECUGU CTKUG YKVJ 'S

6Q UVCTV VJG KVGTCVKQPU YKVJ GKVJGT 'S
 QT
 CP KPKVKCN IWGUU HQT VJG XQNVCIGU KU PGGFGF 5KPEG
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=KMO
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HTQO 'S
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 CU YGNN CU HQT =FHMOFXMO? CPF
=H
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7$% '/62
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+H )V KU VQQ NCTIG CTVKHKEKCN PGICVKXG FCORKPI QT J[UVGTGUKU ECP QEEWT CU KNNWUVTCVGF KP (KI 
UQNWVKQP RTQEGGFU
HTQO  VQ  VQ  KP EQPUGEWVKXG UVGRU 6JKU ECP ECWUG

(KI   #TVKHKEKCN PGICVKXG FCORKPI

PWOGTKECN KPUVCDKNKV[ 5KPEG VJG FQVVGF PQPNKPGCT EJCTCEVGTKUVKE YQWNF IKXG KFGPVKECN CPUYGTU KV KU QDXKQWU VJCV VJG
UJCRG QH VJG EJCTCEVGTKUVKE DGVYGGP UCORNGF RQKPVU FQGU PQV GPVGT KPVQ VJG UQNWVKQP VJCV KU VJG PQPNKPGCT EJCTCEVGTKUVKE
KU QPN[ WUGF KP C URQVV[ YC[ 2KGEGYKUG NKPGCT TGUKUVCPEGU CPF KPFWEVCPEGU CU FKUEWUUGF KP VJG PGZV UGEVKQP CRRGCT
VQ DG OQTG UVCDNG PWOGTKECNN[
QT RQUUKDN[ CDUQNWVGN[ UVCDNG DWV VJG[ OC[ ECWUG QXGTUJQQVKPI RTQDNGOU
#PQVJGT RTQDNGO KU TGNCVGF VQ CWVQOCVKE CE UVGCF[UVCVG KPKVKCNK\CVKQP 5KPEG PQPNKPGCT GNGOGPVU CTG
CRRTQZKOCVGF CU NKPGCT GNGOGPVU KP VJG CE RJCUQT UQNWVKQP C UWFFGP LWOR ECP QEEWT CV V   DGVYGGP VJG NKPGCT CPF
PQPNKPGCT TGRTGUGPVCVKQPU (QT PQPNKPGCT KPFWEVCPEGU VJG RTQDNGO ECP DG OKPKOK\GF VJTQWIJ RTQRGT XQNVCIG UQWTEG
TQVCVKQPU CU FKUEWUUGF KP 5GEVKQP  6JG RTQDNGO YKNN DG TGUQNXGF YJGP VJG UWRGTRQUKVKQP QH JCTOQPKEU

5GEVKQP  DGEQOGU CXCKNCDNG VQ VJG WUGTU

 2KGEGYKUG .KPGCT 4GRTGUGPVCVKQP


 2KGEGYKUG .KPGCT +PFWEVCPEG

#U FKUEWUUGF KP 5GEVKQP  VJG UCVWTCVKQP EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU QH OQFGTP VTCPUHQTOGTU ECP QHVGP DG TGRTGUGPVGF
CEEWTCVGN[ GPQWIJ CU C RKGEGYKUG NKPGCT KPFWEVCPEG YKVJ VYQ UNQRGU
(KI  5WEJ C RKGEGYKUG NKPGCT KPFWEVCPEG
ECP DG UKOWNCVGF YKVJ VYQ NKPGCT KPFWEVCPEGU . CPF

(KI   2KGEGYKUG NKPGCT KPFWEVCPEG YKVJ

VYQ UNQRGU
.R KP RCTCNNGN
(KI  RTQXKFGF VJCV VJG HNWZ KP .R KU CNYC[U EQORWVGF D[ KPVGITCVKPI VJG XQNVCIG X M X
KPFGRGPFGPV QH VJG UYKVEJ RQUKVKQP 6JG UYKVEJ KU ENQUG YJGPGXGT *8* $ 85#674#6+10 CPF QRGPGF CICKP CU UQQP CU
*8*  85#674#6+10 (KI  UJQYU VJG UKOWNCVKQP TGUWNVU HQT VJG EWTTGPVNKOKVKPI FGXKEG QH (KI  KH VYQUNQRG
RKGEGYKUG NKPGCT KPFWEVCPEGU CTG

(KI   5YKVEJGF KPFWEVCPEG

KORNGOGPVCVKQP QH VYQUNQRG RKGEGYKUG NKPGCT
KPFWEVCPEG



(KI   5KOWNCVKQP TGUWNVU HQT ECUG QH (KI  YKVJ

VYQUNQRG RKGEGYKUG NKPGCT KPFWEVCPEGU
WUGF 6JG PWOGTKECN QUEKNNCVKQPU CTQWPF  E[ENGU RTGUGPV KP (KI  JCXG PQY FKUCRRGCTGF
7UKPI C UYKVEJ VQ OCMG VJG EJCPIGQXGT HTQO CP KPFWEVCPEG XCNWG QH . VQ . KP =)? QH 'S
 KU UKORN[
C RTQITCOOKPI VTKEM YJKEJ JCU DGGP WUGF KP VJG 7$% '/62 CPF KP QNFGT XGTUKQPU QH VJG $2# '/62 CPF JCU
UQOGVKOGU DGGP ECNNGF UYKVEJGF KPFWEVCPEG
QT UYKVEJGF TGUKUVCPEG  +P PGYGT XGTUKQPU QH VJG $2# '/62 =)?
KU EJCPIGF FKTGEVN[ CPF TGVTKCPIWNCTK\GF YJGPGXGT VJG UQNWVKQP OQXGU HTQO QPG UVTCKIJVNKPG UGIOGPV QH C RKGEGYKUG
NKPGCT KPFWEVCPEG VQ CPQVJGT UGIOGPV
RUGWFQNKPGCT KPFWEVCPEG QT TGUKUVCPEG KP $2# '/62 4WNG $QQM +P VJKU
FKTGEV OCVTKZ EJCPIG CRRTQCEJ VJG TGEWTUKXG WRFCVKPI QH VJG JKUVQT[ VGTO QH 'S
 YQWNF DG YTQPI YJGPGXGT
VJG UNQRG EJCPIGU +V KU VJGTGHQTG DGVVGT VQ WUG VJG PQPTGEWTUKXG HQTOWNC
 YJGTG VJG DTCPEJ EWTTGPV OWUV HKTUV
DG FGVGTOKPGF HTQO 'S
 YKVJ VJG KPFWEVCPEG XCNWG QH VJG QNF UNQRG YJKNG 'S
 TGSWKTGU VJG KPFWEVCPEG
XCNWG QH VJG PGY UNQRG CV KPUVCPVU QH EJCPIGQXGT
6JG VYQUNQRG RKGEGYKUG NKPGCT KPFWEVCPEG KP VJG 7$% '/62 JCU CP QRVKQP HQT UVCTVKPI VJG UKOWNCVKQP HTQO
C WUGTURGEKHKGF TGUKFWCN HNWZ 8TGUKFWCN YJKEJ QXGTTKFGU CP[ KPVGTPCNN[ ECNEWNCVGF HNWZ 9KVJ VJKU QRVKQP VJG RKGEGYKUG
NKPGCT EJCTCEVGTKUVKE  YKVJ UNQRG . KU WUGF VQ RQKPV  YJGTG VJG UNQRG KU UYKVEJGF VQ .
(KI  6JG HNWZ 8
CV VJG UYKVEJKPI RQKPV KU RTGECNEWNCVGF KP UWEJ C YC[ VJCV VJG UKOWNCVKQP YKNN OQXG FKTGEVN[ KPVQ VJG PQTOCN VYQUNQRG
EJCTCEVGTKUVKE VJGTGCHVGT 6JKU RTQEGFWTG YQTMU YGNN KH VJG UCVWTCVKQP KU FTKXGP JKIJ GPQWIJ VQ TGCEJ CV NGCUV RQKPV
 +H PQV UQOG URGEKCN VTKEMU CTG WUGF YJKEJ CTG FGUETKDGF KP OQTG FGVCKN KP VJG 7$% 7UGT U /CPWCN
RCTCOGVGT
+(.7: QP VKOG ECTF
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V[RG RUGWFQPQPNKPGCT J[UVGTGVKE TGCEVQT  CU KNNWUVTCVGF KP (KI  /QXKPI CNQPI CP[ NKPGCT UGIOGPV KU
UVKNN FGUETKDGF D[ VJG UCOG FKHHGTGPVKCN GSWCVKQP X  . FKFV WUGF HQT CP[ QVJGT NKPGCT KPFWEVCPEG 6JGTGHQTG VJG
TGRTGUGPVCVKQP KP VJG VTCPUKGPV UQNWVKQP RCTV QH VJG '/62 KU VJG UKORNG GSWKXCNGPV TGUKUVCPEG .)V KP RCTCNNGN YKVJ
C EWTTGPV UQWTEG MPQYP HTQO VJG JKUVQT[ KP VJG RTGEGFKPI VKOG UVGR
(KI  6JG GSWKXCNGPV TGUKUVCPEG OWUV DG
EJCPIGF JQYGXGT YJGPGXGT VJG UKOWNCVKQP OQXGU HTQO QPG UGIOGPV KPVQ CPQVJGT 6JG HCEV VJCV



(KI   4GRTGUGPVCVKQP QH TGUKFWCN HNWZ KP 7$%

'/62

(KI   2KGEGYKUG NKPGCT KPFWEVCPEG YKVJ J[UVGTGUKU

VJG NKPGCT UGIOGPV FQGU
KP IGPGTCN PQV RCUU VJTQWIJ VJG QTKIKP KU CWVQOCVKECNN[ VCMGP ECTG QH D[ VJG JKUVQT[ VGTOU
5VCTVKPI HTQO C TGUKFWCN HNWZ KU RGTOKVVGF 6JKU TGRTGUGPVCVKQP YKVJ J[UVGTGUKU ECP DG VTKEM[ VQ WUG CPF VJG TGCFGT
KU VJGTGHQTG TGHGTTGF VQ =? HQT OQTG FGVCKNU
 2KGEGYKUG .KPGCT 4GUKUVCPEG
'KVJGT VJG UYKVEJKPI CRRTQCEJ QT VJG FKTGEV OCVTKZ EJCPIG CRRTQCEJ HQT PQPNKPGCT KPFWEVCPEGU YQTMU
GSWCNN[ YGNN HQT PQPNKPGCT TGUKUVCPEGU *KUVQT[ VGTOU CTG QH EQWTUG PQV PGGFGF KP VJKU ECUG 'CEJ NKPGCT UGIOGPV YKVJ
C UNQRG QH 4  FXFK KU TGRTGUGPVGF KP VJG '/62 CU C XQNVCIG UQWTEG X-0'' KP UGTKGU YKVJ C TGUKUVCPEG 4 QT C EWTTGPV
UQWTEG X-0''4 KP RCTCNNGN YKVJ C TGUKUVCPEG 4
(KI 



RKGEGYKUG NKPGCT
UGIOGPV

XQNVCIG UQWTEG
TGRTGUGPVCVKQP

EWTTGPV UQWTEG
TGRTGUGPVCVKQP

(KI   2KGEGYKUG NKPGCT TGUKUVCPEG

 0WOGTKECN 2TQDNGOU
9KVJ VJG FKTGEV OCVTKZ EJCPIG CRRTQCEJ VJGTG KU PQ TGCUQP VQ NKOKV VJG UJCRG QH VJG PQPNKPGCT EJCTCEVGTKUVKE
VQ QPN[ VYQ UNQRGU 0GYGT XGTUKQPU QH VJG $2# '/62 VJGTGHQTG RGTOKV GUUGPVKCNN[ CP[ PWODGT QH RKGEGYKUG NKPGCT
UGIOGPVU
V[RG RUGWFQNKPGCT TGCEVQT CPF V[RG RUGWFQNKPGCT TGUKUVCPEG KP VJG $2# '/62 4WNG $QQM
9JKNG OWNVKUNQRG RKGEGYKUG NKPGCT GNGOGPVU CTG OQTG WUGHWN VJCP VYQUNQRG GNGOGPVU VJG[ ECP CNUQ ETGCVG URGEKCN
RTQDNGOU YJKEJ FQ PQV GZKUV YKVJ VYQUNQRG GNGOGPVU GURGEKCNN[ HQT VJG PQPNKPGCT TGUKUVCPEG KH VJG RKGEGYKUG NKPGCT
TGUKUVCPEG KU WUGF VQ OQFGN C UKNKEQPECTDKFG UWTIG CTTGUVGT YKVJ C URCTM ICR VJGP VJG '/62 FQGU PQV CWVQOCVKECNN[
MPQY YJKEJ UGIOGPV KV UJQWNF LWOR VQ CHVGT URCTMQXGT
(KI  6JG WUGT OWUV VJGTGHQTG URGEKH[ VJG UGIOGPV
PWODGT CU RCTV QH VJG KPRWV FCVC
GI UGIOGPV  KP (KI  6JKU OC[ TGSWKTG C VTKCN TWP WPNGUU VJG PGVYQTM
UGGP HTQO VJG UWTIG

(KI   ,WOR CHVGT URCTMQXGT

 IGPGTCNN[
WPMPQYP PGVYQTM EJCTCEVGTKUVKE CV KPUVCPV QH
URCTMQXGT
CTTGUVGT NQECVKQP KU TGNCVKXGN[ UKORNG (QT VJG UNQRG TGUKUVCPEG KP VJG 7$% '/62 UJQYP KP (KI  VJKU
RTQDNGO FQGU PQV CTKUG
#NN RKGEGYKUG NKPGCT TGRTGUGPVCVKQPU ECWUG QXGTUJQQVU DGECWUG VJG PGGF HQT EJCPIKPI VQ VJG PGZV UGIOGPV

+H QPN[ UKPINGRJCUG NQUUNGUU NKPGU YGTG EQPPGEVGF VQ VJG UWTIG CTTGUVGT VJGP VJG UNQRG QH VJG PGVYQTM
GSWCVKQP YQWNF UKORN[ DG 46JGX  ' <UWTIG




KU QPN[ TGEQIPK\GF CHVGT VJG NCUV RQKPV

E KP (KI  JCU IQPG QWVUKFG KVU RTQRGT TCPIG 6JG UKOWNCVKQP YKNN
VJGTGHQTG HQNNQY VJG FQVVGF NKPG KPVQ VJG PGZV UGIOGPV TCVJGT

(KI   1XGTUJQQV KP

RKGEGYKUG NKPGCT
TGRTGUGPVCVKQP

VJCP VJG URGEKHKGF UQNKF NKPG CV RQKPV Z %CWVKQP KU VJGTGHQTG PGGFGF KP VJG EJQKEG QH )V VQ MGGR VJG QXGTUJQQV UOCNN
6JG QXGTUJQQV KU WUWCNN[ NGUU UGXGTG QP RKGEGYKUG NKPGCT KPFWEVCPEGU DGECWUG VJG HNWZ DGKPI VJG KPVGITCN QXGT VJG
XQNVCIG ECPPQV EJCPIG XGT[ SWKEMN[ 6JG RTQRGT EWTG HQT VJG QXGTUJQQV RTQDNGO YQWNF DG CP KPVGTRQNCVKQP OGVJQF
YJKEJ OQXGU VJG UQNWVKQP DCEMYCTFU D[ C HTCEVKQP QH )V VQ RQKPV Z KP (KI  CPF VJGP TGUVCTVU VJG UQNWVKQP CICKP
CV VJCV RQKPV YKVJ )V 6JG RQKPVU CNQPI VJG VKOG CZKU YQWNF VJGP PQ NQPIGT DG URCEGF CV GSWCN FKUVCPEGU 6JKU OGVJQF
KU WUGF KP VJG VTCPUKGPVU RTQITCO 0'61/#% =?
$QVJ VJG RKGEGYKUG NKPGCT TGRTGUGPVCVKQP CPF VJG EQORGPUCVKQP OGVJQF UWHHGT HTQO VJG HCEV VJCV PQPNKPGCT
KPFWEVCPEGU CTG CRRTQZKOCVGF CU NKPGCT KPFWEVCPEGU KP VJG CE RJCUQT UQNWVKQP CV NGCUV WPVKN VJG UWRGTRQUKVKQP QH
JCTOQPKEU FKUEWUUGF KP 5GEVKQP  JCU DGEQOG CXCKNCDNG VQ OQUV WUGTU 6JG RTQDNGO UJQWNF PQV QEEWT YKVJ
PQPNKPGCT TGUKUVCPEGU YJKEJ TGRTGUGPV UWTIG CTTGUVGTU 6JG XQNVCIGU CETQUU VJGUG PQPNKPGCT TGUKUVCPEGU UJQWNF DG NQY
GPQWIJ KP VJG UVGCF[UVCVG UQNWVKQP VQ GKVJGT FTCY PGINKIKDN[ UOCNN EWTTGPVU
OGVCN QZKFG CTTGUVGTU QT DG DGNQY
URCTMQXGT XQNVCIG
UKNKEQPECTDKFG CTTGUVGTU 6TCPUHQTOGTU CPF UJWPV TGCEVQTU FQ UCVWTCVG KP PQTOCN UVGCF[UVCVG
QRGTCVKQP JQYGXGT CPF C LWOR HTQO VJG NKPGCT VQ VJG PQPNKPGCT EJCTCEVGTKUVKE YKNN VJGTGHQTG QEEWT CV V  
(KI
 9JGVJGT VJG LWOR QEEWTU KP 8 QT K QT KP DQVJ FGRGPFU

(KI   ,WOR DGVYGGP UVGCF[UVCVG CPF VTCPUKGPV

UQNWVKQP


VQ UQOG GZVGPV QP VJG V[RG QH TGRTGUGPVCVKQP 6JKU RTQDNGO ECP DG OKPKOK\GF D[ TQVCVKPI VJG XQNVCIG UQWTEGU KP UWEJ
C YC[ VJCV QPG QH VJG VJTGG HNWZ RJCUQT 7# 7$ 7% JCU \GTQ CPING
(KI  (QT DCNCPEGF PGVYQTM EQPFKVKQPU
QPG HNWZ YQWNF DG CV \GTQ XCNWG CV V   CPF VJG QVJGT

(KI   (NWZ RJCUQTU

8
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VYQ HNWZGU YQWNF DG 

QH VJGKT RGCM XCNWG *QRGHWNN[ VJKU YQWNF DG DGNQY VJG MPGG RQKPV QH VJG UCVWTCVKQP

EWTXG 0QVG VJCV HNWZGU CPF XQNVCIGU CTG E QWV QH RJCUG YJGP FQKPI VJKU TQVCVKQP
EJGEMKPI VJCV QPG QH VJG EWTTGPVU
KU ENQUG VQ \GTQ CV V   YKNN XGTKH[ VJG EQTTGEVPGUU QH VJG TQVCVKQP
 .QCF (NQY 1RVKQP
# NQCF HNQY
RQYGT HNQY QRVKQP YCU CFFGF VQ VJG '/62 KP  D[ ( 4CUOWUUGP
'NMTCHV &GPOCTM
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URGEKHKGF CEVKXG CPF TGCEVKXG RQYGT QT URGEKHKGF CEVKXG RQYGT CPF XQNVCIG OCIPKVWFG QT UQOG QVJGT URGEKHKGF
ETKVGTKC CTG CEJKGXGF 6JKU YKNN ETGCVG VJG KPKVKCN EQPFKVKQPU HQT VJG UWDUGSWGPV VTCPUKGPV UKOWNCVKQP
9KVJQWV VJG NQCF HNQY QRVKQP VJG UVGCF[UVCVG EQPFKVKQPU CTG QDVCKPGF D[ UQNXKPI VJG U[UVGO QH NKPGCT PQFCN
GSWCVKQPU
 QPN[ QPEG 6JGUG GSWCVKQPU CTG
=;## ? =8# ? ' =+#? & =;#$? =8$?



YKVJ WUGTURGEKHKGF OCIPKVWFGU CPF CPINGU HQT VJG XQNVCIG UQWTEGU =8$? CPF HQT VJG EWTTGPV UQWTEGU =+#? 6JG TGUWNVKPI
RQYGT HNQYU OC[ QT OC[ PQV DG YJCV VJG WUGT YCPVU 6JGTG CTG OCP[ ECUGU JQYGXGT YJGTG VJG FGVCKNU QH VJG KPKVKCN
RQYGT HNQYU KP VJG PGVYQTM FQ PQV KPHNWGPEG VJG TGUWNVU QH VJG VTCPUKGPV UKOWNCVKQP (QT GZCORNG VJG UYKVEJKPI UWTIG
QXGTXQNVCIGU QP VJG NKPG KP VJG PGVYQTM QH (KI  CTG PQV KPHNWGPEGF D[ VJG RQYGT HNQY RCVVGTP YKVJKP VJG HGGFKPI



(KI   0GVYQTM EQPHKIWTCVKQP HQT UYKVEJKPI UWTIG UVWF[

PGVYQTM CU NQPI CU VJG HGGFKPI PGVYQTM FQGU PQV EQPVCKP PQPNKPGCT GNGOGPVU 6JG QPN[ KORQTVCPV RCTCOGVGTU CTG
VJG
HTGSWGPE[FGRGPFGPV KORGFCPEG QH VJG HGGFKPI PGVYQTM
YJKEJ FQGU PQV FGRGPF QP RQYGT HNQYU CP[JQY CPF
VJG RTGENQUKPI XQNVCIG 85 6JKU KU VTWG DGECWUG C NKPGCT PGVYQTM ECP CNYC[U DG TGRTGUGPVGF D[ C 6JGXGPKP GSWKXCNGPV
EKTEWKV YJKEJ TGSWKTGU QPN[ VJGUG VYQ RCTCOGVGTU 6JG XCNWG QH VJG QRGPEKTEWKV XQNVCIG 85 KU PQTOCNN[ URGEKHKGF D[
VJG WUGT
GI 

CDQXG TCVGF XQNVCIG TCVJGT VJCP QDVCKPGF HTQO C NQCF HNQY UQNWVKQP #P[ EQODKPCVKQP QH UQWTEG

XQNVCIGU 8 8 8 YJKEJ RTQFWEGU VJG UCOG 85 YQWNF ETGCVG KFGPVKECN QXGTXQNVCIGU 1PG EQWNF VJGTGHQTG UKORN[
CUUWOG GSWCN UQWTEG XQNVCIGU 8  8  8  OCMG QPG VTKCN UVGCF[UVCVG UQNWVKQP VQ IGV 85 VTKCN CPF VJGP OWNVKRN[ VJG
XQNVCIGU YKVJ VJG HCEVQT 8585VTKCN HQT VJG HKPCN UKOWNCVKQP # NQCF HNQY UQNWVKQP KU PQV PGGFGF KP VJKU ECUG
6JG DGUV OGVJQFU HQT NQCF HNQY UQNWVKQPU CTG DCUGF QP VJG 0GYVQP4CRJUQP OGVJQF 9JGP 4CUOWUUGP
CFFGF C NQCF HNQY QRVKQP KP  JG YCU CYCTG QH VJCV DWV JG EQWNF PQV CHHQTF VJG VTGOGPFQWU RTQITCOOKPI GHHQTV
KPXQNXGF KP KVU KORNGOGPVCVKQP +PUVGCF JG FGXGNQRGF C UKORNGT OGVJQF YJKEJ YQWNF UGTXG JKU PGGFU CPF CV VJG
UCOG VKOG TGSWKTG CU NKVVNG RTQITCO EJCPIGU CU RQUUKDNG 6JKU NGF VQ VJG OGVJQF FKUEWUUGF PGZV YJKEJ KU UQOGYJCV
UKOKNCT VQ VJG )CWUU5GKFGN OGVJQFU WUGF KP VJG GCTN[ FC[U QH NQCF HNQY RTQITCO FGXGNQROGPV #P KORTQXGF
CRRTQCEJ YJKEJ CNUQ TGSWKTGU C OKPKOWO QH RTQITCO EJCPIGU KU FKUEWUUGF KP 5GEVKQP  +V KU ENGCT JQYGXGT
VJCV QPG YQWNF GXGPVWCNN[ JCXG VQ WUG 0GYVQP4CRJUQP OGVJQFU CPF TGRTQITCO VJG UVGCF[UVCVG UQNWVKQP TQWVKPG
EQORNGVGN[ KH HWTVJGT KORTQXGOGPVU CTG PGGFGF
 4CUOWUUGP U .QCF (NQY /GVJQF
0QFGU CV YJKEJ VJG WUGT URGEKHKGU CEVKXG RQYGT 2 CPF TGCEVKXG RQYGT 3
QT UQOG QVJGT EQODKPCVKQP QH 2
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2M & L 3M ' .M 8M(



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8M
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RQUKVKXG UGSWGPEG PGVYQTM YKVJ QPN[ QPG 2 3PQFG CPF QPG UNCEM PQFG 4CUOWUUGP U OGVJQF VCMGU  KVGTCVKQPU
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QP KV
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QT GZVTGOGN[ KNNEQPFKVKQPGF 6JG
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(KI   $2# VGUV ECUG HQT NQCF HNQY QRVKQP

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8
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2URGEKHKGF & L 3URGEKHKGF

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C 4GCN RCTV QH 8#N




D +OCIKPCT[ RCTV QH 8#N
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D 4GNCVKQPUJKR DGVYGGP 8 CPF 3

(KI   6JGXGPKP GSWKXCNGPV EKTEWKV

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QT
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(KI   2CTCOGVGT XCTKCVKQP KP DTCPEJGU   /

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8C&C
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XQNVCIG UQWTEGU KP VJG NCTIG PGVYQTM
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VJGO HTQO VJG FCVC HKNG YQWNF ETGCVG QRGP EKTEWKVU CPF ECPEGN CNN EWTTGPV UQWTEGU
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9KVJ =86JGX? CPF =<6JGX? MPQYP VJG NCTIG

WPEJCPIGF RCTV QH VJG PGVYQTM KU FGUETKDGF D[ VJG /RJCUG
6JGXGPKP GSWKXCNGPV EKTEWKV QH (KI  YKVJ KVU DTCPEJ GSWCVKQP
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(KI   /DTCPEJ 6JGXGPKP GSWKXCNGPV EKTEWKV

YJGTG =8? CPF =+? CTG DTCPEJ XQNVCIGU CPF EWTTGPVU +H VJGUG DTCPEJGU CTG RCUUKXG YKVJ C DTCPEJ KORGFCPEG OCVTKZ
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6JGXGPKP GSWKXCNGPV EKTEWKVU CTG KP RTKPEKRNG QPN[ XCNKF CV VJG HTGSWGPE[ CV YJKEJ VJG[ CTG ECNEWNCVGF +P VJG
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VQ VJG KORGFCPEG (KI  UJQYU CP GZCORNG YJGTG VJG KORGFCPEG DGVYGGP VYQ RJCUGU YCU EQORWVGF YKVJ VJG
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QP VJG FE UKFG 6JKU KIPQTGU VJG EWTTGPV JCTOQPKEU QP VJG CE UKFG CPF VJG XQNVCIG JCTOQPKEU QP VJG FE UKFG DWV KV
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JCTOQPKEU CNTGCF[ KPENWFGF KP VJG UVGCF[UVCVG KPKVKCN EQPFKVKQPU DGECWUG UVGCF[UVCVG JCTOQPKEU FQ UQOGVKOGU JCXG
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=?

,# $TCPFCQ (CTKC CPF ,4 $QTIGU FC 5KNXC 9CXG RTQRCICVKQP KP RQN[RJCUG VTCPUOKUUKQP NKPGU C IGPGTCN
UQNWVKQP VQ KPENWFG ECUGU YJGTG QTFKPCT[ OQFCN VJGQT[ HCKNU +''' 6TCPU 2QYGT 5[UVGOU XQN 294&
4

RR  #RTKN 

=?

%4 2CWN 5QNWVKQP QH VJG VTCPUOKUUKQPNKPG GSWCVKQPU HQT NQUU[ EQPFWEVQTU CPF KORGTHGEV GCTVJ 2TQE
+'' XQN  RR  (GD 

=?

$6 5OKVJ , $Q[NG $ )CTDQY ; +MGDG 8 -NGPC CPF % /QNGT /CVTKZ 'KIGPU[UVGO 4QWVKPGU 
'+52#%- )WKFG 5GEQPF 'FKVKQP .GEVWTG 0QVGU KP %QOR 5EK XQN  5RTKPIGT 8GTNCI 0GY ;QTM 

=?

-' #VMKPUQP #P +PVTQFWEVKQP VQ 0WOGTKECN #PCN[UKU ,QJP 9KNG[

=?

+''' 9QTMKPI )TQWR 5YKVEJKPI 5WTIGU 2CTV +8  %QPVTQN CPF TGFWEVKQP QP CE VTCPUOKUUKQP NKPGU +'''
6TCPU 2QYGT #RR

5QPU 0GY ;QTM  R 

5[UV XQN 2#5 RR  #WI 

=?

4 9KNNQWIJD[
GFKVQT 5VKHH &KHHGTGPVKCN 5[UVGOU 2NGPWO 2TGUU 0GY ;QTM 

=?

)) &CJNSWKUV

# URGEKCN UVCDKNKV[ RTQDNGO HQT NKPGCT OWNVKUVGR OGVJQFU

0QTFKUM 6KFUMTKHV HQT

+PHQTOCVKQPU  $GJCPFNKPI XQN  RR  

=?

*9 &QOOGN CPF 0 5CVQ (CUV VTCPUKGPV UVCDKNKV[ UQNWVKQPU +''' 6TCPU 2QYGT #RR 5[UV XQN
2#5 RR  

=?

# 5GON[GP CPF # &CDWNGCPW # U[UVGO CRRTQCEJ VQ CEEWTCVG UYKVEJKPI VTCPUKGPV ECNEWNCVKQPU DCUGF QP
UVCVG XCTKCDNG EQORQPGPV OQFGNNKPI

+''' 6TCPU 2QYGT #RR 5[UV XQN 2#5 RR 

/CTEJ#RTKN 
=?

+''' 6CUM (QTEG (KTUV DGPEJOCTM OQFGN HQT EQORWVGT UKOWNCVKQP QH UWDU[PEJTQPQWU TGUQPCPEG +'''
6TCPU 2QYGT #RR 5[UV XQN 2#5 RR  5GRV1EV 

=?

* &QOOGN &KIKVCNG 4GEJGPXGTHCJTGP HWT GNGMVTKUEJG 0GV\G

FKIKVCN EQORWVGT OGVJQFU HQT PGVYQTM
UQNWVKQPU KP )GTOCP #TEJKX H 'NGMVTQVGEJPKM XQN  RR  

=?

+''' 5VCPFCTF &KEVKQPCT[ QH 'NGEVTKECN CPF 'NGEVTQPKEU 6GTOU 5GEQPF 'FKVKQP RWDNKUJGF D[ +'''
9KNG[+PVGTUEKGPEG 0GY ;QTM 

=?

)' (QTU[VJG CPF %$ /QNGT %QORWVGT 5QNWVKQP QH .KPGCT #NIGDTCKE 'SWCVKQPU

2TGPVKEG*CNN

'PINGYQQF %NKHHU 0, 

=?

2% /CIPWUUQP 6TCXGNNKPI YCXGU QP OWNVKEQPFWEVQT QRGPYKTG NKPGU  # PWOGTKECN UWTXG[ QH VJG GHHGEVU
QH HTGSWGPE[ FGRGPFGPEG QH OQFCN EQORQUKVKQP +''' 6TCPU 2QYGT #RR 5[UV XQN 2#5 RR
 /C[,WPG 

=?

8 $TCPFYCLP /QFKHKECVKQPU QH 7UGT U +PUVTWEVKQPU HQT /#46+ 5'672 '/62 0GYUNGVVGT XQN  PQ
 RR  #WI 

=?

*9 &QOOGN # ;CP 4, 1TVK\ FG /CTECPQ #$ /KNKCPK %CUG UVWFKGU HQT GNGEVTQOCIPGVKE
VTCPUKGPVU 7PKX QH $TKVKUJ %QNWODKC 8CPEQWXGT %CPCFC /C[ 

=?

. $GTIGTQP &W %QWR FG $GNKGT GP *[FTCWNKSWG CW %QWR FG (QWFTG GP 'NGEVTKEKV

&WPQF 2CTKU 

'PINKUJ VTCPUNCVKQP 9CVGT *COOGT KP *[FTCWNKEU CPF 9CXG 5WTIGU KP 'NGEVTKEKV[ #5/' %QOOKVVGG
9KNG[ 0GY ;QTM 
=?

%+)4' 9QTMKPI )TQWR  6JG ECNEWNCVKQP QH UYKVEJKPI UWTIGU + # EQORCTKUQP QH VTCPUKGPV PGVYQTM
4

CPCN[UGT TGUWNVU 'NGEVTC 0Q  RR  0QX 

=?

# $WFPGT +PVTQFWEVKQP QH HTGSWGPE[FGRGPFGPV NKPG RCTCOGVGTU KPVQ CP GNGEVTQOCIPGVKE VTCPUKGPVU

RTQITCO  +''' 6TCPU 2QYGT #RR 5[UV XQN 2#5 RR  ,CP 

=?

95 /G[GT CPF *9 &QOOGN

0WOGTKECN OQFGNNKPI QH HTGSWGPE[FGRGPFGPV VTCPUOKUUKQP NKPG

RCTCOGVGTU KP CP GNGEVTQOCIPGVKE VTCPUKGPVU RTQITCO +''' 6TCPU 2QYGT #RR 5[UV XQN 2#5 RR
 5GRV1EV 
=?

,- 5PGNUQP 2TQRCICVKQP QH VTCXGNNKPI YCXGU QP VTCPUOKUUKQP NKPGU  (TGSWGPE[ FGRGPFGPV RCTCOGVGTU
+''' 6TCPU 2QYGT #RR 5[UV XQN 2#5 RR  ,CP(GD 

=?

# 5GON[GP CPF # &CDWNGCPW (CUV CPF CEEWTCVG UYKVEJKPI VTCPUKGPV ECNEWNCVKQPU QP VTCPUOKUUKQP NKPGU
YKVJ ITQWPF TGVWTP WUKPI TGEWTUKXG EQPXQNWVKQPU +''' 6TCPU 2QYGT #RR 5[UV XQN 2#5 RR
 /CTEJ#RTKN 

=?

# #OGVCPK # JKIJN[ GHHKEKGPV OGVJQF HQT ECNEWNCVKPI VTCPUOKUUKQP NKPG VTCPUKGPVU +''' 6TCPU 2QYGT
#RR 5[UV XQN 2#5 RR  5GRV1EV 

=?

,4 /CTVK #EEWTCVG OQFGNNKPI QH HTGSWGPE[FGRGPFGPV VTCPUOKUUKQP NKPGU KP GNGEVTQOCIPGVKE VTCPUKGPV

UKOWNCVKQPU +''' 6TCPU 2QYGT #RR 5[UV XQN 2#5 RR  ,CP 

=?

%+)4' 9QTMKPI ITQWR  6JG ECNEWNCVKQP QH UYKVEJKPI UWTIGU  +++ 6TCPUOKUUKQP NKPG TGRTGUGPVCVKQP
HQT GPGTIK\CVKQP CPF TGGPGTIK\CVKQP UVWFKGU YKVJ EQORNGZ HGGFKPI PGVYQTMU 'NGEVTC 0Q  RR 
,CP 

=?

. /CTVK 8QNVCIG CPF EWTTGPV RTQHKNGU CPF NQYQTFGT CRRTQZKOCVKQP QH HTGSWGPE[FGRGPFGPV VTCPUOKUUKQP
NKPG RCTCOGVGTU /#5E 6JGUKU 7PKX QH $TKVKUJ %QNWODKC 8CPEQWXGT %CPCFC #RTKN 

=?

(* $TCPKP 6TCPUKGPV CPCN[UKU QH NQUUNGUU VTCPUOKUUKQP NKPGU  2TQE +''' XQN  RR  0QX


=?

8 .CTUGP QH '(+ KP 6TQPFJGKO 0QTYC[ RGTUQPCN EQOOWPKECVKQP

=?

4) 9CUNG[ CPF 5 5GNXCXKPC[CICOQQTVJ[ #RRTQZKOCVG HTGSWGPE[ TGURQPUG XCNWGU HQT VTCPUOKUUKQPNKPG
VTCPUKGPV CPCN[UKU 2TQE +'' XQN  RR  #RTKN 

=?

,4 /CTVK 6JG RTQDNGO QH HTGSWGPE[ FGRGPFGPEG KP VTCPUOKUUKQP NKPG OQFGNNKPI 2J& VJGUKU 6JG
7PKXGTUKV[ QH $TKVKUJ %QNWODKC 8CPEQWXGT %CPCFC #RTKN 

=?

. /CTVK .QYQTFGT CRRTQZKOCVKQP QH VTCPUOKUUKQP NKPG RCTCOGVGTU HQT HTGSWGPE[FGRGPFGPV OQFGNU

+''' 6TCPU 2QYGT #RR 5[UV XQN 2#5 RR  0QX 

=?

' )TQUEJWRH 5KOWNCVKQP VTCPUKGPVGT 8QTICPIG CWH .GKVWPIUU[UVGOGP FGT *QEJURCPPWPIU)NGKEJUVTQO WPF
&TGJUVTQO7DGTVTCIWPI
5KOWNCVKQP QH VTCPUKGPV RJGPQOGPC KP U[UVGOU YKVJ *8&% CPF CE VTCPUOKUUKQP
NKPGU KP )GTOCP 2J& VJGUKU 6GEJPKECN 7PKXGTUKV[ &CTOUVCFV )GTOCP[ 

=?

- %CTNUGP '* .GPHGUV CPF ,, .C(QTGUV /CPVTCR  /CEJKPG CPF 0GVYQTM 6TCPUKGPVU 2TQITCO 2TQE
+''' 2QYGT +PFWUVT[ %QORWVGT #RRN %QPH RR  

=?

) )TQUU CPF /% *CNN 5[PEJTQPQWU OCEJKPG CPF VQTUKQPCN F[PCOKEU UKOWNCVKQP KP VJG EQORWVCVKQP QH
4

GNGEVTQOCIPGVKE VTCPUKGPVU +''' 6TCPU 2QYGT #RR 5[UV XQN 2#5 RR  ,WN[#WI 
=?

+''' 9QTMKPI )TQWR 4GRQTV 4GEQOOGPFGF RJCUQT FKCITCO HQT U[PEJTQPQWU OCEJKPGU +''' 6TCPU
2QYGT #RR 5[UV XQN 2#5 RR  0QX 

=?

42 5EJWN\ 9& ,QPGU CPF &0 'YCTV &[PCOKE OQFGNU QH VWTDKPG IGPGTCVQTU FGTKXGF HTQO UQNKF
TQVQT GSWKXCNGPV EKTEWKVU +''' 6TCPU 2QYGT #RR 5[UV XQN 2#5 RR  /C[,WPG 

=?

'9 -KODCTM 2QYGT 5[UVGO 5VCDKNKV[ 5[PEJTQPQWU /CEJKPGU &QXGT 2WDNKECVKQPU 0GY ;QTM 

TGRTKPV QH  GFKVKQP D[ , 9KNG[

=?

5QPU

+''' 6GUV 2TQEGFWTGU HQT 5[PEJTQPQWU /CEJKPGU 5VCPFCTF  

DGKPI TGXKUGF KP  VQ KPENWFG
VTKCN RTQEGFWTG HQT UVCPFUVKNN HTGSWGPE[ VGUVKPI

=?

+'% 4GEQOOGPFCVKQPU HQT 4QVCVKPI 'NGEVTKE /CEJKPGT[ 2WDN # 

=?

+/ %CPC[ &GVGTOKPCVKQP QH OQFGN RCTCOGVGTU QH U[PEJTQPQWU OCEJKPGU 2TQE +'' XQN  RV
$ RR  /CTEJ 

=?

$ #FMKPU CPF 4) *CTNG[ 6JG )GPGTCN 6JGQT[ QH #NVGTPCVKPI %WTTGPV /CEJKPGU #RRNKECVKQP VQ
2TCEVKECN 2TQDNGOU %JCROCP CPF *CNN .QPFQP 

=?

*9 &QOOGN &CVC EQPXGTUKQP QH U[PEJTQPQWU OCEJKPG RCTCOGVGTU '/62 0GYUNGVVGT XQN  0Q
 RR  #RTKN 

=?

+/ %CPC[ *, 4QJTGT -' 5EJPKTGN 'HHGEV QH GNGEVTKECN FKUVWTDCPEGU ITKF TGEQXGT[ XQNVCIG CPF
IGPGTCVQT KPGTVKC QP OCZKOK\CVKQP QH OGEJCPKECN VQTSWGU KPNCTIG VWTDQIGPGTCVQT UGVU

+'''

5VCVGQHVJG#TV 5[ORQUKWO  6WTDKPG )GPGTCVQT 5JCHV 6QTUKQPCNU 2WDN 0Q 6*11294 
=?

4$ 5JKRNG[ & %QNGOCP CPF %( 9CVVU 6TCPUHQTOGT EKTEWKVU HQT FKIKVCN UVWFKGU #+'' 6TCPU 2V
+++ XQN  RR  (GD 

=?

.( $NWOG GV CN 6TCPUHQTOGT 'PIKPGGTKPI PF 'FKVKQP ,QJP 9KNG[

5QPU 0GY ;QTM  R 

=?

&' *GFOCP 6JGQTGVKECN GXCNWCVKQP QH OWNVKRJCUG RTQRCICVKQP +''' 6TCPU 2QYGT #RR 5[UV XQN
2#5 RR  0QX&GE 

=?

& 2QXJ CPF 9 5EJWN\ #PCN[UKU QH QXGTXQNVCIGU ECWUGF D[ VTCPUHQTOGT OCIPGVK\KPI KPTWUJ EWTTGPV
+''' 6TCPU 2QYGT #RR 5[UV XQN 2#5 RR  ,WN[#WI 

=?

- 5EJNQUUGT #P GSWKXCNGPV EKTEWKV HQT 0YKPFKPI VTCPUHQTOGTU FGTKXGF HTQO C RJ[UKECN DCUKU $TQYP
$QXGTK0CEJTKEJVGP XQN  RR  /CTEJ  CPF #RRNKECVKQP QH VJG GSWKXCNGPV EKTEWKV QH CP
0YKPFKPI VTCPUHQTOGT $TQYP $QXGTK0CEJTKEJVGP XQN  RR  ,WPG 
KP )GTOCP

=?

/ -J <KMJGTOCP /CIPGVK\KPI EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU QH NCTIG RQYGT VTCPUHQTOGTU 'NGMVTKEJGUVXQ 0Q  RR
 
KP 4WUUKCP 'PINKUJ VTCPUNCVKQP KP 'NGEVTKE 6GEJPQNQI[ 7554

=?

'2 &KEM CPF 9 9CVUQP 6TCPUHQTOGT OQFGNU HQT VTCPUKGPV UVWFKGU DCUGF QP HKGNF OGCUWTGOGPVU
+''' 6TCPU 2QYGT #RR 5[UV XQN 2#5 RR  ,CP 

=?

, #XKNC4QUCNGU CPF (. #NXCTCFQ

0QPNKPGCT HTGSWGPE[ FGRGPFGPV VTCPUHQTOGT OQFGN HQT

GNGEVTQOCIPGVKE VTCPUKGPV UVWFKGU KP RQYGT U[UVGOU +''' 6TCPU 2QYGT #RR 5[UV XQN 2#5 RR
4

 0QX 

=?

# )QNFUVGKP 6TCPUHQTOGT R 

KP )GTOCP %JCRVGT KP 6GEJPKM 0Q  GFKVGF D[ 6J $QXGTK CPF
6J 9CUUGTTCD (KUEJGT (TCPMHWTV
)GTOCP[ 

=?

%9 6C[NQT 5KOWNCVKQP QH EWTTGPV VTCPUHQTOGTU +PVGTPCN 4GRQTV $QPPGXKNNG 2QYGT #FOKPKUVTCVKQP
(GD 

=?

.1 %JWC CPF -# 5VTQOUOQG .WORGFEKTEWKV OQFGNU HQT PQPNKPGCT KPFWEVQTU GZJKDKVKPI J[UVGTGUKU
NQQRU +''' 6TCPU %KTEWKV 6JGQT[ XQN %6 RR  0QX 

=?

,) (TCOG 0 /QJCP CPF 6 .KW *[UVGTGUKU OQFGNKPI KP CP GNGEVTQOCIPGVKE VTCPUKGPVU RTQITCO
+''' 6TCPU 2QYGT #RR 5[UV XQN 2#5 RR  5GRV 

=?

0 )GTOC[ 5 /CUVGTQ CPF , 8TQOCP 4GXKGY QH HGTTQTGUQPCPEG RJGPQOGPC KP JKIJXQNVCIG RQYGT

U[UVGOU CPF RTGUGPVCVKQP QH C XQNVCIG VTCPUHQTOGT OQFGN HQT RTGFGVGTOKPKPI VJGO %+)4' 4GRQTV 0Q
 2CTKU 

=?

. -TCJGPDWJN $ -WNKEMG CPF # 9GDU 5KOWNCVKQPUOQFGNN GKPGU /GJTYKEMNWPIUVTCPUHQTOCVQTU \WT

7PVGTUWEJWPI XQP 5CVVKIWPIUXQTICPIGP
UKOWNCVKQP OQFGN QH CP 0YKPFKPI VTCPUHQTOGT HQT VJG CPCN[UKU
QH UCVWTCVKQP RJGPQOGPC  KP )GTOCP 5KGOGPU (QTUEJWPIUWPF 'PVYKEMNWPIU$GTKEJVG
5KGOGPU
4GUGCTEJ CPF &GXGNQROGPV 4GRQTVU XQN  RR  

=?

' %QNQODQ CPF ) 5CPVCIQUVKPQ 4GUWNVU QH VJG GPSWKTKGU QP CEVWCN PGVYQTM EQPFKVKQPU YJGP UYKVEJKPI
OCIPGVK\KPI CPF UOCNN KPFWEVKXG EWTTGPVU CPF QP VTCPUHQTOGT CPF UJWPV TGCEVQT UCVWTCVKQP EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU 
'NGEVTC 0Q  RR  /C[ 

=?

6 #FKGNUQP # %CTNUQP *$ /CTIQNKU CPF ,# *CNNCFC[

4GUQPCPV QXGTXQNVCIGU KP '*8

VTCPUHQTOGTU  OQFGNKPI CPF CRRNKECVKQP  +''' 6TCPU 2QYGT #RR 5[UV XQN 2#5 RR 
,WN[ 
=?

4% &GIGPGHH # OGVJQF HQT EQPUVTWEVKPI VGTOKPCN OQFGNU HQT UKPINGRJCUG 0YKPFKPI VTCPUHQTOGTU 
2CRGT #   RTGUGPVGF CV +''' 2'5 5WOOGT /GGVKPI .QU #PIGNGU %CNKH ,WN[  

=?

)9 5YKHV 2QYGT VTCPUHQTOGT EQTG DGJCXKQT WPFGT VTCPUKGPV EQPFKVKQPU  +''' 6TCPU 2QYGT #RR
5[UV XQN 2#5 RR  5GRV1EV 

=?

' -WHHGN CPF 95 <CGPIN *KIJ 8QNVCIG 'PIKPGGTKPI 2GTICOQP 2TGUU 1ZHQTF 

=?

(9 *GKNDTQPPGT (KTKPI CPF XQNVCIG UJCRG QH OWNVKUVCIG KORWNUG IGPGTCVQTU  +''' 6TCPU 2QYGT #RR
5[UV XQN 2#5 RR  5GRV1EV 

=?

9( .QPI # UVWF[ QP UQOG UYKVEJKPI CURGEVU QH C FQWDNG EKTEWKV *8&% VTCPUOKUUKQP NKPG  +'''
6TCPU 2QYGT #RR 5[UV XQN 2#5 RR  /CTEJ#RTKN 

=?

&, /GNXQNF 24 5JQEMNG[ 9( .QPI CPF 0) *KPIQTCPK 6JTGG VGTOKPCN QRGTCVKQP QH VJG 2CEKHKE
*8&% +PVGTVKG HQT FE EKTEWKV DTGCMGT VGUVKPI  +''' 6TCPU 2QYGT #RR 5[UV XQN 2#5 RR
 ,WN[#WI 

=?

$% %JKW # EQPXGTVGT OQFGN HQT VJG FKIKVCN UKOWNCVKQP QH VTCPUKGPVU KP CEFE VTCPUOKUUKQP U[UVGOU
4

/#5E VJGUKU 7PKXGTUKV[ QH $TKVKUJ %QNWODKC 8CPEQWXGT %CPCFC /C[ 

=?

8 $TCPFYCLP +PHNWGPEG QH PWOGTKECN PQKUG QP VJG UVCDKNKV[ QH 6[RG  5/ OQFGN  '/62 0GYUNGVVGT
XQN  PQ  RR  (GD 

=?

8 $TCPFYCLP +PXGUVKICVKQP CPF KORTQXGOGPV QH NQPI VGTO UVCDKNKV[ HQT VJG 6;2' U[PEJTQPQWU
OCEJKPG OQFGN  '/62 0GYUNGVVGT XQN  PQ  RR  0QX 

=?

&# %CNCJCP 0WOGTKECN EQPUKFGTCVKQPU HQT KORNGOGPVCVKQP QH PQPNKPGCT VTCPUKGPV EKTEWKV CPCN[UKU
RTQITCO  +''' 6TCPU %KTEWKV 6JGQT[ XQN %6 RR  ,CP 

=?

, /GEJGPDKGT 5KOWNCVKQP QH U[PEJTQPQWU OCEJKPGU KP ECUGU YKVJ NCTIG URGGF EJCPIGU  '/62
0GYUNGVVGT XQN  PQ  RR  1EV 

=?

$ -WNKEMG 5KOWNCVKQP RTQITCO 0'61/#% OQFGNNKPI QH U[PEJTQPQWU CPF KPFWEVKQP OCEJKPGU

KP
)GTOCP 5KGOGPU (QTUEJWPIUW 'PVYKEMNWPIU$GTKEJVG XQN  RR  

=?

4 4COCPWLCO # OGVJQF QH KPVGTHCEKPI 1NKXG U OQFGN QH U[PEJTQPQWU OCEJKPG KP CP GNGEVTQOCIPGVKE

VTCPUKGPVU RTQITCO  '/62 0GYUNGVVGT XQN  PQ  RR  #WI 

=?

*- .CWY CPF 95 /G[GT 7PKXGTUCN OCEJKPG OQFGNNKPI HQT VJG TGRTGUGPVCVKQP QH TQVCVKPI GNGEVTKE
OCEJKPGT[ KP CP GNGEVTQOCIPGVKE VTCPUKGPVU RTQITCO  +''' 6TCPU 2QYGT #RR 5[UV XQN 2#5 RR
 ,WPG 

=?

), 4QIGTU CPF & 5JKTOQJCOOCFK +PFWEVKQP OCEJKPG OQFGNNKPI HQT GNGEVTQOCIPGVKE VTCPUKGPV
RTQITCO  1PVCTKQ *[FTQ +PVGTPCN /GOQTCPFWO 

=?

& 5JKTOQJCOOCFK 7PKXGTUCN OCEJKPG OQFGNNKPI KP 'NGEVTQOCIPGVKE 6TCPUKGPV 2TQITCO

'/62 
'/62 0GYUNGVVGT XQN  PQ  RR  #RTKN  CPF 6TCPU 'PIKPGGTKPI

1RGTCVKPI &KXKUKQP

%CPCFKCP 'NGEVTKECN #UUQEKCVKQP XQN  

=?

*- .CWY +PVGTHCEKPI HQT WPKXGTUCN OWNVKOCEJKPG U[UVGO OQFGNNKPI KP CP GNGEVTQOCIPGVKE VTCPUKGPVU
RTQITCO  +''' 6TCPU 2QYGT #RR 5[UV XQN 2#5 RR  5GRV 

=?

9( 6KPPG[ CPF ,9 9CNMGT &KTGEV UQNWVKQPU QH URCTUG PGVYQTM GSWCVKQPU D[ QRVKOCNN[ QTFGTGF
VTKCPIWNCT HCEVQTK\CVKQP  2TQE +''' XQN  RR  0QX 

=?

* 'FGNOCPP

1TFGTGF VTKCPIWNCT HCEVQTK\CVKQP QH OCVTKEGU  2TQE 2QYGT 5[UVGOU %QORWVCVKQP

%QPHGTGPEG 5VQEMJQNO 

=?

, %CTRGPVKGT 1TFGTGF GNKOKPCVKQPU  2TQE 2QYGT 5[UVGOU %QORWVCVKQP %QPHGTGPEG .QPFQP 

=?

9( 6KPPG[ 8 $TCPFYCLP CPF 5/ %JCP 5RCTUG XGEVQT OGVJQFU  +''' 6TCPU 2QYGT #RR 5[UV
XQN 2#5 RR  (GDT 

=?

9( 6KPPG[ CPF 95 /G[GT 5QNWVKQP QH NCTIG URCTUG U[UVGOU D[ QTFGTGF VTKCPIWNCT HCEVQTK\CVKQP 
+''' 6TCPU #WVQOCVKE %QPVTQN XQN #% RR  #WI 

=?

9( 6KPPG[ 5QOG GZCORNGU QH URCTUG OCVTKZ OGVJQFU HQT RQYGT PGVYQTM RTQDNGOU  2TQE TF 2QYGT
5[UVGOU %QORWVCVKQP %QPHGTGPEG 4QOG 

=?

9( 6KPPG[ CPF 9. 2QYGNN %QORCTKUQP QH OCVTKZ KPXGTUKQP CPF URCTUG VTKCPIWNCT HCEVQTK\CVKQP HQT
4

UQNWVKQP QH RQYGT PGVYQTM RTQDNGOU  2CRGT RTGUGPVGF CV C 4QOCPKC75 %QPHGTGPEG QP 2QYGT 5[UVGOU
$WEJCTGUV 
=?

$/ 9GGF[ 'NGEVTKE 2QYGT 5[UVGOU 6JKTF 'FKVKQP ,QJP 9KNG[ CPF 5QPU %JKEJGUVGT
'PINCPF 

=?

*CPFDQQM QH /CVJGOCVKECN (WPEVKQPU 'FKVGF D[ / #DTCOQYKV\ CPF +# 5VGIWP RWDN D[ 75 &GRV
QH %QOOGTEG 

=?

./ 9GFGRQJN CPF &, 9KNEQZ 6TCPUKGPV CPCN[UKU QH WPFGTITQWPF RQYGT VTCPUOKUUKQP U[UVGOU
U[UVGOOQFGN CPF YCXG RTQRCICVKQP EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU  2TQE +'' XQN  RR  (GD 

=?

) $KCPEJK CPF ) .WQPK +PFWEGF EWTTGPVU CPF NQUUGU KP UKPINGEQTG UWDOCTKPG ECDNGU  +''' 6TCPU
2QYGT #RR U[UV XQN 2#5 RR  ,CP(GD 

=?

5# 5EJGNMWPQHH 6JG GNGEVTQOCIPGVKE VJGQT[ QH EQCZKCN VTCPUOKUUKQP NKPGU CPF E[NKPFTKECN UJKGNFU  $GNN
5[UVGO 6GEJPKECN ,QWTPCN XQN  RR  

=?

&4 5OKVJ CPF ,8 $CTIGT +ORGFCPEG CPF EKTEWNCVKPI EWTTGPV ECNEWNCVKQPU HQT 7& OWNVKYKTG
EQPEGPVTKE PGWVTCN EKTEWKVU  +''' 6TCPU 2QYGT #RR 5[UV XQN 2#5 RR  /C[,WPG 

=?

1 $TGKGP CPF + ,QJCPUGP #VVGPWCVKQP QH VTCXGNNKPI YCXGU KP UKPINGRJCUG JKIJXQNVCIG ECDNGU  2TQE
+'' XQN  RR  ,WPG 

=?

. /CTVK 5KOWNCVKQP QH GNGEVTQOCIPGVKE VTCPUKGPVU KP WPFGTITQWPF ECDNGU YKVJ HTGSWGPE[FGRGPFGPV

OQFCN VTCPUHQTOCVKQP OCVTKEGU  2J& VJGUKU 7PKXGTUKV[ QH $TKVKUJ %QNWODKC 8CPEQWXGT %CPCFC 0QX


=?

# 5GON[GP FKUEWUUKQP VQ 1XGTJGCF NKPG RCTCOGVGTU HTQO JCPFDQQM HQTOWNCU CPF EQORWVGT RTQITCOU
D[ *9 &QOOGN +''' 6TCPU 2QYGT #RR 5[UV XQN 2#5 R  (GD 

=?

29 *QTPDGEM 0WOGTKECN /GVJQFU 3WCPVWO 2WDNKUJGTU 0GY ;QTM 

=?

*9 &QOOGN CPF ,* 5CYCFC 6JG ECNEWNCVKQP QH KPFWEGF XQNVCIGU CPF EWTTGPVU QP RKRGNKPGU CFLCEGPV
VQ CE RQYGT NKPGU  4GRQTV VQ $% *[FTQ CPF 2QYGT #WVJQTKV[ HQT %'# %QPVTCEV  
PQV
TGNGCUGF [GV

=?

,# 6GIQRQWNQWU CPF '' -TKG\KU 'FF[ EWTTGPV FKUVTKDWVKQP KP E[NKPFTKECN UJGNNU QH KPHKPKVG NGPIVJ FWG
VQ CZKCN EWTTGPV  2CTV ++ UJGNNU QH HKPKVG VJKEMPGUU  +''' 2#5 RR  /C[ 

=?

)9 $TQYP CPF 4) 4QECOQTC

5WTIG RTQRCICVKQP KP VJTGGRJCUG RKRGV[RG ECDNGU 2CTV + 

7PUCVWTCVGF RKRG  +''' 6TCPU 2QYGT #RR 5[UV XQN 2#5 RR  ,CP(GD 
=?

4) 4QECOQTC CPF )9 $TQYP 5WTIG RTQRCICVKQP KP VJTGGRJCUG RKRGV[RG ECDNGU 2CTV ++ 
&WRNKECVKQP QH HKGNF VGUVU KPENWFKPI VJG GHHGEVU QH PGWVTCN YKTGU CPF RKRG UCVWTCVKQP  +''' 6TCPU 2QYGT
#RR 5[UV XQN 2#5 RR  /C[,WPG 

=?

2 FG #TK\QP CPF *9 &QOOGN

%QORWVCVKQP QH ECDNG KORGFCPEGU DCUGF QP UWDFKXKUKQP QH

EQPFWEVQTU  +''' 6TCPU 2QYGT &GNKXGT[ XQN 294& RR ,CP 
=?

# #OGVCPK # IGPGTCN HQTOWNCVKQP QH KORGFCPEG CPF CFOKVVCPEG QH ECDNGU  +''' 6TCPU 2QYGT 5[UV
XQN 2#5 RR  /C[,WPG 
4

=?

96 9GGMU .. 9W /( /E#NNKUVGT # 5KPIJ 4GUKUVKXG CPF KPFWEVKXG UMKP GHHGEV KP TGEVCPIWNCT
EQPFWEVQTU  +$/ ,QWTPCN QH 4GUGCTEJ CPF &GXGNQROGPV XQN  PQ  RR  0QX 

=?

# -QPTCF

6JG PWOGTKECN UQNWVKQP QH UVGCF[UVCVG UMKP GHHGEV RTQDNGOU  CP KPVGITQFKHHGTGPVKCN

CRRTQCEJ  +''' 6TCPU 8QN /#) RR  ,CP 

=?

# -QPTCF +PVGITQFKHHGTGPVKCN HKPKVG GNGOGPV HQTOWNCVKQP QH VYQ FKOGPUKQPCN UVGCF[UVCVG UMKP GHHGEV
RTQDNGOU  +''' 6TCPU 8QN /#) RR  ,CP 

=?

, 9GKUU CPF <, %UGPFGU # QPGUVGR HKPKVG GNGOGPV OGVJQF HQT OWNVKEQPFWEVQT UMKP GHHGEV RTQDNGOU 
+''' 6TCPU 8QN 2#5 RR  1EV 

=?

0 5TKXCNNKRWTCPCPFCP 5GTKGU KORGFCPEG CPF UJWPV CFOKVVCPEG OCVTKEGU QH CP WPFGTITQWPF ECDNG

U[UVGO  /#5E 6JGUKU 7PKXGTUKV[ QH $TKVKUJ %QNWODKC 8CPEQWXGT %CPCFC 

=?

'2 &KEM 0 (WLKOQVQ ). (QTF CPF 5 *CTXG[ 6TCPUKGPV ITQWPF RQVGPVKCN TKUG KP ICUKPUWNCVGF
UWDUVCVKQPU  RTQDNGO KFGPVKHKECVKQP CPF OKVKICVKQP  +''' 6TCPU 2QYGT #RR 5[UV XQN 2#5  RR
 1EV 

=?

* $QEMGT CPF & 1GFKPI

+PFWEGF XQNVCIGU KP RKRGNKPGU ENQUG VQ JKIJ XQNVCIG NKPGU 

'NGMVTK\KVCVUYKTVUEJCHV
KP )GTOCP XQN  RR  
=?

;KP ;CPCP #P CRRNKECVKQP QH HKPKVG GNGOGPV OGVJQF

('/ VQ VJG ECNEWNCVKQPU QH VTCPUOKUUKQP NKPG
RCTCOGVGTU  +PVGTPCN 4GRQTV 7PKX QH $TKVKUJ %QNWODKC 8CPEQWXGT %CPCFC #RTKN 

=?

& -KPF 6JG GSWCN CTGC ETKVGTKQP HQT KORWNUG XQNVCIG UVTGUU QH RTCEVKECN GNGEVTQFG EQPHKIWTCVKQPU KP CKT 
'6<#
KP )GTOCP XQN  RR  

=?

( *GKNDTQPPGT FKUEWUUKQP KP =?

=?

7 $WTIGT 5WTIG CTTGUVGTU YKVJ URCTM ICRU %JCRVGT KP 5WTIGU KP *KIJ8QNVCIG 0GVYQTMU GFKVGF D[ -
4CICNNGT 2NGPWO 2TGUU 0GY ;QTM 

=?

+''' 9QTMKPI )TQWR /QFGNNKPI QH EWTTGPVNKOKVKPI UWTIG CTTGUVGTU  +''' 6TCPU 2QYGT #RR 5[UV
XQN 2#5 RR  #WI 

=?

&2 %CTTQN 49 (NWIWO ,9 -CND CPF *# 2GVGTUQP # F[PCOKE UWTIG CTTGUVGT OQFGN HQT WUG KP
RQYGT U[UVGO VTCPUKGPV UVWFKGU  +''' 6TCPU 2QYGT #RR 5[UV XQN 2#5 RR  /C[,WPG


=?

) $TCWPGT 5KOWNCVKQP QH VJG RGTHQTOCPEG QH OGVCNENCF UWDUVCVKQPU CPF QRGPCKT UWDUVCVKQPU WPFGT
NKIJVPKPI UWTIGU
KP )GTOCP  2J& FKUUGTVCVKQP &CTOUVCFV )GTOCP[ 

=?

&9 &WTDCM <KPEQZKFG CTTGUVGT OQFGN HQT HCUV UWTIGU  '/62 0GYUNGVVGT XQN  PQ  RR  ,CP


=?

$ -PGEJV 5QNKF UVCVG CTTGUVGTU %JCRVGT KP 5WTIGU KP *KIJ8QNVCIG 0GVYQTMU GFKVGF D[ - 4CICNNGT
2NGPWO 2TGUU 0GY ;QTM 

=?

,% (NQTGU )9 $WEMNG[ CPF ) /E2JGTUQP 6JG GHHGEVU QH UCVWTCVKQP QP VJG CTOCVWTG NGCMCIG
TGCEVCPEG QH NCTIG U[PEJTQPQWU OCEJKPGU  +''' 6TCPU 2QYGT #RR 5[UV XQN 2#5 RR 
4

/CTEJ 
=?

/8- %JCTK <, %UGPFGU 5* /KPPKEJ 5% 6CPFQP CPF , $GTMGT[ .QCF EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU QH
U[PEJTQPQWU IGPGTCVQTU D[ VJG HKPKVGGNGOGPV OGVJQF  +''' 6TCPU 2QYGT #RR 5[UV XQN 2#5
RR  ,CP 

=?

4) *CTNG[ &,0 .KOGDGGT ' %JKTTKEQ\\K %QORCTCVKXG UVWF[ QH UCVWTCVKQP OGVJQFU KP U[PEJTQPQWU
OCEJKPG OQFGNU  +'' 2TQE XQN  RV $ RR  ,CP 

=?

# 5YGGVCPC 0 -WPMNG 0 *KPIQTCPK 8 6CJKNKCPK &GUKIP FGXGNQROGPV CPF VGUVKPI QH  M8 CPF
 M8 ICRNGUU UWTIG CTTGUVGTU  +''' 6TCPU 2QYGT #RR 5[UV XQN 2#5 RR  ,WN[


=?

/$ *WIJGU 49 .GQPCTF 6) /CTVKPKEJ /GCUWTGOGPV QH RQYGT U[UVGO UWDU[PEJTQPQWU FTKXKPI
RQKPV KORGFCPEG CPF EQORCTKUQP YKVJ EQORWVGT UKOWNCVKQPU  +''' 6TCPU 2QYGT #RR 5[UV XQN
2#5 RR  

=?

*9 &QOOGN # ;CP 5JK 9GK *CTOQPKEU HTQO VTCPUHQTOGT UCVWTCVKQP  +''' 6TCPU 2QYGT
&GNKXGT[ XQN 294& RR  #RTKN 

=?

4' /E%QVVGT *# 5OQNNGEM 5, 4CPCFG 9* -GTUVKPI

#P KPXGUVKICVKQP QH VJG

HWPFCOGPVCNHTGSWGPE[ KORGFCPEG QH C UKPINGRJCUG FKUVTKDWVKQP NCVGTCN  +''' 6TCPU 2QYGT &GNKXGT[

XQN 294& RR  ,CP 
=?

/ 4GPOKPI 6JG EJCNNGPIG QH DGVVGT '/62 6#%5 XCTKCDNG QTFGTKPI  '/62 0GYUNGVVGT XQN  PQ
 RR  #WI 

=?

,# .KOC 0WOGTKECN KPUVCDKNKV[ FWG VQ '/626#%5 KPVGTTGNCVKQP  '/62 0GYUNGVVGT XQN  0Q 
RR  ,CP 

=?

. &WD CPF *9 &QOOGN 5KOWNCVKQP QH EQPVTQN U[UVGOU KP CP GNGEVTQOCIPGVKE VTCPUKGPVU RTQITCO YKVJ
6#%5  2TQE +''' 2+%# %QPH RR  /C[ 

=?

0 &TCXKF %QORCTKUQP QH XCTKQWU TGRTGUGPVCVKQPU QH C NKOKV HWPEVKQP KP C UGEQPF QTFGT U[UVGO 

JCPFYTKVVGP PQVGU 

=?

+''' 6CUM (QTEG %QPXGPVKQPU HQT DNQEM FKCITCO TGRTGUGPVCVKQPU  +''' 6TCPU 2QYGT 5[UV XQN
2945 RR #WI 

=?

,* 0GJGT 2JCUG UGSWGPEG KORGFCPEG QH RKRG V[RG ECDNGU  +''' 6TCPU 2QYGT #RR 5[UV XQN 
RR  #WIWUV 

4