Comm Record 2013

INDEX
S. No CONTENTS
PAGE
No
1 SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER
2 GRADE YOUR VOCABULARY
3
READING COMPREHENSION
1) Multiple Choice
2) Gap filling

4 LISTENING COMPREHENSION
5 COMMON ERRORS
5
JOB INTERVIEW
1. Covering letter
2. Resume
3. Frequently Asked Questions

6
PRESENTATION
a) Explanation
b) Technical Topic
c) Non- Technical Topic
d) Evaluation Sheet

7
GROUP DISCUSSION
a. Explanation
b. Useful phrases
c. Questionnaire
d. Evaluation Sheet

8 KNOW YOURSELF

End Semester Examination Model Question Paper
GE2321 Communications skills Laboratory 0 0 4 100
3.1 English Lab (40 marks)
3.1.1 Listening Comprehension:
Gap Filling (10 words) 5 marks

Question 1:
[AUDIO TRANSCRIPT: Game theory has found its applications in numerous fields such
as Economics, Social Science, Political Science, and Evolutionary Biology. Game theory is
now finding its applications in computer science. The nature of computing is changing
because of success of Internet and the revolution in Information technology. The
advancement in technologies has made it possible to commoditize the components such
as network, computing, storage and software. In the new paradigm, there are multiple
entities (hardware, software agents, protocols etc.) that work on behalf of different
autonomous bodies (such as a user, a business etc.) and provide services to other similar
entities. Internet has made is possible for many such geographically distributed
autonomous entities to interact with each other and provide various services.]

Listen to the passage and type the correct word in the blanks.
NOTE: Audio can be replayed twice.

Game theory has found its applications in numerous fields such as Economics, Social
Science, Political Science, and Evolutionary Biology. Game theory is now finding its
applications in computer science. The nature of computing is changing because of
success of Internet and the revolution in Information technology. The advancement in
technologies has made it possible to commoditize the components such as network,
computing, storage and software. In the new paradigm, there are multiple entities
(hardware, software agents, protocols etc.) that work on behalf of different autonomous
bodies (such as a user, a business etc.) and provide services to other similar entities.
Internet has made is possible for many such geographically distributed autonomous
entities to interact with each other and provide various services.

True / False (10 statements) 5 marks

[AUDIO TRANSCRIPT: Nano science is the science of the extremely small objects
smaller than 100 nano metres (0.00001 cm). At these scales, the properties of materials
change dramatically. Factors such as Brownian motion, surface stickiness and quantum
effects become important. Nanotechnologies are based on a range of new materials,
including carbon C60, carbon nano tubes, nano particles, nano wires, and polymers
based on nano-size subunits. A huge range of applications are possible, based on
stronger, lighter or smaller materials, or compounds with unusual optical or electrical
properties. Early applications are enhancing existing products tennis racquets, golf
clubs, sunscreens. Possible medical applications include better

implants, wound dressings, diagnostics and cancer treatments. Combining biological
molecules with nano mechanical components is creating radically new materials; these
are at an early stage of development. Environmental concerns focus mainly on nano
particles but very little is known about their impact on living things.]

Listen to the passage and indicate whether the given statement is True or False by
clicking on the appropriate option.

1. Study on extremely small objects smaller than 100 nano meteres is called
Nano Science (True/False)
2. Nano science can be used in medical applications (True/False)
3. Combining biological molecules with Nano mechanical components cannot
create radically new materials. (True/False)
4. A huge range of applications are possible, based on stronger, lighter or smaller
materials, or compounds with unusual optical or electrical properties.
(True/False)
5. The properties of materials smaller than 100 nano metres will be not change
dramatically. (True/False)

Listen to the passage and indicate whether the given statement is True or False by
clicking on the appropriate option.


[AUDIO TRANSCRIPT: The stratosphere the layer of our atmosphere just above the one
we breathe -- includes a thin layer of ozone. This layer is thicker over the poles than the
equator. Ozone protects us from the sun by interacting with light. When ultraviolet light
hits oxygen molecules (O2) in the stratosphere, it splits the molecules into two atoms of
oxygen (O). When this atom encounters another oxygen molecule, the two combine to
make ozone (O3). Ultraviolet light also breaks ozone back down into an oxygen
molecule and an oxygen atom. ]

6. This stratosphere layer is thicker over the poles than the equator. (True/False) 7. Thin
layer between the air we breathe and the stratosphere is called Ozone (True/False)
8. Stratosphere when interacts with ultraviolet light it produces Ozone (True/False)
9. UV light combines oxygen molecule and oxygen atom into Ozone. (True/False)
10. Oxygen protects us from direct sunlight (True/False)

Multiple Choice (10 statements - Choosing correct options) 5 marks
[AUDIO TRANSCRIPT: Incredible Insects

All of us, at some time or the other, have paused to look at ants laboriously carrying
burdens several times their size. In fact, some ants carry objects up to 50 times
their weight! What is more, they move these loads over long distances and even climb
trees while carrying more than their fair share!
Imagine this: a slim woman weighing 50 kg lifting a small car, carrying it on her back for
15 km and then climbing a hill, still carrying the car! That is the kind of load ants carry.
Small wonder, that we associate work with ants.
The scientific study of these fascinating creatures is called myrmecology. Ants are social
insects. They inhabit colonies called nests, and carry out complicated tasks. They clean,
groom, and feed each other. Just like people especially those who are in power
favor relatives and friends, ants are known to be nepotistic too.
As social creatures, ants need to identify their own nest mates from non-nest mates.
They do this by recognizing the odor that emanates from their nest mates, which is
different from that given off by non-nest mates.
Ants have hierarchies comprising forager ants, workers, and queens each has a well-
defined role to play in the colony. They strictly adhere to their social structure.]

Listen to the passage and answer the question/s by clicking on the appropriate option:
1. According to the passage, ants can carry objects up to
50 times their weight.
100 times their weight.
1,000 times their weight.

2. To emphasize the ants capability of carrying loads, the writer of this passage gives an
analogy of a
slim woman weighing 50 kg, lifting a small car and climbing a hill with it.
slim woman weighing about 50 kg who
drives about 15 kilometers and climbs a hill.
woman who climbs a hill to get a car.

3. The scientific study of ants is called
Myrmecotology.
Myrmecology.
Miermecology.

4. According to the passage, ants recognize their mates by
their odor.
their color.
their size.

5. Ants clean, groom, feed each other, and have been known to show
communism.
nepotism.
culturalism.
6. As social creatures, ants need to identify their own ________ from non-nest mates.
nest mates
friends
neighbours

7. Ants have hierarchies comprising
workers, nest mates, queens
forager ants, workers, queens
queens, servants, leaders

8. They strictly adhere to their
social responsibility
social structure
social accountability

9. The odor of the same nest mates and non-nest mates is
unlike
same
alike

10. Each ant has a __________ role to play in the colony
equally important
well defined
ambiguous

3.1.2 Reading Comprehension:
Gap Filling (Choosing 10 correct words out of 15 words) 5 marks
(Cloze test)

Gap Filling (Choosing 10 correct words out of 15 words) 5 mark
Fill in the blanks using the list of words given below:
1. Extremely,2. Environmental,3. Materials,4. Metres,5. Surface,6. Stickiness,7. nano tubes
8. Stage,9. Subunits,10. Nano,11. Particles,12. Treatments,13. Cancer,14.implants
15.Biological

Nano science is the science of the extremely small objects smaller than 100 nano metres
(0.00001 cm). At these scales, the properties of materials change dramatically. Factors
such as Brownian motion, surface stickiness and quantum effects become important.
Nanotechnologies are based on a range of new materials, including carbon C60, carbon
nano tubes, nano particles, nano wires, and polymers based on nano-size subunits. A
huge range of applications are possible, based on stronger, lighter or smaller materials,
or compounds with unusual optical or electrical properties. Early applications are
enhancing existing products tennis racquets, golf clubs, and sunscreens. Possible
medical applications include better implants, wound dressings, diagnostics and cancer
treatments. Combining biological molecules with nano mechanical components is

creating radically new materials; these are at an early stage of development.
Environmental concerns focus mainly on nano particles but very little is known about
their impact on living things.

Sequencing of Jumbled Sentences (5 Sentences) 5 marks
Arrange the following sentences in correct sequence (1-5)
Fiction is the term used to describe novels, short stories, classics and popular pleasure
reading. (2)
Though they cannot be borrowed from the library, the readers can refer these books in a
reading room set aside for this purpose.(5)
Non-fiction describes technical and factual works, and books which cover events and
things that exist in reality.(3)
Most public and general libraries have three main areas fiction, non-fiction and
reference. (1)
Reference books are simply non-fiction books of a kind, which includes encyclopaedias
and dictionaries.(4)

Multiple Choice (10 statements choosing best options) 5marks

The passage is followed by questions based on its content. After reading a passage,
choose the best answer to each question. Answer all questions following a passage on
the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage.

Since the Hawaiian Islands have never been connected to other land masses, the great
variety of plants in Hawaii must be a result of the long-distance dispersal of seeds, a
process that requires both a method of transport and an equivalence between the
ecology of the source area and that of the recipient area.
There is some dispute about the method of transport involved. Some biologists argue
that ocean and air currents are responsible for the transport of plant seeds to Hawaii. Yet
the results of flotation experiments and the low temperatures of air currents cast doubt
on these hypotheses. More probable is bird transport, either externally, by accidental
attachment of the seeds to feathers, or internally, by the swallowing of fruit and
subsequent excretion of the seeds. While it is likely that fewer varieties of plant seeds
have reached Hawaii externally than internally, more varieties are known to be adapted
to external than to internal transport.

1. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with
(a) Discussing different approaches biologists have taken to testing theories about the
distribution of plants in Hawaii.
(b) Discussing different theories about the transport of plant seeds to Hawaii
(c) Discussing the extent to which air currents are responsible for the dispersal of plant
seeds to Hawaii
(d) Resolving a dispute about the adaptability of plant seeds to bird transport 5

2. The author mentions the results of flotation experiments on plant seeds most probably
in order to
(a) support the claim that the distribution of plants in Hawaii is the result of the long-
distance dispersal of seeds.
(b) Lend credibility to the thesis that air currents provide a method of transport for plant
seeds to Hawaii
(c) Suggest that the long-distance dispersal of seeds is a process that requires long
periods of time
(d) Challenge the claim that ocean currents are responsible for the transport of plant
seeds to Hawaii

3. It can be inferred from information in the passage that the existence in alpine regions
of Hawaii of a plant species that also grows in the southwestern United States would
justify which of the following conclusions?
(a) The ecology of the southwestern United States is similar in important respects to the
ecology of alpine regions of Hawaii.
(b) There are ocean currents that flow from the southwestern United States to Hawaii.
(c) The plant species discovered in Hawaii must have traveled from the southwestern
United States only very recently.
(d) The plant species discovered in Hawaii reached there by attaching to the feathers of
birds migrating from the southwestern United States.

4. The passage supplies information for answering which of the following questions?
(a) Why does successful long-distance dispersal of plant seeds require equivalence
between the ecology of the source area and that of the recipient area?
(b) Why are more varieties of plant seeds adapted to external rather than to internal bird
transport?
(c) What varieties of plant seeds are birds that fly long distances most likely to swallow?

(d) What is a reason for accepting the long-distance dispersal of plant seeds as an
explanation for the origin of Hawaiian flora?

A long-held view of the history of the English colonies that became the United States has
been that Englands policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by
commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy, dominated by
expansionist militarist objectives, generated the tensions that ultimately led to the
American Revolution. In a recent study, Stephen Saunders Webb has presented a
formidable challenge to this view. According to Webb, England already had a military
imperial policy for more than a century before the American Revolution. He sees Charles
II, the English monarch between 1660 and 1685, as the proper successor of the Tudor
monarchs of the sixteenth century and of Oliver Cromwell, all of whom were bent on
extending centralized executive power over Englands possessions through the use of
what Webb calls garrison government. Garrison government allowed that colonists a
legislative assembly, but real authority, in Webbs view, belonged to the colonial
governor, who was appointed by the king and supported by the garrison, that is, by
the local contingent of English troops under the colonial governors command.

According to Webb, the purpose of garrison government was to provide military
support for a royal policy designed to limit the power of the upper classes in the
American colonies. Webb argues that the colonial legislative assemblies represented the
interests not of the common people but of the colonial upper classes, a coalition of
merchants and nobility who favored self-rule and sought to elevate legislative authority
at the expense of the executive. It was, according to Webb, the colonial governors who
favored the small farmer, opposed the plantation system, and tried through taxation to
break up large holdings of land. Backed by the military presence of the garrison, these
governors tried to prevent the gentry and merchants, allied in the colonial assemblies,
from transforming colonial America into a capitalistic oligarchy.
Webbs study illuminates the political alignments that existed in the colonies in the
century prior to the American Revolution, but his view of the crowns use of the military
as an instrument of colonial policy is not entirely convincing. England during the
seventeenth century was not noted for its military achievements. Cromwell did mount
Englands most ambitious overseas military expedition in more than a century, but it
proved to be an utter failure. Under Charles II, the English army was too small to be a
major instrument of government. Not until the war with France in 1697 did William III
persuade Parliament to create a professional standing army, and Parliaments price for
doing so was to keep the army under tight legislative control. While it may be true that
the crown attempted to curtail the power of the colonial upper classes, it is hard to
imagine how the English army during the seventeenth century could have provided

significant military support for such a policy.

5. The passage can best be described as a
(a) Survey of the inadequacies of a conventional viewpoint.
(b) Reconciliation of opposing points of view
(c) Summary and evaluation of a recent study
(d) Defense of a new thesis from anticipated objections.

6. It can be inferred from the passage that Webb would be most likely to agree with
which of the following statements regarding garrison government?
(a) Garrison government gave legislative assemblies in the colonies relatively little
authority, compared to the authority that it gave the colonial governors.
(b) Garrison government proved relatively ineffective until it was used by Charles II to
curb the power of colonial legislatures.
(c) Garrison government became a less viable colonial policy as the English Parliament
began to exert tighter legislative control over the English military.
(d) Oliver Cromwell was the first English ruler to make use of garrison government on a
large scale.

7. According to the passage, Webb views Charles II as the proper successor of the
Tudor monarchs and Cromwell because Charles II.
(a) used colonial tax revenues to fund overseas military expeditions
(b) used the military to extend executive power over the English colonies
(c) wished to transform the American colonies into capitalistic oligarchies
(d) resisted the English Parliaments efforts to exert control over the military.

8. Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the authors assertion?
(a) because they were poorly administered, Cromwells overseas military expeditions
were doomed to failure.
(b) Because it relied primarily on the symbolic presence of the military, garrison
government could be effectively administered with a relatively small number of troops.
(c) Until early in the seventeenth century, no professional standing army in Europe had
performed effectively in overseas military expeditions.
(d) Many of the colonial governors appointed by the crown were also commissioned
army officers.

9. According to Webbs view of colonial history, which of the following was true of the

merchants and nobility mentioned?
(a) They were opposed to policies formulated by Charles II that would have transformed
the colonies into capitalistic oligarchies.
(b) They were opposed to attempts by the English crown to limit the
power of the legislative assemblies.
(c) They were united with small farmers in their opposition to the stationing of English
troops in the colonies.
(d) They were united to limit the power of the legislative assemblies.

10. The author suggests that if William III had wanted to make use of the standing army
to administer garrison government in the American colonies, he would have had to
(a) make peace with France
(b) abolish the colonial legislative assemblies
(c) seek approval from the English Parliament
(d) appoint colonial governors who were more sympathetic to royal policy

3.1.3 Common errors in English
Correcting the errors (grammar) in 10 sentences 10 marks
From the following pairs of sentences identify the grammatically correct sentence.
He is not only known for his wealth but also for his wisdom.
He is known not only for his wealth but also for his wisdom.
She not only lost her ticket but also her suitcase.
She lost not only her ticket but also her suitcase.
Please meet the concerned officer.
Please meet the officer concerned.
The students of my college are better than your college.
The students of my college are better than those of your college.
Last night, the criminal has been arrested.
Last night, the criminal was arrested.

Students should avail the transport facility.
Students should avail themselves of the transport facility.
Please excuse me being late.
Please excuse my being late.

He removed his coat and hanged it on a nail.
He removed his coat and hung it on a nail.
The computer monitor with its accessories have been received.
The computer monitor with its accessories has been received.

The broken windows has repairs already.
The broken windows have been repaired already.

GRADE YOUR VOCABULARY
EXERCISE : 1

1. Nothing could ever abash him.

(A) please

(B) delight

(C) embarrass
(D) infuriate

2. The doctor gave him some medicine to abate his pain.

(A) increase

(B) reduce

(C) augment
(D) revive

3. The king abdicated the throne in order to marry a commoner.

(A) grabbed
(B) usurped

(C) abandoned
(D) retained

4. A rich kid was abducted yesterday.

(A) rescued
(B) kidnapped

(C) killed
(D) betrayed

5. The young man stole the money in a moment of aberration.

(A) deviation
(B) conformity

(C) anecdote
(D) sanity

6. We abhor a traitor.

(A) admire
(B) scorn

(C) respect
(D) revere

7. A good citizen abides by law.

(A) violates
(B) removes

(C) shifts
(D) adheres to

8. We don't force anyone to abjure his religion.

(A) adopt
(B) give up

(C) cherish
(D) abduct

9. Grace has abominable taste in clothes.

(A) graceful
(B) detestable

(C) delightful
(D) classy

10. His garden abounds in beautiful flowers.

(A) teems with

(B) lacks

(C) abhors
(D) abdicates

EXERCISE :2

1. Drink has become the bane of his life.

(A) badge
(B) ruin

(C) bandit
(D) benediction

2. She was advised to banish fear a anxiety.

(A) cherish
(B) cast out

(C) bind
(D) harbor

3. The pilferer started to run away and barged into a passer-by.

(A) bumped
(B) buzzed

(C) jumped
(D) bantered

4. The announcement was met with a barrage of protests.

(A) barn
(B) burst

(C) barometer
(D) baroque

5. What is the use of such a barren discussion.

(A) arable
(B) verdant

(C) unfruitful
(D) fertile

6. Ancients used to barter one thing for another.

(A) buy
(B) sell

(C) exchange
(D) banister

7. Taiwan is one of the strongest anti-communism bastions in the world.

(A) bulwarks
(B) batches

(C) batons
(D) pools

8. The baby bawled and kicked when its bottle was taken away.

(A) cried
(B) bit
(C) struck
(D) chuckled

9. There is a beacon on the hill to warn of danger.

(A) cesspool
(B) beak
(C) bead
(D) lighthouse

10. The merchant sent his ships wherever profit beckoned.

(A) signaled
(B) anguished
(C) abdicated
(D) agitated

EXERCISE: 3
1. Children like to engage in all kinds of capers.

(A) charities

(B) capacities

(C) capsules
(D) pranks

2. A mature person will not act from caprice.

(A) constancy
(B) stability

(C) conscience
(D) change of mind

3. This is a matter of cardinal significance.

(A) trivial
(B) petty

(C) cankerous
(D) essential

4. The party degenerated into an ugly carousal.

(A) sobriety
(B) awakening

(C) drunken revel
(D) fight

5. He used to carol in the morning when he was happy.

(A) sing joyously

(B) feel downcast

(C) take a shower
(D) become moody

6.

We could not appreciate the beauty of the many cascades as we were forced to
make detours around each of them.

(A) abyss
(B) lakes

(C) small waterfalls
(D) canvasses

7. A cataclysm such as World War II affected all the countries in the world.

(A) casualty
(B) cask

(C) censor
(D) violent upheaval

8. The major catalyst in the English-language explosion was war.

(A) stimulus
(B) catalog
(C) castle
(D) catacomb

9. The rain cataracted down the windowpanes.

(A) poured
(B) drizzled
(C) seized
(D) duped

10. The flood was a catastrophe.

(A) calamity
(B) cavalier
(C) cavity
(D) cavil

EXERCISE: 4
1. America's debacle in Vietnam will long be remembered.

(A) defeat
(B) victory

(C) triumph
(D) restoration

2. Overindulgence debilitates character as well as physical stamina.

(A) fortifies
(B) reinforces

(C) rejuvenates
(D) weakens

3. The debonair youth was liked by all who met him.

(A) suave
(B) gloomy

(C) grim
(D) austere

4. The street was covered with debris from the explosion.

(A) debauchery
(B) scattered fragments

(C) debit
(D) dean

5. The actress' debut on the stage was a success.

(A) first public performance
(B) acting

(C) farewell party
(D) deceit

6. The oak is a deciduous tree.

(A) deceased
(B) deceptive

(C) decadent
(D) shedding leaves annually

7. Her decorous behavior was praised by her teachers.

(A) indecent

(B) blatant

(C) proper

(D) clamorous

8. They found his conduct quite lacking in decorum.

(A) propriety
(B) spirit
(C) deduction
(D) decoy

9. Many people still believe in decree of fate.

(A) debility
(B) debacle
(C) dearth
(D) directive

10. The decrepit car blocked traffic on the highway.

(A) hale
(B) worn-out
(C) sturdy
(D) stalwart

EXERCISE: 5
1. Can you imagine a man indulged in an effeminate preoccupation with trifles ?

(A) unmanly

(B) manly

(C) masculine
(D) gigantic

2. The efficacy of the drug depends on the regularity of the dosage.

(A) desired effect

(B) dose

(C) dub
(D) dross

3. The mob showed its irritation by hanging the judge in effigy.

(A) scalp
(B) head

(C) body
(D) image

4. The small town effuses warmth and hospitality.

(A) pours out
(B) lacks

(C) requires
(D) demands

5. The accountant ekes out his regular income by working evenings and Sundays.

(A) swindles
(B) supplements

(C) dwindles
(D) dwarfs

6. On weekends the family enjoyed an elaborate dinner.

(A) simple
(B) plain

(C) fancy
(D) natural

7. The phenomenal sales record elated the managed.

(A) exalted

(B) oppressed

(C) weighed
(D) distressed

8. The sumptuous elegance of the furnishings stunned the visitors.

(A) grotesqueness
(B) exquisiteness
(C) austerity
(D) severity

9. Our government has been working very hard to elevate people's living standard.

(A) cut down
(B) deflate
(C) raise
(D) demote

10. The vivacious little girl is like an elf.

(A) apparition
(B) hobgoblin
(C) demon
(D) fairy

EXERCISE: 6
1. The beggar's limp was a fake.

(A) fraud

(B) decency

(C) candor
(D) frankness

2. His reasoning must be fallacious because it leads to a ridiculous conclusion.

(A) misleading
(B) sound

(C) valid
(D) veritable

3. All men are fallible.

(A) inclined to err
(B) mortal

(C) mutable
(D) immutable

4. Her voice faltered as she tried to speak.

(A) resolved
(B) hesitated

(C) persisted
(D) decided

5. The child looked half famished.

(A) asleep
(B) starving

(C) drowsy
(D) nourished

6. A fanatic usually has unreasonable beliefs.

(A) conservative
(B) extremist

(C) pessimist
(D) optimist

7. Their marriage was announced without fanfare.

(A) reservation
(B) pomp

(C) familiarity
(D) simplicity

8. So much of life is merely a farce.

(A) tragedy
(B) comedy
(C) mockery
(D) musicale

9. His reasoning was somewhat far-fetched.

(A) accustomed
(B) natural
(C) wonted
(D) forced

10. The waitress disliked serving him dinner because of his very fastidious taste.

(A) high
(B) low
(C) squeamish
(D) vulgar

EXERCISE:7

1. He committed a crime deserving of the gallows.

(A) grace

(B) reward

(C) premium

(D) hanging as a punishment

2.

The United States was galvanized into strong military activity by the news of the
attack on the Pearl Harbor.

(A) threatened
(B) menaced

(C) stirred up
(D) scared

3. The huge pit gaped before him; if he stumbled, he would fall in.

(A) enclosed
(B) encompassed

(C) disclosed
(D) opened widely

4. The clown was garbed in motley.

(A) clothed
(B) frescoed

(C) escalated
(D) dwindled

5. The fish in the dish was garnished with slices of lemon.

(A) decorated
(B) diminished

(C) garnered
(D) garbled

6. The boy tried to avoid meeting the garrulous old lady.

(A) curt
(B) terse

(C) brusque
(D) talkative

7. No one liked her gauche manner.

(A) polished

(B) squeamish

(C) fastidious
(D) awkward

8. The gaudy decorations showed no good taste.

(A) cheaply showy
(B) unobtrusive
(C) informative
(D) restrained

9. It is no easy matter to gauge one's character.

(A) assess
(B) denounce
(C) renounce
(D) reprimand

10. Her gaunt figure seemed to be blown away by the wind.

(A) plump
(B) obese
(C) bloated
(D) lean

EXERCISE: 8

1.

The authorities concerned should call a halt to exaggerated advertisements and
commercials.

(A) continuation
(B) stop

(C) publication
(D) penalty

2.

The minority party agreed not to hamper the efforts of the leaders to secure a
lasting peace.

(A) facilitate
(B) unshackle

(C) release
(D) obstruct

3.

Someday you will come to realize that it does not pay off to hanker after fame
and wealth with all your might.

(A) covet
(B) bail out

(C) germinate
(D) abdicate

4. His haphazard reading left him unacquainted with the gist of the book.

(A) intensive
(B) prudent

(C) random
(D) judicious

5. This hapless creature has never known a moment's pleasure.

(A) lucky
(B) auspicious

(C) propitious
(D) unfortunate

6. In his lengthy harangue, the principal berated the offenders.

(A) eulogy
(B) citation

(C) exaltation
(D) long and noisy speech

7. She used to harass her husband by her continual demands for fine attire.

(A) entreat

(B) plead

(C) ask
(D) annoy; plague

8. The cock serves as the harbinger of dawn.

(A) successor
(B) heir
(C) herald; forerunner
(D) inheritor

9. Children can be trained to harness their emotional energy and put it to good use.

(A) exhaust
(B) consume
(C) harden
(D) put to work and make use of

10.

Do not harrow him at this time by asking him to recall the details of his
unpleasant experience.

(A) delight
(B) please
(C) afflict
(D) cherish
EXERCISE: 9

1. The salesman was a jocose person.

(A) serious
(B) given to joking

(C) demure
(D) solemn

2. Do not take his jocular remarks too seriously.

(A) facetious
(B) sober

(C) earnest
(D) grave

3. Santa Claus is always gay and jocund.

(A) morose

(B) merry

(C) gloomy
(D) sullen

4. Don't joggle me while I am writing.

(A) haul

(B) hurl

(C) jerk
(D) shake slightly

5. The bus stopped with a jolt.

(A) jerk; shock
(B) jollity

(C) junction
(D) injunction

6. He jostled against the crowd uneasily.

(A) elbowed
(B) lingered

(C) rushed
(D) grappled

7. The marketing journal enjoys brisk sales.

(A) magazine; periodical
(B) gazette

(C) bulletin
(D) newsletter

8. The children's joviality is infectious.

(A) hilarity
(B) sorrow
(C) misery
(D) wretchedness

9. There was great jubilation when the armistice was announced.

(A) commotion
(B) turmoil
(C) tumult

(D) exultation

10. A judicious parent encourages his children to have independent thinking.

(A) indulgent
(B) stern
(C) wise
(D) benevolent

EXERCISE: 10
1. There were several hippies living in the ramshackle house.

(A) concrete
(B) rickety; dilapidated

(C) congenial
(D) spacious

2. Let us forget our rancor and cooperate in this new endeavor.

(A) amity

(B) hatred

(C) accord
(D) concord

3. His random remarks often offend his friends.

(A) purposeful

(B) deliberate

(C) purposeless
(D) methodical

4. This decision has long rankled as act of injustice.

(A) continued to cause pain

(B) groveled

(C) looted
(D) compromised

5. A burglar broke into her house and ransacked all the drawers.

(A) struck
(B) searched thoroughly

(C) raided
(D) presided

6. The billionaire refused to ransom his kidnapped grandson.

(A) rank
(B) rake

(C) shuttle
(D) liberate by paying a price

7.

As we heard him rant on the platform, we could not understand his strange
popularity with many people.

(A) rave
(B) whisper

(C) whine
(D) waylay

8. The rapacious wolf seized the lamb.

(A) lenient
(B) exquisite
(C) balmy
(D) grasping

9.

Both sides were eager to establish a rapprochement but did not know how to
undertake a program designed to bring about harmony.

(A) antagonism
(B) antipathy
(C) estrangement
(D) reconciliation

10. The miser gazed at the gold with rapture.

(A) agony
(B) anguish
(C) ecstasy
(D) affliction

EXERCISE: 11
1. His attitude is so fiendish that he must be a devil incarnate.

(A) incensed
(B) interred

(C) camouflaged
(D) embodied in human form

2. The agitator was arrested for making incendiary speeches.

(A) soothing
(B) inflammatory

(C) temperate
(D) moderate

3. Pupils who dislike school must be given an incentive to learn.

(A) inanity
(B) inception

(C) incertitude
(D) impetus

4.

The crickets kept up an incessant chirping which disturbed our attempt to fall
asleep.

(A) ceasing
(B) uninterrupted

(C) timely
(D) intermittent

5. You must go to bed early to break an incipient cold.

(A) beginning
(B) supreme

(C) inclusive
(D) incoherent

6. Shaw was a man well known for his incisive wit.

(A) keen
(B) obtuse

(C) blunt
(D) pedantic

7. Insults are likely to incite retaliation.

(A) subdue
(B) curb

(C) arouse
(D) inhibit

8. Reading a good book in inclement weather is a delight.

(A) severe
(B) fine
(C) balmy
(D) agreeable

9.

The monarch enjoyed traveling through the town incognito and mingling with
the populace.

(A) in public
(B) unkind
(C) with identity concealed
(D) revealed

10.

The married couple argued incessantly and finally decided to separate because
they were incompatible.

(A) reconcilable
(B) pathetic
(C) inconsonant
(D) congruent

EXERCISE: 12
1.

Nothing is more disgusting than the obsequious demeanor of the people who
wait upon their superior.

(A) servile

(B) self-assertive

(C) arrogant
(D) haughty

2. The patient was obsessed by the fear of operation.

(A) detached
(B) observed

(C) unconcerned
(D) preoccupied

3. Some old-fashioned social customs are obsolete.

(A) contemporary
(B) current

(C) unique
(D) no longer active or in use

4. He had a very obstinate determination to live as he pleased.

(A) acquiescent
(B) complaisant

(C) pliable
(D) stubborn

5. We found him a very obtrusive person, constantly seeking the center of the stage.

(A) pertinent
(B) conducive

(C) modest
(D) impertinent; pushing toward

6. I was too obtuse to take the hint of what he had said.

(A) blunt; stupid
(B) smart

(C) intelligent
(D) sagacious

7.

The rich man hoped that the contribution he made would obviate any need for
further collections of funds.

(A) relate
(B) prevent

(C) necessitate
(D) bring out

8. The occult rites of the organization were revealed only to members.

(A) lucid
(B) unequivocal
(C) plain
(D) mysterious

9. The oculist applied medical drops to his eyes for the purpose of examining them.

(A) botanist
(B) psychiatrist
(C) therapist
(D) person who specializes in the treatment of the eyes

10. War is odious to all people except the warmonger.

(A) orderly
(B) compatible
(C) hateful
(D) affable

EXERCISE: 13
1. The model student won a premium for good conduct.

(A) prize
(B) penalty

(C) forfeit
(D) penchant

2.

The ignored the premonitions of disaster because they appeared to be based on
childish fears.

(A) auspices
(B) onsets

(C) onslaughts
(D) forewarnings

3. The excuse he presented was preposterous.

(A) serious
(B) absurd

(C) formal
(D) rational

4. A high-school course is the usual prerequisite to college work.

(A) something required beforehand
(B) disparity

(C) dispensation
(D) dispersion

5. It is the government's prerogative to coin money.

(A) prestige
(B) right

(C) prefix
(D) pregnancy

6. The explorer felt a presentiment of danger.

(A) determination
(B) premonition

(C) resolution
(D) predominance

7. The chief justice presides over the supreme court.

(A) gives up
(B) dispenses with

(C) does away with
(D) chairs

8.

In such prestigious company, his demand for attention was
utterlypresumptuous.

(A) appropriate
(B) submissive
(C) deferential
(D) too bold

9.

I don't feel that your limited resources will permit you to carry out such
apretentious program.

(A) appropriate
(B) genuine
(C) heartfelt
(D) ambitious

10. She used her headache as a pretext for not going to the party.

(A) prestige
(B) prescience
(C) presage
(D) excuse

EXERCISE: 14
1. Many areas in the States are still sparsely populated.

(A) densely
(B) thickly

(C) compactly
(D) thinly

2. The spasmodic coughing in the auditorium annoyed the performers.

(A) uninterrupted
(B) continual

(C) fitful
(D) consecutive

3. It is difficult to visualize the spatial extent for our universe.

(A) special
(B) particular

(C) spectacular
(D) relating to space

4. Let us not be misled by such specious arguments.

(A) spacious
(B) wide

(C) valid
(D) deceptive

5. The hen laid a speckled egg.

(A) white
(B) brown

(C) spotted
(D) monochromatic

6. In his hallucination, he saw the spectral form of he headless horseman.

(A) genuine
(B) ludicrous

(C) rapacious
(D) ghostly

7. Have you ever speculated on what mankind's future would be like ?

(A) predicted
(B) meditated

(C) spattered
(D) specified

8. The philatelist was spellbound by his friend's rarer collection.

(A) spurned
(B) enthralled
(C) repulsed
(D) repelled

9. We were told that the spendthrift had lost his estate through gambling.

(A) miser
(B) hoarder
(C) squanderer
(D) frugal housekeeper

10. Woman's sphere nowadays is no longer the home alone.

(A) job
(B) task
(C) domain
(D) spectrum

EXERCISE: 15
1. The vicar of Wakefield was a benevolent person.

(A) businessman
(B) clergyman

(C) philanthropist
(D) virago

2.

Many people get a vicarious thrill at the movies by imagining they are the
characters on the screen.

(A) felt by sharing in others' experiences
(B) negative

(C) altruistic
(D) egoistic

3. Is there any decent restaurant in the vicinity ?

(A) suburban area
(B) neighborhood

(C) urban district

(D) city

4. That vicious dog ought to be on a leash.

(A) ferocious
(B) genial

(C) laudatory
(D) playful

5. We must learn to take life's vicissitudes as they come.

(A) changes of fortune
(B) immutabilities

(C) comedies
(D) views

6. The two teams are vying for the championship.

(A) dealing
(B) competing

(C) trifling
(D) conceding

7. The guards must be vigilant at all times.

(A) lax
(B) oblivious

(C) remiss
(D) watchful

8. Hemingway's writing is known for its vigorous style.

(A) lethargic
(B) energetic
(C) enervated
(D) indolent

9. Kidnapping is a vile crime.

(A) disgusting
(B) appealing
(C) sublime

(D) exalted

10. Why is he always trying to vilify others' reputation ?

(A) elevate
(B) slander
(C) eulogize
(D) acclaim

READING COMPREHENSION

READING PASSAGE-1

The passage is followed by questions based on its content. After reading the passage,
choose the best answer to each question. Answer all questions following the passage on

This was the conclusion of a recently published report entitled Innovate on the
run: The competing demands of modern leadership that surveyed nearly 900 company
leaders and more than 1,000 employees resident in the US and UK. Blessing White, a
company with operations covering North America, Europe and Asia-Pacific, carried out
the survey and who describe their mission as reinventing leadership and the meaning
of work.

But what is innovation? David Neeleman, former CEO at JetBlue, sums it up as
trying to figure out a way to do something better than its ever been done before.
Innovation can also be categorised in terms of scale: the report talks about big I for
breakthrough inventions and small i for incremental or every day improvements.
While the vast majority of company leaders who were interviewed agreed that
innovation is everybodys business, that every employee should play a part in it, a
common concern was how to get the balance right. For example, Google has directed
employees to spend 60% of their time on the job, 30% being helpful to others, and 10%
to thinking.

Interestingly, the survey indicated a big gap between leaders good intentions
and their ability to put them into practice. Only 26% of employees interviewed said that
they were regularly encouraged by their manager to look for new solutions or to take
risks. One reason given for this was that a companys drive for productivity often
competes with creating the time and space necessary for people to be creative. Another
reason was that leaders fear to make costly mistakes. A Marketing Director at Microsoft
said, Were less willing to take risks than we used to be Theres more to lose.
However, as American inventor Thomas Edison pointed out, innovation cannot happen
unless you are willing to experiment, I did not fail, he said, I just found 10,000 ways
that did not work.

So how can the gap between good intentions and effective practice be closed?
Perhaps most important, according to Blessing White, is to eliminate cultural barriers
such as the blind drive for productivity or fear of failure. Organisational culture, they
say, like the air you breathe, touches all employees. Inspiring leaders, such as Bill
Gates, who find ways to involve all employees in their companys mission, get results.
Fluid two-way communication between managers and employees can help keep
innovation in line with productivity. Employees who are constantly updated on

customers needs know where to devote their brainpower and regular feedback keeps
them on the right track. Nobody doubts that maintaining productivity whilst fomenting
innovation is a challenge, but according to this report, if a company does manage to
achieve the balance, it will be a sure indication of its health and competitiveness.
1. What is innovation according to David Neeleman?
a. Break through inventions
b. Incremental improvements
c. Doing something better than its ever been done before
d. Innovation is everybodys business
2. What is the name of the report?
a. Re-inventing leadership
b. Re-inventing meaning of work
c. Innovations
d. Innovate on the run
3. Why were the company leaders reluctant in encouraging all the employees to
innovate?
a. Time and space constraints
b. Afraid of failure
c. Blind drive for productivity
d. All of the above
4. The aim of the report was to
a. Differentiate between big I & Small I
b. How to keep innovation in line with product
c. Encouraging Innovations
d. Reinventing leadership and meaning of work
5. It can be inferred from the passage that Bill Gates is an inspiring leader because
a. He has willingly taken risks
b. He has avoided costly mistakes
c. He was willing to experiment
d. He managed to involve all employees in his companys mission and get
results.

Answers:
1. _____
2. _____
3. _____
4. _____
5. _____

READING PASSAGE-2


Flexibility in the workplace usually means employers and employees working together
to agree on aspects of the employees' working life: the times that are worked, the place
where work is done and the number of hours worked. Flexibility involves thinking in a
creative way about how the employees working lives are structured and of finding the
best way to do things. When employees work on a part-time basis there are various
ways in which flexibility can affect their working week. Sometimes it is better for the
employee to work a few, regular days a week. At other times an employee would rather
work two days one week and three days the following week, for example. In some cases
the employee would prefer to work a certain number of days over a four-week period.
A job-share involves two people agreeing to share the responsibilities of one full-time
job. There are a number of ways this can be arranged, for example by alternating weeks
or by splitting the five days into 2.5 each or alternating a two-day week with a three-
day week. Sometimes it is possible for an employee to work from home or from
outside the normal workplace. Again there is scope for more or less flexibility here.
Sometimes an employee can work from home for a certain number of days each week.
At other times an employer can offer this option as needs arise rather than as something
regular. Some people like to be able to work a few hours of each day at home,
especially those who have to pick up young children from school, for example. They
can then take a few hours out and return to work, at home, when the children are in
bed. People who work flexible hours are usually given a margin for their starting and
finishing times each day. For example an employee could start work between 7am and
10am and finish between 3pm and 6pm. The employees work the same number of
hours but are able to take children to school, avoid rush hour traffic, etc.

These days, job seekers expect more flexibility in the workplace. They have more
caring responsibilities than a couple of decades ago and the whole issue of maintaining
a healthy work-life balance has become a priority. Workplace flexibility has many
benefits for employers. They find it easier to attract skilled and motivated workers if
they offer flexibility. They also find it easier to retain staff. Production is increased and
absenteeism is reduced because workers are able to attend to their responsibilities in the
time they are away from the workplace. There is an increase in trust and respect as well
as the employees usually being more focused and energetic and less stressed.
Employees also benefit greatly from flexibility. Workers are better able to deal with
non-work commitments when they work in a flexible environment. Employees
approaching retirement age can ease their way into retirement gradually rather than
suddenly. And above all, workers have less overall stress in their lives and more.

1. Flexibility in the work place involves
a. Allowing the employee to work on a part time basis
b. Allowing the employee to go for a job share
c. Allowing the employee to work from home
d. Allowing the employee to pick up their young children from school
e. All of the above

2. Workplace flexibility has many benefits for employers like
a. They have more caring responsibilities
b. Sometimes they can work from home
c. They can retain the skilled staff
d. They can avoid rush how traffic

3. Employees work in a focused state when
a. They can a work a few hours of each day at home
b. The production is increased
c. They are offered flexibility at the workplace
d. They prefer to work a certain number of hours in a month

4. Employees benefit greatly from flexibility for example
a. They can easily deal with non-work commitments
b. They will have less overall stress
c. They can ease into retirement gradually
d. All the above

5. Employees can misuse the flexibility in the workplace. For example
a. Production may stagger
b. Seriousness towards the tasks may get reduced
c. They may give the non- work commitments the first priority.
d. All the above

Answers:
1. _____
2. _____
3. _____
4. _____
5. _____

READING PASSAGE-3


The rate of change and development in the business world is always increasing. New
competitors, new markets, new technologies, new products all result in an enterprise
having to embrace change to remain successful.

How can an organisation know when change is necessary? Charles Handy, one time
Professor at the London Business School, suggested that organisations should embrace
change when they are doing well, they should not wait until things take a turn for the
worst. It is doubtful that many organisations follow this advice. It is more likely that
traditional indicators such as sales information can be used to decide when and what to
change. Changes in the external environment need to be monitored what are your
competitors planning? Do you suddenly have a new competitor?
How can an organisation achieve change? Financial and accounting information can
help in the planning and implementation of change. However, for Professor Senge from
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology this isnt enough. He suggests that a key
factor in the successful implementation of change is that organisations must learn to
learn. The traditional top-down, authoritarian way of doing things is not flexible
enough to cope with todays rapidly changing business environment. Senge lists five
factors that help make an organisation a learning organisation:

! personal mastery an employees desire for lifelong learning to
continually update that employees set of job skills
! the creative use of mental models all employees should question all
aspects of a companys organisation
! building a shared vision the vision of the companys future must be
positive, innovative, constantly evolving and something that all
employees wish to achieve
! team learning employees need to think and learn together. Teams need
to learn, not just individuals.
! systems thinking this requires a wide vision across all sectors of an
organisation. In fact the concept of a sector within a company is not
useful. Activities in a company should be seen as a whole. It is also
important to recognise patterns across an organisation, even in complex
circumstances.

If a company can become a learning organisation then it should be able to bring about
successful organisational change.

1. When should organizations embrace change according to Charles Handy?

a. When things take a turn for the worst
b. When they are successful
c. When their sales is down
d. When new competitors emerge

2. How can an organization achieve change according to professor Senge?
a. Financial and accounting information
b. The traditional top-down model
c. When a firm becomes a learning organization
d. Authoritarian way of doing things

3. What are the factors that force a company to embrace change to remain
successful?
a. New competitors
b. New markets
c. New technologies & Product
d. All the above

4. What are the factors that help to make an organization a learning organization?
a. Team learning & systems thinking
b. External & Internal Environment
c. Intense competition & New Products
d. Top-Down approach & Bottom-up approach

Answers:

1. _____
2. _____
3. _____
4. _____

READING PASSAGE-4


The audience gasps. Fashion editors scribble notes. Cameras flash. As the model
sashays down the catwalk, its clear to everyone that this is going to be the must-have
dress of the season. And long before the applause has died down, photos of the dress
have been sent to manufacturers, who will then copy and produce knockoff versions for
a fraction of the designers price tag.

Blatant theft of ideas, or flattering imitation and extra publicity? The fashion
industry, and even designers themselves, cant decide whether the massive knockoff
industry is a good or bad thing. Some fashion houses are taking retailers to court for
selling copies that they say are too close to the original article. They argue not only that
they are losing sales, but that copies inferior in quality affect their reputation. Designer
bag companies in particular claim that poorly made knockoff bags that fall apart all too
soon have a negative effect on their image. Other designers feel that the proliferation of
cheap copies in high street stores can only be a good thing. They argue that those who
buy a 50 euro imitation would never be able to afford the 5,000 euro original anyway,
and that a design that is copied by all popular retailers increases the profile of the
fashion house that produced it. Everyone knows who its been copied from, and so no
harm is done. There is also a theory that copying benefits the fashion industry by
increasing creativity. As new designs rapidly become popular trends, designers have to
come up with even newer ideas to keep the real fashionists happy.

Counterfeiting, which involves the blatant copying of brand names and logos, is
of course outlawed. So would it be possible to legislate against the greyer area of
knockoffs? European designers have some protection under law, but that hasnt
stopped a thriving knockoff business in high street stores. Designers in the US have no
protection at the moment, as fashion design is historically considered a craft, not an art,
and outside the scope of copyright protection. Policing copyright on fashion would be
particularly difficult. Knockoff versions can be in the shops within two or three days of
a fashion show, before the original is even available for sale, so how can you prove who
had the idea first?

1. As soon as the model sashays down the catwalk
a. The manufacturers scribble notes
b. The manufacturers copy the photos
c. The manufacturers copy the photos of the dress and produce the imitation
d. The Fashion editors design the price tag.

2. Some fashion houses are taking the retailers to Court

a. Because they are losing sales.
b. Because the retailers are selling copies.
c. Because they cant decide whether knock off industry is a good or bad thing.
d. Because the copies are inferior in quality thereby affecting their reputation.

3. The growth of the imitation is a good thing because
a. The layman could afford to buy.
b. It increases the profile of the fashion house that produced it.
c. It increases the creativity in the fashion industry.
d. All of the above.

4. Policing copyright on fashion would be particularly difficult became
a. Everyone knows who its been copied from.
b. Fashion design is considered a craft not an art.
c. It involves the blatant copying of brand names.
d. None of the above.

5. The term knock off version means
a. Blatant theft of ideas.
b. Flattering imitation.
c. Counterfeiting.
d. All the above.

Answers:

1. _____
2. _____
3. _____
4. _____
5. _____

READING PASSAGE-5


Globalisation is not only the most talked-about social and economic phenomenon of the
last decade: it is also the most controversial. There are several reasons for this it does
not divide its supporters or detractors along the typical political lines of left against
right, progressive against conservative. It is instead a deeply debated topic. Lets take a
look at some of the arguments and counter-arguments on each side.

A common image of an anti-globalisation protester is that seen each year at the G8
or World Economic Forum meetings. The image of a young person wearing a mask and
possibly affiliated to an anarchist group is a familiar one. Yet this is an extreme image,
and there are many critics of globalisation who while generally being aligned with the
masked anarchist are more eloquent in their complaints. Such people include the
writers and activists Naomi Klein, Noam Chomsky and Arundhati Roy. They suggest
that globalisation is the same as traditional capitalism, only now on a worldwide scale
the consequence being that more power and money is concentrated into the hands of
fewer people. They would argue that across the world the rights of workers are being
ignored or restricted, with levels of pay being forced ever lower.
However, there are some commentators on the left who see globalisation as a positive
thing. Globalisation can distribute wealth more widely, they claim, spreading out of the
Western world and bringing employment and opportunities into such countries as
India and China. It makes traditional centres of financial power New York, London,
Frankfurt less important players on the global economic scene, thus changing the
worldwide balance of power.

While there are many right-wing or conservative advocates of globalisation, they
may not agree with their counterparts on the left. A right-wing supporter of
globalisation would instead look at traditional capitalist values. They would see
globalisation as an inevitable consequence of improved telecommunications and easier
global travel. Capital, they may say, has the right to go wherever it can best be
accumulated. The free market rules everything if more profit can be made by locating
a factory in China rather than Europe, so be it.That said, however, there are other
conservatives who warn against unhindered globalisation. Such people may be in
favour of the free movement of money, but are against the free movement of people
the so-called 'economic migrants' who travel the world in search of better living
conditions. They would also say that globalisation has resulted in a loss of jobs for
Western people.

1. There are some conservatives who warn against
a. The free movement of money
b. A better living condition
c. Being aligned with the masked anarchist
d. Unhindered globalization

2. Many critics of globalization suggest that globalization is the same as
a. Economic phenomenon
b. Traditional Capitalism
c. World economic forum
d. An inevitable consequence

3. For some Commentators on the left globalization is a positive thing because
a. Free market rules everything
b. It can distribute wealth more widely
c. Money is concentrated into the hands of fewer people
d. The rights of the workers are ignored.

4. The economic migrants are
a. Who warn against unhindered globalization
b. Who are in favour of free movement of money
c. Who have lost their jobs
d. Who travel the world in search of better living conditions

5. Free market is supported by
a. Right wing
b. Left wing
c. Noam Chomsky
d. Traditional centres of financial power.
Answers:
1. _____
2. _____
3. _____
4. _____
5. _____

READING PASSAGE-6


Energy experts predict that by the end of this century, just 250 years after the
start of the Industrial Revolution, we will have burnt the entire worlds coal and gas
reserves, reserves that took 200 million years to develop. With fossil fuel reserves
running down, the search is on for alternative sources of energy. The need for
renewable sources of energy is greater than ever. The use of renewable energy is
nothing new, in 1086 there were 5600 watermills in England each generating 2kw of
energy. With the advent of cheap coal these watermills went into disuse. Here are some
of the renewable fuel sources that are making a comeback:

Wind turbines: these are now a common site in several European countries. Some
people say the turbines are ugly and cause visual pollution. To minimise their visual
impact they can be located out at sea (as long as the sea is not too deep). Obviously,
when theres no wind, no electricity is generated.

Tidal flow schemes: an example of tidal flow is the Gulf Stream which flows from
Florida to the north west of Scotland at speeds of 1.5 metres per second. There are
problems, however, converting this kinetic energy into electricity. Todays marine
current turbines (an underwater version of a wind turbine) operate best in shallow
water where they can be fixed to the sea bed. At the moment they are not able to exploit
the energy present in tidal flows such as the Gulf Stream where the sea is very deep.

Tidal barrages: these can be built in coastal areas where there is a large variation in the
levels of high and low tides. Tidal barrages are dams that fill with sea water when the
tide comes in, when the tide goes out the water is released. As it escapes it generates
electricity. Unfortunately, the number of locations where tidal barrages can be built is
limited and they can have a considerable impact on the local marine ecosystem.

Bio-fuels: these fuels come from a wide range of materials from wood to plant waste
and waste materials from animals. Firewood is a good source of energy but the wood
does have to be cut, transported and trees replanted. Methane gas can be produced
from plant and animal waste materials but production rates are slow. Bio diesel can be
produced in several ways, for example from maize or from the by-products of wheat
production. The potential for bio-fuel production is great. At the moment, however,

there are problems around the issue of scalability as current production levels fall far
short of the levels required to substitute fossil fuels.

Solar power: for their power supply isolated farms in Australia can choose between
traditional diesel generators or stand alone solar power systems using photovoltaic
cells. A large amount of capital is required to set up a solar power system. At the
moment photovoltaic cells are not very efficient at converting solar power to electricity.
It takes 5-6 years for such a system to become cost-efficient. If these cells could be made
more efficient experts have calculated that 4% of the earths desert areas could supply
all of the worlds energy needs.

Micro generation: for the last 100 years the main concept in electricity generation has
been to think big and build large power stations. Now we are beginning to see a new
trend, small scale local generation of power using renewable bio-fuels. In the
developing world where funds are scarce experts predict micro generation is the way
forward. With time these separate micro generators cab be joined up to form a larger
power grid.
1. Though the potential for bio-fuel production is great but the disadvantage is that
a. Fire woods have to be replanted
b. Its scalability regarding the production level to substitute the fossil fuels
c. The production rate of methane gas is high.
d. All the above

2. Tidal barrages can affect
a. The coastal areas
b. Marine current turbines
c. Local marine ecosystem
d. All of the above.

3. All of the worlds energy needs can be met with
a. Wind turbines
b. Tidal flow schemes
c. Solar power
d. Tidal barrages

4. Bio-diesel can be produced from
a. Plant waste Animal waste
b. Maize or the by-products of wheat
c. Firewood and methane
d. All of the above

5. Tidal Flow schemes do not function effectively if
a. The water flow at a speed of 1.4metres per second
b. The sea is very deep
c. The water is very shallow
d. It can be fixed to the sea bed.

Answers:

1. _____
2. _____
3. _____
4. _____
5. _____

READING PASSAGE-7


Pablo Picasso said that colours, like features, follow the change of emotions. Be it your
favourite colour or just paints for your room, you need to be consciously aware that it
plays an integral role in your daily lives and can sometimes have a positive or negative
association in your memory bank. Colours are a powerful tool that can not only
influence the mood but also stimulate physiological reactions. In fact, certain colours
can raise blood pressure levels, increase metabolism or even cause eyestrain. They also
symbolize various situations, moods and emotions and this can vary from person to
person. For example, in India itself, the colour white represents purity and innocence
whereas for some others, it symbolizes mourning.

Understanding the colour spectrum
Red-The single most dynamic and passionate colour, Red symbolizes love, passion
and courage. Demanding attention, red has great emotional impact. Those who select
red are determined, impulsive and strive for success. Red gives warmth and can be
used in the entrance hall symbolic of a warm welcome to the guests. It stimulates
appetite and conversation making it a favoured colour for dining rooms. It creates
the right atmosphere for restaurants. but should be avoided for offices and factories.

Yellow-is truly joyous and virtuous in its purest form, making it the most widely
used colour in the world. Yellow exudes warmth, inspiration and vitality, and is the
happiest of all colours. Yellow signifies communication, enlightenment, sunlight and
spiritually. It is also associated with wealth, being the colour of gold. In rooms to the
north that lack a strong source of natural light, walls can be painted yellow to give
the rooms a bright look. Yellow is an ideal colour for classrooms because we learn
most effectively in yellow rooms.

Green- is the colour of life and represents freshness and abundance. Its soothing
quality characterises the intense power of nature. The colour of hope and fertility,
green is proven to generate a therapeutic effect and stimulates meditation. That
makes green suitable in rooms for well being and rest and its harmonizing effect
makes it a choice for living rooms too. Most ideally, green should be used in
libraries and studies because it increases concentration.

Blue- The colour of sky and the sea, blue stands for tranquility. It is cooling,
soothing and orderly. Blue brings comfort and serenity to our lives and is associated
with royalty in some European countries. Blue is suitable for rooms to the south and
in baths because it is associated with water. It is also a preferred colour for
bedrooms, because it is known to induce sleep by calming the mind. To reduce
stress in offices and treatment rooms, walls may be painted blue.

Orange-is the colour of knowledge. It reflects a good-natured social environment
and is also symbolic of loyalty and generosity. In bright tones, orange is jovial,
cheerful and playful. Deepened shades of orange become exotic and exciting.
Known to revitalize the mind and body, it is a good colour for living rooms and
dining rooms.

Purple-A colour of great individual style, Purple is associated with royalty and
luxury. It indicates sensuality, passion and depth of feeling. It is also a colour of self-
confidence and ego and represents spiritual aspiration. This lavish colur creates an
unusual essence to the room it adorns, making it a good option for bedrooms.

Brown- This sensuous and tactile colour is one of the favourites of nature. It is easy
on the eyes and symbolizes contentment and physical comfort. Brown represents the
importance of heart and home and is best for the walls of the living room to lend a
mysterious and sensual allure.

Pink- An emotional colour, pink connotes a sensitive heart in a strong personality. It
universally represents caring and sharing. Pink is best suited for bedrooms to give
them a peaceful and delicate touch.

Black and White- Scientifically speaking, black and white are not colours, but
conditions of the absence and presence of light respectively. However, they make for
interesting options in fashion, even in interior dcor. White is associated with purity
and elegance. Although it may come across as distant to some, it symbolizes truth,
blessing and harmony. In interior design, white can be used to portray a
comfortable, timeless and cool atmosphere. Black, on the other hand, is associated
with negativity and power. That doesnt stop it from topping the charts of the
fashion-conscious as an absolute essential. Knick-knacks of this colour may be used
to add contrast to a room which has light coloured walls.

It is also important to note that the psychology of colour is based on the mental and
emotional effects colours have on signed people in all facets of life. There are som
very subjective pieces to colour psychology as well as some more accepted and
proven elements. Keep in mind, that there will also be variations in interpretation,
meaning, and perception between different cultures. Colour psychology can help
you choose paint colours that create the right mood in a room, affecting not just your
own feelings, but those of everyone who enters it. So splash your walls with the
right colours and bring about a whole new transformation in your home dcor.

-The Hindu

1. Colours can have a
a. Change of emotions
b. Physiological reaction

c. Positive or negative correlation in ones memory bank
d. Raise in the blood pressure level.

2. This colour kindles the love for food
a. Green
b. Red
c. Yellow
d. Brown

3. This colour provides the walls of the living room a mysterious attraction
a. Black and white
b. Brown
c. Blue
d. Orange

4. This colour induces tranquility in the mind thereby encouraging sleep
a. Yellow
b. White
c. Pink
d. Purple
e. Blue

5. The psychology of colour is based on the mental and emotional effects the
colours have on signed people in all facets of life. So there is a possibility of
a. Interesting options in fashions
b. Variations in perspectives
c. New transformations
d. Creating the right atmosphere.
Answers:
1. _____
2. _____
3. _____
4. _____
5. _____

READING PASSAGE-8


Several leading economists defined the twentieth century the American century. As
we enter the twenty first century people around the world are beginning to ask just for
how long the U.S. will be able to retain its position as the worlds number one economic
power.

Much is made of legacy industries in the U.S., old industries such as car
production, steel manufacturing, coal mining and most of the airline industry.
Companies in these sectors struggle with work practices that make them inefficient and
uncompetitive compared with their Asian rivals. To compound these problems they
also suffer from enormous legacy costs such as health insurance payments and
pension fund commitments. The Japanese car manufacturer Toyota has set up car plants
in the U.S. that outperform their American rivals. Toyota has no legacy costs, General
Motors and Ford do. Some economists argue that these old industries and their workers
must face up to the fact that these legacy obligations can no longer be met.
After the Enron financial scandal, corporate governance in the U.S. came under the
spotlight. U.S. legislators have reacted to Enron and other financial scandals by bringing
in tough new corporate governance laws. Skeptics argue that there is now too much
corporate regulation in the U.S.

The U.S. has been a world leader in the new industries associated with the
Internet. The Internet started in the U.S. Initially, English was the language of the
Internet. Today the U.S. accounts for less than 25% of Internet users, 40-50% on new
Internet users are now coming from Asia. However, e-industry advocates are quick to
point out that companies such as Google and Yahoo do not have legacy costs and are
very competitive on the world stage, work within few restrictions and are able to
innovate very rapidly. E-commerce has been a key catalyst in bringing about change in
old industries. It has had a key deflationary impact and is a major pusher of
globalisation. A shift is occurring in the U.S. economy as e-commerce allows small and
medium sized enterprises to compete with large multinational companies.
Clearly considerable redistribution of wealth is taking place in the world as the
economies of China and India grow. It is still too early though to predict the demise of
the U.S. as the worlds number one economy.

1. What are legacy industries?

a. Car, steel & coal industry
b. E-industry
c. Ennon
d. Fashion industry

2. The author of the article suggests that
a. China and India may become number one economic powers in future
b. Legacy industries are flourishing because of legacy costs
c. Corporate regulations help US in retaining its position as the worlds number
one economic power

3. What is defined as a major pusher of globalization
a. Legacy industries
b. E-commerce
c. Airline industry
d. Steel industry

4. The Asian companies do well in US because
a. They adhere to US regulations
b. They have no legacy costs
c. They are governed by tough new corporate regulations
d. They are very creative.

5. Companies such as Google and Yahoo are able to vie with other competitors
around the globe because
a. Its the American country
b. They suffer from legacy costs
c. They do not have legacy costs
d. The US is the worlds number one economy

Answers:
1. _____
2. _____
3. _____
4. _____
5. _____

READING PASSAGE-9


The World Trade Organisation officially came into being in 1995, but its roots go
back much further as far back as the Great Depression of 1929. This worldwide
disaster for industry and agriculture made tens of millions unemployed. As a desperate
attempt to protect their economies, many countries raised tariffs on imports by as much
as 60%. This in turn had a devastating effect on world trade and contributed to the
political climate that would eventually lead to the outbreak of the Second World War.
After the war, in 1947, the first international trade talks took place in Geneva. Their aim
was to ensure the trade crisis of the 1930s would never be repeated. Out of these talks
came the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Fifty years later, in 1995,
the WTO was created as the official organisation for international trade.
" To provide a forum for negotiating trade agreements between nations.
" To ensure that each of the 146 member countries follows the rules agreed
and set out in the GATT.
" To help settle disagreements about trade between countries.
" To provide technical assistance and training to developing countries (about
! of the total membership) to help them trade in the world economy.

The WTOs headquarters are in Geneva, and from here the Secretariat provides
administrative and technical support, but does not take key decisions. These are taken
only at a collective meeting of member countries known as the Ministerial Conference,
which takes place every two years. Trade issues are discussed and decisions are taken
democratically. Trade disputes between nations can be settled by a process of
consultation, with the WTO acting as a neutral go-between and, in some cases, using a
panel of experts to come to a conclusion. The organisation has dealt with about 300
such cases since 1995.International Trade at the turn of this century was about 14 times
greater than it was at the time of the first GATT talks over fifty years ago. But its not
only the volume of trade that has changed. The early GATT agreements were mainly
about trade in goods, but todays agreements cover a much wider range of trade,
including banking, telecommunications and travel services. The WTO also works to
ensure agreements on intellectual property such a copyright, patents and designs.
" The rules for international trading are decided democratically by member
states.
" Countries can be sure that their goods and services will be treated fairly in the
world market.

" Increased prosperity for member states and improved welfare for the people
who belong to them.
" Trade disputes between countries can be settled peacefully, making the world
a safer place.

1. GATT is
A. General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade
B. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
C. General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs
D. General Agreement on Trades and Tariffs

a. A, B, and C correct
b. B and C are correct
c. Only B is correct
d. Only A is correct

2. Many countries raised tariff on imports because
a. It is an attempt to protect their economies
b. Of the Second World War.
c. Of the devastating effect on world trade
d. All of the above

3. The key decisions are taken by
a. The WTO headquarters in Geneva
b. The Ministerial conference
c. By WTO through its administrative and technical support
d. Geneva every two years

4. The reason for WTO
A. Great depression of 1929
B. Worldwide disaster for industry and agriculture
C. Desperate attempt to protect their economies
a. A and B are true
b. A is true
c. B is true
d. A, B and C are true

5. WTO officially came into being with year
a. 1995
b. 1945

c. 1929
d. 1959

Answers:

1. _____
2. _____
3. _____
4. _____
5. _____

GAP FILLING (CHOOSING 10 CORRECT WORDS OUT OF 15 WORDS)
1. Fill in the blanks using the list of words given below:

acknowledge , strict, pertinent, straightjacket, benevolent,
stilted, copycat, corrective, guiltless, unique, rigidly,
casually, repentant, individualistic, stiff

Interviews may be more or less formal. In highly formal interviews participants tend to
stay closely within social and professional roles. They do little to _________________
each other as _________________ individuals. Instead, the interviewer acts as the
potential employer, the _________________ supervisor, or whatever role is
_________________ to the type of interview being conducted. The interviewee also acts
from a defined role: prospective employee, _________________ subordinate, and so
forth. The content of highly formal interviews tends to follow a standard format, often
one that the interviewer has written to structure the interaction. Nonverbal
communication provides further clues to formality: clothes, a formal meeting room,
_________________ postures, and a _________________ handshake are all signs of
formality. In contrast, informal interviews are more relaxed, personal, and flexible. The
interviewer attempts to engage the interviewee as an individual, not just a person in a
general role. In turn, the interviewee tends to communicate with the interviewer in
more_____________ ways. Typically, informal interviews aren't as _________________
structured as formal interviews. The interviewer may have a list of standard topics
(either memorized or written down), but those provide only guidelines, not a
_________________ for communication. Either participant may introduce unusual
topics, or they may devote more time than planned to issues that arise. Informal
interviews often include nonverbal cues such as smiling, relaxed postures, casual
surroundings, and informal dress.


intense, callow, put-on, regularly, occasional, deceit,
devastating, granted, put-off, innocent, traumatic,
provoking, constructive, dismay, misdemeanor

What are the consequences of discovering that you've been lied to? In an interpersonal
relationship, the discovery can be_________________. As we grow closer to others, our
expectations about their honesty grow stronger. After all, discovering that you've been
lied to requires you to redefine not only the lie you just discovered, but also many of the
messages you previously took for _________________. Was last week's compliment
really sincere? Was your joke really funny, or was the other person's laughter a
_________________? Does the other person care about you as much as he or she
claimed?
Research has shown that lying does, in fact, threaten relationships. Not all lies are
equally_________________, however. Feelings like _________________ and betrayal are
greatest when the relationship is most _________________, when the importance of the
subject is high, and when there was previous suspicion that the other person wasn't
being completely honest. Of these three factors, the importance of the information lied
about proved to be the key factor in _________________ a relational crisis. We may be
able to cope with "_________________" lying, but "felonies" are a grave threat.
An _________________ white lie in an otherwise honest relationship doesn't pose much
threat. Major deception, thoughespecially when it is part of a pattern of
_________________is likely to provoke a relational crisis. In fact, the discovery of
major deception can lead to the end of a relationship. More than two-thirds of the
subjects in one study reported that their relationship had ended because they
discovered a lie. Furthermore, they attributed the breakup directly to the lie.


let down, complement, compliment, agitated, physically, jump to, composed, twirl,
fiddle, fundamental, fidgeting, glorify, virtually, merely, emotionally

Gesturesmovements of the hands and armsare an important type of nonverbal
communication. In fact, they are so _________________ that people who have been blind
from birth use them. The most common forms of gestures are what social scientists call
illustratorsmovements that accompany speech and that can't stand alone. Scratching
your head when searching for an idea and snapping your fingers when you find an idea
are examples of illustrators that _________________ verbal messages. Research shows
that North Americans use illustrators more often when they are _________________
arousedtrying to explain ideas that are difficult to put into words when they are
furious, horrified, very _________________ distressed, or excited. A second type of
gestures is emblemsdeliberate nonverbal behaviours that have a very precise
meaning, known to _________________ everyone within a cultural group. For example,
we all know that a head nod means "yes," a head shake means "no," a wave means
"hello" or "goodbye," and a hand to the ear means "I can't hear you." And almost
anybody over the age of seven knows the meaning of a raised finger. A third type of
gestures is adaptorsself-touching behaviors. (To make matters confusing, sometimes
these behaviors go by the name of manipulators.) Whereas we usually use emblems
consciously to express a message, adaptors are usually unconscious. For example, you
might _________________ nervously with your hands or click a pen during a high-stress
job interview. Research confirms what common sense suggeststhat increased use of
manipulators is often a sign of discomfort. But not all _________________ signals

uneasiness. People also are likely to use adaptors when relaxed. When they
_________________ their guard (either alone or with friends), they will be more likely to
fiddle with an earlobe, _________________ a strand of hair, or clean their fingernails.
Whether or not the fidgeter is hiding something, observers are likely to interpret an
adaptor as a sign of dishonesty. Because not all fidgeters are dishonest, it's important
not to _________________ conclusions about the meaning of adaptors.


liabilities, wages, docile, dominant, shallow, potential, lethal,
properties, survival, choice, profound, delinquency, self-sufficient, mandatory, kin

The Industrial Revolution refers to the social and economic changes that occurred when
machines and factories, rather than human labor, became the _________________ mode
for the production of goods. Industrialization occurred in the United States during the
early and mid-1800s and represents one of the most _________________ influences on
the family. Before industrialization, families functioned as an economic unit that
produced goods and services for its own consumption. Parents and children worked
together in or near the home to meet the _________________ needs of the family. As the
United States became industrialized, more men and women left the home to sell their
labor for _________________. The family was no longer a _________________ unit that
determined its work hours. Rather, employers determined where and when family
members would work. Whereas children in pre-industrialized America worked on
farms and contributed to the economic survival of the family, children in industrialized
America became economic _________________ rather than assets. Child labor laws and
_________________ education removed children from the labor force and lengthened
their dependence on parental support. Eventually, both parents had to work away from
the home to support their children. The dual-income family had begun.

During the Industrial Revolution, urbanization occurred as cities were built around
factories and families moved to the city to work in the factories. Living space in cities
was crowded and expensive, which contributed to a decline in the birthrate and to
smaller families. The development of transportation systems during the Industrial
Revolution made it possible for family members to travel to work sites away from the
home and to move away from extended _________________. With increased mobility,
many extended families became separated into smaller nuclear family units consisting
of parents and their children. As a result of parents' leaving the home to earn wages and
the absence of extended kin in or near the family household, children had less adult
supervision and moral guidance. Unsupervised children roamed the streets, increasing
the _________________ for crime and _________________.


permissible, exaggeration, restricted, fundamentally, hostile, conclusively, downplay,
low key, fantasies, delectable, acceptable incorrigible, invariably, morph, identify

Studies show _________________ that if large groups of children watch a great deal of
televised violence, they will be more prone to behave aggressively. In other words, not
all children will become more aggressive, but many will. Especially during adolescence,
viewing lots of violence on television is associated with actual increases in aggression
against others. It's little wonder that a large panel of medical and psychological experts
recently concluded that media violence is a serious threat to public health.
It is fair to say, then, that televised violence causes aggression in viewers, especially
children? Fortunately, that would be an _________________. Televised violence can
make aggression more likely, but it does not _________________ "cause" it to occur for
any given child. Many other factors affect the chances that _________________ thoughts
will be turned into actions. Among children, one such factor is the extent to which a
child identifies with aggressive characters. That's why it is so sad to find TV heroes
behaving aggressively, as well as villains.
A case in point is the popular Power Rangers TV programs for children. In each
episode, the Power Rangers "_________________" into superheroes who use karate and
other violent actions to conquer monsters. After watching an episode of the Power
Rangers, a group of 7-year-old children committed seven times more aggressive acts
than a control group that didn't watch. The aggressive children hit, kicked, and karate-
chopped their peers, often directly imitating the Power Rangers. Younger children, in
particular, are more likely to be influenced by such programs because they don't fully
recognize that the characters and stories are _________________.
Youngsters who believe that aggression is an _________________ way to solve
problems, who believe that TV violence is realistic, and who _________________ with
TV characters are more likely to copy televised aggression. In view of such findings, it is

understandable that Canada, Norway, and Switzerland have _________________ the
amount of _________________ violence on television. Should all countries do the same?

LISTENING COMPREHENSION

Listening Exercise: 1

1. What would be the best title for this lecture?
A. Important Keys to Recycling Paper
B. Technological Advances Improve Recycling
C. Steps to Improving Recycling

2. According to the article, paper materials that are difficult to recycle include:
A. copy paper
B. document shred
C. food wrappers
3. In some cases, recycling could be hazardous to the environment if special precautions
are not taken because:
A. industrial emissions are sometimes created in the process.
B. chemical waste is sometimes produced as a result.
C. a great deal of energy is expended to create new products.
4. According to the lecture, the demand for recyclable materials in the manufacturing of
new products is sometimes sluggish because
A. some governments are unwilling to support expensive recycling methods.
B. there is a lack of advanced technology to process the materials.
C. businesses do not invest enough money into research.
5. Which is NOT one of the main keys to recycling as mentioned in the lecture?
A. government regulation of waste
B. better technology
C. more demand for recycled materials


1. From the content of the conversation, where does this interview take place?
A. at a public forum
B. in an auditorium
C. on TV
D. in a classroom
2. According to Dr. Adams, what is one of the most important points in learning a
foreign language?
A. exposing oneself to the target culture
B. attending regularly a good language program
C. coming up with a study plan
D. developing good note-taking skills
3. Dr. Adams suggests that:
A. a realistic goal for learners is to reach a certain level of language proficiency, not
native fluency.
B. students can achieve native-like pronunciation through focused study.
C. learners should interact with native speakers to gain greater fluency.
D. teachers need to help students foster a good self-esteem and confidence.
4. What kinds of activities would help Dr. Adams in his own study?
A. listening to information and then discussing it with others
B. reading books and magazines for news
C. being involved in group or class projects
D. keeping a journal and exchanging with a friend
5. Which point was NOT mentioned in the interview?
A. Many learners often favor a combination different learning styles.
B. Pronunciation practice is key to improved comprehensibility.
C. Setting reachable goals should be paramount in learning.
D. Learning is a step-by-step process.


1. What event did Ray Anderson witness at the beginning of the story?
A. a home fire
B. an explosion
C. an automobile accident

2. How did Ray save the baby?
A. He pulled the baby out of the window.
B. He put out the flames with a fire extinguisher.
C. He called the police and fire department.
3. What happened to Ray?
A. He had extensive head injuries.
B. He was burned over much of his body.
C. He suffered from smoke inhalation.
4. Who is Aaron?
A. He is Ray Anderson's son.
B. He is Karen's older brother.
C. He was adopted by Sandra Jenkins.
5. What was Ray Anderson doing that fateful Christmas Eve?
A. serving at homeless shelter in the community
B. cutting down Christmas trees for families
C. taking goods to needy people


1. What is the main topic of this address?
A. the growing crisis of inadequate retirement pensions for the future
B. the problem of providing adequate medical care for the elderly
C. the need to reevaluate our attitudes towards senior citizens

2. What was the speaker's purpose in sharing the story about his grandfather?
A. to highlight the difficulties of finding affordable housing in the future
B. to illustrate the preoccupations of older citizens with growing older
C. to describe the lack of public facilities designed for the elderly
3. Which of the following statements did Dr. Miller NOT mention when speaking of
senior citizens' "golden years"?
A. The loss of a person's self-identity is most prevalent in one's advancing years.
B. A person's declining health contributes to a feeling of inadequacy.
C. Self-worth is often tied to one's profession and social standing.
4. What do you think the speaker will talk about in the next part of his address?
A. the contributions the elderly can make in our societies
B. the swelling burden of supporting welfare programs in the future
C. our responsibility of building retirement homes for our graying society
5. Where does this plenary address most likely take place?
A. at a retirement home
B. at a conference center
C. at a hospital


1. What was Friday's weather like?
A. fair and humid
B. warm and dry
C. hot and partly cloudy

2. What were the high temperatures for Friday in the state?
A. 85 to 90 degrees
B. 91 to 95 degrees
C. 96 to 99 degrees
3. What is Saturday evening's weather forecast for the state?
A. light rain over the entire state
B. heavy showers over the northern part
C. some rain in parts of the state
4. About what time should skies clear on Sunday?
A. around 10:00 AM
B. around 3:00 PM
C. around 6:00 PM
5. What event will occur on Sunday evening?
A. The earth's shadow will cover the moon.
B. Colorful lights will appear in the sky.
C. Shooting stars will be visible.


1. What news event is being reported?
A. an alien spacecraft landing
B. the impact of a meteorite
C. a volcanic eruption

2. This event occurred about _______ kilometers south of Barrow, Alaska.
A. 12
B. 20
C. 22
3. At the time of the incident, some witnesses reported ____________.
A. seeing a falling round object
B. hearing a train-like sound
C. observing a bright light
4. A similar event 65 million years ago led to the ___________.
A. extinction of the dinosaurs
B. evolution of the human race
C. development of plant life
5. Astronomers have focused their work on ____________.
A. discovering new life in space
B. plotting the courses of asteroids
C. developing radar telescopes

SPOTTING ERRORS

EXERCISE 1

Directions: Read the passage below. Then answer questions about errors in the passage.

To be, or not to bethat is the 1) question This 2) wellknown utterance has been the
source of both mystery and wonderment for students around the world since the turn
of the 16th centuryarguably the zenith of Shakespeares creative output. However,
the mere ubiquity of this phrase fails to answer some basic questions about 3) its rather
context. Where did it come 4) from what does it mean? The 5) first of these questions
(where does it come from?) can be answered fairly easily: from Shakespeares famous
play Hamlet. 6) As for the last of the two questions, a complete answer would require a
more 7) deep 8) look at Shakespearean culture and nuance.

1) A. question? B. question? C. question. D. question. E. question,

F. Correct as is

2) A. well known B. well-known C. widely-known D. Correct as is

3) A. it is B. its C. a D. the E. Correct as is

4) A. from? What B. from or what C. from, what D. from? And what

5) A. first of these questions B. first interrogative C. primary D. first one

E. Correct as is

6) A. As for the former question, B. As for the latter question, C. As for the second one

of the two, D. Correct as is

7) A. in-depth B. deeper C. extended D. serious

8) A. conversation on B. investigation of C. thought about D. talk about

EXERCISE 2
My stepmother is the 1) jenealogist of the family. She maintains records of births,
deaths, marriages, and divorces. She takes the job 2) real serious. She sends missives to
the family 3) whoever something noteworthy occurs. We recently had a bulletin about
4) the demise of the relative during the Civil Warwhich transpired a century-and-a-
half ago. This ancestor apparently bequeathed his old earthly possessions (some 5)
beautiful and antique furniture) to his progeny, who in turn bequeathed their goods to
their descendants. My husbands great-grandfather, 6) his mothers father, has recently
inherited some of this 7) beautiful antique furniture. My husband wonders if he will
one day pass heirlooms on to his progeny. 8) If yes, we may inherit some new furniture,
and my stepmother will have even more to keep track of!
1) A. genealogist B. jeneologist C. genealogist D. Correct as is
2) A. very serious. B. real seriously. C. really serious. D. very seriously. E. Correct as is
3) A. whether B. whenever C. whatever D. Both A and C are correct
E. Both A and B are correct
4) A. a demise of the relative B. the demise of a relative C. a relatives demise
D. Both B and C are correct E. Both A and B are correct
5) A. beautiful, but antique B. beautiful antique C. beautiful or antique D. Correct as is
6) A. his mothers fathers father, B. the father of his fathers father,
C. the mother of his fathers father, D. Both A and B could be correct
7) A. pedestrian B. dynamic C. deleterious D. antiquated E. exquisite
8) A. If so, B. If not, C. This way, D. If true, E. Correct as is

EXERCISE 3

Edward Murphy was a member of an Air Force team that performed complicated
experiments during the 1) 1940s his work required much preparation and perfect
execution. Murphy has become renowned for 2) Murphys Law, which states that if
anything can go 3) wrong it will. This 4) somewhat funny observation has spawned a
plethora of 5) corrollaries, such as Hofstadters Law: It always takes longer than you
expect, even when you take Hofstadter's Law into account. 6) These smart comments
on the perceived perversity of daily life have been published in 7) several books. Some
of the volumes are general in 8) scope; some pertain to technical careers in aerospace or
professional areas such as medicine or law.

1) A. 1940s, his B. 1940s. His C. 1940s! His D. 1940s his E. Correct as is

2) A. Murphys Law, B. Murphys Law, C. Murphys Law, D. Murphys Law,

E. Correct as is

3) A. wrong, it will. B. wrong it, will. C. wrong, it will. D. wrong it will,

E. Correct as is

4) A. hilarious B. lofty C. comical D. laughable E. tenuous

5) A. corollaries B. corolaries C. corollarries D. corroleries E. Correct as is

6) A. witty musings B. complex phrases C. detrimental utterances

D. sophisticated sayings

E. harmless annotations

7) A. several books, but some B. several books: some C. several books, some

D. Correct as is

8) A. scope some B. scope. Some C. scope & some D. scope, while others

EXERCISE 4

The Arctic fox is 1) compareble in size to the domestic cat. It inhabits the so-called 2)
kingdom of the polar bear the area midway between Norway and the North Pole. This
canine predator 3) changes to extreme weather conditions. During the winter months, 4)
its white coat is ideal camouflage in these rough northern climates. The Arctic fox can
roam all winter without 5) hibernating its fur is the thickest of all Arctic mammals. Its
insulation 6) permits it to grow even though winter temperatures normally fall to -50
degrees Celsius. When nutrition becomes scarce, the Arctic fox may follow polar bears
as they pursue seals on the 7) perilous sea ice. This strategy is 8) hazardous not only
because of the possibility of falling into freezing water, but also because polar bears will
consume Arctic foxes if they can catch them.

1) A. comparable B. compareable C. comparrable D. comparable E. Correct as is

2) A. kingdom of the polar bear, B. kingdom of the polar bear,

C. kingdom of the polar bear, D. ,kingdom of the polar bear,

E. Correct as is

3) A. adjusts B. alters C. flexes D. adapts E. suits F. applies

4) A. a white coat B. its white coat C. its coat D. the white coat E. Correct as is

5) A. hibernating, B. hibernating. C. hibernating; D. hibernating: E. Correct as is

6) A. allows it to move even when B. enables it to survive, even though

C. sets it at a disadvantage, even where D. permits it to flourish, however

E. authorizes it to maintain, although F. Correct as is

7) A. uninhabitable B. risky C. heavy D. cautious E. level F. Correct as is

8) A. hazardous. Not only because of B. hazardous, not only due to

C. hazardous. Not just because of D. Correct as is

EXERCISE 5

Students and townspeople 1) freshly flocked to hear returning 2) professor, Dr. Willis
give a speech. Dr. Willis, a benevolent and 3) compacionate advocate for the poor,
spoke Sunday to the congregation at the First Avenue Church. He was expected to be
greeted by a full house at the Exeter Theater Monday evening. The 4) youthful 5)
professor at age 92 exhorts his listeners to show empathy for citizens mired in poverty
and joblessness. Haunted by personal memories of the Great Depression, he abjures
opulence and 6) urges frugal behavior. He encourages 7) engaging in heavy food and
drink, and attributes his own 8) decrepitude to diligent work and a prudent life style.

1) A. just now B. a moment ago C. recently D. newly E. Correct as is

2) A. professor, Dr. Willis, B. professor Dr. Willis C. professor Dr., Willis

D. Correct as is

3) A. compassionate B. compactionate C. compasionate D. conpacionate

E. compashionate F. Correct as is

4) A. laudatory B. archaic C. supercilious D. bombastic E. venerable

5) A. professor, at age 92 B. professor at age 92, C. professor: at age 92

D. professor at age 92 E. professor, currently 92, F. Correct as is

6) A. disdains parsimony. B. extols mendaciousness. C. urges prodigal behavior.

D. eschews spendthrifts. E. Both B and C are correct. F. Correct as is

7) A. abstinence from B. acceptance of C. the consumption of D. indulgence in

E. Correct as is

8) A. senility B. passion C. magnificence D. longevity E. affability

COMMON ERRORS

1. (a) Put on your coat.
(b) Put your coat.

2. (a) She is much younger than me.
(b) She is much younger to me.

3. (a) She has a good command over the language.
(b) She has a good command of the language.

4. (a) She is looking forward on starting her new job.
(b) She is looking forward to starting her new job.

5. (a) I read about the earthquake on the newspaper.
(b) I read about the earthquake in the newspaper.

6 (a) I promised that I would write to her every week.
(b) I promised that I would write for her every week.

7 (a) I am interested for the special offer that I saw in the advertisement.
(b) I am interested in the special offer that I saw in the advertisement.

8 (a) Could you stop day dreaming and listen to me please?
(b) Could you stop day dreaming and listen for me please?

9 (a) My brother insisted on doing it.
(b) My brother insisted doing it.

10 (a) He has already discussed about this.
(b) He has already discussed this.

11 (a) You are all cordially invited for this function.
(b) You are all cordially invited to this function.

12 (a) I shall work hard for the betterment of the organisation.
(b) I shall work hard for the betterment in the organisation.

13. (a) He presided on the function.
(b) He presided over the function.

14. (a) Ram was accompanied by his friend.

(b) Ram was accompanied with his friend.

15. (a) She is good at it.
(b) She is good in it.

16. (a) There are many diseases caused from malnutrition.
(b) There are many diseases caused by malnutrition.

17. (a) What does this paper deal with?
(b) What does this paper deal about?

18. (a) I have already assured him help.
(b) I have already assured him of help.

19. (a) It is difficult to cope up with all the work.
(b) It is difficult to cope with all the work.

20. (a) The teacher along with the students have done this project.
(b) The teacher along with the students has done this project.

21. (a) One of the students has been called by the Principal.
(b) One of the students have been called by the Principal.

22. (a) The Principal as well as the members of the Faculty has gathered here
for the meeting.
(b) The Principal as well as the members of the Faculty have gathered here
for the meeting.

23. (a) 40% of people under the age of 25 is unemployed.
(b) 40% of people under the age of 25 are unemployed.

24. (a) The number of employees who has gone on strike is more.
(b) The number of employees who have gone on strike is more.

25. (a) Each and every citizen has to think of the welfare of the nation.
(b) Each and every citizen have to think of the welfare of the nation.

26. (a) We apologise for the caused inconvenience.
(b) We apologise for the inconvenience caused.

27. (a) He has to go and meet the concerned authority.
(b) He has to go and meet the authority concerned.

28. (a) I see often my uncle.
(b) I often see my uncle.

29. (a) All of the reptiles lay eggs.
(b) All the reptiles lay eggs.

30. (a) Despite the heavy rain, he went out.
(b) Despite raining heavily, he went out.

31. (a) She even may help you if you ask.
(b) She may even help you if you ask.

32. (a) There never had been an Orchestra like this.
(b) There had never been an Orchestra like this.

33. (a) He plays violin well, but he is not very well at singing.
(b) He plays violin well but he is not very good at singing.

34. (a) I kindly request you to do this for me.
(b) I request you to kindly do this for me.

35. (a) The accommodation given by the college during the conference is good.
(b)The accomodation given by the college during the conference is good.

36. (a) I shall be much grateful to you if you could do this for me.
(b) I shall be much greatful to you if you could do this for me.

37. (a) He closed the letter with Yours truely.
(b)He closed the letter with Yours truly.

38. (a) It was quiet interesting.
(b)It was quite interesting.

39. (a) He cant be able to complete this work.
(b)He cant complete this work.

40. (a) These furnitures are expensive.
(b)These furniture are expensive.

41. (a) The student has gone and met all the staffs.
(b)The student has gone and met all the staff.

42. (a) The equipments were faulty.
(b)The equipment was faulty.

43. (a) I have got two brother-in-laws.
(b)I have got two brothers-in-law.

44. (a) Many a time he has gone wrong with his calculations.
(b)Many a times he has gone wrong with his calculations.

45. (a) One of my friends called me today.
(b) One of my friend called me today.

46. (a) A lot of people prefer coffee to tea.
(b)A lot of people prefer coffee than tea.

47. (a) Although our college team played well, but they never looked like
winning the trophy.
(b)Although our college team played well, they never looked like
winning the trophy.

48. (a) The boy threw the stone who is wearing the yellow shirt.
(b)The boy who is wearing the yellow shirt threw the stone.

49. (a) The competition is conducted in view of college day celebrations.
(b)The competition is conducted in lieu of the college day celebrations.

50. (a) They enjoy tennis practice.
(b)They enjoy tennis practise.

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS IN THE INTERVIEWS
1. Tell about yourself/ How would you describe yourself?
2. What is your greatest weakness?
3. What is your greatest strength?
4. How will your greatest strength help you perform?
5. What motivates you?
6. What do you find are the most difficult decisions to make?
7. What has been the greatest disappointment in your life?
8. What are you passionate about?
9. What do people most often criticize about you?
10. Do you prefer to work independently or on a team? /Give some examples of
teamwork.
11. What type of work environment do you prefer?
12. How do you evaluate success?
13. Describe a difficult work situation / project and how you overcame it.
14. What interests you about this job?
15. What can you do for this company?
16. Why should we hire you?
17. What do you know about this company?
18. What are your goals for the next five years / ten years?
19. What are your salary expectations?

PRESENTATION SKILLS
Oral presentation is a technique which provides presenter with an opportunity to
present information through verbal means as a substitute for information traditionally
provided in written form under the cover of proposal.
The purpose of presentation is to convey the information more meaningfully and
efficiently through verbal means. From sales pitches to training lectures, good
presentation is the key to many influential roles in todays business world. Effective
presentations are a mixture of variety of elements.
Presentation should be designed keeping the needs of the audience. Effective
presentation should have relevant subject matter. It should have relevant subject matter.
It should be crisp, to the point and be of interest. It must be organized logically and
systematically. A presentation should have an introduction/ opening, body,
conclusion/closing.
The length of the presentation should conform to the attention span of the
audience.
Four key factors that a presenter pay attention to are:
Personal appearance.
Body language and facial expression.
Voice modulation.
Listening skills.

Personal appearance
Must aim at formal, professional look when selecting clothing and accessories, hair
should be well groomed, outfit should be comfortable and must feel confident in what
you are wearing. Colours should compliment ones skin tone. Shoes should be polished.

Body language and facial expression
Body is a dynamic tool which reinforces rapport with the audience. Dont move
hand aimlessly. Keep it still except when used in unison with speech. Maintain eye
contact to establish creditability. This will convey warmth, affection and involvement.
Avoid fixing on an individual as this could be intimidating. Never turn up back to the
audience. Maintain a respectable distance. Never move without a reason. Stepping
forward implies arriving at an important point, backward to conclude an idea and
laterally for transition taking another thought.
To make the presentation interesting, change the delivery but not very obviously.
Voice modulation
Speak in a soft, clear and audible voice. Raise voice to emphasize a point. A voice
with warmth and humour captures attention. Avoid speaking very fast as words may
be lost; if slow it will be boring. Vary the pace of your speech and pause at key points.
Keep an eye on the audiences body language and know when to stop. Enjoy yourself
which will bring the audience to your side and they want to hear what you have to stay.
Listening skills
Good speaker is an active listener too. Must be open to inputs received from the
audience and be confident while presenting. Must also know how to manage
environment successfully and make sure the message has maximum impact. Practice to
build confidence. Should be familiar with the content that helps speaking fluently. This
helps in answering the queries. Always welcome statements from the audience. This
will build audiences confidence.
Use visual aids. Must know how much visual information should be given
without distracting the audience from what you say. Keep your visuals simple and
brief. Learn to manage your stress: confidence has a lot to do with managing stress
level. Try physical relaxation technique like breathing and visualization to calm and
ease tension. At the conclusion, ask for questions. Respond to question politely, good
humouredly and briefly.
Finally, summarise and give a short concluding remark that reinforces why your
information is of value.

GROUP DISCUSSION
Group discussion is being extensively used along with personal interviews for the final
selection of candidates. It plays a main role in selecting the best among the best. Having
scored high marks, students who get selected for a higher/another course or
employment are placed on par - on equal footing - based on their age, qualification and
experience. It becomes necessary to conduct further screening for choosing a few among
many. It is here, the group discussion plays an important part. It helps in choosing the
socially suitable candidate among the academically superior achievers. It is one of the
best tools to study the behavioral and attitudinal responses of the participants.
Features of group discussion
A group usually comprises eight to twelve participants who engage in a
discussion on a specific topic
Time - approximately 15-20 minutes
A reliable, testing tool to assess all the candidates in a group at one go -in order
to select the best in comparative perspective
It is also known as leaderless discussion that aims to find out the natural
leadership level of the candidates.
What is tested in group discussion?
The rationale of the GD technique rests on the principle that leadership qualities with
knowledge and power of expression are essential to achieve the results or objectives in
all group endeavours. The leadership quality of one can nowhere be more clearly
revealed than in a group discussion.
How is the performance judged?
Selection is done based on the impact created by each candidate on the group as an
individual as well as a team player.
One who expresses his ideas well.
One who has sound arguments, and shows keenness and interest.
One who has sufficient knowledge of his subject and convinces the group by his
argumentative presentation.
One who has a logical and systematic approach.

Talking about ones performance as an individual, it should be remembered that what
one speaks is more important than how much it is spoken. "Quality counts, not quantity".
One needs to excel in content as well as presentation.
Moving on to performance as a team player one should exhibit leadership skills. One
should connect with and build a rapport with the other members of the group. The
essential requirements for success in a group discussion are knowledge, listening skills,
presentation, calmness, composure, assertiveness, co-operation, analytical thinking,
accommodation and encouragement.
What to be avoided?
There are certain attitudes which act negatively and they spoil ones chances of
selection.
a. Constantly objecting others and speaking pessimistically will block the smooth
flow of discussion.
b. People who are always complaining and always dissatisfied will not be found
suitable.
c. Equally unsuitable are those who insult and criticize others betraying jealousy or
animosity.
d. The aggressive attitude is usually disapproved.
e. Another avoidable attitude is telling irrelevant stories and personal experiences.
f. Motivated by a need for attention, some participants interject comments that call
attention to their achievements and successes. They are boastful while trying to
appear not to be so.
How to excel others in a group?
A good support always results in a good relationship with others, which eventually
brings success. One can certainly disagree giving sound and valid reasons for
disagreement but one's behaviour should not be disagreeable. One's pleasantries,
attitude of cooperation and sharing experiences with others, expressing compliments
and gratitude on what others say-all create an attraction towards oneself. Maintaining
mutual respect will avoid critical judgement of others. One's efforts at preventing the
proceedings from going astray, encouraging non-participants to enter the discussion
and tactful handling of conflicting opinions with a view to bringing about consensus
will win the admiration of other members of the group. Another important reason of
success is being attentive to others' point of views and analysing them in a logical
manner even for disagreeing.

What is the secret of scoring sure success in a group discussion?
The examiners usually look for a positive personality with varied potential. During the
progress of any group discussion, there will be conflicting views and as a result, heated
arguments. The winner has to reveal his positive personality traits and leadership
abilities to gain approval for his ideas. Since the test is conducted without a leader,
there are opportunities for the individuals who reveal leadership qualities to become
group leaders. Seizing the opportunity, the aspirant should impress and influence the
group.
The ability to speak is the foremost of all. If one does not speak eloquently and fluently,
one cannot create any impact and make his presence strongly felt. One must arouse
other's interest by the power of expression. While talking there must be sense.
Conveying all information in well-balanced sentences in a manner that reflects a good
grasp of the subject will indicate sharp and analytical mind. The delivery should be
smooth and catchy. Important of all is the tone. It should reflect the humility of a very
knowledgeable person. There will be interruptions and they should be borne with
patience and a winning smile. It is the ability to hold the attention of group members
which matters.

USEFUL PHRASES FOR GROUP DISCUSSION

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Group Discussion Questionnaire
1. Is it necessary to initiate a GD?
2. Should you put forth your points firmly?
3. Can you be aggressive/loud?
4. Is it necessary to listen to others?
5. Can you initiate the topic only if you are familiar with?
6. Are you allowed to interrupt other speakers while they are talking?
7. Are you permitted to intervene if the discussion turns out to be hostile?
8. Should you be a passive learner?
9. Can you ask irrelevant questions?
10. Can you change your opinions in the middle of the discussion?
11. Can you speak against the topic?
12. Are you allowed to exhibit your emotions?
13. Is it necessary to be natural, calm and gentle with your presentation?
14. Can you stop abruptly?
15. Can you motivate anyone in the group to speak out their ideas?
16. Should you shout at people if someone tries to provoke you?
17. Is it necessary to be one of the key participants?
18. Can you say what you feel?
19. Is it necessary that you should speak only for or against?
20. Should you thank everyone before ending your presentation?
21. Can anyone go away from the topic?
22. If so, should you bring it back to the mainstream?
23. Is it good to organize your thoughts before speaking?
24. Are you allowed to dominate others?
25. Can you be assertive?
26. Are gestures and mannerisms part of a GD?
27. Is opening the GD only way to gain attention and recognition?
28. Can you use phrases like I strongly object, or I disagree?
29. Is the ability to work as a team judged in a GD?
30. Is it bad to be receptive to others opinion?

KNOW YOURSELF
I am not who you think I am;
I am not who I think I am;
I am who I think you think I am
Thomas Cooley, Inscriptions

1. How would you describe yourself?

2. What is HAPPINESS to you?

3. Have you ever felt that you have failed to do something in your life? What is it
and why?

4. What are your strengths?

5. What are your weaknesses and what steps have you taken to overcome it?

6. Can you narrate any one of your achievements?

7. Who is your role model? Why?

8. What is your short term goal?

9. Why did you choose Engineering as your field of study?

"#$ What do you want to achieve in life?

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