Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Aaron A. Almassy
college, in order to observe and critique the teaching methods of the instructor. Key topics
course materials, and a critique of the student evaluation tools. Each topic addressed will include
the class session as the sub-topic. Finally, a conclusion is presented which consolidates the
student’s findings.
Observation and Critique 3
The purpose of this project was to observe and critique a professional nurse educator in
his or her classroom, and to report the findings. Arrangements were made with S.M., RN, BSN,
MSN, FNP, the director of a local college nursing program. Observation of the lecture portion of
the basic adult full body assessment and the associated nursing laboratory portion as well. The
lecture and laboratory portion focused on the neurological assessment including examination and
testing of the eyes and cranial nerves. SM was assisted by the school’s nursing laboratory
assistant, also a Registered Nurse (RN). A critique of teaching methods and materials was
SM chose the lecture method, while making use of a teaching standard—the Microsoft
power point presentation. The skillful instructor will provide means other than oration to convey
the necessary information (Bradshaw & Lowenstein, 2007). The proven method of lecture can be
valuable to students. As Bradshaw & Lowenstein (2007) state, when one’s goal is to impart basic
facts, establish concepts, or to show passion for a subject, the lecture is a functional method to
use. The class was arranged as one might expect when thinking of a college classroom. Large
eight foot long tables were used allowing room for three students per table. The tables were
arranged so that all students were facing the instructor, and so that all students could effectively
view the power point presentation as well. Overall the session lasted an hour and half with a 10
minute break provided near the middle of the lecture. SM stood at the front of the class providing
a substantial target for the students to view. She did not just stand at the front of the class
however she changed positions frequently as well as provided for many instances of eye contact
with all sections of the classroom. The lecture provides for many advantages including,
providing the instructor maximum control, poses minimal threat to the instructor and the student,
it encourages and permits deductive reasoning (Bradshaw & Lowenstein, 2007). While
presenting as a dynamic speaker, SM used the expository lecture form. The expository lecture is
the most common form of lecture (Bradshaw & Lowenstein, 2007). In this format, SM did most
of the talking, while entertaining few questions and examples from the students. There are of
course, disadvantages and potential problems associated with the lecture method as well. A few
examples of these are, potential boredom, and decreased knowledge retention. As Bradshaw &
Lowenstein (2007) state, “…80% of information gained by lecture alone can not be recalled by
students 1 day later, and that 80% of the remainder fades in a month” (p.127). It is important to
recognize that the lecture method is neither good nor bad, like any teaching method it is more
efficacious when combined with other instructional strategies (Bradshaw & Lowenstein, 2007).
The coinciding adjunct teaching strategy is the hands-on method, which is utilized in the
nursing laboratory. In this session, motor skills combined with information learned in lecture are
practiced and refined as the student attempts to attain adequate skill level (DeYoung, 2003). The
instructor’s role in this teaching method is to orchestrate and or to supervise this practice.
Practice is crucial to cement the sequential order of operations in the student’s memory
Additionally, repetition helps the new short term memories continue long enough to transition to
long term memories (Billings & Hallstead, 2005). During the practice session, the students were
allowed to self-select into small groups to facilitate the learning experience. SM and the
laboratory assistant circulated between the two adjacent laboratories fielding questions and
providing examples of how to perform the various procedures. Students were practicing the
assorted components of the neurological examination on this particular day. One area of concern
for students was testing of the cardinal fields of gaze. Another area of concern was how in-depth
they needed to perform the examination of the eye. Both SM and the laboratory assistant were
Critique of Instructor
A critique of the instructor and her teaching methods was completed. The instructor’s use
of the lecture is fairly standard, and was expected, especially after viewing course materials. SM
conducted the lecture well displaying her vivacious personality and the extensive knowledge that
she has regarding the topics. SM controlled the room during the lecture, used enthused
mannerisms, and avoided the use of monotones. Bradshaw & Lowenstein (2007) believe that
that the use of podium is a barrier in the presentation of the lecture (Bradshaw & Lowenstein,
2007). There was a podium and table in the front of the room for SM to utilize for handouts and
other necessary items for the class. However, she spent the majority of the time lecturing not
from behind the podium, but while moving about. The use of movement is a key to breaking this
physical barrier separating the instructor from her students (Bradshaw & Lowenstein, 2007). She
addressed each section of the classroom by making eye contact. Additionally, she called on
several students by name to perform examples of small procedures or offer thoughts on the topic.
Bradshaw & Lowenstein (2007) state that one should speak to the right half of the audience and
the left half of the audience, and that the instructor should never turn his or her back to the
• pupil response
SM used humor appropriately throughout the lecture from illustrations within the Power Point
presentation to the ad-lib usage of humor throughout the session. This utilization of humor was
viewed as positive, as it increased the lecture’s appeal and maintained student attention. Parrott’s
study (as cited in Billings & Halstead, 2005) presents the advantages to the utilization of humor
student/teacher rapport, decreased stress levels, motivation of learners and creation of positive
attitudes within the students. The approach was effective as it was observed that the students
were actively engaged in the lecture and attention seemed very well maintained. Finally, SM
utilized the method of demonstration on a limited basis during the lecture. For example, SM
demonstrated the procedure for performing evaluation the six cardinal gazes to the class. The
usage of these mini-presentations will be especially useful for the visual learner, as these
individuals learn best by demonstration (Cuyamaca College, 2003). Students however were not
prompted to ask questions nor were many questions directed to the students. This lack of
questioning did not provide for optimal development of critical thinking skills. The lecture
provided for focus on the cognitive domain of learning as students increased their level of
knowledge and comprehension of the material presented (Billings & Hallstead, 2005).
The laboratory session was structured more informally than the lecture. First, the students
were gathered for further introduction of the neurological examination, including further in-depth
for the visual learner, as it is equally important to all nursing students. Students were encouraged
to interrupt to allow for clarification and questions. Questioning by the instructors was used to
reinforce prior learning and for the development of critical thinking skills (Bradshaw &
Lowenstein, 2007). This technique was especially evident in the beginning of the laboratory
session as SM and the laboratory coordinator reviewed some brief clinical experiences with the
students as related to the nursing laboratory. Students were being questioned as to their
Observation and Critique 7
experiences and perceived abilities at performing certain aspects of the nursing assessment. As
some students were sharing their experiences, other students were beginning to make
correlations to their own experiences, providing evidence of critical thinking. During this portion
of the class, students were taught how perform the various components of the adult neurological
examination. Specifically, the six cardinal gazes, the Snellen chart eye examination, pupil
response, elicitation of the cranial nerves, the Romberg test, and others. The students were then
allowed to self-select into groups of three or four members and begin to familiarize themselves
with these techniques. Students were given the check-off procedure lists to go along with these
specific competencies; to help focus their learning efforts, as well as to make clear expectations
for the return demonstration evaluation process. Students were guided by the instructors as
appropriate. The instructors circulated throughout the two adjoining nursing laboratories
spending time with each group individually. Provision of one-on-one interaction with the
instructor allows for personal attention that otherwise would not necessarily occur. These
contacts with the instructor allow students to ask questions more openly within the “safe
confines” of their group. The student is not intimidated by what he or she may consider a “stupid
question”. Observation of this activity was witnessed several times as students encountered
unexpected situations or results during their practice session. The Laboratory session focused on
the psychomotor domain of learning. This is because of the acquisition and use of manual skills
that are associated with nursing assessments (Billings & Halstead, 2005).
First of all, a skeleton outline of the power point was given. Only the main points were
given on this outline, promoting further engagement of the student. The student must be more
fully engaged in order to take notes that will be important to review later. Bradshaw &
Lowenstein (2007) indicate that a skeletal outline should be given to students only if helpful for
students’ identification of key points. This method of providing only the main points also
encourages active listening throughout the lecture. Active listening promotes keeping the
attention of the audience which is a main goal when using the lecture format. According to
DeYoung (2003), studies have shown that the concentration level of students rises to a climax at
approximately 15 minutes, and steadily decreases until the end of lecture. Since the lecture dealt
with the neurological examination, other assorted materials were handed out. One handout
focuses on the cranial nerves, providing an alternative to a mnemonic by using a drawing with
numbers to increase visual stimulation and associative learning. Another useful handout was the
Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and an explanation of the tool. The full explanation of
the tool is essential to understanding what the results signify. Additionally provided was the
Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) mental examination tool. No explanation of the tool came
with it, but the method to calculate results and their interpretations are provided. The handouts
that were provided were all provided in plain black and white. While black and white handouts
serve their purpose, handouts printed on colorful paper tend to encourage students to utilize them
Many of the course materials that were utilized for the lecture portion of the class also
apply to the laboratory portion as one would expect. Additionally, as mentioned previously, the
students were given the check-off lists for the procedures to be learned, which will guide them in
their learning. The check-off lists do utilize colored paper, which enhance students’ utilization of
them (Bradshaw & Lowenstein, 2007). The check-off lists are very detailed and guide the
student through each step of the procedure being performed. The eye assessment check-off itself
contains 15 different areas of focus. Some of these areas of focus contain sub-topics to be
explored.
The FSU student was allowed to view the test for the section of the course that he was
allowed to observe. The student was not allowed to obtain a copy for his own personal use, SM
citing total avoidance of any opportunity for academic dishonesty. The examination consisted of
Observation and Critique 9
50 multiple choice questions, each weighted at two points accounting for a total of 100
achievable points. The multiple choice question is composed of two parts. The first part is the
stem which takes form of a question or incomplete phrase (Billings & Halstead, 2005). The
second component is the made up of several choices, of which only one is the correct answer
(Billings & Halstead, 2005). In some instances, all of the choices may be correct answers and the
student is directed to choose the most correct or most appropriate answer (Billings & Halstead,
2005). When delicately prepared, the test utilizing multiple choice formats can demonstrate the
use of critical thinking skills (Billings & Halstead, 2005). There are several advantages and
disadvantages, both for the student and instructor when utilizing this evaluation method. In this
case, it appeared that the questions were structured in a more remedial to advanced presentation.
Questions built upon previous ones and increased in difficulty, requiring further use of critical
thinking. At this particular institution, the student must reach at least 80% correct in order to pass
For this portion, the FSU student was allowed to keep the evaluation tool since the
students were given the tool as well. As stated previously, there are numerous areas of focus on
each one of the check-off forms. The student must also achieve 80% accuracy in respect to
completion of the return-demonstration in order to pass. The check-off forms are written very
precisely with attention to detail, yet concise enough to fit on a single page. The FSU student
was able to observe several students using the check-off forms for reference during their
practice. Overall, the FSU student found the check-off forms very useful for the student and
teacher to utilize for evaluation. They provide a uniform and consistent means in which to
Conclusion
In summary, the student from FSU was allowed to observe a nursing class session taught
by SM at a local college. The student viewed an adult assessment class focusing on the
neurological assessment of the adult. The student was also able to view the associated laboratory
session. It is the student’s opinion after performing observation and critique of SM’s
performance that she is an effective instructor. She is able to utilize many different approaches to
instruction in order to meet the needs of her students. Her learning strategies were effective and
entertaining at times. The course materials were effective, although could have been enhanced
with the use of colored papers or other media. The evaluation methods observed were fair and
consistent for all students. Overall, students were actively engaged in learning, both in the lecture
References
Billings, D., & Halstead, J. (2005). Teaching in nursing a guide for faculty. (2nd ed.). St. Louis,
Bradshaw, M., Lowenstein, A. (2007). Innovative teaching strategies in nursing and related
health professions. (4th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
http://www.cuyamaca.edu/eops/dsps/resourcesvis.asp
DeYoung, S. (2003). Teaching strategies for nurse educators. Upper Saddle River, NJ: