Additional Mathematics Module Form 4

Chapter 2- Quadratic Equations SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

Page | 20

CHAPTER 2- QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

2.1 INTRODUCTION
1. General form of quadratic equation is 0
2
= + + c bx ax where :
(i) x is unknown
(ii) a, b and c is constant
(iii) 0 a
(iv)The powers of x are positive integers up to a maximum value of 2.

2. Roots are the value of the unknown that satisfy the equation.

Example 1:
0 3 2
2
= x x
0 ) 3 )( 1 ( = + x x
0 1 = + x or 0 3 = x
or


2.2 SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

1. Factorization method

Example 1:
0 3 2
2
= x x
0 ) 3 )( 1 ( = + x x
0 1 = + x or 0 3 = x
1 = x or 3 = x


Example 2:
0 4 3
2
= x x
0 ) 4 )( 1 ( = + x x
0 1 = + x or 0 4 = x
1 = x or 4 = x




root
1 = x
3 = x
Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 2- Quadratic Equations SMK Agama Arau, Perlis
Page | 21

2.Completing the square method

Example:
0 3 2
2
= x x

0 3 1 ) 1 (
2
= x
0 4 ) 1 (
2
= x
4 ) 1 (
2
= x
2 1 = x
2 1 = x or 2 1 = x
1 = x or 3 = x




3. By Using formula
0
2
= + + c bx ax
0
2
= + +
a
c
x
a
b
x
0 )
2
( )
2
(
2 2 2
= + + +
a
c
a
b
a
b
x
a
b
x
0
4
)
2
(
2
2
2
= + +
a
c
a
b
a
b
x
) 4 (
) 4 (
4
)
2
(
2
2
2
a a
a c
a
b
a
b
x = +
2
2
2
4
4
)
2
(
a
ac b
a
b
x

= +
2
2
4
4
2 a
ac b
a
b
x

= +
2
2
4
4
2
a
ac b
a
b
x

= +

To solve the quadratic equation by completing the square
method, the coefficient of x
2
must be 1. If
2 2
) 1 ( ) 1 ( , we
know that the solution is equal to zero. For this example the
coefficient of x is -2 so -2 is divided by 2 and become -1.
2 2
) 1 ( ) 1 ( is added between term bx and c.

How to obtain the formula? To
obtain the formula is by using
completing the square method.
0 3 ) 1 ( ) 1 ( 2
2 2 2
= + x x
Part
2 2
) 1 ( 2 + x x is factorized and becomes
2
) 1 ( x while 0 3 ) 1 (
2
= is solved.
The concept of completing the square
method is the coefficient of x which is b is
divided by 2 and the number is squared
If the coefficient of x is -4 so -4 is divided by 2
and become -2. So the equation will become
like this x
2
4x + ( 2)
2
( 2)
2
3=0. If the
coefficient of x is 6 so 6 is divided by 2 and
become 3. So the equation will become like
this
x
2
+ 6x + (3)
2
(3)
2
3=0.

Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 2- Quadratic Equations SMK Agama Arau, Perlis
Page | 22

a
ac b
a
b
x
2
4
2
2

= +
a
ac b
a
b
x
2
4
2
2

=

Example:

Example:
Solve the equation 0 3 2
2
= x x by using quadratic formula.

Solution:
From the equation, we know that 1 = a , 2 = b and 3 = c .
So, we can just substitute the value into the formula,
) 1 ( 2
) 3 )( 1 ( 4 ) 2 ( ) 2 (
2

= x
2
12 4 ( 2 +
= x
2
16 ( 2
= x
2
4 2
= x
2
4 2 +
= x or
2
4 2
= x
3 = x or 1 = x
EXERCISE 2.2
1. Find the roots of the quadratic equation 1 4 2
2
= x x by using completing the square method. Give
your answer correct to 2 decimal places.

2. Solve the following quadratic equation using the quadratic formula.
(a) 0 3 5
2
= x x
(b) x x 4 7 2
2
=
3. Factorize the following quadratic equations and hence, state their roots.
(a) 0 3 5
2
= x x (b) x x 4 7 2
2
=

a
ac b b
x
2
4
2

=
This is the formula. We can just substitute the
value of a, b and c from the equation based on
the general form 0
2
= + + c bx ax to find the
values of x
The value of 4 is 4 and -4. So convert
the equation into two where the
equation
2
4 2 +
= x and the other one
Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 2- Quadratic Equations SMK Agama Arau, Perlis
Page | 23

2.3 FORMING QUADRATIC EQUATION FROM THE GIVEN ROOTS
Given roots are 1 and 4 ,
4 = x or 1 = x Sum of roots = 1 4
0 4 = x or 0 1 = + x = 3
0 ) 4 )( 1 ( = + x x Product of roots = 4 . 1
0 4 4
2
= + x x x = 4
0 4 3
2
= x x The general form is
Substitute S.O.R = 3 and P.O.R = 4
0 ) 4 ( ) 3 (
2
= + x x
0 4 3
2
= x x
EXERCISE 2.3
1. Write quadratic equations with roots 3 and 5.
2. Form a quadratic equation whose roots are -3 and
4
3

3. Write quadratic equations with roots 1 and -2.

2.4 SUM OF ROOTS (S.O.R) AND PRODUCT OF ROOTS (P.O.R)

If the roots are a and b,
a x = or b x =
0 = a x or 0 = b x
0 ) )( ( = b x a x
0
2
= + ab bx ax x

a and b is the roots so in the equation, b a + is the sum of roots and ab is the product of the roots
Hence, the general form is



Example:
The roots of the equation 0 1 4 2
2
= + x x are m and n. Find the equation whose roots are 3m and 3n.

Solution:
0 1 4 2
2
= + x x
0
2
1
2
2
= + x x

What is the general form?
0 ) (
2
= + + ab b a x
0 ) . . ( ) . . (
2
= + R O P R O S x
Make the equation in the general form
0 ) . . ( ) . . (
2
= + R O P R O S x by divide all terms by 2. This
is because in the general form, the value of a must be 1.
1 2
0 ) . . ( ) . . (
2
= + R O P R O S x
Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 2- Quadratic Equations SMK Agama Arau, Perlis
Page | 24

From the equation above, we know that
S.O.R = 2
P.O.R =
2
1

Given the roots are m and n. Hence,
m + n = 2
mn =
2
1

If the roots are 3m and 3n,
S.O.R = 3m + 3n
= 3(m +n)

P.O.R= 3m . 3n
= 9mn

Substitute into and into ,
S.O.R = 3(2)
= 6
P.O.R = 9(
2
1
)
=
2
9

the equation whose roots are 3m and 3n is
0
2
9
6
2
= + x x
0 9 12 2
2
= + x x


EXERCISE 2.4
1. Given that a and 3 are roots of the quadratic equation 0 18 3
2
= + + x px , find the value of a and p.

2. One of the roots of the quadratic equation 0 8
2
= + + px x is half the value of the other root. Find
the possible values of p.

3. Given that the value of one root is 3 times the other for the quadratic equation 0 2 3
2
= + p x x .
find
(a) the value of p
(b) the two roots

1
2
3
4
1 3 2 4
We can leave the equation with 0
2
9
6
2
= + x x
but it is better to let the equation without fraction so
we multiply all terms with 2.
General form is 0 ) . . ( ) . . (
2
= + R O P R O S x . For this
question, the equation is 0
2
1
2
2
= + x x . Compare
these two equations.
We know that the sum of roots of the equation is 2 and
the product of roots of the equation is
2
1
. Given that m
and n is the roots, so m + n = 2 and mn =
2
1

Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 2- Quadratic Equations SMK Agama Arau, Perlis
Page | 25

2.5 CONDITIONS FOR THE TYPES OF ROOT OF QUADRATIC EQUATION

1.From the formula
a
ac b b
x
2
4
2

= , we know that the part ac b 4
2
is called the discriminant of
quadratic equation 0
2
= + + c bx ax .
2. The value of the discriminate will determine the types of roots of a quadratic equation.
3. We can solve a quadratic equation by factorization if the value for ac b 4
2
is a perfect square.

Types of root of Quadratic Equation

1- If 0 4
2
> ac b , then the quadratic equation has two different roots(also known as two distinct
roots)
0 3 2
2
= x x ac b 4
2
= ) 3 )( 1 ( 4 ) 2 (
2

0 ) 3 )( 1 ( = + x x = 16
0 1 = + x or 0 3 = x 0 4
2
> ac b
1 = x or 3 = x

2- If 0 4
2
= ac b , then the quadratic equation has two equal roots
0 25 10
2
= + x x ac b 4
2
= ) 25 )( 1 ( 4 ) 10 (
2

0 ) 5 )( 5 ( = x x = 0
0 5 = x 0 4
2
= ac b
5 = x

3- If 0 4
2
< ac b , then the quadratic equation has no real roots(or no roots)
0 10 3 2
2
= + x x ac b 4
2
= ) 10 )( 2 ( 4 ) 3 (
2

= 9 80
= - 71
0 4
2
< ac b

4- If 0 4
2
ac b , then the quadratic equation has real roots.

Example 1:
Given that 3 and k are roots of the quadratic equation 12 ) 1 ( = + x x has two equal roots. Find the value
of h.

Solution:
0 12
2
= + x x
When compare the equation 0 ) . . ( ) . . (
2
= + R O P R O S x and
0 ) 12 ( ) 1 (
2
= + x x , we would know sum of roots and
product of roots for the equation.
Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 2- Quadratic Equations SMK Agama Arau, Perlis
Page | 26

0 ) 12 ( ) 1 (
2
= + x x

From the equation above, we know that
S.O.R = 1
P.O.R = 12

Given 3 and k are roots,
S.O.R= 3 + k
P.O.R= 3 . k
= k 3
Hence,
1 3 = + k or 12 3 = k
4 = k or 4 = k
4 = k

Example 2:
Given that the equation 0 1 4
2
= + + k x x has two different roots, find the largest integer of k.

Solution:
From the equation 0 1 4
2
= + + k x x , we know that 1 = a , 4 = b and 1 + = k c .
Two different roots:
0 4
2
> ac b
0 ) 1 )( 1 ( 4 ) 4 (
2
> + k
0 ) 1 ( 4 16 > + k
0 4 4 16 > k
12 4 > k
3 < k
Hence, the largest integer of k is 2.

Example 3:
One of the roots of the equation 0 12
2
= + + kx x is thrice the value of the other. Find the possible
values of k.

Solution:
0 12
2
= + + kx x
Let the roots be m and 3m.
From the equation,
S.O.R = k
P.O.R = 12
From the equation, we know that S.O.R and P.O.R are 1 and
12 respectively. From the given roots, we know that S.O.R
and P.O.R are 3 + k and k 3 respectively. Hence compare both
of them to find the value of k.
Integer is a positive or negative number including 0. k is less
that 3 so the k= 2,1,0,-1,-2 and so on. Hence, the largest
integer of k is 2
We can choose other unknown to be the roots but it is better
to do not put x as the roots. But we cannot put k as the root.
This is because in this case, k acts as the S.O.R.
Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 2- Quadratic Equations SMK Agama Arau, Perlis
Page | 27

From the roots,
S.O.R = 3m + m
= 4m
P.O.R = 3m x m
= 3m
2
Hence,
k m = 4
m k 4 =

12 3
2
= m
4
2
= m
2 = m

Substitute 2 = m into ,
(i) 2 = m (ii) 2 = m
) 2 ( 4 = k ) 2 ( 4 = k
8 = k 8 = k

So, 8 = k

Example 4:
Given that ) 1 ( 5 5
2
= + x h x x has equal roots, find the values of h.

Solution:
h hx x x = + 5 5
2

0 5 5
2
= + + h hx x x
0 ) 5 ( ) 5 (
2
= + + + h x h x
From the equation above, we know that 1 = a , ) 5 ( h b + = and h c + = 5 .

Equal roots: 0 4
2
= ac b
0 ) 5 )( 1 ( 4 )] 5 ( [
2
= + + h h
0 ) 5 ( 4 ) 5 (
2
= + + h h
0 4 20 25 10
2
= + + h h h
0 5 6
2
= + + h h
0 ) 1 )( 5 ( = + + h h
0 5 = + h or 0 1 = + h
5 = h or 1 = h

1
1
From the equation, we know that S.O.R and P.O.R are k and
12 respectively. From the given roots, we know that S.O.R and
P.O.R are m 4 and
2
3m respectively. Hence compare both of
them to find the value of k.
Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 2- Quadratic Equations SMK Agama Arau, Perlis
Page | 28

Example 5:
Find the largest integer value of k if 0 ) 7 2 (
2
= + + k x k kx has real roots.

Solution:
0 ) 7 2 (
2
= + + k x k kx
Real roots: 0 4
2
ac b

0 ) )( ( 4 ) 7 2 (
2
k k k
0 4 49 28 4
2 2
+ k k k
4
3
1
49 28

k
k

The largest integer value of k is 1.



























In Form One, We have learned about integer.
Integer is a positive or negative number that is a
whole number. Such as 1, 2 and so on. Fractions
and decimals are not integer.
Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 2- Quadratic Equations SMK Agama Arau, Perlis
Page | 29


CHAPTER REVIEW EXERCISE

1. Solve the equation 6 5 2
2
= + x x .
2. Given
3
1
and 4 are roots of a quadratic equation state the equation in the form 0
2
= + + c bx ax
where a, b and c are integers.
3. Find the range of values of p of the equation 5 ) 2 ( + = p x x has two different roots.
4. Find the values of k such that equation 0 6 ) 6 ( 3 ) 1 (
2
= + k x k x k has equal roots. Hence, find
the roots of the equation based on the larger value of k.
5. Given that 3 + m and 1 n are roots of equation 5 6
2
= + x x , find the possible values of m and n.
6. The quadratic equation 0 2
2
= + + k mx x has roots 7 and 4 . Find
(i) the values ok m and k
(ii) the range of values of p so that p k mx x = + +
2
2 does not have real roots
7. Given that equation 1 2 6 2
2
= k x x has different roots, find the range of values of k.
8. Given that and are roots of equation 0 3
2
= + + kx x , whereas 2 and 2 are roots of
equation 0 7
2
= + m x x . Calculate the possible values of k and m.
9. Given that the roots of the quadratic equation 0 ) 5 )( 2 ( = + x x are p and q. Form a quadratic
equation with roots 1 + p and 1 + q .
10. The quadratic equation 3 2 ) 4 ( = + p x x has two distinct roots. Find the range of values of p.
11. Form a quadratic equation with the roots 2 and
3
1
.
12. Given that the quadratic equation 0 5
2 2
= + n mx x has two equal roots. Express n in terms of m.
13. Determine the type of roots for the quadratic equation 0 3 3 2
2
= + x x
14. Find the value of h if the straight line k y x = + is a tangent to the curve
2
8 x y = .