MAJOR BUILDING SYSTEMS

Substructure the portion belo the outsi!e "roun!

le#el$ The p%rts o& the substructure th%t !istribute
buil!in" lo%!s to the "roun! %re 'non %s &oun!%tions$
Superstructure the portion o& % buil!in" th%t e(ten!s
%bo#e the outsi!e "roun! le#el$ It inclu!es %lls)
colu*ns) be%*s) +oors) roo&s) !oors) in!os) lintels)
st%irc%ses) etc$
I. SUBSTRUCTURES
,oun!%tion th%t portion o& the structur%l ele*ents
th%t c%rr- or support the superstructure o& the buil!in"$
,ootin" th%t portion o& the &oun!%tion o& % structure
hich !irectl- tr%ns*its the colu*n lo%! to the
un!erl-in" soil or roc'$
,oun!%tion Be! re&ers to the soil or roc' !irectl-
bene%th the &ootin"$
TY.ES O, ,OOTING
/$ 0%ll ,ootin"
1 is si*pl- %n enl%r"e*ent o& the botto* o& the
%ll th%t ill su2cientl- !istribute the lo%! to
the &oun!%tion soil$
1 nor*%ll- use! %roun! the peri*eter o& %
buil!in" %n! perh%ps &or so*e o& the interior
%lls$
3$ 4olu*n ,ootin"
3$/$ Isol%te! ,ootin"
1 is use! to support the lo%! o& % sin"le colu*n$
1 *ost co**onl- use! &ootin" here the lo%!s
%re rel%ti#el- li"ht %n! the colu*ns %re not
closel- sp%ce!$
3$3$ 4o*bine! ,ootin"
1 % &ootin" pro#i!e! &or to colu*ns$
1 necess%r- hen % colu*n is #er- close to the
boun!%r- o& the propert-$
3$5$ 4ontinuous ,ootin"
1 % t-pe o& &ootin" co**on to *ore th%n to
colu*ns$
1 necess%r- i& the colu*ns in % ro %re closer
or i& SB4 o& soil is lo$
3$6$ R%&t or M%t ,ootin"
1 is % continuous rein&orce! concrete sl%b o#er
% l%r"e %re% use! to support *%n- colu*ns
%n! %lls$
1 use! hen the lo%! on the colu*n is 7uite
hi"h or hen the SB4 o& soil is lo$
3$8$ .ile ,ootin" o& ,oun!%tion
.ile 1 % structur%l *e*ber o& s*%ll cross1section %re%
ith re%son%ble len"th !ri#en !on the "roun! b-
*e%ns o& h%**er or #ibr%tor- "ener%tor$
.ier 1 re&ers to % l%r"e cross1section%l !i*ension) e%ch
c%p%ble o& tr%ns*ittin" the entire lo%! &ro* % sin"le
colu*n !on to % st%ble str%tu*$
I*port%nt ,unctions or Uses o& .iles
1 %s &riction pile utili9in" its &ull len"th$
1 %s soil co*p%ctor$
1 %s en! be%rin" colu*ns$
1 %s st%bili9ers o& b%n's$
1 %s sheetin"$
II. SUPERSTRUCTURES
Lo%! Be%rin" Structures: In this t-pe o& structure the
lo%! on the structure is tr%ns&erre! #ertic%ll- !on%r!
throu"h %lls$ Lo%!s &ro* roo& %n! +oors "et
tr%ns&erre! to %ll %n! then %ll h%s to tr%ns&er these
lo%!s %s ell %s sel&1ei"ht$
,r%*e! Structures: In this t-pe o& structures % &r%*e
or' o& colu*ns) be%*s %n! +oors %re built ;rst$ Then
%lls %re built to p%rtition the li#in" %re%$ The %lls %re
sub<ecte! to sel&1ei"ht onl-$
A$ .OST AND 4OLUMN =>ertic%l Me*bers?
.ost re&ers to % piece o& ti*ber o& c-lin!ric%l) s7u%re
or other "eo*etric%l cross1section pl%ce! #ertic%ll- to
MAJOR BUILDING SYSTEMS
support % buil!in"@ % co*pression #ertic%l *e*ber not
continuous &ro* stor- to stor-$
4olu*n re&ers to % #ertic%l structure use! to support
% buil!in" *%!e o& stone) concrete) steel) or the
co*bin%tion o& the %bo#e *%teri%ls$
Store- the sp%ce in % buil!in" beteen +oor le#els or
beteen % +oor %n! % roo& %bo#e$
Rein&orce! 4oncrete 4olu*n
Rein&orce! concrete is %t present the *ost
popul%r %n! i!el- use! *%teri%ls &or colu*n o&
buil!in"s inste%! o& oo!en post re"%r!less o& its si9e
or hei"ht$
%$ Short 4olu*n hen the unsupporte! hei"ht is not
"re%ter th%n ten ti*es the shortest l%ter%l !i*ension o&
the cross1section$
b$ Lon" 4olu*n hen unsupporte! hei"ht is *ore
th%n ten ti*es the shortest l%ter%l !i*ension o& the
cross1section$
T-pes o& Rein&orce! 4oncrete 4olu*n
/$ Tie! 4olu*n colu*n h%#in" % rein&orce*ent
consistin" o& #ertic%l or lon"itu!in%l b%rs hel! in
position b- l%ter%l rein&orce*ent c%lle! l%ter%l ties$
3$ Spir%l 4olu*n colu*n h%#in" % circul%r concrete
core enclose! b- spir%ls ith #ertic%l or lon"itu!in%l
b%rs$
5$ 4o*posite 4olu*ns colu*ns th%t %re rein&orce!
lon"itu!in%ll- b- structur%l steel sh%pes hich *%- or
*%- not be surroun!e! b- structur%l steel b%rs$
B$ ,LOOR ,RAMING =Aori9ont%l Me*bers?
Ter*inolo"ies:
Joist closel- sp%ce! be%*s to c%rr- li"ht lo%!s$
Gir!er he%#il- lo%!e! be%*s or hori9ont%l *e*bers
th%t support other be%*s$
Girt li"ht hori9ont%l *e*bers th%t sp%n beteen to
colu*ns to support %lls$
4$ 0ALLS
0%lls built to p%rtition li#in" %re% into !iBerent p%rts$
The- i*p%rt pri#%c- %n! protection %"%inst
te*per%ture) r%in %n! the&t$
MAJOR BUILDING SYSTEMS
Lo%! Be%rin" 0%lls: I& be%*s %n! colu*ns %re not
use!) lo%! &ro* roo& %n! +oors %re tr%ns&erre! to
&oun!%tion b- %lls$ The- %re to be !esi"ne! to
tr%ns&er lo%! s%&el-$
.%rtition 0%lls: In &r%*e! structures p%rtition %lls %re
use! to !i#i!e +oor %re% &or !iBerent utilities$ The- !o
not c%rr- lo%! lo%!s &ro* +oor %n! roo&$ The- h%#e to
c%rr- onl- sel&1ei"ht$
T-pes o& E(terior 0%lls
Unit *%sonr- consists o& s*%ll units) such %s cl%-
bric') concrete bloc') "l%ss bloc') or cl%- tile hel!
to"ether b- ce*ent such %s *ort%r$
.%nel %lls consist o& units *uch l%r"er th%n unit
*%sonr-$ A p%nel *%- e(ten! &ro* &oun!%tion to roo&
in sin"le1stor- buil!in"$
,r%*e! %lls consist o& slen!er) #ertic%l) closel-
sp%ce! structur%l *e*bers) tie! to"ether ith
hori9ont%l *e*bers %t top %n! botto*) %n! e(terior
%n! interior &%cin"s$
Ter*inolo"ies:
Ae%!er t-pe o& be%*s th%t support structur%l
*e*bers %roun! openin"s in +oors) roo&s) %n! %lls$
Lintel li"ht hori9ont%l be%*s th%t support %lls %t
+oor le#els in *ulti1store- buil!in"s or th%t c%rr- the
p%rt o& %lls %bo#e openin"s &or !oors %n! in!os$
Stu! %n upri"ht post or support) one o& % series o&
#ertic%l structur%l *e*bers hich %ct %s the
supportin" ele*ent in % %ll or p%rtition$
D$ ROO,ING
T-pes o& Roo&s
%$ ,l%t Roo&s these roo&s %re ne%rl- +%t$ Aoe#er
sli"ht slope =not *ore th%n /CD? is "i#en to !r%in out
the r%in %ter$
b$ .itche! Roo&s in the %re%s o& he%#- r%in &%lls %n!
sno &%ll slopin" roo& %re use!$ The slope o& roo& sh%ll
be *ore th%n /CD$ The slopin" roo&s %re pre&erre! in
l%r"e sp%nne! structures li'e or'shops) &%ctor-
buil!in"s %n! %rehouses$
c$ Shells %n! ,ol!e! pl%te Roo&s shell roo& *%- be
!e;ne! %s % cur#e! sur&%ce) the thic'ness o& hich is
s*%ll co*p%re! to the other !i*ensions$
T-pes o& .itche! Roo&s
%$ Sin"le Roo&: I& the sp%n o& roo& is less th%n 8 *$ In %ll
these roo&s r%&ters pl%ce! %t ECC ** to FCC **
sp%cin" %re *%in *e*bers t%'in" lo%! o& the roo&$
b$ Double or .urlin Roo&s: ,or sp%ns *ore th%n 8 *
!ouble purlin roo&s %re pre&erre!$ The inter*e!i%te
support is "i#en to r%&ters b- purlins supporte! o#er
coll%r be%*s$
c$ Trusse! Roo&: I& sp%n is *ore) % &r%*e or' o&
slen!er *e*bers is use! to support slopin" roo&s$
.urlins %re pro#i!e! o#er the trusses hich in turn
support roo& sheets$
Ter*inolo"ies:
Ri!"e the hori9ont%l line %t the <unction o& the upper
e!"es o& to slopin" roo& sur&%ces$
Ri!"e .iece or Be%* % be%* %t the upper en!s o& the
r%&ters) belo the ri!"e o& % roo&$
MAJOR BUILDING SYSTEMS
R%&ter hori9ont%l *e*ber slopin" up &ro* the %ll
pl%te to the ri!"e %n! e(ten!in" !on to the e%#es$
.urlin % hori9ont%l *e*ber l%i! hori9ont%ll- on the
princip%l r%&ters o& % roo& to support the co**on
r%&ters on hich the roo& co#erin" is l%i!$
4oll%r Be%* hori9ont%l *e*ber use! to pro#i!e
inter*e!i%te support &or opposite roo& r%&ters) usu%ll-
loc%te! in the *i!!le thir! o& the r%&ters$
E%#es Bo%r! % bo%r! th%t is n%ile! #ertic%ll- %t the
en!s o& roo& r%&ters@ so*eti*es supports % "utter$
Strut % br%ce or %n- piece o& % &r%*e hich resists
thrusts in the !irection o& its on len"th) *%- be
upri"ht) !i%"on%l or hori9ont%l$
B%ttens strip o& oo! use! &or %tt%chin" roo;n" tiles)
sh%'es) shin"les) etc$) to % roo& or %ll$