Notes for NIPER entrance exam:

. Aliskiren is a renin inhibitor

. Penicillin amidase engyme convert penicillin into 6-APA in alkaline
conditions but in acidic condition it is used to sythesise penicillin from 6-
APA.
. read chapter Bioinformatics and computational biology in HARPER
mainly about BLAST.
.Preclinical testing- animal testing is done during preclinical testing.
. Clinical trials- done after preclinical testingdone after pical testing
Phase 0: microdosing is directly given to patient without any preclinical
testing.
Phase 1: done on 20-50 healthy volunteers for estimation of safety and
tolerability of drug.
Phase 2: also called controlled clinical trials. Done on upto 1000 population
of patients for estimation of effectiveness (efficacy) of drug.
Phase 3: also called expanded controlled or uncontrolled clinical trials. Done
on upto 3000 to 10000 popullation of patients. They bring about additional
information about effectiveness and safety.
Phase 4: evaluate the post marketing survivelence of drug
Drug development process steps-
-Target identification and characterization ( target means any
enzyme,protein or receptor)
- Synthesis of lead molecules
- screening of lead molecules
-Preclinical tesing
-Clinical trials
.on an average any new drug molecule take about 12 to 15 years to reach the
patients and the cost of us$ 400 to 650 million.
-Read birch reduction reaction
Animal models:
.Rotarod apparatus: used to determine muscle relaxant property of any
drug in mice(eg Diazepam)
.catalepsy: it is a condition cherecterised by loss of consciousness with
rigidity of muscles that keep limbs in fixed condition( haloperidol is used to
induce catalepsy during animal experimentations)
.PA2 value: defined as negative logarithm of molar concentration of
antagonist which will reduce effect of agonist to 50% of its maximm value.
SDS-PAGE( Sodium dodecyl sulphate-poly acryl amide gel
electrophoresis): this technique is widely used to separate proteins according
to their size or electrophoretic mobility . samples having identical charge/mass
ratio.
GHOST peak in chromatography: peak arises due to impurities.
. read polymerase chain reaction
. Alziemer disease: B amyloid and tou protein level increased in brain
. Pakisonism: sinuclein and perkin protrin level increased in brain
RT-PCR: laboratory technique for amplifying a defined piece of a
ribonucleic acid(RNA) molecule. The RNA strand is first reverse transcripted in its
complimentary DNA, followed by amplification of the resulting DNA using PCR.
. Read hybridoma technology
Biostatistics:
. Correlation: it determines the association between two or more variables
and concerned with measuring the strength of relationship between variables
. Regression : it is helpful in assernating the probable form of the relationship
between variables. It describe the dependence of a variable on an independent
variable
. ANOVA: it is most powerful statistical tool. It is general method of
analyzing data from desined experiments whose objective is to compare two or
more group means
. t-test: it is a special case of anova in which only two means are compared.
For applying t- test population varience must be unknown and sample size should
be small(less than 30)
. level of significance(alpha): it is the probability of rejecting true null
hypothesis
. z-test: applied when population varience is known and sample size is large
. Type first error: commited when a true null hypothesis is rejected
. Type second error: commited when a false null hypoyhesis is not rejected
. mean: we already know
. mode: the mode is a set of values is that value which occurs most frequently
.median: it devides the set into two equal parts(middle value) when all values
have been arranged in order of magnitude
. standard variation: it is a measure of dispersion. When it increases variability
increases
. in case of normal distribution mean mode median are all equal
. standard error of mean: it measures the precision of the mean. Smaller the
SEM, the more precise is mean
. read about proteomics and genomics


Best of luck to All juniors.

Nishant Bagherwal
M.S.(Pharm)
Dept. of Phamacology and
Toxicology
NIPER-SAS Nagar-Mohali
M- 9023433421