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JAYPEE UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

PROJECT REPORT
ON
Actuator Systems

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT
DURATION: 1
st
July 2014-31
st
July 2014

Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (H.A.L), Lucknow

Submitted To: Submitted By:
Mr. Amiya Kumar Sahoo Sir PUSHKIN SAXENA
Training & Placement In charge Er. No. 111659
Mechanical Engg. Dept. Mechanical (E-2)
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DECLARATION

I hereby declare that project work is an authentic record of my own work carried out at
HINDUSTAN AERONAUTICS LIMITED (H.A.L), LUCKNOW under the guidance of
Mr. Chaturbhuj Bhuma, (Sr. Manager- Training), during 1
st
JULY to 31
st
JULY, 2014.

Certified that the above statement made by the student is correct to the best of our knowledge
and belief.





Pushkin Saxena
111659
J.U.E.T, Guna







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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With deep sense of gratitude, first & foremost I express my profound thanks to Mr.
Chaturbhuj Bhuma, Sr. Manager- Training for giving me this very opportunity to do my summer
training in the Instrument factory of H.A.L. Lucknow during the summer session- 2014.
I would like to express my gratitude to Mr. Ram Awtar, Head of Instrument factory, our
training guide for the valuable guidance , inspiration & enouragenment.
Last but not the least, I also wish to acknowledge my indebteness to the staff of H.A.L.
without whose co-operation, this training would not have not been successful.
The training at H.A.L. Lucknow was full of responsiveness & it gave me the rare
opportunity to correlate the theoretical knowledge with the practical one.
Being well known company of India & abroad, it gave me the opportunity to learn the
work carried out here, got a glimpse of new environment & hard work of industrial unit.




Pushkin Saxena
111659
J.U.E.T, Guna



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CONTENT

Page No.

1. Preface 6
2. About H.A.L. 7
3. Organizational Growth of HAL 10
4. Our Products 11
5. Airplane parts definitions 12
6. Major products of the H.A.L. Division 19
7. H.A.L. Accessories Division Lucknow 20
8. Instrument Factory 22
9. Gyroscope 25
10. Actuator 29
11. Flight Data Recorder 32
12. Advanced Light Helicopter (ALH) 33
13. Conclusion 36
14. References 37



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List of Figures


Fig No. Description Page No.
1. Airplane Parts 12
2. Aircraft yaw motion 15
3. Aircraft roll motion 17
4. Gyroscope 25















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1. PREFACE

Last few years have witnessed major changes in economic environment of our country.
The industrial and economical policies have been liberalized .Indian industries have become
globally competitive, giving boost to the young and small enterprises and thus arises the need of
an efficient research and development department.
I had done my part of training in INSTRUMENT DEPARTMENT of HAL LUCKNOW.
The project I had worked on ALH department, SU30 department. There I had learned a lot of
things about Helicopter and Fighter plane.
This all, for me, was a memorable experience.













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2. ABOUT US







Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) came into existence on 1st October 1964. The
Company was formed by the merger of Hindustan Aircraft Limited with Aeronautics India
Limited and Aircraft Manufacturing Depot, Kanpur.
The Company traces its roots to the pioneering efforts of an industrialist with
extraordinary vision, the late Seth Walchand Hirachand, who set up Hindustan Aircraft Limited
at Bangalore in association with the erstwhile princely State of Mysore in December 1940. The
Government of India became a shareholder in March 1941 and took over the Management in
1942.
Today, HAL has 19 Production Units and 9 Research and Design Canters in 7 locations
in India. The Company has an impressive product track record - 12 types of aircraft
manufactured with in-house R & D and 14 types produced under license. HAL has manufactured
over 3550 aircraft, 3600 engines and overhauled over 8150 aircraft and 27300 engines.
HAL has been successful in numerous R & D programs developed for both Defense and
Civil Aviation sectors. HAL has made substantial progress in its current projects:
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Dhruv, which is Advanced Light Helicopter (ALH)
Tejas - Light Combat Aircraft (LCA)
Intermediate Jet Trainer (IJT)
Various military and civil upgrades.
Dhruv was delivered to the Indian Army, Navy, Air Force and the Coast Guard in
March 2002, in the very first year of its production, a unique achievement.
HAL has played a significant role for India's space programs by participating in the manufacture
of structures for Satellite Launch Vehicles like
PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle)
GSLV (Geo-synchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle)
IRS (Indian Remote Satellite)
INSAT (Indian National Satellite)
HAL has formed the following Joint Ventures (JVs):
BAeHAL Software Limited
Indo-Russian Aviation Limited (IRAL)
Snecma HAL Aerospace Pvt Ltd
SAMTEL HAL Display System Limited
HALBIT Avionics Pvt Ltd
HAL-Edgewood Technologies Pvt Ltd
INFOTECH HAL Ltd
Apart from these seven, other major diversification projects are Industrial Marine Gas
Turbine and Airport Services. Several Co-production and Joint Ventures with international
participation are under consideration.
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HAL's supplies / services are mainly to Indian Defence Services, Coast Guards and Border
Security Forces. Transport Aircraft and Helicopters have also been supplied to Airlines as well
as State Governments of India. The Company has also achieved a foothold in export in more
than 30 countries, having demonstrated its quality and price competitiveness.
HAL has won several International & National Awards for achievements in R&D,
Technology, Managerial Performance, Exports, Energy Conservation, Quality and Fulfillment
of Social Responsibilities.
HAL was awarded the INTERNATIONAL GOLD MEDAL AWARD for Corporate
Achievement in Quality and Efficiency at the International Summit (Global Rating
Leaders 2003), London, UK by M/s Global Rating and UK in conjunction with the
International Information and Marketing Centre(IIMC).


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Su 30 MKI
Twin-seater, Multi-role, Long range Fighter / Bomber / Air
Superiority Aircraft

MiG-27 M
Single-seater Tactical Fighter / Bomber with variable sweep wings

MiG-21 VARIANTS

Single-seater Front line Tactical Interceptor / Fighter Aircraft


JAGUAR
Stabilized Inertial Platform with Dry-tuned Gyroscopes
and Accelerometers




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5. AIRPLANE PARTS DEFINITIONS
And their functions
Fig-1
This page shows the parts of an airplane and their functions. Airplanes are transportation devices
which are designed to move people and cargo from one place to another. Airplanes come in
many different shapes and sizes depending on the mission of the aircraft. The airplane shown on
this slide is a turbine-powered airliner which has been chosen as a representative aircraft.
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For any airplane to fly, you must lift the weight of the airplane itself, the fuel, the
passengers, and the cargo. The wings generate most of the lift to hold the plane in the air. To
generate lift, the airplane must be pushed through the air. The jet engines, which are located
beneath the wings, provide the thrust to push the airplane forward through the air. The air resists
the motion in the form of aerodynamic drag. Some airplanes use propellers for the propulsion
system instead of jets.
To control and maneuver the aircraft, smaller wings are located at the tail of the plane.
The tail usually has a fixed horizontal piece (called the horizontal stabilizer) and a fixed vertical
piece (called the vertical stabilizer). The stabilizers' job is to provide stability for the aircraft, to
keep it flying straight. The vertical stabilizer keeps the nose of the plane from swinging from
side to side, while the horizontal stabilizer prevents an up-and-down motion of the nose. (On the
Wright brother's first aircraft, the horizontal stabilizer was placed in front of the wings. Such a
configuration is called a canard after the French word for "duck").
At the rear of the wings and stabilizers are small moving sections that are attached to the
fixed sections by hinges. In the figure, these moving sections are colored brown. Changing the
rear portion of a wing will change the amount of force that the wing produces. The ability to
change forces gives us a means of controlling and maneuvering the airplane. The hinged part of
the vertical stabilizer is called the rudder; it is used to deflect the tail to the left and right as
viewed from the front of the fuselage. The hinged part of the horizontal stabilizer is called the
elevator; it is used to deflect the tail up and down. The outboard hinged part of the wing is called
the aileron; it is used to roll the wings from side to side. Most airliners can also be rolled from
side to side by using the spoilers. Spoilers are small plates that are used to disrupt the flow over
the wing and to change the amount of force by decreasing the lift when the spoiler is deployed.
The wings have additional hinged, rear sections near the body that are called flaps. Flaps
are deployed downward on takeoff and landing to increase the amount of force produced by the
wing. On some aircraft, the front part of the wing will also deflect. Slats are used at takeoff and
landing to produce additional force. The spoilers are also used during landing to slow the plane
down and to counteract the flaps when the aircraft is on the ground. The next time you fly on an
airplane, notice how the wing shape changes during takeoff and landing.
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The fuselage or body of the airplane, holds all the pieces together. The pilots sit in the
cockpit at the front of the fuselage. Passengers and cargo are carried in the rear of the fuselage.
Some aircraft carry fuel in the fuselage; others carry the fuel in the wings.
As mentioned above, the aircraft configuration in the figure was chosen only as an
example. Individual aircraft may be configured quite differently from this airliner. The Wright
Brothers 1903 Flyer had pusher propellers and the elevators at the front of the aircraft. Fighter
aircraft often have the jet engines buried inside the fuselage instead of in pods hung beneath the
wings. Many fighter aircraft also combine the horizontal stabilizer and elevator into a single
stipulator surface. There are many possible aircraft configurations, but any configuration must
provide for the four forces needed for flight.
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Aircraft Yaw Motion

Fig-2

In flight, any aircraft will rotate about its center of gravity, a point which is the average location
of the mass of the aircraft. We can define a three dimensional coordinate system through the
center of gravity with each axis of this coordinate system perpendicular to the other two axes.
We can then define the orientation of the aircraft by the amount of rotation of the parts of the
aircraft along these principal axes. The yaw axis is perpendicular to the wings and lies in the
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plane of the aircraft centerline. A yaw motion is a side to side movement of the nose of the
aircraft as shown in the animation.
The yawing motion is being caused by the deflection of the rudder of this aircraft. The
rudder is a hinged section at the rear of the vertical stabilizer.
As described on the shape effects slide, changing the angle of deflection at the rear of an
airfoil changes the amount of lift generated by the foil. For the vertical stabilizer and rudder, the
orientation of the airfoil causes a side force to be generated. With greater deflection of the rudder
to the left, the side force increases to the right. With greater deflection to the right, the side force
increases to the left. The lift generated by the rudder acts through the center of pressure of the
rudder and vertical stabilizer and is located at some distance from the center of gravity of the
aircraft. The change in side force created by deflecting the rudder generates a torque about the
center of gravity which causes the airplane to rotate. The pilot uses this ability to keep the nose
of the aircraft pointed in the direction of travel.
On all aircraft, the vertical stabilizer and rudder create a symmetric airfoil. This produces
no side force when the rudder is aligned with the stabilizer and allows the combination to
produce either positive or negative side force, depending on the deflection of the rudder. Some
fighter planes have two vertical stabilizers and rudders because of the need to control the plane
with multiple, very powerful engines.








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Aircraft Roll Motion



Fig-3

In flight, any aircraft will rotate about its center of gravity, a point which is the average location
of the mass of the aircraft. We can define a three dimensional coordinate system through the
center of gravity with each axis of this coordinate system perpendicular to the other two axes.
We can then define the orientation of the aircraft by the amount of rotation of the parts of the
aircraft along these principal axes. The roll axis lies along the aircraft centerline. A roll motion is
an up and down movement of the wings of the aircraft as shown in the animation .
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The rolling motion is being caused by the deflection of the ailerons of this aircraft. The
aileron is a hinged section at the rear of each wing. The ailerons work in opposition; when the
right aileron goes up, the left aileron goes down.
As described on the shape effects slide, changing the angle of deflection at the rear of an
airfoil will change the amount of lift generated by the foil. With greater downward deflection,
the lift will increase in the upward direction; with greater upward deflection, the lift will decrease
in the upward direction. Since the ailerons work in pairs, the lift on one wing increases as the lift
on the opposite wing decreases. Because the forces are not equal, there is a net twist, or torque
about the center of gravity and the aircraft rotates about the roll axis. The pilot can use this
ability to bank the aircraft which causes the airplane to turn.
On this page we have demonstrated an aircraft roll induced by movement of the ailerons,
but there are other ways to produce a rolling motion on an aircraft. The Wright brothers used a
method called wing warping. Their wings were wired together in such a way that the outer
panels of each wing could be twisted relative to the inner panel. The twisting changed the local
angle of attack of sections of the wing which changed the lift being generated by that section.
Unequal forces on the wings caused the aircraft to roll. Many modern airliners use a spoiler to
roll the aircraft. A spoiler is a plate that is raised between the leading and trailing edges of the
wing. The spoiler effectively changes the shape of the airfoil, disrupts the flow over the wing,
and causes a section of the wing to decrease its lift. This produces an unbalanced force with the
other wing, which causes the roll. Airliners use spoilers because spoilers can react more quickly
than ailerons and require less force to activate, but they always decrease the total amount of lift
for the aircraft. It's an interesting trade! You can tell whether an airliner is using spoilers or
ailerons by noticing where the moving part is located. At the trailing edge, it's an aileron;
between the leading and trailing edges, it's a spoiler. (Now you can dazzle the person sitting next
to you on the plane!



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6. MAJOR PRODUCTS OF THE H.A.L. DIVISION
The major products of the Division are:
Undercarriage systems
Wheels and Brake systems
Hydraulic Systems
Aircraft and Engine Fuel Systems
Panel Instruments (Barometric and gyroscopic)
Electric Power Generation and Control systems
Environmental control systems.
Flight Control Actuators
Ground Support Equipment and test Rigs.

Main Customers:

Indian Air Force, Army, Navy, Coast Guard, BSF
Defence R&D Laboratories and Deptt of Space;
Civil Aviation, State Govt., Ordnance Factories, Corporate Sectors;
Flying Academies & Educational Institutions;
Airlines, Air Taxi, Air Cargo;
Overseas customers for civil and military applications.
Collaborators and Licensors.
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7. HAL ACCESSORIES DIVISION - LUCKNOW



Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
Accessories Division
Lucknow 226 016
India
The Division was established in 1970 with the primary objective of manufacturing
systems and accessories for various aircraft, helicopters and engines with a view to attain self-
sufficiency in this field in the country. The Division started with the manufacture of hydro-
mechanical accessories and instruments under license for Marut and Kiran aircraft. This was
followed by license manufacture of accessories for MiG-21 aircraft, Cheetah/Chetak helicopters,
Dornier and other defense applications. Additionally repair and overhaul of Lucknow
manufactured accessories as well as those fitted on directly purchased aircraft, such as Mirage
and Sea Harrier was undertaken. At present, it is manufacturing, repairing and overhauling more
than 800 different types of systems and accessories under license. The range of items cover units
for hydraulics, engine fuel system, environment control system, pressurization system,
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gyroscopic instruments, barometric instruments, electrical system items, undercarriages, and
electronic items. The number of licensors exceeds twenty.
From inception, the Division has laid emphasis on developing indigenous capability
through design and development of various systems and accessories. This capability has
culminated in indigenous design and development of a variety of systems and accessories for the
Light Combat Aircraft (LCA), Advanced Light Helicopter (all versions i.e. Army, Air force,
Navy & Civil) and Intermediate Jet Trainer (IJT-36). The Division has also developed and has
made successful strides into the area of Microprocessor based control systems. Design and
Development capabilities include Environmental Control Systems & Pneumatics, Fuel
Management, Engine Fuel Control & aircraft fuel systems, Microprocessor based Controllers,
Hydraulic System & Power Controls, Wheels and Brakes, Cockpit instruments and sensors,
Gyroscopes, Electrical Power Control Protection, Navigation and Display, Land Navigation,
Ground support equipment, Dedicated Test rigs, and Computerized test equipment. The Division
has diversified in other defence applications like tanks and armored vehicles for Army, and took
commercial applications of Hydraulic items, Gyroscopic Equipment, Special Purpose Test
Equipment & Ground Support Equipment.
The Division has also made steady progress in the area of Exports. The range of products
and services available for exports include:
1. Rotables and spares of Jaguar International and Cheetah (Lama), Chetak (Alouette)
Helicopters;
2. Ground Support Equipment for MiG 23, 27, 29 Mirage-2000, Jaguar, LCA, Su-30, Sea-
Harrier, Dornier DO-228, Avro HS-748, Cheetah, Chetak, MI-17, and ALH.
3. Repair and Overhaul of aircraft accessories of MiG series, Jaguar International, Cheetah
(Lama), Chetak (Alouette) and Dornier.
The Division today has a prime name in the aviation world and a number of international
companies are interested to join hands with it for future projects.
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H.A.L. accessory division, Luknow is divided into three main factories namely
1. Mechanical Factory
2. Instrument Factory
3.FuelFactory

8. INSTRUMENT FACTORY
This factory deals with the testing and assembly of electronics instruments used in
aircraft e.g. Altimeter, RMI, Gyro-magnetic compass, black box etc.
This INSTRUMENT FACTORY is further divided into four units which are as follows:
CLEAN ROOMS
ASSEMBLY AND TEST SHOP 2 & 3
ELECTRO ROTATING MACHINES
GROUND LAND NAVIGATION SYSTEM SHOP (G.L.N.S Shop)

Clean room
In Clean room those subunits are assembled and tested that are sensitive to dust,
temperature and humidity. All these parameters are kept under control because these can have
adverse effect on their functional efficiency.
The required specification for the instruments assembled and tested are different .so Clean
room is further subdivided into three units. The following chart is given for the classification of
clean room.

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STANDARD CLEAN ROOM CONDITIONS:


ROOM

ITEM

Temp
Limits
C

Humidity
R/H %

Dust Count
Particle size 0.5
m/ft
3


AIRCRAFT
ROOM
1



ROOM
2








ROOM
3
Gyroscopic
Instruments of
Russian Origin
Barometric
Instruments,
Accelerometers,
RPM Indicator of
Western Origin


Gyroscopic
Instruments of
Western Origin
15 to 25
C



15 to 25
C








15 to 25
C
45 -55



45 -55








45 -55
<100,000
CLASS C
UNMONITORED
<100,000
CLASS B







<10,000
CLASS A -
MONITORED
MIG 21, 27, AN
32


Kiran MK-I&II,
HPT-32, Jaguar,
AN-32, Mirage,
Dornier, Avro
Aircraft, Cheetah,
Chetak, ALH
Helicopters
Kiran MK-I&II,
HPT-32, Jaguar,
AN-32, Mirage,
Dornier, Avro
Aircraft,Lakshya,
Cheetah, Chetak
Helicopters
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Assembly and test shop 2 & 3
The major products of H.A.L. are fighter aircrafts. An aircraft comprises of many small
units or accessories, which play significant role in their successful flight. Any fault, may lead to
a catastrophic end. Here comes the role of assembly and test unit .it forms an integral part of any
manufacturing unit. The main instrument were KCN-2 compass system, flight data recorder,
gyro magnetic compass, fuel gauging system, radio magnetic indicator, milli voltmeter
temperature indicator.

Electromagnetic rotating shop (E.R.M)
In the E.R.M department of the instrument factory the assembly and testing of the dc
Starter Generators, AC Generator system, Constant speed alternator, Regulators, Inverter, of the
Russian and French origin. These products are basically those products which takes the principle
of the electromagnetic rotating which can be elaborated as follows i.e., electrical energy is
converted into mechanical energy or vice versa. These products are of mig-21 & mig-27 aircrafts
which is of Russian origin and jaguar aircraft is of France origin.

Ground land navigation system shop (G.L.N.S)
Ground land navigation system shop is one of the most different & unique shop. As in this
shop it manufacture the only ground land navigation system in world. As due the different
applicability of the gyros therefore these gyro own
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s have been placed in the road transportation system which is used in ground e.g. trucks, cars.
The instrument which uses the property of any type of gyro and is installed in road transportation
system is known as ground land navigation system. The Gyro land navigation system is an
electronic navigation device used for guiding any army vehicle to its destination point. The
principle objective of system is not only to ease the in more precise and quicker manner whether
in plains, hills
or sand dunes, where there are no special remarks. In the G.L.N.S shop it assembles and test the
ground land navigation system of Vijayanta tank.
9. Gyroscope
A gyroscope is a device for measuring or maintaining orientation, based on the principles
of momentum. The device is a spinning wheel or disk whose axle is free to take any orientation.
This orientation changes much less in response to a given external torque than it would without
the large angular momentum associated with the gyroscope's high rate of spin. Since external
torque is minimized by mounting the device in gimbals, its orientation remains nearly fixed,
regardless of any motion of the platform on which it is mounted. Gyroscope works in situations
when using magnetic compass is not possible at all (as in Hubble telescope). Due to higher
precision it is used to maintain direction in tunnel mining.








Fig-4
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Description
Within mechanical systems or devices, a conventional gyroscope is a mechanism
comprising a rotor journal to spin about one axis, the journals of the rotor being mounted in an
inner gimbals or ring, the inner gimbals being journal for oscillation in an outer gimbals which
in turn is journal for oscillation relative to a support. The outer gimbals or ring is mounted so as
to pivot about an axis in its own plane determined by the support. The outer gimbals possesses
one degree of rotational freedom and its axis possesses none. The inner gimbals are mounted in
the outer gimbals so as to pivot about an axis in its own plane that is always perpendicular to the
pivotal axis of the outer gimbals.
The axle of the spinning wheel defines the spin axis. The inner gimbals possess two
degrees of rotational freedom and its axis possesses one. The rotor is journal to spin about an
axis which is always perpendicular to the axis of the inner gimbals. So, the rotor possesses three
degrees of rotational freedom and its axis possesses two. The wheel responds to a force applied
about the input axis by a reaction force about the output axis.
The behavior of a gyroscope can be most easily appreciated by consideration of the front
wheel of a bicycle. If the wheel is leaned away from the vertical so that the top of the wheel
moves to the left, the forward rim of the wheel also turns to the left. In other words, rotation on
one axis of the turning wheel produces rotation of the third axis.
A gyroscope flywheel will roll or resist about the output axis depending upon whether the
output gimbals are of a free- or fixed- configuration. Examples of some free-output-gimbals
devices would be the attitude reference gyroscopes used to sense or measure the pitch, roll and
yaw attitude angles in a spacecraft or aircraft. The center of gravity of the rotor can be in a fixed
position. The rotor simultaneously spins about one axis and is capable of oscillating about the
two other axes, and thus, except for its inherent resistance due to rotor spin, it is free to turn in
any direction about the fixed point. Some gyroscopes have mechanical equivalents substituted
for one or more of the elements, e.g., the spinning rotor may be suspended in a fluid, instead of
being pivotally mounted in gimbals. A control moment gyroscope (CMG) is an example of a
fixed-output-gimbals device that is used on spacecraft to hold or maintain a desired attitude angle
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or pointing direction using the gyroscopic resistance force. In some special cases, the outer
gimbals (or its equivalent) may be omitted so that the rotor has only two degrees of freedom. In
other cases, the center of gravity of the rotor may be offset from the axis of oscillation, and thus
the center of gravity of the rotor and the center of suspension of the rotor may not coincide.
Properties
A gyroscope exhibits a number of behaviors including precession and mutation.
Gyroscopes can be used to construct gyrocompasses which complement or replace magnetic
compasses (in ships, aircraft and spacecraft, vehicles in general), to assist in stability (bicycle,
Hubble Space Telescope, ships, vehicles in general) or be used as part of an inertial guidance
system. Gyroscopic effects are used in toys like tops, yo-yos, and Powerballs. Many other
rotating devices, such as flywheels, behave gyroscopically although the gyroscopic effect is not
used.
The fundamental equation describing the behavior of the gyroscope is:

Where the vectors and L are, respectively, the torque on the gyroscope and its angular
momentum, the scalar I is its moment of inertia, the vector is its angular velocity, and the
vector is its angular acceleration. It follows from this that a torque applied perpendicular to
the axis of rotation, and therefore perpendicular to L, results in a rotation about an axis
perpendicular to both and L. This motion is called precession. The angular velocity of
precession P is given by the cross product:

Precession can be demonstrated by placing a spinning gyroscope with its axis horizontal
and supported loosely (frictionless toward precession) at one end. Instead of falling, as might be
expected, the gyroscope appears to defy gravity by remaining with its axis horizontal, when the
other end of the axis is left unsupported and the free end of the axis slowly describes a circle in a
horizontal plane, the resulting precession turning. This effect is explained by the above
Page | 28

equations. The torque on the gyroscope is supplied by a couple of forces: gravity acting
downwards on the device's center of mass, and an equal force acting upwards to support one end
of the device. The rotation resulting from this torque is not downwards, as might be intuitively
expected, causing the device to fall, but perpendicular to both the gravitational torque (horizontal
and perpendicular to the axis of rotation) and the axis of rotation (horizontal and outwards from
the point of support), i.e. about a vertical axis, causing the device to rotate slowly about the
supporting point. Under a constant torque of magnitude , the gyroscope's speed of precession P
is inversely proportional to L, the magnitude of its angular momentum:

where is the angle between the vectors P and L. Thus if the gyroscope's spin slows down (for
example, due to friction), its angular momentum decreases and so the rate of precession
increases. This continues until the device is unable to rotate fast enough to support its own
weight, when it stops processing and falls off its support, mostly because friction against
precession cause another precession that goes to cause the fall.
By convention, these three vectors, torque, spin, and precession, are all oriented with
respect to each other according to the right-hand rule.
To easily ascertain the direction of gyro effect, simply remember that a rolling wheel
tends, when entering a corner, to turn over to the inside.





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10. Actuator

A linear actuator is a device that applies force in a linear manner, as opposed to
rotationally like an electric motor. There are various methods of achieving this linear motion.
Some actually convert rotational motion into linear motion.
Types
Mechanical actuators
Mechanical actuators typically convert rotary motion of a control knob or handle into
linear displacement via screws and/or gears to which the knob or handle is attached. A jackscrew
or car jack is a familiar mechanical actuator. Another family of actuators are based on the
segmented spindle. Rotation of the jack handle is converted mechanically into the linear motion
of the jack head. Mechanical actuators are also frequently used in the field of lasers and optics to
manipulate the position of linear stages, rotary stages, mirror mounts, monometers and other
positioning instruments. For accurate and repeatable positioning, index marks may be used on
control knobs. Some actuators even include an encoder and digital position readout.
[1]
These are
similar to the adjustment knobs used on micrometers except that their purpose is position
adjustment rather than position measurement.
Hydraulic actuators
Hydraulic actuators or hydraulic cylinders typically involve a hollow cylinder having a
piston inserted in it. The two sides of the piston are alternately pressurized/de-pressurized to
achieve controlled precise linear displacement of the piston and in turn the entity connected to
the piston. The physical linear displacement is only along the axis of the piston/cylinder. This
design is based on the principles of hydraulics. A familiar example of a manually operated
hydraulic actuator is a hydraulic car jack. Typically though, the term "hydraulic actuator" refers
to a device controlled by a hydraulic pump.
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Piezoelectric actuators
The piezoelectric effect is a property of certain materials in which application of a
voltage to the material causes it to expand. Very high voltages correspond to only tiny
expansions. As a result, piezoelectric actuators can achieve extremely fine positioning resolution,
but also have a very short range of motion. In addition, piezoelectric materials exhibit hysteresis
which makes it difficult to control their expansion in a repeatable manner.
Electro-mechanical actuators
Electro-mechanical actuators are similar to mechanical actuators except that the control
knob or handle is replaced with an electric motor. Rotary motion of the motor is converted to
linear displacement of the actuator. There are many designs of modern linear actuators and every
company that manufactures them tends to have their own proprietary method. The following is a
generalized description of a very simple electro-mechanical linear actuator.


Linear Actuator
VL13A4Aircraft Jaguar
The linear actuator VL13A4 is destined to operate the elevator trim. This actuator is
assembled with two motors and a differential planet gear arrangement which converts the rotary
motion of motor to linear motion. As the motors are bidirectional it shows the progressive
working in both the directions. For normal working of the unit only, one motor is energized at a
time. The second motor is called the sub motor which works in case of failure of main motor.




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Specifications
Nominal Load : 20 Dan
Maximum Load : 40 Dan
Operating Voltage : 18V to 29V
Stroke Length : 44+/-1.25mm
Motor RPM : 25000
Rated current : 0.85 Amp
Power : 5.2 Watt

Trim Actuator
Aircraft ALH
A set of trim / force feel system (FFS) consists of four actuators namely collective, pitch,
roll and yaw actuator corresponding to the four body axis of the helicopter. These actuators are
electromechanical units interfaced with the mechanical as well as with automatic flight control
system. The conventional mechanical control leakages in pitch, roll, collective and yaw axis are
fitted with one corresponding trim.
Functions
1.) Engagement/disengagement of anchor point by means of an electrically
operated clutch. This anchor point can be displaced either automatically or
mechanically.
2.) Artificial force feel about the anchor point generating a predetermined feel
force. The artificial feel is proportional to the displacement in pitch, roll and
collective trim actuator as they are spring based. The force feel is a constant
friction in the yaw axis.
3.) Pilot controlled displacement of the anchor point by means of an electrical
motor (manual trim function) or by declutching the artificial feels.
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4.) Automatic displacement of the anchor point so as to maintain the series
actuators around there center position (auto trim) .



11. Flight Data Recorder

Purpose and working:
System records automatically 6 continuously changing parameters which are:
Altitude
Engine speed
Aircraft speed
Vertical acceleration
Horizontal acceleration
Turn Angle of stabilizer
Five single command signal, Eight single command signals superimposed on Three
continuously variable parameters, and timer line to indicate the time on black and white aero
photo film and preserves it in normal and crash conditions for study and analysis of flight
conditions.
Working:
In this, mechanical motion is converted into electrical signals and then it is converted in
to optical signals,. There is a fixed mirror in the vibrator which moves accordingly to the moving
light beam. The light beam is moved under the effect of a permanent magnetic field and flux and
shifts the light beam accordingly. Now the mirror will move and thus light will move and thus
further the photographic film is printed.
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12. ADVANCED LIGHT HELICOPTER (ALH)

Advanced Light Helicopter is a multirole, multi-mission helicopter designed &
developed by HAL. The design of this 5.5-ton class, twin-engine helicopter incorporates several
state of the art technologies. Extensive use of composites high cruise speed, long range &
endurance, excellent high altitude performance and capability to operate in hot & humid
environment are the key design features. ALH has been designed for both civil & military
applications in large variety of roles overland & sea.
Performance:-
Maximum cruise speed at maximum load: 250 km/hr.
Maximum rate of climb: 10 m/sec
Range with 20 min reserve: 650 km
Endurance: 4 hrs.
Hover in ground effect: 1500 m
Hover out of ground effect: 1000m

Leading Particulars:-
Overall length: 15.87 m
Overall height : 4.91 m
Width : 3.19 m
Empty weight : 2500 kg
Fuel capacity : 1100 kg
Maximum take-off weight : 5500 kg
Maximum under slung weight : 1500 kg
Maximum height : 25000 HT
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Roles:-
Military Role (unarmed):-
Heliborne attack
Reconnaissance
Logistics support
Casualty evacuation
Air observation post
Military Role (Armed):-
Anti-tank
Close air support
Anti-submarine warfare
Anti-surface vessel warfare

Civil Role:-
Commuter / VIP
Search & rescue
Disaster relief
Air ambulance




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Salient Features:-

Ergonomically designed cockpit
Extensive use if composites, reduced radar signature
Large cabin volume
Ballistic damage tolerant
Greater system redundancy
Provision for weapons hard points
Twin engine with full authority digital electronic control
Adequate safety margin for single engine operation
Four axes automatic flying control system
Crash worthy crew seats, under floor & fuel tank
Hinge less main rotor & bearing less tail rotor
Excellent handling qualities at low as well as high speeds
Low maintenance cost & high fuel efficiency











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13. CONCLUSION


Finally we may conclude that HAL Accessories Division, Lucknow is a Government
undertaking, which is entitled to perform the making of the accessories used in the fighter
aircraft.
Although the whole assembly of the aircraft is not done in HAL Lucknow but there are
plans to launch Sukhois full assembly in HAL Lucknow
Thus HAL Lucknow would be entitled to work on latest technology of Sukhoi aircraft in
the coming future.





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14. References


1. http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/airplane.html
2. http://www.alibaba.com/countrysearch/IN-suppliers/Alternator_Manufacturers.html
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyroscope
4. http://www.aircraftspruce.com/menus/ps/oxygensystems.html
5. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actuator
6. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage regulator









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Hindustan Aeronautics Limited

Accessories Division
Lucknow-226 016
India