1

Principles of Establishing Harmonic Voltage and Distortion

Limits
System Response Characteristics
Principles for Controlling Harmonics
Power system quantities for harmonic analysis
Passive Filters
Chapter 7
Analysis of Power Systems Harmonics
References:
1. S. Santoso, Fundamentals of Electric Power Quality, Spring 2009 Ed.
2. R. C Dugan, M. F McGranaghan, S. Santoso, W. Beaty,
Electrical Power Systems Quality, McGraw Hill 2002.
3. Bin Wu, High-Power Converters and AC Drives, IEEE Press 2006.
EE 362Q/EE394.9 Fall 2012
Power Quality & Harmonics
S.Santoso
Page - 2
Root causes: Current and Impedance
perfect
voltage waveshape
voltage drops {
Customer
Bus
Utility
(

+ + + =

=
) )( ( sin ) sin(
1
,... 7 , 5 , 3
1 1 1
jnX R t n I t Z I V V
n
n
n s s load
u e u e
) ( sin ) sin( ) (
1
,... 7 , 5 , 3
1 1
t n I t I t i
n
n
e e

=
+ =
) )( ( sin
) sin(
1
,... 7 , 5 , 3
1 1 1 1
jnX R t n I V
t Z I V
n
n
n n
s
+ + =
+ =

=
u e
u e
2
Page - 3
IEEE 519 Approach
End users:
Limit the level of harmonic current injection at the point of common
coupling (PCC).
Current injections users can control them (think: nonlinear loads).
Utility:
Limit the level of harmonic voltage distortions.
Voltage distortions utility can control this (think: impedance)
Recall:
For the same amount of harmonic current injections
Strong system (low impedance system) voltage distortions will be
low
Weak system (high impedance system) v. distortions will be high.
Fundamentals of Electric Power Quality (S. Santoso)
Page - 4
Concept of Point of Common Coupling
Utility System
Customer Under Study
Other Utility
Customers
PCC
I
L
PCC at the transformer primary
where multiple customers are served
3
Page - 5
Concept of Point of Common Coupling
Utility System
Customer Under Study
Other Utility
Customers
PCC
I
L
PCC at the transformer secondary
where multiple customers are served
Page - 6
IEEE 519 Voltage Limit
Bus Voltage at PCC
(V
n
)
Individual Harmonic
Voltage Distortion
(%)
Total Voltage
Distortion - THD
Vn
(%)
V kV
n
s 69 3.0 5.0
69 161 kV V kV
n
< s 1.5 2.5
V kV
n
> 161 1.0 1.5

Harmonic voltage distortion limits
in % of nominal fundamental frequency voltage.
(from IEEE Std. 519-1992, Table 11.1).
4
Page - 7
Short-circuit ratio
1. Determine the three-phase short-circuit duty - Isc at the PCC.
2. Find the load average kilowatt demand P
d
over the most recent 12 months.
This can be found from billing information.
3. Convert the average kilowatt demand to the average demand current in
amperes:
4. Short-circuit ratio is
| | A
3
1000
kV
MVA
I
SC

=
kV PF
kW
I
L
3
=
L
SC
I
I
SCR =
Page - 8
Current distortion limits
5
Page - 9
Current distortion limits
Page - 11
Harmonic current flows
NORMAL PATH
ALTERED PATH
6
Page - 12
System Response Characteristics
Short-circuit MVA at the substation:
SC
SC
SC SC SC
I
kV
MVA
kV
jX R Z
3
2
= =
+ =
.
1
hX X
h
=
Page - 13
Short-circuit capacity at customer facilities
For example for a 1500 kVA, 6% transformer, the equivalent
impedance on the 480 V side is:
.
tx SC
X X ~
(%),
3
2
tx tx
Z
MVA
kV
X
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
. 0092 . 0 06 . 0
5 . 1
480 . 0
(%)
2
3
2
O =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
tx tx
Z
MVA
kV
X
|
7
Page - 14
Example 7.1
Page - 15
Example 7.1
8
Page - 16
Capacitor Impedance under Harmonic Frequencies
h
X
X
Q
kV
X
fC
X
c
h
c
rated
cap
LL
c
c
=
=
=
2
2
1
t
Page - 17
Parallel resonance
When the system resonant frequencies corresponds to one of the
harmonic frequencies being produced by the nonlinear load
(characteristic frequencies), harmonic resonance can occur.
C L
f
L
R
C L
f
s
p
s s
p
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
t
t
~
=
9
Page - 18
Simplified distribution system
Parallel circuit from
the nonlinear load perspective
p
c
p p
s
p
s
p
c
s
p
s
s
p
s s
p
c
p
c
p
s s
p
s s
p
c
p
c
p
s s p
X Q X Q
R
X
R
X
R
jX R jX
X X j R
jX R jX
jX jX R Z
= = = ~
+
=
+
+
=
+ =
2 2
) ( ) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
Page - 19
Parallel resonance
Zp is max.
Denominator is min, limited to R
s
p p p
cap c p
V Q X I =
s
p
c
s
p
s p
R
X
R
X
Q = =
p
s s
X R <<
p
c
p p
s
p
s
p
c
s
p
s
s
p
s s
p
c
p
c
p
s s
p
s s
p
c
p
c
p
s s p
X Q X Q
R
X
R
X
R
jX R jX
X X j R
jX R jX
jX jX R Z
= = = ~
+
=
+
+
=
+ =
2 2
) ( ) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
10
Page - 20
Parallel Resonance: current behavior
Lets find magnitudes of currents flowing in the cap. Bank and in the
power system.
Capacitor failure, fuse blowing, transformer overheating.
p p
s
p
p
s
p
p
s
p
p p
c
p
p
c
p
p
c
p p
cap
QI
X
I X Q
X
V
QI
X
I X Q
X
V
I
= = =
= = =
Page - 21
Estimating resonant frequencies
Voltage and current magnifications are determined by the size of the
cap. Bank.
rated
cap
sc
s
c
p
Q
MVA
X
X
h
| 3
= =
11
Page - 22
Estimating resonant frequencies
Page - 23
12
Page - 26
Frequency/Impedance Scan
R
L
C
3
3
.
4
2
I
c
a
p
B
R
K
Es
System voltage =69 kV
System short-circuitcapacityis 1500 MVA
Series resistive damping =1 ohm
Cap bank is rated 60 Mvar at69 kV
Z(f)
0.0 -
2000 [Hz]
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
frequency
|
Z
|
Frequency Scan
With Capacitor
Without Capacitor
Page - 27
Example case for harmonic resonance (1)
R
L
C
3
3
.
4
2
I
c
a
p
B
R
K
Es
5th order harmonic
0 Amps
System voltage =69 kV
System short-circuitcapacityis 1500 MVA
Series resistive damping =1 ohm
Cap bank is rated 60 Mvar at69 kV
VoltageandCurrent

0.080 0.100 0.120 0.140 0.160 0.180 0.200 0.220 0.240
-100
-75
-50
-25
0
25
50
75
100
k
V
Es
-4.0
-3.0
-2.0
-1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
k
A
Icap
No resonance, no harmonic current
The system is simply weak
13
Page - 28
Example case for harmonic resonance (2)
Resonance occurs !!
Fifth order harmonic current =80 A
R
L
C
3
3
.
4
2
I
c
a
p
B
R
K
Es
5th order harmonic
80 Amps
System voltage =69 kV
System short-circuitcapacityis 1500 MVA
Series resistive damping =1 ohm
Cap bank is rated 60 Mvar at69 kV
VoltageandCurrent

0.080 0.100 0.120 0.140 0.160 0.180 0.200 0.220
-125
-100
-75
-50
-25
0
25
50
75
100
k
V
Es
-4.0
-3.0
-2.0
-1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
k
A
Icap
Page - 29
Example case for harmonic resonance (3)
No resonance
Harmonic current is 80 A but at
the 25
th
order
R
L
C
3
3
.
4
2
I
c
a
p
B
R
K
Es
25th order harmonic
80 Amps
System voltage =69 kV
System short-circuitcapacityis 1500 MVA
Series resistive damping =1 ohm
Cap bank is rated 60 Mvar at69 kV
VoltageandCurrent

0.080 0.100 0.120 0.140 0.160 0.180 0.200 0.220
-100
-75
-50
-25
0
25
50
75
100
k
V
Es
-4.0
-3.0
-2.0
-1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
k
A
Icap
14
Page - 30
Series Resonance
Distribution
Substation Bus
Customer
Power Factor
Correction
High
Voltage
Distortion
High
Harmonic
Currents
Page - 31
Series and Parallel Resonance
Harmonic Number h
Z
series resonance:
parallel
resonance
:
T
C
s
X
X
h =
source T
C
r
X X
X
h
+
=
source
X
T
X
C
X
h
I
15
Page - 32
Principles of controlling harmonics
Recall these key concepts in harmonic analysis:
Nonlinear loads: producers of harmonic currents. Who own these
loads?
Utility systems: utility system impedance may interact adversely with
harmonic currents resulting in voltage distortions.
Strong system: voltage distortions are likely low and benign.
Weak system (large reactance): voltage distortions are likely higher
Harmonic resonance: one of system impedance resonant
frequencies matches one of harmonic frequencies produced by
nonlinear loads. (large reactance, small R)
Page - 33
Three common causes of harmonic problems
1. The source of harmonic currents is too great. Large HARMONIC
CURRENTS
2. The path in which the currents flow is too long (electrically),
resulting in either high voltage distortion or telephone interference
HIGH IMPEDANCE (mostly X)WEAK SYSTEM
3. The response of the system magnifies one or more harmonics to a
greater degree than can be tolerated HARMONIC RESONANCE
16
Page - 34
Basic options for controlling harmonics
Large HARMONIC CURRENTS vs Make it smaller, i.e., reduced
harmonic currents.
PWM drives that charge the dc bus capacitor directly from the line add
inductors, i.e., line reactors.
Change transformer configurations: use a pair of delta-delta, and delta-wye.
Large HARMONIC CURRENTS vs. add filters to siphon currents or
block them from entering the system.
Shunt filters short-circuiting harmonic currents as close to the source of
distortion as practical.
HARMONIC RESONANCE: modify frequency response by filters,
inductors, capacitors.
Change the capacitor size, move a capacitor to a point of the system with a
different short-circuit impedance.
Remove the capacitor and live with it.
Page - 35
Where to control harmonics: utility feeders
Cap. bank placed on utility feeders usually done without harmonic
evaluations.
When harmonic resonance occurs (in rare cases), change cap. bank
size or move to other locations.
Triplen harmonics on wye-ground cap. banks, change the neutral
connection make it floats or better add a reactor in the neutral to
convert the bank into a tuned resonant shunt for a zero-sequence
harmonic.
Widespread harmonic sources along the feeder: distribute a few
filters toward the ends of the feeder.
17
Page - 36
Harmonic filter installation on
an overhead distribution-feeder
Oil-insulated iron-core reactors
Capacitor banks and switches
Page - 37
Harmonic filters on a substation
18
Page - 38
Harmonic filters on a feeder
Page - 39
Where to control harmonics: End-user facilities
Harmonic problems at end-user
facilities is it due to resonance
with p.f capacitors in the facility?
YES change capacitor size.
NO use filters.
19
Page - 40
Example Parallel resonance
Page - 41
20
Page - 42
Page - 43
21
Page - 44
Harmonic control: filters
Passive filters
These are inductance, capacitance, and resistance elements
Tuned to control harmonics.
Advantage: economical and straightforward
Disadvantage: may interact adversely with the power system.
Page - 45
Harmonic filters: Shunt filters
Known as single-tuned notch filters.
Provide a low impedance path to a particular harmonic current.
Connected in shunt.
SINGLE-TUNED
FIRST ORDER
HIGH-PASS
2ND ORDER
HIGH-PASS
3RD ORDER
HIGH-PASS
22
Page - 46
One-phase of a 3-phase filter
Page - 47
Filters for industrial power system applications
23
Page - 48
A system response of a 5
th
harmonic filter
Harmonic Number h
0
10
20
30
40
50
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17
(a) Typical low voltage
filter configuation.
(b) Equivalent circuit of
system with filter.

B
C
A
X
X
X
C
F
X
F
X
C
3
SC
Harmonic
Source
(c)
System
frequency
response
(Z = 1.0).
h
Z
1
capacitor
only
capacitor
converted
to
filter
h
Notch
F
C
notch
X
X
h
3
=
Page - 49
Shunt harmonic filter design
A single-tuned notch filter will be designed for an industrial facility and applied at a 480-volt bus.
The load where the filter will be installed is approximately 1600 kVA with a relatively poor
displacement power factor of 0.75 lagging. The total harmonic current produced by this load is
dominated by fifth harmonic (20% of fundamental). The facility is supplied by a 2000 kVA
transformer with 5.0% of impedance. The fifth harmonic background voltage distortion on the
utility side of the transformer is 2.0% of the fundamental when there is no load.
1. A capacitor bank to be installed at 480V bus to improve pf to 98%
2. Single-tuned notch filter to be designed based on capacitor bank size
HARMONIC
SOURCE
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
h=2, 3, 4, ... C
R
L I
h
with no reactor
24
Page - 50
A system response of a 5
th
harmonic filter
Harmonic Number h
0
10
20
30
40
50
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17
(a) Typical low voltage
filter configuation.
(b) Equivalent circuit of
system with filter.

B
C
A
X
X
X
C
F
X
F
X
C
3
SC
Harmonic
Source
(c)
System
frequency
response
(Z = 1.0).
h
Z
1
capacitor
only
capacitor
converted
to
filter
h
Notch
F
C
notch
X
X
h
3
=
Page - 51
Series and Parallel Resonance
Harmonic Number h
Z
series resonance:
parallel
resonance
:
T
C
s
X
X
h =
source T
C
r
X X
X
h
+
=
source
X
T
X
C
X
h
I
25
Page - 52
Step 1 - Select a tuned frequency for the filter
The tuned frequency is selected based on the harmonic
characteristics of the loads involved.
start at the lowest harmonic frequency generated by the load
tune slightly below the harmonic frequency of concern to allow for
tolerances in the filter components and variations in system impedance
This will prevent the filter from acting as a direct short circuit for the
offending harmonic current
Reduce duty on the filter components
Page - 53
Step 1 - Select a tuned frequency for the filter
26
Page - 54
Step 2: Compute capacitor bank size and the resonant frequency
The filter size is based on the load
reactive power requirement for
power factor correction.
Assume that no capacitor is
installed
The desired power factor is 98%.
Thus, the net reactive power from
the filter required to correct from
75% to 98% power factor can be
computed as follows:
Real power demand for a 0.75 power
factor would be:
1600 x0.75=1200 kW.
Required compensation Q
filt
from the
filter:
Q
filt
=1200[tan(acos(0.75))-tan(acos(0.98))]
=814.28 kvar
Page - 55
Step 2: Compute capacitor bank size and the resonant frequency (cont)
For a nominal 480V system, the net
wye-equivalent filter reactance
(capacitive), X
Filt
, is determined by:
Also, X
Filt
is
For tuning at the 4.7th harmonic,
Thus, the desired capacitive reactance
can be determined by
At this point, it is not known whether
the filter capacitor can be rated the
same as the system, 480V or would
have to be rated one step higher at
600V .
Try a capacitor rated at 480 V
Standard capacitor 750 kVar (note that
this value is slightly higher than X
cap
calculated above)
L Cap Filt
X X X =
O =

= =

2828 . 0
10 28 . 814
48 . 0
] Mvar [
3
2 2
filt
LL
Filt
Q
kV
X
L L Cap
X X h X
2 2
7 . 4 = =
O =

= 2962 .
1 7 . 4
) 7 . 4 ( 2828 . 0
1
2
2
2
2
h
h X
X
Filt
Cap
kvar
X
kV
kvar
Cap
LL
75 . 777
2962 .
) 1000 ( 48 . 0 ) 1000 (
2 2
= = =
X
Cap
=0.3072 O
27
Page - 56
Page - 57
Step 3: Compute filter reactor size
The filter reactor size can now be
selected to tune the capacitor to the
desired frequency.
From Step #1, the desired frequency is
at 4.7th harmonic or 282 Hz.
The filter reactor size is computed
from the equivalent wye capacitive
reactance above as follows:
Alternatively, the reactor size can
be computed by solving L for in
the following equation
O = = = 0.0139
7 . 4
0.3072
2 2
) (
) (
h
X
X
wye Cap
fund L
mH. 0.0369
60 2
) (
=

=
t
fund L
X
L
,
C 2
1
(wye)
h
L
f
t
=
Hz. 282 60 7 . 4 = =
h
f
28
Page - 58
Step 4: Evaluate filter duty requirements.
Evaluation of filter duty requirements typically involves capacitor
bank duties.
These duties include
peak voltage, current, kvar produced, and RMS voltage.
IEEE Std 18-2002 is used as the limiting standard to evaluate these
duties.
Computation of the duties are fairly lengthy, therefore, they are
divided into three steps, i.e.,
computation for fundamental duties,
harmonic duties, and
RMS current and peak voltage duties.
Page - 59
Step 5: Computation of fundamental duty requirements
Determine a fundamental frequency
operating voltage across the capacitor
bank.
A) The apparent reactance of the
combined capacitor and reactor at the
fundamental frequency is:
B) The fundamental frequency filter
current is:
C) The fundamental frequency
operating voltage across the capacitor
bank is
D) The actual reactive power produced
Evaluation:
Filter draws more current than
capacitor alone, therefore actual
reactive power produced by capacitor
is greater than its 750 kVar rating
. 2933 . 0 3072 . 0 0139 . 0
) (
O = = =
wye Cap L
filt
fund
X X X
A 86 . 44 9
0.2933
3
480
3
,
= = =
fund
kV
filt
fund duty
X
I
actual
V. 76 . 502 3
) ( , ,
= =
wye Cap
filt
fund duty
cap
fund duty
X I V
kvar. 822.81 3
, ,
= =
cap
fund duty
filt
fund duty
cap
duty,fund
V I Q
29
Page - 60
Step 6: Computation of harmonic duty requirements.
Compute the maximum harmonic
current expected in the filter
A) Since the nonlinear load produces
20% harmonic of the fundamental
current at the fifth harmonic, the
harmonic current in amperes produced
by the load would be:
B) Harmonic current contributed to the
filter from the source side is estimated
as follows:
It will be assumed that the 2% fifth
harmonic voltage distortion present on
the utility system will be limited only by
the impedances of the service
transformer and the filter;
the utility impedance will be neglected
Fundamental frequency impedance of
the service transformer:
The fifth harmonic impedance of the
service transformer
A. 9 . 4 8 3
48 . 0 3
1600
20 . 0
3
.) . (
) (
=

=
=

=
actual
h amps h
kV
kVA
u p I I
. 0.0058
0 . 2
48 . 0
05 . 0 (%)
2 2
) (
O = = =
Xfmr
actual
T fund T
MVA
kV
Z X
. 0.0288 0.0058 5
) ( 5 ,
O = = =
fund T T
hX X
Page - 61
Step 6: Computation of harmonic duty requirements
(contd)
The harmonic impedance of the
capacitor bank is:
The harmonic impedance of the
reactor is:
Given that the voltage distortion on the
utility system is 0.02 pu, the estimated
amount of fifth harmonic current
contributed to the filter from the source
side would be:
C) The maximum harmonic current is
the sum of the harmonic current
produced by the load and that of
contributed from the utility side:
D) The harmonic voltage across the
capacitor can be computed as follows:
. 0614 . 0
5
3072 . 0
) (
5 ), (
O = = =
h
X
X
wye Cap
wye Cap
. 06951 . 0 0139 . 0 5
) ( 5 ,
O = = =
fund L L
hX X
( )
5 , 5 ), ( 5 ,
) (
) (
3
) (
L wye Cap T
actual utility h
utility h
X X X
kV pu V
I
+

=
( )
A. 23 . 150
06951 . 0 0614 . 0 0288 . 0 3
480 02 . 0
=
+

=
A. 13 . 535 .23 50 1 384.9
) (
= + =
total h
I
h
X
I V
wye Cap
total h
cap
duty
) (
) ( 5 ,
3 =
V. 95 . 56
5
0.3072
13 . 35 5 3 = =
30
Page - 62
Step 7: Evaluate total rms current and peak voltage requirements
A) Total rms current passing through
the filter:
This is the total rms current rating
required for the filter reactor
B) Assuming the harmonic and
fundamental components add
together, the maximum peak voltage
across the capacitor is:
C) The RMS voltage across the
capacitor is:
D) The total kvar seen by the capacitor:
A. 89 . 1085 13 . 535 86 . 944
2 2 2
) (
2
,
= + = + =
utility h fund total RMS
I I I
cap
duty
cap
fund duty
cap
peak LLduty
V V V
5 , , ,
2 2 + =
. V 55 . 791 2 95 . 56 2 502.76
peak
= + =
2
5 ,
2
, ,
) ( ) (
cap
duty
cap
fund duty
cap
rms LLduty
V V V + =
V. 505.97 95 . 56 502.76
2 2
= + =
cap
rms LLduty
filt
total duty
cap
total duty
V I Q
, , ,
3 =
kvar. 614 508 . 0 698 3 = =
Page - 63
Step 8: Evaluate capacitor rating limits
Comparison table for evaluating filter
duty limit
This would be a very marginal
application because the capacitor
duties are essentially at the maximum
limits.
Use a capacitor bank rated at
600 V
Required kVar =
Choose 1200 kVar
Repeat all the above
kvar 1172
480
600
750
2
2
=
31
Page - 64
Step 9: Evaluate filter frequency response
The harmonic at which the parallel resonance below the notch
frequency will occur is computed as follows:
This assumes the service transformer reactance dominates the
source impedance. Including the utility system impedance will lower
the frequency.
Beware of transformer energization events
. 95 . 3
0139 . 0 0058 . 0
3072 . 0

) ( ) (
) ( '
0
=
+
=
+
=
fund L fund T
wye Cap
X X
X
h
Page - 65
Harmonic control: load side
Most common use a pair of transformers configured as delta-delta
and delta-wye, or wye-wye and wye-delta
Applications: reduce characteristic harmonics from six-pulse
converters (5, 7, 11,13, 17,19, etc).
32
Page - 66
Harmonic control: Six-pulse converters
Three-phase six-pulse converters
iDC
ConstantDC currentsource to
represent
a currentsource inverter
Va
1 3
6 4
vDCLink
iSA A
B
C
R=0
iSB
iSC
2
Vb
Vc
5
Page - 67
Voltage and currents of 6-pulse converters
iDC
ConstantDC currentsourceto
represent
acurrentsourceinverter
Va
1 3
6 4
vDCLink
iSA A
B
C
R=0
iSB
iSC
2
Vb
Vc
5
Voltageandcurrents
0.1750 0.1800 0.1850 0.1900 0.1950 0.2000
.
.
.
-0.40
-0.20
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
k
V
Va Vb Vc vDC
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
y
iSourceA
33
Page - 68
Phase shifts in transformers
ANSI/IEEE C57.12.00-2000: Std General Requirements for Liquid
Immersed Distribution, Power, and Regulating Transformers.
The angular displacement between HIGH- and LOW-voltages of 3-phase
transformers:
Delta-delta OR Wye-Wye connections shall be zero degrees
Wye-delta OR delta-Wye connections shall be 30 degrees with the low voltage lagging the
high voltage.
Page - 69
Phase shifts in transformers
ANSI/IEEE C57.12.00-2000: Std General Requirements for Liquid
Immersed Distribution, Power, and Regulating Transformers.
34
Page - 70
12-pulse operation using d-d, and d-y
ConstantDCcurrentsourceto
represent
acurrentsourceinverter
Va
1 3
6 4
vDCLink
A
B
C
R=0
2
Vb
Vc
5
1 3
6 4 2
5
A
B
C
A
B
C
0.48
#2 #1
12.47
1.5[MVA]
A
B
C
A
B
C
0.48
#2 #1
12.47
1.5[MVA]
iT_Xa
iB_Xa iB_Ha
ISa
ISb
ISc
iT_Ha
Voltageandcurrents
0.1300 0.1350 0.1400 0.1450 0.1500 0.1550 0.1600 0.1650 0.1700 0.1750


-12.5
-10.0
-7.5
-5.0
-2.5
0.0
2.5
5.0
7.5
10.0
12.5
k
V
Va Vb Vc vDC
-20.0
-15.0
-10.0
-5.0
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
A
iSa
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
K
V
vDC
Page - 71
12-pulse operation using d-d, and d-y
35
Page - 72
12-pulse operation using d-d, and d-y
Page - 73
12-pulse operation using d-d, and d-y
36
Page - 74
12-pulse operation using d-d, and d-y
Page - 75
In-line reactors or chokes
A typical 3% input choke can reduce
the harmonic current distortion for a
PWM-based drives from approximately
80% to 40%.
The inductance slows the rate at
which the capacitor on the dc bus
can be charged and forces the
drive to draw current over a longer
time period.
The net effect is a lower-
magnitude current with much less
harmonic content while still
delivering the same energy
Line input choke (% on Drive Base)
I
n
p
u
t

C
u
r
r
e
n
t

D
i
s
t
o
r
t
i
o
n

(
%
)
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5%
Choke
(0 to 5) % Z
(on ASD kVA)
37
Page - 76
Effect of transformer size
30%
50%
70%
90%
110%
130%
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%
No Choke Choke
ASD kVA
Transformer kVA
I(t) at 33% kVA ratio
+
^
^
^
+
+ + ^
I(t) at 5% kVA ratio
Transformer
5% Z
(on xfmr kVA)
Choke
3% Z
(on ASD kVA)
ASD
I THD