GEOSYNTHETI CS AND

REI NFORCED SOI L STRUCTURES REI NFORCED SOI L STRUCTURES

Di f f er ent Types of Di f f er ent Types of
Geosynt het i c s and Thei r
Appl i c at i ons
K. Rajagopal, Professor
Department of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering
IIT Madras, Chennai
e-mail: gopalkr@iitmac in e mail: gopalkr@iitm.ac.in
RECAP OF PREVI OUS LECTURE RECAP OF PREVI OUS LECTURE
I nt r oduc t i on I nt r oduc t i on
Hi st or i c al bac k gr ound
Ear l y appl i c at i ons
Func t i ons of geosynt het i c s Func t i ons of geosynt het i c s
Types of geosynt het i c s
2/52 Types and Func t i ons of Geosynt het i c s
OUTLI NE OF 2
nd
LECTURE OUTLI NE OF 2 LECTURE
TYPES of geosynt het i c s TYPES of geosynt het i c s
- - - - CONTI NUED
TYPI CAL APPLI CATI ONS
3/52 Types and Func t i ons of Geosynt het i c s
TYPES OF GEOSYNTHETI CS
Geotextiles
G id Geogrids
Geonets
Geomembranes
Pre-fabricated vertical drains (PVD) Pre fabricated vertical drains (PVD)
Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL)
G ll (3 d fi t) Geocells (3-d confinement)
Geocomposites & Geo-others
4/52 Types and Func t i ons of Geosynt het i c s
GEONETS GEONETS
Geonets are also planar products
Consists of ribs in two directions
Apertures are of diamond shape
Ribs in the two directions are at different planes
Thickness of geonets is larger than that of g g
geogrids
Geonets are also referred to as geospacers g p
5/52 Types and Func t i ons of Geosynt het i c s
TYPI CAL GEONETS
Ri bs at t wo Ri bs at t wo
hor i zont al pl anes
6/52 Types and Func t i ons of Geosynt het i c s
GEONET APPLI CATI ONS
Erosion control ribs act as small
check dams to slow down the surface
runoff decreases erosion potential runoff decreases erosion potential
of water
D i l fl l Drainage layers water flows along
the geonet because of large thickness
7/52 Types and Func t i ons of Geosynt het i c s
Boulder net laid on Konkan railway line in Western
ghats functions as guide for loose boulders and
vegetation support
8/52 Types and Func t i ons of Geosynt het i c s
Laying of boulder net
Vegetation growth after two
seasons
Courtesy: M/s Garware Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune
9/52 Types and Func t i ons of Geosynt het i c s
Anchor trench at the top of
the slope 1mdeep 0 5m the slope, 1m deep, 0.5m
wide, filled with soil
10/52 Types and Func t i ons of Geosynt het i c s
GEOMEMBRANES
Thick impervious plastic sheets
Thickness 5 mmto 3 mmapproximately Thickness .5 mm to 3 mm approximately
To contain liquids and gases
Ro gh s rface te t re Smooth do ble sided membrane Rough surface texture Smooth double sided membrane
11/52 Types and Func t i ons of Geosynt het i c s
APPLI CATI ONS OF
GEOMEMBRANES GEOMEMBRANES
Landfill lining Landfill lining
Canal lining
Tunnel lining
12/52 Types and Func t i ons of Geosynt het i c s
Geomembr ane i n a l andf i l l Geomembr ane i n a l andf i l l
13/52 Types and Func t i ons of Geosynt het i c s
Canal l i ni ng usi ng geomembr anes
geomembrane
Anchor trench
Concrete lining of surface
g
Anchor trench
14/52
Types and Func t i ons of Geosynt het i c s
Tunnel l i ni ng f or moi st ur e
t t i pr ot ec t i on
15/52 Types and Func t i ons of Geosynt het i c s
Pr e-f abr i c at ed ver t i c al dr ai ns
t l t t h l i d t i t o ac c el er at e t he pr e-c onsol i dat i on
of sof t c l ay soi l s
c
T
v
t
%) (U f
T

d
c
T
v
v
2

) ( f
T
v
T = t i me f ac t or
d T
d
2
T
v
= t i me f ac t or
t = t i me
c
v
= c oef f i c i ent of
l i d t i
c
d T
v
t
c onsol i dat i on
d = dr ai nage pat h l engt h
U% = degr ee of c onsol i dat i on
c
v
16/52 Types and Func t i ons of Geosynt het i c s
Reduc i ng t he f l ow pat h l engt h t o
ac c el er at e r at e of c onsol i dat i on ac c el er at e r at e of c onsol i dat i on
sur char ge f i l l
Hi ghl y
per meabl e
dr ai nage dr ai nage
medi um
17/52 Types and Func t i ons of Geosynt het i c s
PVDs for pre-consolidation PVDs for pre consolidation
Cor r ugat ed pl ast i c
c or e f or dr ai nage
L
tt
Geot ex t i l e f i l t er
18/52 Types and Func t i ons of Geosynt het i c s
Por e wat er f l ow s l at er al l y
Connec t i on
ar r angement s f or w i ck
Por e wat er f l ow s l at er al l y
t o t he w i ck dr ai ns and i s
c ar r i ed t hr ough t he c or e
dr ai n i nst al l at i on
19/52 Types and Func t i ons of Geosynt het i c s
Installation of PVDs at a construction site notice the
ti f PVD ith th h l t connection of PVD with the anchor plate
20/52 Types and Func t i ons of Geosynt het i c s
PVDb i h d i t th d PVD being pushed into the ground
21/52 Types and Func t i ons of Geosynt het i c s
General viewafter installation of PVDs at a site General view after installation of PVDs at a site
22/52 Types and Func t i ons of Geosynt het i c s
Geosynt het i c Cl ay Li ner s
Consist of a core of bentonite clay Consist of a core of bentonite clay
sandwiched between layers of thick non-
woven geotextile g
Applied below and above geomembrane
layers in landfills y
Self-repair mechanism
Bentonite expands when flid leaks through Bentonite expands when flid leaks through
punctured geomembrane closes the gap
23/52 Types and Func t i ons of Geosynt het i c s
Geosynthetic Clay Liner y y
Geot ex t i l e l ayer s
dr y bent oni t e y
powder
24/52 Types and Func t i ons of Geosynt het i c s
GEOCELL 3d c onf i nement pr oduc t
Iso-metric view of a
Plan view showing the
mechanism of confinement
geocell layer
25/52 Types and Func t i ons of Geosynt het i c s
Photograph of an expanded geocell Photograph of an expanded geocell
26/52 Types and Func t i ons of Geosynt het i c s
Advant ages Advant ages
Easy to transport Easy to transport
Any fill material can be used
All d fi t t il All round confinement to soil
Semi-rigid layer (very stiff support)
Spreads loads over a large area
Excellent support even under cyclic loads Excellent support even under cyclic loads.
27/52 Types and Func t i ons of Geosynt het i c s
APPLICATIONS APPLICATIONS
Erosion control Erosion control
Steep slopes and retaining walls
S b b t Sub-base support
Road bases
R il t k Railway tracks
Container yards
28/52 Types and Func t i ons of Geosynt het i c s
Use of geocells for construction of unpaved road Factory
P ti f d
Stapling to join
Stretching of the geocell layer
Preparation of ground
S ap g o jo
different geocells
Stretching of the geocell layer
Stone aggregate filled in geocell pockets Compactionby a 10 tonne roller Stone aggregate filled in geocell pockets Compaction by a 10 tonne roller
29/52 Types and Func t i ons of Geosynt het i c s
Geocells used for
construction of a steep
slope
30/52 Types and Func t i ons of Geosynt het i c s
Vegetation taking root through geocell pockets
31/52 Types and Func t i ons of Geosynt het i c s
IITM students standing on a
geocell supported soil
32/52 Types and Func t i ons of Geosynt het i c s
Typical Container yard heavy loads, usually constructed on
soft marine clays near the shore y
33/52 Types and Func t i ons of Geosynt het i c s
Typical mud wave formation in container yards due to heavy
l d d t l ft b d il loads and extremely soft subgrade soil
34/52 Types and Func t i ons of Geosynt het i c s
Geotextile separator being laid on the ground surface at a
container yard
35/52 Types and Func t i ons of Geosynt het i c s
Geocell layer laid on the geotextile separator and filled with
stone aggregate
36/52 Types and Func t i ons of Geosynt het i c s
Cont ai ner yar d 3 year s af t er geoc el l
t r eat ment t r eat ment
37/52 Types and Func t i ons of Geosynt het i c s
Some mor e pi c t ur es of t he same yar d
Perfectly level surface minor damage in paver blocks y g p
38/52 Types and Func t i ons of Geosynt het i c s
Pol ymer i c er osi on c ont r ol mat s
39/52 Types and Func t i ons of Geosynt het i c s
Geoc omposi t es
C bi ti f t diff t t f Combination of two different types of
geosynthetics to take advantage of each
40/52 Types and Func t i ons of Geosynt het i c s
Geo-ot her s
Geodrains
Lightweight fills Lightweight fills
Geopipes
G t til b & il l ti Geotextile bags & soil encapsulation
Gabions
Geosynthetic Encased Stone Columns
Many others left to the imagination of Many others left to the imagination of
engineers
41/52 Types and Func t i ons of Geosynt het i c s
Drainage boards for use in Retaining Walls Drainage boards for use in Retaining Walls
42/52 Types and Func t i ons of Geosynt het i c s
Li ght -w ei ght f i l l c um dr ai nage medi um
Thi k di d f l t b d Thick medium made of polystyrene beads
43/52
Types and Func t i ons of Geosynt het i c s
Gabi ons f i l l ed w i t h st ones
44/52 Types and Func t i ons of Geosynt het i c s
Gabi ons f i l l ed w i t h sand bags
SAND FILLED GEOBAGS PLACEMENT OF GEOBAGS
TYING OF ROPE GABIONS
FINAL VIEW
45/52
Types and Func t i ons of Geosynt het i c s
Li ght -w ei ght dr ai nage medi um
Made of used rubber Made of used rubber
tyres and other
industrial wastes
46/52 Types and Func t i ons of Geosynt het i c s
Bearing capacity enhanced by
Encased Stone Column
Bearing capacity enhanced by
Passive
Geosynthetic
Additi l
Passive
pressure
+
y
encasement
Additional
confinement
Stone column
Sectional plan
47/52 Types and Func t i ons of Geosynt het i c s
Construction of Encased Stone Column Construction of Encased Stone Column
Al i t l (2005) Alexiew et al. (2005)
48/52 Types and Func t i ons of Geosynt het i c s
Courtesy:
Dipl.-Ing. Holger Pohlmann
Naue Fasertechnik GmbH & Co. KG
P d Present study
49/52 Types and Func t i ons of Geosynt het i c s
Load settlement curve for stone columns
encased in non-woven geotextile encased in non woven geotextile
0 100 200 300 400
Pressure (kPa)
0
10
ESC - 50 mm
ESC - 75 mm
10
20
t

(
m
m
)
ESC - 100 mm
OSC - 50 mm
OSC - 75 mm
OSC - 100 mm
30
e
t
t
l
e
m
e
n
Clay
40
50
S
e
50
50/52
Types and Func t i ons of Geosynt het i c s
Lat est Tr ends Lat est Tr ends
Vac uum c onsol i dat i on Vac uum c onsol i dat i on
Enc ased st one c ol umns
El ec t r o Ki net i c geosynt het i c s
51/52 Types and Func t i ons of Geosynt het i c s
52/52