THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA VOLUME 34, NUMBER 3 MARCH, 1962
Vibration of Circular Plates
Tm; WAtt Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas (Received July 24, 1961) The vibration of circular plates with a large initial tension (or compression) is studied for the case of (a) simply supported and (b) clamped edges. The basic equation used is that of the Poisson-Kirchhoff theory. Numerical results are given. 1. INTRODUCTION HE vibration of circular plates according to the Poisson-Kirchhoff theory has been investigated by several writers. The case of free edges was studied by Kirchhoff) Lamb, 2 and Rayleigh, 3 and the case of clamped edges by Rayleigh? Timoshenko 4 has used the energy method for solving the case of the plate with clamped edges. The case of the circular plate with simply supported edges has, however, apparently received scant mention in the literature. The reason for this seems to be that such edge conditions are practically difficult of realiza- tion. It is well known, on the other hand, that the theoretical "clamped edge" conditions are almost im- possible to simulate in the laboratory. In general, plates behave as if they had boundary conditions intermediate between the theoretical "simple support" and "clamped edge" conditions. For this reason alone, if for no other, it is desirable to have the solution for the case of simply supported circular plates. It is often necessary, in applications, to take some account of the effect of in-plane tensions or compressions that may develop in the plate. A theoretically exact treatment of this problem requires the solution of a nonlinear problem and necessitates approximate or numerical procedures. The case of a circular plate taking into account the effect of tensions in its middle plane has also been solved by Timoshenko 4 by an energy procedure. Although this procedure represents an attempt to approximate the solution for large amplitude vibrations, the method of solution essentially restricts it to relatively small deflections. If, however, it is assumed that a uniform radial tension (or compression) is initially applied to the plate, and that this tension is large enough so that its fluctua- tions from its initial value during vibration are negligible, then the problem is a linear one and may readily be solved. Admittedly the solution is invalid for large amplitudes of vibration. In this paper theoretically exact solutions are given for the case of a circular plate with a large initial tension G. R. Kirchhoff, J. Math. (Crelle) 40, (1850). 2 H. Lamb, ?roc. Roy. Soc. (London) 98, 205 (1921). 8 Lord Rayleigh, Theory of Sound (Dover Publications, New York, 1945), Vol. I, p. 359. 4 S. Timoshenko, Vibration Problems in Engineering, (D. Van Nostrand[Company, Princeton, New Jersey, 1954), 3rd ed. or compression of varying magnitude and (a) simply supported at the circumference or (b) clamped at the circumference. Some numerical values of the roots of the frequency equations are given in the tables. 2. NOTATION a radius of circular plate (in.) D - Eh/12 (1 -- v 2) flexural rigidity of plate 0b E modulus of elasticity of plate material (psi) J,,, Y, I, K Bessel functions of order n p natural frequency of plate (sec -) R function of r r,O cylindrical coordinates T membrane tension (or compression) (lb/in.) lateral deflection of plate (in.) function of 0 Poisson's ratio mass per unit area of the plate (lb sec in. -a) 4 nondimensional parameter t time (sec) V4 = (Vs)s= biharmonic operator .... w thickness of plate (in.) 3. EQUATION OF MOTION If a large initial radial tension Tr is applied to a plate without a hole, it is readily shown by elementary elas- ticity theory that the tangential tension To= Tr= T. The differential equation of motion of such a circular plate may therefore be written in the form T p O'w W(w)--W(w)q .... 0, (1) D D in which w is the lateral deflection, T is the uniform radial tension, D= Eha/12(1 - ) is the flexural rigidity of the plate, and p the density per unit area of the plate. Let w=R(r)O(O) sinpt, (2) 275 Redistribution subject to ASA license or copyright; see http://acousticalsociety.org/content/terms. Download to IP: 146.186.247.10 On: Thu, 03 Jul 2014 17:19:36 276 THEIN WAH TABLE I. Simply supported plate. rib=0 nb=l n b= 2 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.25 -0.25 -0.50 - 1.00 2.31 3.71 8.55 3.71 4.71 17.47 5.07 5.46 6.18 33.75 6.93 7.51 52.05 8.30 8.61 9.09 78.28 10.17 10.57 107.54 11.60 2.30 3.40 7.81 3.70 4.47 16.55 5.07 5.46 6.01 32.79 6.93 7.37 51.07 8.30 8.61 8.97 77.27 10.17 10.47 106.52 11.60 2.28 3.07 6.99 3.69 4.22 15.57 5.06 5.46 5.83 31.80 6.92 7.22 49.94 8.30 8.61 8.85 76.24 10.17 10.37 105.50 11.60 2.26 2.68 6.05 3.68 3.96 14.55 5.06 3.45 5.64 30.78 6.92 7.07 48.92 8.30 8.61 8.73 75.21 10.17 10.27 104.49 11.60 2.24 2.46 5.52 3.67 3.81 13.98 5.06 5.45 5.55 30.25 6.92 7.00 48.41 8.30 8.61 8.67 74.69 10.17 10.22 103.94 11.60 2.22 2.22 4.94 3.67 3.67 13.47 5.06 5.45 5.45 29.72 6.92 6.92 47.89 8.30 8.61 8.61 74.15 10.17 10.17 103.43 11.60 2.20 1.94 4.27 3.66 3.51 12.86 5.06 5.45 5.35 29.17 6.92 6.84 47.36 8.30 8.61 8.55 73.62 10.17 10.12 102.90 11.60 2.16 1.60 3.46 3.65 3.35 12.23 5.06 5.45 5.25 28.62 6.91 6.76 46.78 8.30 8.61 8.49 73.09 10.17 10.07 102.37 11.60 2.05 0 0 3.64 3.01 10.95 5.06 5.45 5.05 27.49 6.91 6.60 45.60 8.30 8.61 8.36 72.00 10.17 9.96 101.30 11.60 Jn+l (o0 In+l (lg) lg2"lt-ot - Roots of equation' . ---+/5 .... ; v=0.3; /52--M=4.24) Jn (ot) In () 1-- v 5.84 8.79 11.95 5.66 8.67 11.87 5.46 8.55 11.78 5.26 8.43 11.69 5.16 8.36 11.64 5.06 8.30 11.60 4.96 8.24 11.56 4.85 8.17 11.51 29.55 72.97 138.62 28.62 71.97 137.67 27.62 70.96 136.65 26.64 69.93 135.60 26.12 69.39 135.02 25.60 68.89 134.56 25.07 68.36 134.16 24.53 67.83 133.52 4.63 23.4I 8.04 67.76 11.41 132.36 =nodal circles. =nodal diameters. where R is a function of r alone and O a function of 0 alone. Substituting (2) into (1), one may write the resulting equation in the form where (V'q-M/a ) (V'--'/a')RO = O, ], M= 1 . 1 2'DE\ T ' / .ai( ] = 1+.. +1 . 2D!\ T , / (3) (4) Equation (3) shows that the complete solution may be obtained by adding together, with appropriate arbitrary constants, the solutions of the two equations (V2+a2/a2)RO=O, (V2_i./a.)RO=O. (5) * N. W. McLachlan, Bessel Functions .for Engineers, (Oxford University Press, London, 1955), 2nd ed., p. 122. On letting O = COS (r0 -- 'y n) , (6) Eqs. (5) yield two equations for the determination of R' dr ' dr --n'R=O' r . ] W'R l dR -t- ..... R=0. d?' r dr \a ' (7) The solution of the first equation of (7) is = :i d.(.r/a)+ (.r/a) and that of the second equation of (7) is R= B,J,, (r/ a) q- DK,, (r/ a) , in which J and Yn denote Bessel functions of order Redistribution subject to ASA license or copyright; see http://acousticalsociety.org/content/terms. Download to IP: 146.186.247.10 On: Thu, 03 Jul 2014 17:19:36 VIBRATION OF CIRCULAR PLATES 277 of the first and second kinds, respectively, IN and K, are the modified Bessel functions of the first and second kinds, and A, B, C, D are arbitrary constants. (The notation used is that of reference 5.) In the case of a solid plate, Y. and K. are inadmissible because of the singularity at r=0 and the general solu- tion of (7) may be represented in the form R= A nJ, (aria)-+- B.I. (15r/a). (8) The general solution of (1) may now be written as w_- X (cosn0+X sinn0) sinpt, (9) where A., B,, X, are arbitrary constants and Ta2[ _+_4p2oD ], W=-[(1 --1 T 2 / TaX 4pD\ ], /5--- , = Ta/D. 4. PARTICULAR CASES 4.1. Simply Supported Circular Plate Substituting (9) into the boundary conditions w--O, at r = a, Ow (10w 10w -[-v +-- =0, Or*' ; Or r 2 O0 / TABLE II. Clamped plate. (lO) (11) q0 s b a O he=2 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.25 -0.25 -0.50 - 1.00 0 2.84 6.12 1 6.16 8.21 2 9.39 10.84 0 2.89 5.51 1 6.19 7.78 2 9.40 10.51 0 2.95 4.84 1 6.23 7.31 2 9.40 10.15 0 3.05 4.08 1 6.26 6.82 2 9.42 9.80 0 3.11 3.66 1 6.28 6.57 2 9.43 9.61 0 3.20 3.20 1 6.31 6.31 2 9.44 9.44 0 3.30 2.70 1 6.33 6.03 2 9.45 9.25 0 3.44 2.12 1 6.36 5.75 2 9.46 9.06 0 3.83 0 1 6.42 5.15 2 9.48 8.68 17.37 4.39 6.97 30.61 50.60 7.66 9.38 71.87 101.81 10.71 12.00 128.52 15.92 4.43 6.45 28.59 48.17 7.69 9.01 69.27 98.77 10.71 11.69 125.20 14.30 4.48 5.89 26.41 45.52 7.71 8.61 66.38 95.44 10.72 11.38 121.99 12.44 4.54 5.29 24.00 42.75 7.74 8.20 63.47 92.33 10.74 11.07 118.89 11.39 4.57 4.99 22.81 41.29 7.76 7.99 62.02 90.59 10.75 10.92 117.39 10.21 4.61 4.61 21.25 (10.21) (21.22) 39.77 7.77 7.77 60.37 (39.78) 89.09 10.76 10.76 115.78 (88.9) 8.91 4.64 4.23 19.61 38.19 7.79 7.55 58.81 87.45 10.77 10.60 114.16 7.28 4.69 3.83 17.94 36.55 7.81 7.33 57.21 85.76 10.78 10.43 112.48 0 4.84 2.96 14.31 33.03 7.85 6.85 53.79 82.28 10.79 10.09 108.82 Roots of equation: a +O =0; 02--a2=14.68 5.77 9.14 12.33 5.81 9.15 12.34 5.85 9.18 12.35 5.88 9.19 12.36 5.90 9.20 12.37 5.92 9.21 12.38 5.95 9.23 12.39 5.97 9.25 12.40 6.03 9.27 12.41 7.92 10.63 13.47 7.47 10.28 13.20 6.99 9.95 12.93 6.47 9.58 12.65 6.22 9.39 12.52 5.92 9.21 12.38 5.64 9.03 12.24 5.32 8.84 12.10 4.66 8.44 11.80 45.67 97.11 166.06 43.39 94.09 162.93 40.91 91.31 159.70 38.07 88.04 156.39 36.72 86.39 154.84 35.05 (34.84) 84.82 153.26 33.53 83.34 151.65 31.75 81.81 150.04 28.08 78.25 146.48 Note: Figures in parentheses are those given in reference 4. s =nodal circles. n ==nodal diameters. Redistribution subject to ASA license or copyright; see http://acousticalsociety.org/content/terms. Download to IP: 146.186.247.10 On: Thu, 03 Jul 2014 17:19:36 278 THEIN WAH ! ! .... o. I.O I. .o . 8.o B. ff /PLY UPPORTED PLA = nodal /// = TIT' T Fro. 1. one finds .J.()+j.() =0, { [,(n- ) ( - ) - )+( - )+ ) } XI,(B)-B (1-u)I,+(B)} = 0. (12) The frequency equation is given by the condition that the homogeneous system (12) yield nontrivial solutions for A, and B,, and may be written a +B . (13) 2.() () - It is convenient to introduce the nondimensional parameter T/T*=, where T*=4.2D/a 2 when r=0.3. (14) Then T=4.2D/a2, and from the third equation of (10) f--a=4.2 with r=0.3. (15) The natural frequency of the plate may now be deter- mined from Eqs. (13) and (15), for various values of the parameter . Negative values of represent radial corn- 2O off FIG. 2. Redistribution subject to ASA license or copyright; see http://acousticalsociety.org/content/terms. Download to IP: 146.186.247.10 On: Thu, 03 Jul 2014 17:19:36 VIBRATION OF CIRCULAR PLATES 279 o5 Fro. 3. pression and, in particular, the value of T corresponding to =- 1 represents the buckling load of a radially compressed plate. From Eqs. (10) it is readily deduced that p= (D/p) (at/a2). (16) In the particular case of T=0, a=/ and (16) assumes the form p= (D/p)(a2/aS). (17) Using the first equation of (12), Eq. (9) may be written X (cosn0+Xn sinnO)(sinpt+C,, cospt), (18) in which A , C, and X are to be determined from the initial conditions. It is to be noted that except for n-0, one obtains two sets of modal functions [ (ar)J,(a)()] -- - In COSrt0 J- In(t) and a similar one with sinn0 in place of cosn0. L o -0.5 -L FIG. Redistribution subject to ASA license or copyright; see http://acousticalsociety.org/content/terms. Download to IP: 146.186.247.10 On: Thu, 03 Jul 2014 17:19:36 280 THEIN WAH 4.2. Clamped Plate The boundary conditions for this case are wO at r=a. (19) Ow/Or=O, Substitution of (9) into (19) yields A ,[-nJ, (a) -- J,+x (a)_-]+ ,[-nI, () q- I,+ ()-I = O. (20) From (20) one finds the frequency equation to be q-g . --0. (21) Introducing the parameter T/ T*= k, where T*=14.68D/a 2, one obtains from the third equation of (10) 2--a= 14.68. (22) The natural frequencies of the plate may now be deter- mined from Eqs. (21) and (22) for various values of the parameter , negative values of representing radial compression. The value of T corresponding to q= -- 1 is the buckling load of a radially compressed plate clamped at the boundaries. Equations (16), (17), and (18) apply to this case also with the proviso that a and are determined from Eqs. (21)and (22). 5. COMPARISON WITH MEMBRANES It is readily shown that the natural frequencies of a circular membrane stretched by a tension T are given by p= (u/a)(T/p) ,, (23) where the t are the roots of the equation Jn (/g) =0. (24) The roots of Eq. (24) have been fairly well tabulated, and, in any event, can be determined with relative ease. It is therefore pertinent to inquire under what circum- stances the natural frequencies of a stretched plate may be approximated by those of a geometrically similar membrane. Using the last of Eqs. (10), Eq. (16) may be written or (25) Comparing (23) and (25), it is seen that the plate frequency approaches that of the membrane as a-/ and if (aD/ aST)<< I. (26) Substituting u for a and using (14) and (22) the inequality (26) may be written /<<(8.4) for a simply supported plate, <<(29.36) for a clamped plate. (27) 20-- o 5o -=/ FIO. 5. CLAIdPED PLATE nodal nodal crcle$ T/r ~ := 14. G9 Redistribution subject to ASA license or copyright; see http://acousticalsociety.org/content/terms. Download to IP: 146.186.247.10 On: Thu, 03 Jul 2014 17:19:36 VIBRATION OF CIRCULAR PLATES 281 L IO .5 Fro. 6. For given t and 4, the inequalities (27) may be used to establish the accuracy of using the membrane fre- quency as an approximation to the plate frequency. It is noteworthy that while a given tension T may permit such an approximation to one of the lower frequencies it may completely fail to do so for the higher frequencies. A larger value of the tensinn it rquired far degree of approximation in the higher frequencies. As an example, if it is required to determine the value of the tension T that would permit the fundamental frequency of a simply supported plate to be approxi- mated, within about 5%, by that of the membrane, one may use the first of (27) and set u/(8.4)_< 0.05. Letting tm = 2.405, this gives 4>275.4, and since T= (4.2D/a2)k, the tension may be readily calculated if the properties of the plate are known. The above results actually answer the question "When can the behavior of a plate be approximated by that of a membrane?" In fact, when the inequalities (27) are satisfied (within the desired limits) the modal functions of the membrane may be used as approxima- tions to those of the plate. However, these results are not very useful in determining the frequencies of a plate with rnnderaIely large val of , the values of re- quired for the validity of the above results being, in general, too high. A more useful result for the determination of the natural frequencies of a stretched plate emerges when one compares Tables I and II with a table of uns (in reference 4, for example). It is found that the values of ans are very close to the corresponding values of t,, even for relatively small values of the tension parameter q and obviously approach the values of t,, asymptoti- cally (see Figs. 1 through 6). Thus, a fairly good approximation to the frequencies of a plate with q> 2 may be obtained by using the values of t,, in place of the corresponding a,,, determining ns from Eqs. (15) or (22) as the case may be, and then using the general formula (16) for the plate frequency. Redistribution subject to ASA license or copyright; see http://acousticalsociety.org/content/terms. Download to IP: 146.186.247.10 On: Thu, 03 Jul 2014 17:19:36