Digital method for power frequency measurement using

synchronous sampling
P.Petrovic, S.Marjanovic and M.Stevanovic
Abstract: An approach to the design of a digital algorithm for measuring AC values (current,
voltage, phase, power, energy, frequency), based on usage of slow, highly precise and low-cost
analogueidigital converters (dual-slope) is described. Measurements of voltage and current are
performed more than once in a period, so the measured value is reconstructed after n periods. The
algorithmpresented is of an adaptive type in accordance with harmonic content of the input signal.
Measurements performed in a real system(electric power systemor electrical utilities) in Yugoslavia
indicate that the voltage waveformremains unchanged whilethe required accuracy is maintained.
List of symbols and terms
DFT =discrete Fourier transform
Nyquist frequency =frequency which is twice the highest
frequency of interest in the spectrumof the input signal
E =systematic error in measurement using synchronous
Pq =power of the harmonic q
t/ =for each
inertial value =slowly inchanging value
qmx =maximal harmonic order of signal
dual-slope AA3 converter =integrating AA3 converter
which uses an integrator connected to a reference voltage
to generate an analogue value which is compared with the
input analogue value by a comparator. The time taken for
the output ramp of the integrator to reach the input-signal
level than gives the binary solution.
sampling
1 Introduction
Many applications involve digital processing of periodic
signals. For example, both voltage and current in electrical
power systems (EPS) are periodic signals containing har-
monic components [6]. There are generally three steps asso-
ciated with the digital processing of a signal. First, the
signal is uniformly sampled and converted into a discrete
sequence. Then, a block of data is constructed by looking
at the sequence for a period of time neglecting everything
that happens before and after this period. This period of
time is referred to as the data window or observation inter-
val. Finally, digital signal-processing techniques such as the
discrete Fourier transform (DFT) are applied to the sam-
ples within the data window to obtain the results. There are
0 IEE, 1999
IEE Proceedings onlineno. 19990295
DOL 10.1049hpepa: 19990295
Paper received15th June1998
P. Petrovic and M. Stevanovic are WiththeTechnical Faculty Cacak, Svetog
Save65,32000 caotk, Yugoslavia
S. Marjanovic is With the Faculty of Electrid Engineering, P.O. Box 816,
1 1001&grad Yugoslavia
some requirements associated with the first two steps. First,
the sampling frequency must be higher than the Nyquist
frequency, which is twicethe hlghest frequency of interest.
A practical problemarises when the sampling frequency is
high enough to satisfy the Nyquist theorembut the sam-
pling process is not synchronised with the signal to beproc-
essed.
The objective of this paper is to propose an approach
whch is simple in terms of computational burden and can
be used for a widerange of applications.
Table 1: Results obtained by measuring the RMS value of
network voltage
Measured RMS Measured RMS
Period value wRMs Period value vRMS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 1
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
208.137987 21
208.1 38487 22
208.142232 23
208.1 43454 24
208.123884 25
208.134556 26
208.144621 27
208.1 50003 28
208.149987 29
208.152134 30
208.1 58745 31
208.158744 32
208.150076 33
208.1 48988 34
208.1 48876 35
208.147688 36
208.1 48756 37
208.1 43326 38
208.143124 39
208. I 47844 40
208.139998
208.1 40087
208.140004
208.142377
208.1 44221
208.145987
208.149856
208.147632
208.149003
208.152315
208.153t42
208.154432
208.150078
208.152300
208.1 50234
208.1 51 288
208.1 49888
208.151117
208.152 134
208.152366
The measuring method suggested in thus paper is based
on selecting samples of input values in a large number of
periods in whch the EPS is considered to beinertial, which
383 IEE Proc.-Electr. Power Appl., Vol. 146, No. 4, July 1999
has been proved by values obtained from measurements of
RMS values of systemvoltage (seeTable 1). The current
makes ths systemnonlinear because one cannot predict in
advance the type of load in the systembeing investigated.
However, after a certain number of periods the current can
be considered as an inertial variable in a long enough inter-
val in which the observed variables are processed. This has
been proved by simulation.
The suggested measuring method is classified as a syn-
chronous-sampling method, which does not introduce any
error when measuring sine and spectrally limited complex
periodic voltage and current signals. It is also the simplest
method from the viewpoint of realising a microcomputer
block using the simplest algorithm, with a relatively small
number of samples N in the measuring cycle compared
with other methods. However, nonideal synchronisation of
sampling frequency with the frequency of the measuring
signal introduces a significant error. Special attention has
been paid to this problem.
According to the theory of synchronous sampling, N
samples are taken (current and voltage) in equal time inter-
vals. The error made by calculating the measured variable
in this way in the general case when a complex periodic
measuring signal is used originates from the harmonic of
the instantaneous power signal p( f ) of the N, 2N, 3N etc.
order when the mean power is calculated, i.e. it originates
from the harmonic of the square of the voltage signal $(t )
and current i2(t) of the N, 2N, 3N etc. order when the effec-
tive (RMS) value is calculated.
If the spectrum of the instantaneous power p(t ) is limited
by the highest harmonic with an order lower than N, syn-
chronous sampling gives an accurate result when the mean
power is calculated from N samples of PAr(N), if the follow-
ing equations are used:
. N- 1 ~ N-I
1 1
Psr ( N) =E p ( t i ) =- U ( t i ) i ( t i )
N
i=O i=O
m
where ti are discrete time instants and to is the starting sam-
pling moment 0 <to <TIN.
If the spectrum of signals of the square of the instantane-
ous voltage is limited by the highest harmonic with an
order lower than N (which means that the spectrum of the
voltage, i.e. the instantaneous signal itself, is limited by the
highest harmonic with an order lower than N/2), synchro-
nous sampling gives an accurate result when calculating the
square of the effective value with N samples Vg2(N) using
the equations
N-1 N-I
171
. A
ti = t o + a -
N
The same can be applied when calculations are performed
using N samples taken during M periods with a sampling
interval of MTIN, if M and N do not have a common fac-
tor.
A systematic error does not exist when calculating inte-
grals for synchronous sampling with N samples if the sig-
nals p(t), $(t) and i2(t) are spectrally limited, so the
maximal harmonic order is smaller than the number of
samples in one measuring cycle (q,,, <N). If they are not
384
spectrally limited, a systematic error occurs:
when the mean power is calculated, i.e.
- A =znt - =znt
when effective values are calculated. The sizeof the error is
directly determined by the amplitude of the harmonic of
the signal Pq of instantaneous power, i.e. by amplitudes of
harmonies of the signal Vq (square of voltage) or by ampli-
tudes of harmonics of Iq (square of current), whose order q
is higher than N.
Synchronous sampling with N samples gives a theoreti-
cally accurate result if the spectrum of current and voltage,
i.e. square-of-voltage $(t ) or square-of-current i2(t) signals
are limited by a harmonic with an order lower than N. If
one can assume that v(t) is an ideal sinusoidal and i(t) has
harmonics to the 20th order, (e.g. 1 kHz), the product-of-
current and voltage has a maximal harmonic order of 21.
In ths case N =22 samples synchronously taken in a
period are needed for an accurate calculation of Psr. The
square-of-current signal i2(t) has harmonics up to the 4th
order, so N =41 samples are needed for accurate calcula-
tion of the effective current. In these working conditions N
=50 samples need to bepredicted for one period of the
measuring signal.
The systemanalysed is by its nature inert so it permits
sampling during several periods of the observed systemvar-
iables. This is why slow, very accurate A/D converters are
used in the proposed measuring system. A 'dual-slope' very
accurate A/D converter was used.
2 Proposed algorithm
A standard dual-slope A/D converter operates with a sam-
pling frequency between 4 and 96Hz, depending on the
input amplitude. This type of converter with a resolution of
12 bits was used for the development of the digital measur-
ing systemdescribed here. Voltage and current from a real
EPS were used as input variables. In the systemdescribed,
voltage and current samples were taken at arbitrarily
defined moments:
t d e i a y =NT +At
where N is the number of periods between sampling, T is
the period of the input voltage and At is the arbitrary delay
determined by the delay of elements in the processing cir-
cuit.
l V V V V V V V
I
t del oy
' I
Fig. 1 Proposed method of sumpling
Based on the samples obtained, series U@), i(k) (k =1, 2,
... n) of voltage and current samples are formed. They per-
mit the reconstruction of measured values in accordance
with Fig. 1. Time-average power is measured according to
the equation
(5)
1 *
P =- C * u ( k ) i ( k )
n
k=l
where n is an arbitrary number determined by the number
IEE Proc.-Electr. Power AppL, Vol. 146. No. 4, July 1999
of samples needed for a precise reconstruction of the meas-
ured value. The value obtained for time-average power is
compared during the simulation with the time-average
power determined using the definition for mean-time aver-
age power:
r
where Tis the period of the input voltage.
The problemof noise that can occur in a real system, as
averaging is performed to determine the time-average
power, is not considered important as the average-noise
value is zero. The possible nonlinear distortions in transi-
tion processes do not last very long, so they can beavoided
when the functioning of this wattmeter designed for meas-
uring periodic variables is considered.
After measuring a series of samples, the wattmeter
repeats the same procedure on the next series of the same
length until it is switched off.
3
When calculation of time-average power is carried out by
the proposed method, let us assume that the signals of
power-systemvoltage vapl(t) and current iinpu,(t) can be
represented as a sumof their Fourier components as fol-
lows:
Analysis of t he proposed algorithm
M
vinput =VI +d 5 v R C l ~ T sin(rwt +$ 7 ) =uinput(t)
r=l
M
s=l
(7)
where o =kfangular frequency, krVR is the RMS voltage
value of the rth harmonic, ZJR is the RMS current value of
the sth harmonic, q, and GS are the phase angles of the rth
and sth harmonic of voltage and current, and VI and II are
the average input voltage and current, respectively.
Time-average power is calculated using the following
expression, whde the processed power is defined as p* in
accordance with the suggested measuring method:
T
j=1
It should now beproved that
P* =P (9)
Start with the following expressions:
f M
M
I R VI
+ 2, cos(swt +4s)
s=l
- COS {( T +s)wt +$T ++s}] dt
(10)
After some mathematical manipulation (see, eqns. 17-38) it
can beconcluded that
P =P*
1
for X = w =100~ T =-
50
Ads9 w220 (11)
For a systemworlung at 60Hz, the described conditions
can take the form
1
X = w =120~ T =-
60
1' M i 49, W 2 50
2" M 5 50,W 2 50
3" M 5 24,W 2 50
(12)
i
Derived conditions have been assuming that delay is A =
lk3s, but apart from this they are of general type. They
define the number of harmonics M needed for accurate
processing of time-average power according to proposed
algorithm, as well as the number of samples W, both of
voltage and current, needed to satisfy eqn. 9.
To confirmthat ths mathematical proof is of general
type, if it is assumed that the input signal is of general har-
monic content, then it can bewritten as follows:
M M
a, sin(nwt +gn) + b, cos(nwt ++, )
n=1 n= 1
M
=1 c, sin(nwt +G, +6,)
(13)
whilee, =d(an2 +bn2) and cose, =an/d(an2 +bn3, sine, =
b,/d(an2 +bn2), by whch same form of the input signal
already considered is obtained.
For the case where the assumed input signal is described
in the following order:
n=l
M M
a, sin(nwt +$,) + b, cos(nwt +&) (14)
n=l n=l
if the following abbreviations are introduced
(a, cos $, - b, sin &) =a,
ZEE Proc.-Electr. Power Appl., Val 144, No. 4, July 1999
(an sin 11% +b, cos &) =/ 3,
(15)
385
it follows that
( a, cos $I , - b, sin $, ) sin wt
+(a, sin t,hn +b, cos &) cos wt
=a, sin wt +pn cos wt
=& m s i n ( w t +7,)
(16)
whilecosy, =uJd(un2 +p?), siny,, =p,,ld(un2 +/32), by
which eqn. 14comes to known form.
Finally, it can beconcluded that the suggested method
gives very accurate results when measuring time-average
power, so it can be accepted as reliable regardless of the
harmonic content of the input signal, and this method can
bedefined in the form of an adaptive algorithm. The sug-
gested method of processing AC values in EPS theoretically
gives an absolutely accurate method of measurement, if the
observed systemcan be considered stationary over a long
enough period of time, as proved by later measurements
(Table 1).
4
real environment
Simulation results and results of measuring in
The proposed measurement concept has been tested using a
special simulation program, whch is written in C++, and
the results obtained are almost the same as those obtained
using the definitions.
The proposed concept for measuring RMS values of cur-
rent, voltage and power can beclassified as a synchronous
method. The required synchronisation is obtained by soft-
ware measurement of the frequency of the measuring signal
allowing generation of a samphg signal by a microproces-
sor. A null detector is connected to one input of the micro-
controller and the frequency of the input signal is
measured. The mierocontroller generates sampling intervals
and, based on sampling values of the measured signal, cal-
culates the mean power or RMS value. Accuracy withn
0.01% of the output value has been reached in the range
from 0 to 1 kHz.
Based on the sampling theorem(Heavisides angle), it
follows that obtaining a correct discrete spectrumrequires
samples with the frequency
wsampl zng 2 2Whzgh
That is much higher than the operating frequency of a
dual-slope converter. However, as the results (Table 1)
prove, this measuring method based on a slow but very
precise converter gives quite good results. An explanation
must besought in the fact that, although sampling with a
specific frequency (4-96Hz) does not render a correct
reconstruction of a complex periodic signal, a sufficient
number of samples over a relatively long time interval
(from the viewpoint of fast processing units) permits accu-
rate enough calculation of the required RMS voltage using
the equation defined above.
A measuring board was specially designed for measuring
voltage and current (and thus active power) in an electric
power systemto test the proposed concept of measuring
active power based on the use of slow, but very precise
dual-slope A/D converters. The block scheme of the pro-
posed model is given in Fig. 2.
The basic board contains a 16-bit A D converter. It ena-
bles sampling, analogue-to-digital conversion and antialias-
ing, generating 16-bit values in a serial form for both right
and left input signals. Words can appear at the output with
a speed greater than 5OkHz per channel. This A/D con-
386
verter uses delta-sigma modulation with 64 x oversam-
pling, including digital fdtering and decimation, and thus
eliminating the need for external antialiasing filtering.
wi t h tronsformer
r
microcontrolter
1,
dotof
1
I /R SCLKDCAL DPD
v h I v
-12v_j n
SDATA- A/D converter
FSYNC
(16 bi t s1
Fig. 2 Block schematic of proposed model
As ths converter is primanly used for measuring audio
signals in real conditions (such as the observed electric
power system), it certainly cannot provide the required 16-
bit accuracy. One can expect an accuracy of 14 bits (per-
haps only 12 bits) for reasons that will bedescribed later.
The deviation of the effective voltage from period to
period was tested experimentally with the purpose of esti-
mating voltage variation and also the values of active
power whch were calculated for several different samples
(i.e. periods of input alternating voltage). Such measure-
ments can confirm inertia of the electric power system
which is by nature very slow (it is well known that in the
Yugoslav systemthe hydroelectric power stations at Djer-
dap and Bajina Basta have the fastest response and they
need at least 15 minutes to change their worlung regime, so
it is clear what type of systemis analysed).
The results obtained by measuring the effective value of
systemvoltage from period to period are given in Table 1.
Note that data from two consecutive periods of input volt-
age are stored in the internal RAM of the experimental
board and then the collected data set is transferred using a
serial connection to a PC. Communication between the
experimental board and the PC is controlled by a micro-
controller (Motorola 68HC11). After ths, the following
input (measured) voltage signal can be processed, so the
group of four consecutive effective voltage values should be
considered as four consecutive periods of systemvoltage.
Thus, this experiment conEirms that the systemis inertial,
as all presented values wereobtained within 10 min, which
was the time needed to collect all samples given in Table 1.
A lowpass filter with band frequency of 450-500Hz was
added to the previously developed board for measuring
RMS systemvoltage to increase the measuring accuracy by
noise attenuation. The filter is active and was checked using
the SPICE programming package before installation.
Measurements were performed using 40 consecutive peri-
ods of systemvoltage.
Analysis of the results shows that the largest variation
during data collection is 0.01%, so the observed systemcan
IEE Proc.-Electr. Power AppL, Vol. 146, No. 4, July 1999
justifiably be considered inertial. For this reason the sug-
gested measuring concept using slow A/D converters per-
mits the development of very precise instruments.
The input analogue voltage must be maintained at the
maximum permitted level of ir5V using precise laser-
trimmed resistors so that the A/D convertor retains the
required accuracy (of 16 bits).
The type of load was changed (and thus the current form
in the system) during simulation. Investigations were per-
formed to estimate the error made when calculating the
effective value of the sinusoidal signal (i.e. the signal
obtained through the acquisition board), depending on the
relative error made when determining the sampling inter-
val, with a fKed number of samples (896 samples in 86ms)
and the defined starting phase. It was determined that the
error is almost a linear function of the error made when
determining the sampling period, while the error made
when determining the sampling period is in the range of
-.OS%, required for this technique of digital processing of
systemvoltage. Outside ths range the error is too high. In
addition, the phases for whch the error was a maximum
and its value were calculated (using the derivative of the
error function). In this case the error (for the defined
number of samples and including the error made when
determining the sampling period) is a simple periodic func-
tion of the starting phase, and for some values it is zero.
For example, for the starting phase of 91.8" and period
determination error of 0.001%, the error made when calcu-
lating the effectivevalue is 19.01 parts in lo6. However, cal-
culation of the sampling period in the present case will be
performed much more accurately (due to hardware
resources and software adaptions), so these errors become
practically unnoticeable (irrelevant). This guarantees high
accuracy of the proposed digital wattmeter and its useas a
standard measuring instrument in the electric power sys-
tem. The analysis described can besimulated for a complex
periodic input (voltage) signal.
The errors that must be taken into account for this
experimental model are the errors introduced into every
bond on the board, which are in the range IO-IOOpV when
standard soldering is used. Ths can beavoided if gold plat-
ing is used (evaporation), for which the error is equalised.
Th~s procedure reduces the error by two orders. Another
problemis temperature swing, whch is of the same order
and reduces the measuring resolution by two bits. Thus, in
the standard measuring devicethe resolution of the AiD
converter cannot be hgher than 14 bits. Even this resolu-
tion is hgh enough for verification of the proposed
method, as all currently used digital wattmeters is based on
fast 'flash' AiD converters with much lower resolutions. A
possible solution to the temperature-swing problemis ther-
mostatic control of the measuring board, whch would
completely eliminate this error. The systemtransformer
also introduces a certain measuring error due to the
unknown (exact) measuring ratio, which needs to be veri-
fied by a special procedure (described in the following text)
and there is also the error that occurs due to scaling of fac-
tors of the resistor circuit which adapts the systemvoltage
to the measuring region of the A/D converter. All these fac-
tors reduce the resolution of the A/D converter to 'only' 12
bits.
The base of the IC circuit also introduces an error of
about lO-lOOpV, due to the imperfection of the connec-
tion. This can be corrected by direct soldering of compo-
nents to the board. In addition, it is necessary to adapt the
material used for the base of the integrated component to
the material of which the board to which the component is
ZEE Pioc -Elreti Power A&. Vol 144, No 4, July 1999
soldered is made, so that a parasitic thermoelement does
not appear and cause temperature swing. This means that
the base should bemade of the same material as the board.
The cables used for transmission of the measured voltage
(and current) to the measuring board must have a cross-
section greater than that normally used for the specified
current and voltage, so that possible disturbances, introduc-
ing errors in further processing, can beeliminated.
All these problems with the experimental board were
solved by additional predesign of the board and determina-
tion of the scale of factors of the whole system(transmis-
sion ratio of the systemtransformer plus the transmission
ratio of resistors used for scaling the systemvoltage) using
test signals and measuring the response of the systemon a
very accurate logical analyser.
In the existing electric power system, the systemfre-
quency swings in the range of 49-51 Hz (allowed by existing
regulations). In the present case it is even a little higher
(48-52Hz). This can certainly influence the accuracy of the
proposed measuring concept to a certain degree, owing to
the error in determination of the sampling period. Because
of the approximation of the sine function with sinx &sime;
x closeto zero it can even be2%, which is why its detection
must be very reliable. When the period is read using an
internal counter in the microprocessor, a comparator for
sine-null detection is required. The cheapest comparators
have a detection rate of 5OVJp.s. As the systemvoltage is
scaled to about 5V on the board (ratio of 1:60), this com-
parator triggers at about 2.5mV, so the error it introduces
is about 20ns. This error can be ignored, as there is no
error accumulation. The accuracy of period reading then
depends only on the processing power of the microproces-
sor.
The processing demands described above can besatisfied
using a great range of low-cost microprocessors. They are
also capable of carrying out DFT to detect harmonic con-
tent of an input signal, automatically adjusting the algo-
rithmto the real conditions in EPS.
5 Conclusions
A new design of digital measuring systemfor measuring
basic parameters of EPS has been described. The proposed
algorithmis suitable for on-line measurements and is char-
acterised by a low computational burden, in comparison
with algorithms described in [7, I]. It is shown by computer
simulation and measurements on a real systemthat the
proposed algorithmis capable of offering a high level of
accuracy in processing AC values. Voltage measurement on
the systemshows that it is inertial, so the error made when
sampling during several periods (rather than in one period)
is below the value required for class 01 instruments. High
accuracy of measurements at high harmonic content of
input signals (voltage and current) is obtained. The pro-
posed method of processing AC values in electric utilities
theoretically gives absolutely accurate results of measure-
ment, provided that the observed systemcan beconsidered
stationary over a long enough period of time, as proved by
measurements (Table 1). The necessary synchronisation is
reached by software measurements of the frequency of the
measured signal and generation of signals for microproces-
sor sampling. Ths gives an opportunity for development of
a measuring systemwith very simple and low-cost hard-
ware, as opposed to the hghly sophisticated and expensive
hardware described in [5]. The algorithmis of an adaptable
type and depends on the harmonic content of the input sig-
nal and the network frequency (50 or 6OHz). An accuracy
withn 0.01% has been attained.
387
6 References
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LEVI, S.: New approach to thedesignof digital algorithms for elec-
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516-523
2 HOPE, G.S., MALIK, O.P., and CHANG, J.: Microprocessor-based
activeand reactivepower measurement, J. Electr. Pwr. Energy Syst.,
1981,3, (2), pp. 75-83
3 TURGEL, R.S.: Digital wattmeter using a sampling method, IEEE
Trans, 1974, IM-23, pp. 337-341
4 SRINNASAN, K.: Errors in digital measqement of voltage, active
and reactivepowers and an on-linecorrechon for frequency drift,
IEEE Tram. Power Deliv., 1987, PWRD-2, (l), pp. 72-75
5 TOIVONEN, L., and MORSKY, J.: Digital multiratealgorithms for
measurement of voltage, current, power and flicker, IEEE Trans.
Power Deliv., 1995, 10, (1)
6 XI, J., and CHICHARO, J.F.: A new algorithmfor improving the
accuracy of periodic signal analysis, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas..
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(2), pp. 117-123
7 Appendix
If the following abbreviations are introduced in eqn. 10:
A1 =IIVI
M
~ I I V R kr
=- - {cos+r cos(2rn ++r ) ]
rw
r=l
T
A I R v I I
A3 =-
{cos$, - cos(2s7r +r &) }
s=l sw
T
1
M M
1
A41 =~ I R V R r#skrzs-
(r +s>w
r=l s=l
1 1
A43 =--IRVR C kTls-
( r +s)w
r=l s=l
T
x [sin { ( r +s ) 2r +$T +c p S} - sin(+r +$s)]
= O
+ A43 =0
M
* P IIVI +IRVR krlr cos(gr - +r )
r=l
(20)
The final expression (eqn. 20) defines .the power based on
the definition including the harmonic voltage and current
content. On the other hand,
. w r
P* =c /VI
W
L s=l
=IIVI
J
W
x [cos { ( r - s) wj ( NT +A) ++r - (bS}
j=1
- cos { ( r +s ) w j ( ~ ~ +A) ++r ++s}]
(21 1
Introducing the expression
W
131= sin { S W ~ ( N T +A) +c b S}
j=1
-t- sin q~ cos { s w j ( ~ ~ +A)}]
=cos rPsC2+sin CpSC1
(22)
while
W
c, = cos {swj ( NT +A)}
~2 =C sin { s w j ( ~ ~ +A>>
j=1
W
j=1
(23)
It follows that
W
cl +i ~ z =C exp { s ~ ~ ( N T +~ ) i }
j=1
IEE Proc.-Electr. Power Appl., Vol. 146, No. 4, July 1999 388
exp {swi(NT +A)W} - 1
exp {swi (NT +A)} - 1
=exp {swi (NT +A)}
=exp {swi(NT +A))
22 exp {y ( N T +A)W} sin y ( N T +A)W
2 i e x p { ~( ~~+A ) } s i n ~( ~T +A )
X
sin 7 ( NT +A) W
sin y ( N T +A)
sw sin y ( N T +A)W
2 sin y ( N T +A)
c1=cos -(NT +A),(W +1)
sw
2 sin y ( N T +A)
sin 7 ( NT +A)W
C2 =sin -(NT +X)(W +1)
(24)
i.e. I
c1=cos {(W +1)
+%) }
sin w ( SNT ++)
sin ( SNI T ++)
X
=cos(W 3- 1)SNT cos (W +1 ) y
{ swA 1
cos WSNI T sin
cos SNI T sin
X
- - (_1)(W+I )SN
(-1)"N
COS(W +1) + sin
- cos {(W +I )+} sin 9
sin
X
sin SWX
2
-
( 25)
sin w ( SNI T +y)
sin ( s ~ n +9)
X
sin {(W +I)+} sin
-
-
sin +
( 26)
To be able to equate the definition and the processed sig-
nal, it can be noticed that
S WA S W A W
2 2
sin- #0 sin- =o (15VsSM)
SIT
w =~ O O T A = sin - #o j M 5 19
20
S7T
sin-W =0 + W 2 20
20
Then
s=l
. .
vs
r=l
vs
M M
I R VR
W
B: =- 7 k,l,
r=l s=l
W
x Cc o s { ( r - s ) wj ( NT+X) +$ , - +, }
B~ =c cos [ { ( r - s ) w j ( ~ ~ +A) +$r - +,I]
cos(& - &) cos {(?- - s)wj (NT +A)}
j=1
W
3=1
W
=
j=1
W
-
sin(+, - +s) sin { ( r - S ) W ~ ( N T +A))
J=1
Introducing the following short form,
W
c3 =C c o s { ( r - s) wj ( NT +A)}
j=1
W
= cos@ - s)wjA
j= 1
it is found that
~3 +i ~ 4 =
W
exp{(r - s ) wj ~ i }
j=1
W
= [exp{(r - s ) w~i } l j
j=1
IEE Proc.-Electr. Power Appl., Vol. 146, No. 4, July 1999
389
exp{(r - s)wAiW} - 1
exp{ ( r - s) wAi } - 1
=exp{ ( r - s) wXi }
2i exp{ ( r - s) wXWz )sir (r-spXW
=exp{(r - s) wXi }
2
2i exp{ k+EG Isin k.$t.?!
( w + l)i} sin
sin (r-;)wX
(33)
{ -z?wA
=exp
To obtain complete equality of the proposed method and
the definition, it is necessary that
r - s
20
A =10- ~ w =IOOT sin -7r #0, (T #s )
( r - s)W
20
M 5 20 sin T W 2 20 + B: =0
(34)
Taking into account that
M M
B* - --
W
3 -
W
=
cos { ( r +s ) wj A +$T +d s }
cos(?- +s) wj A
3=1
W
=cos($,, +4,)
3=1
W
- sin($,, +#s) sin(r +s ) w j ~
=COS(&- +4s)Cs - sin($,, +&)C,
j=1
(35)
and introducing the abbreviations
W
CS = cos(r +s ) w j ~
3=1
W
~6 =C sin(r +s ) w j ~
3=1
(36)
it follows that
To attain equality it is necessary that
r + s
20
A = 10- ~ w = 100n si n- T #~ M 5 9
*w>20
(r +s)wAW (7- +s ) w7r
=sin
2 20
sin
(38)
390
IEE Proc.-Electr. Power Appl., Vol. 146, No. 4, July 1999