1) Find the gross head using the data obtained from water filled tube method and sighting

g meter method.
With this method head can be measured by using local equipments available on the site. It requires a
pipe to fill water, and graded rod. But this method is time consuming and tedious. The figure below itself
explains its measurement method:





























The inference of the experiment we did on the site and the calcualtion is as tabulated as follows















From our experiment we calculated the head to be 23.82m.
Using sighting meters(Abney level)
Hand held sighting meters (Abney levels) measure angle of inclination of a slope. They can be very accurate if
used by an experienced person. They are small and compact. Since this method demands the linear distance
along the slope is recorded, it can have the advantage of measuring the length of the penstock along with head.
The figure below shows the method of measuring the head using Abney level:
Head = l
1
sinc
1
+ l
2
sin
2
+ l
3
sin
3
+ . . . . . .
Where,
l
1
, l
2,
l
3
.are different lengths measured with the measuring tape.

1,

2,

3...........
are the corresponding angles.

Observation
num.
Hight measured at
down hill,Ai(cm)
Hight measured at up
hill,Bi(cm)
Head(Hi)=(Ai-Bi)cm
1 275 40 235
2 260.5 30 230.5
3 194 25.5 168.5
4 230.5 26 204.5
5 140 23 117
6 197.5 14 183.5
7 149 29.5 119.5
8 121.5 4 117.5
9 118 7 111
10 230.5 43 187.5
11 210 14 196
12 176.5 15 161.5
13 163 16.5 147.5
14 223 19 204




2382





Fig:Measuring head using Abney meter


Angle made with horizontal() slope distance S,(m) sin()
Height(Hi)=Si
Sin
33 11.5 0.544625 6.263185072
26 9.96 0.438359 4.366056815
40 8.7 0.642772 5.592114981
23 19.9 0.39072 7.775332588

TotalHead
23.99668946


From this experiment the head is 23.9966946 m.
So,we take the average head for further propose.
Average head=(23.82+23.99)/2=23.905





ii)Find the design flow using the data from velocity area method and salt gulp method.
Flow calculation using velocity area method

Distance travelled
Si(m)
Time taken to travel
this distance,Ti(sec)
Surface velocity
Vi=Si/Ti(m/s)
Mean velocity
Vmi=Vi*C.F(m/s)
30
27.93 1.074114 0.912997
30
27.28 1.099707 0.934751
30
27.16 1.104566 0.938881
30
28.21 1.063453 0.903935
30
27.69 1.083424 0.92091
30
27.59 1.08735 0.924248
30
27.76 1.080692 0.918588
30
27.85 1.077199 0.915619
30
27.32 1.098097 0.933382
30
28.66 1.046755 0.889742
0.9193053


Calculation of Crosss-sectional Area

Width of the river(W) cm Depth1
Depth2 Depth3 Depth4 Depth5
Average Depth,D
72
25.5
27 25.5 23 25.2 25.24
74 24.5 25.5 25.7 24.8 22.9 24.68
83 25.5 26.5 27 26 26 26.2
79 24.5 26.5 27 26 26 26
82 23 23.5 24 23 22.5 23.2

From the table
Average Width= 78 cm
Average Depth=25.604 cm
Cross-Sectional Area(C
sc
)=1997.112cm
2
=0.1997112 m
2

Total discharge =V
mi
*C
sc
=0.9193053*0.1997112=0.1835955646m
3
/s=183.5955 l/s

Discharge calculation using Salt Gulp Method:
Salt Gulp method is used to measure Stream Flow in less than 10 minutes by using very little equipments. The
main device used is conductivity meter.
By choosing a length of stream with no significant inflow and outflows and the probe of conductivity meter is
placed at a fairly fast flowing point and recording the data at different times. With the help of these readings a
curve as shown in fig below is plotted. With the help of this curve, area under the curve can be found for further
calculation.
The curve shape should be like a normal distribution curve.

The discharge is calculated by using the given formula:
Q (L/s) =
( )
()



















Observation and calculation for gulp salt metdod:


S.N. Time
Conductivity per ohm
* 10e-6 (mg/litre)



1 0 2

2 5 2

3 10 2

4 15 2

5 20 2

6 25 2

7 30 2

8 35 3

9 40 5

10 45 6

11 50 4

12 55 3

13 60 3

14 65 3

15 70 2
16 75 2









Hence,from our experiment we concluded the following datas of the Micro hydro
Head=23.90 m
Discharge =183.5955 l/sec
iv)Calculate the installed capacity of the scheme.
Considering 50% overall efficiency
Power output = efficiency*head*discharge*g
=0.5*23.90*183.5955*9.8
=21500.86890 watts
=21.500 Kwatts


v)Decide the type of the turbine to be used and calculate size of the runner and the water jet.
Calculating the RPM of the turbine
The RPM of the generator is calculated as below
Generated frequency(f)=50 Hz
Number of poles(P)=4(considered)
Now,the generator RPM=

=
1500

Considering the Gear ratio (G)=2
Turbine speed =

=750

Now specific speed =
750

where P= power in H.P.
H=Head in Meter
n= speed of turbine
Specific speed =
750288590
2390

=76.24


Fig:Choosing criteria for turbine

So,for specifie speed of 76.24 and head 23.90 meter the best turbine from above graph is cross flow
turbine.
Size of runner:
Here net head =23.90m
turbine speed =750 rpm
Gear Ratio=2(As belt drive with equal diameter pullys were used)
So the size of the runner is given by D
rn
=


=

=260.733mm
now the jet length,considering the thickness of the jet to be 1/5
th
of the diameter od the
runner,
width of the jet b
o
=Q
max
/(0.9*H
0.5
* D
rn

)=0.183599/(0.9*4.888176
0.5
*0.260733)=353.87mm






vi)Decide the type of the governing system to be employed and design its size.
Since the plant is micro hydro with very little capacity,use of governer will cause the loss of power.So
the plane is run at full load all the tiime and the distubrition system is stablized by using Electronic
Load Controller.

vii)Suggest the suitable drive system.
The suitable drive system for this micro hydro system is belt drive with same sized pully.
The reason behind this choice are as follows:
1) Belt drive is easy to be employed in micro hydro.
2) It is cheaper.
3) It is easy to maintan.
4) It is sufficient efficiency to be used in micro hydro scheme.
viii)Decide the type of generator to be used and find its size.Suggest the excitation system te be
employed.
We have used synchronous generator of four pole in this micro hydro scheme.