a.

Surds
Let a be any rational number and n be any positive integer such
that an is irrational. Then an is a surd.
Example: 3, 106, 43 etc
Please note that numbers like 9, 273 etc are not surds because
they are not irrational numbers
Every surd is an irrational number. But every irrational number is not
a surd. (eg : , e etc are not surds though they are irrational
numbers.)

II. Addition, Subtraction and Multiplication Rules for Even
and Odd Numbers

Addition Rules for Even and Odd Numbers
1. The sum of any number of even numbers is always even
2. The sum of even number of odd numbers is always even
3. The sum of odd number of odd numbers is always odd.
Multiplication Rules for Even and Odd Numbers
1. The product of even numbers is always even
2. The product of odd numbers is always odd
3. If there is at least one even number multiplied by any number of
odd numbers, the product is always even
DIVISIBILITY:
Divisibility by 4: A number is divisible by 4 if the number formed by the
last two digits is divisible by 4. (For 8 last 3 digits, for 16 last 4 digits)
Divisibility by 6: A number is divisible by 6 if it is divisible by both 2 and
3.
Divisibility by 7: To find out if a number is divisible by 7, multiply the
last digit no. from 2 and SUBTRACT it from the number formed by the
remaining digits.
Repeat this process until we get at a smaller number whose divisibility we
know. If this smaller number is 0 or divisible by 7, the original number is
also divisible by 7. [ADD the no. for 19 & check]
Example: Check if 3374 is divisible by 7.
Given number = 3374
337 - (4 2) = 337 - 8 = 329
32 - (9 2) = 32 - 18 = 14
14 is divisible by 7. Hence 329 is also divisible by 7.
Hence 3374 is also divisible by 7.

Example: Check if 71234 is divisible by 19.

Given Number = 71234
7123 + (4 2) = 7123 + 8 = 7131
713 + (1 2) = 713 + 2 = 715
71 + (5 2) = 71 + 10 = 81
81 is not divisible by 19. Hence 71234 is not divisible by 19

Divisibility by 9: if the sum of its digits is divisible by 9.
Divisibility by 11: To find out if a number is divisible by 11, find the
DIFFERENCE of sum of the odd numbered digits and the sum of the
even numbered digits.
If the number we get is 0 or divisible by 11, the original number is also
divisible by 11.
Example: Check if 9548 is divisible by 11.
9 + 4 = 13
5 + 8 = 13
13 - 13 = 0
We got the difference as 0. Hence 9548 is divisible by 11.

Divisibility by 13: To find out if a number is divisible by 13, multiply the
last digit by 4 and add it to the number formed by the remaining digits.
Repeat this process until we get at a smaller number whose divisibility we
know.
If this smaller number is divisible by 13, the original number is also
divisible by 13 (not 0 since add.)

Example3: Check if 68172 is divisible by 13.

Given number = 68172
6817 + (2 4) = 6817 + 8 = 6825
682 + (5 4) = 682 + 20 = 702
70 + (2 4) = 70 + 8 = 78
78 is divisible by 13. Hence 68172 is also divisible by 13.
Divisibility by 17: To find out if a number is divisible by 17, multiply the
last digit by 5 and SUBTRACT it from the number formed by the
remaining digits.
Repeat this process until you arrive at a smaller number whose divisibility
you know.
If this smaller number is divisible by 17, the original number is also
divisible by 17.

NOTE: SUBTRACTION IN BROTHERS (7 & 17) & 11
ADDITION IN OTHERS (13 & 19)


Prime numbers will have exactly 2 integer factors.
Composite numbers are numbers that have more than 2 factors.
Every whole number is either prime or composite, with two exceptions 0
and 1 which are neither prime nor composite.
LCM
Example 2 : Find out LCM of 18, 24, 9, 36 and 90

2 18, 24, 9, 36, 90
2 9, 12, 9, 18, 45
3 9, 6, 9, 9, 45
3 3, 2, 3, 3, 15
1, 2, 1, 1, 5

HCF OF 2 OR MORE NOS. (SHORTCUT METHOD)
Find out HCF of 9, 27, and 48

Taken any two numbers and find out their HCF first. Say, let's find out
HCF of 9 and 27 initially.

9) 27 (3
27
0
Hence HCF of 9 and 27 = 9

HCF of 9 ,27, 48 = HCF of [(HCF of 9, 27) and 48] = HCF of [9 and 48]

9) 48 (5
45
3) 9 (3
9
0
Hence, HCF of 9 ,27, 48 = 3
LCM for fractions = LCM of Numerators/ HCF of Denominators
HCF for fractions = HCF of Numerators/ LCM of Denominators
LCM & HCF of Decimals:

Find the LCM and HCF of .63, 1.05, 2.1

Step 1: Make the same number of decimal places in all the given numbers
by suffixing zero(s) in required numbers as needed.

i.e., the numbers can be written as .63, 1.05, 2.10

Step 2: Now find the LCM/HCF of these numbers without decimal.

Without decimal, the numbers can be written as 63, 105 and 210 .

LCM (63, 105 and 210) = 630

HCF (63, 105 and 210) = 21

Step 3 : Put the decimal point in the result obtained in step 2 leaving as
many digits on its right as there are in each of the numbers.
i.e., here, we need to put decimal point in the result obtained in step 2
leaving two digits on its right.

i.e., the LCM (.63, 1.05, 2.1) = 6.30

HCF (.63, 1.05, 2.1) = .21

COMPARING THE FRACTIONS:

Fractions with same numerators: Bigger the denominator, smaller the
number.
Fractions with different numerators and denominators: Find out the LCM
of Denominators & compare after changing.

CO-PRIME NUMBERS OR RELATIVELY PRIME NUMBERS

Two numbers are said to be co-prime (also spelled coprime) or relatively
prime if they do not have a common factor other than 1. i.e., if their HCF
is 1.

Ex. 3 & 5; 14 & 15 etc.

PRODUCT OF TWO NUMBERS = PRODUCT OF THEIR HCF AND LCM.





SEQUENCE & SERIES:

AP:
t
n
= a + (n 1)d


T
n
= S
n
- S
n-1

Arithmetic Mean:

To solve most of the problems related to A.P., the terms can be
conveniently taken as

3 terms: (a d), a, (a +d)
4 terms: (a 3d), (a d), (a + d), (a +3d)
5 terms: (a 2d), (a d), a, (a + d), (a +2d)
If each term of an A.P. is increased, decreased, multiplied or divided by
the same non-zero constant, the resulting sequence also will be in A.P.
In an A.P., sum of terms equidistant from beginning and end will be
constant.
GP:

SUM of n terms =




If GM, AM and HM are the Geometric Mean, Arithmetic Mean and
Harmonic Mean of two positive numbers respectively, then

GM
2
= AM HM
Let A, G and H be the A.M., G.M. and H.M. between two distinct
positive numbers. Then A > G > H
A, G and H are in GP
If a series is both an A.P. and G.P., all terms of the series will be
equal. In other words, it will be a constant sequence.
HP:
Three non-zero numbers a, b, c will be in HP, if 1/a, 1/b, 1/c are in A.P.
Ex. 1/2, 1/6,1/10




Basic Algebraic Formulas









QUADRATIC FORMULA:

Discriminant= +ve- 2 roots; -ve no root; 0- 1 root