Power Input Term Vari Freq Drive

August 04
1
Pre-Test
Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following is NOT a major concern when
protecting the VFD from the incoming power?
A. Voltage Surge
B. Spikes
C. Phase Loss
D. Harmonics
E. Voltage Sag
2. The power coming into the VFD should be limited in cycling to how
many power-ups per minute?
A) A maximum of 1 power-up per minute
B) A maximum of 2 power-ups per minute
C) A maximum of 5 power-ups per minute
D) A maximum of 10 power-ups per minute
E) Unlimited this is no potential problem with cycling power on the
input.
3. Noise produced by the VFD going back into incoming power is
defined as 2 types, Harmonics and Radio Frequency Interference
(RFI). Which of the following is the best description for these 2
types of noise?
A) Harmonics = or < 3kHz and RFI = or > 450kHz.
B) Harmonics = or < 49kHz and RFI = or > 50kHz.
C) RFI = or < 3kHz and Harmonics = or > 450kHz.
D) RFI = or < 49kHz and Harmonics = or > 50kHz.
E) These 2 names are interchangeable meaning the same thing. RFI
in most commonly used in Europe while Harmonics is commonly
used in North America.
August 04
2
Pre-Test
Multiple Choice
4. To make a 12-pulse VFD work correctly, which of the following is
required for the best operation?
A) A 30 Phase Shift Transformer
B) 5% Input Line Reactor
C) Perfect balance between the 3 phases on the input.
D) Both A and C but not B
E) All 3 answers, A, B and C.
5) When ordering RFI filters for a VFD, 2 classes of RFI Filters are
commonly identified, according to EN 55011. They are which of the
following:
A) Class 1 for residential and Class 2 for industrial.
B) Class 1.1 for industrial and Class 1.2 for residential.
C) Class X for residential and Class Y for industrial.
D) Class A for residential and Class B for industrial.
E) Class 1A for industrial and Class 1B for residential.
August 04
3
How did you do?
Answers:
1. D. Harmonics are not a concern when protecting the VFD
2. B. The VFD is limited to 2 power-ups per minute
3. A. Harmonics = or < 3kHz and RFI = or > 450kHz.
4. D. Both the 30 phase shift and perfect balance on the inputs are
needed. The 5% input line reactor is NOT needed.
5. E. Class 1A for industrial and Class 1B for residential.
If you got 4 or 5 right skip this lesson and go to lesson 6
If you got 3 or less right, please review this lesson.
August 04
Danfoss Drives - Loves Park, IL USA 1
VFD 101
Lesson 5
Power Input Terminology for a VFD
This lesson covers the terminology associated with
the incoming power to a Variable Frequency Drive
(VFD) and the efforts to protect both the VFD and
incoming power.
When connecting a VFD to a system, there are 3 separate connections that
are made: incoming power, motor wiring and control wiring. This lesson
deals with the terminology concerning the first of these three, incoming
power. Here is the basics outline for this lesson.
VFD Power Input Terminology
1. Protecting the VFD
a. Switching on the Input
b. Surge/Sag
c. Transients Spikes
d. Phase Balancing
e. Single Phase
f. Fuses, connectors and voltages
2. Protecting the Supply Line
a. Radio Frequency Interference (RFI)
b. Harmonics, IEEE 519
c. Managing Harmonic Distortion
August 04
Incoming AC Power
Inputs labeled L1, L2, and L3.
R, S and T are older designations
Terminals 91, 92 and 93 for Danfoss
This lesson covers the terminology involved in connecting a Variable
Frequency Drive (VFD) to incoming AC power. The terminals used to
connect incoming power to the VFD are labeled L1, L2 and L3. Older
designations label these as R, S and T. In the drive shown above both
labels are shown, along with the terminal numbers for Danfoss which are 91,
92 and 93.
When connecting the drive to incoming power the current needed by
the drive is always the primary consideration. It is important that the
transformer, wires and fuses can handle the full load amps of the drive. It is
also very important that local electric codes are followed. The National
Electric Code (NEC) requires branch protection and UL certification requires
fuses be used with the drive.
There are 2 major concerns when wiring incoming power to the drive.
The first is that the VFD must be protected from any variants from the
incoming supply line. The second is that the supply line must also be
protected from noise made by the drive. Anytime diodes or SCRs are used
to change AC into DC, switching occurs creating a non-linear load. This
non-linear load can have an adverse effect (noise) on the supply power
going to the VFD. In the notes that follow this noise is explained in more
detail.
August 04
1) Protecting the VFD
Numerous Stray Voltages and power changes
from incoming power can effect the VFD.
The first section covers the protection of the VFD from the changes in
incoming power. The first item covered is the switching of power coming into
the drive. There can also be Surges and Sags in the incoming AC power. If
these surges are too high, or the sags are too low, the VFD shuts down for
its own protection. There must also be protection against transients or
spikes in the incoming power. Another item to be covered is a Phase
Imbalance between the 3 phases of power coming into the drive. The last
item to be covered are Fuses, connectors and different voltages which might
be encountered.
August 04
a) Switching on the Input
Maximum switching on input is 2 times per minute
Soft Charge circuit heats up with excessive starts,
and charging and discharging of the capacitors
needs to be limited.
Rapidly and repeatedly switching power on the input to the VFD can
have a very negative effect on the drive. The power going into the drive
requires the capacitors to be charged, which requires power to travel through
a soft charge circuit. If this is started repeatedly, the current going through
the current limiting resistors can cause the resistors to overheat and blow
fuses on the soft charge circuit, disabling the drive for its own protection.
The stress on the capacitors powering up during the ON cycle, then
discharging during the OFF cycle can also shorten the life of the capacitors
and also the life of the drive. For these reasons it is important that the drive
be limited to just 2 starts per minute. If the drive needs to start and stop its
motor repeatedly, it is best to always use the drives control circuitry.
August 04
b) Surge and Sag
Surge is an incoming voltage above its expected level
Sag is an incoming voltage below its expected level
Frequency shifts between 45Hz to 65Hz, can also
occur.
It is important that a VFD be able to operate even though the voltage
is changing coming into the drive. With an increase in voltage, a surge, the
VFD continues to run its load until an upper limit is reached. To protect
itself, once the voltage exceeds this limit, the drive trips into an alarm
condition. In the example above, 7 manufacturers are shown in the
tolerance range for changes in the incoming voltages. Danfoss has one of
the widest ranges concerning incoming voltage shifts. Notice that a 480Vac
drive has a surge trip point of 550Vac.
A drop in voltage, a sag, is far more common, particularly in the
summer. In the example above, using a 480Vac drive, the sag trip point is
342Vac. As the voltage drops from 480Vac down, the VFD starts to drop its
maximum output down from 100%. It continues to operate but at a lower
level during these Brown-Out conditions. Once the voltage drops below
342Vac, the VFD trips to protect itself.
If there is a slight frequency shift away from 60Hz in North America, or
50Hz in the rest of the world, the VFD must continue to operate. In both
cases, if the voltage swings or if the frequency shifts, the wider the range the
drive can handle the fewer nuisance shut-downs. In both cases, no one
exceeds Danfoss in the range of voltage or frequency as indicated in the
example above.
August 04
c) Transients and Spikes
Spikes or Transients
Metal Oxide Varistors (MOV)
Another problem that might be encountered with incoming power is
spikes or transients of voltage, which occur for a very short amount of time.
These spikes may be caused by heavy loads in the main supply being
switched ON then OFF, or even by lightning strikes. A VFD must have the
capacity to handle these spikes in the same way that personal computers
need surge protection.
Some manufacturers, such as Danfoss, use a fast acting Metal Oxide
Varistor (MOV), zenner diodes and oversized DC bus capacitors to provide
protection against high potential spikes. The MOV, which looks like a small
capacitor, is pictured above. When the voltage exceeds 2.3 times the
expected incoming voltage for 1.3 milliseconds, the MOV shorts, protecting
the internal parts of the drive. Danfoss places 4 of these MOVs in its drive,
one on each of the 3 inputs and one attached to the DC Link. Danfoss
drives are designed and built to meet a tough German specification for surge
suppression (VDE 0160).
August 04
d) Phase Imbalance
Voltage Imbalance on one of the Phases causes
excessive stress on filter capacitors, so the VFD
shuts down and sends out an alarm.
The closer to maximum load of the VFD the more
sensitive it becomes to an incoming voltage
imbalance.
Another problem with incoming power can be a phase imbalance
between the 3 phases. A voltage imbalance on one of the phases causes
excessive stress on filter capacitors. When the VFD sees an amount
beyond 2%, the VFD shuts down and alarms the operator letting him know
that there is a problem with the incoming power. This 2% imbalance
becomes more crucial as the drive approaches its maximum load. The
closer to maximum load the more sensitive the drive becomes to an
incoming voltage imbalance.
There are some parts of the world that almost always have a phase
imbalance of at least 2% or more. Some VFD manufactures, such as
Danfoss, allow the turning off of the phase imbalance protection for those
locations. It must be remembered with a large constant phase imbalance,
the expected life of the VFD is reduced.
August 04
e) Single Phase Input
Some small VFDs are designed for single phase
It is NOT recommended to place single phase on
a 3-phase only - VFD
Reduces life of filtering capacitors
Single Phase into the drive is possible with some smaller size drives,
usually 3Hp and under. Notice in the picture above single phase terminals
are labeled N and L1. It is possible to use single phase input on a 3-phase
drive when properly engineered, it is NOT officially recommended or
supported by Danfoss. Performance and long term reliability problems may
result. One of the biggest concerns with single-phase input is the effect it has
on the filtering capacitors.
August 04
f) Fuses, Connectors and Voltages
Fuses
No Power factor correction capacitors
Fuses must be placed between the VFD and the transformer.
Instruction manuals for each size of VFD identifies the correct type and size
of fuses needed for the installation. According to UL, fuses must be used
with a VFD because of the quickness of fuse protection, when compared
with circuit breakers. It should be noted that fuses do NOT completely
protect the drive but do reduce the damage during a short circuit or other
problem.
On a retrofit, if power factor correction capacitors are found with the
motor, and the customer wants them with the new VFD installation, they
must be placed between the transformer and the VFD and never between
the VFD and the motor.
August 04
Quick Connections are needed for quick
replacement.
Cable clamps are very helpful, but must
also have a quick release.
A note in passing is that most drives need quick release connectors to
remove power, motor and control wiring. In the diagram above plugs are
used to remove the incoming power. This is very important particularly in the
industrial market where lost time is measured in the thousands of dollars per
minute.
Cable clamps are another helpful addition to drives. These clamps
relieve the tension from the wire connectors. Incidental pulling of wires on
those drives that do not have clamps can have a very adverse effect on the
drives.
August 04
120Vac used by very small motors in North America
230Vac used by small motors
380Vac used by most motors in Europe
460Vac used by most motors in USA
575Vac used by most motors in Canada
690Vac used by some motors in Germany
There are a number of voltages that may be used by VFDs. In North
America there is a growing demand for small portable drives that use
120Vac. Many small motors worldwide use 230Vac. In Europe, most
motors use 380Vac, but the current standard is 400Vac. On larger motors
throughout the world, but particularly in North America, 460Vac is used.
Canada and some places in South Africa and in the Northeast and
Southeast parts of the USA use 575Vac. Germany has just recently allowed
the use of 690Vac. It is important that VFD manufacturers can handle a
variety of voltage ranges.
August 04
2) Protecting the
Supply Line
Voltage and current distortions caused by the
VFD can effect in-coming power.
High Noise above 450kHz is called Radio
Frequency Interference (RFI) and low noise below
3kHz is called Harmonics.
Not only must the VFD be protected from the incoming power, it is
also important that the main power supply and all other equipment attached
to this transformer be protected from the noise generated by the VFD. All
VFDs generate noise. Noise, as voltage distortion in the supply line, can
cause sensitive equipment such as computers and PLC to malfunction.
Noise as current distortion in the transformer causes heat in the
transformer and associated wiring. This noise can be described as 2
different types:
1) Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) and
2) Harmonics.
RFI (frequencies of 450kHz and higher) can travel through the wires
and can also be radiated through the air. Many of these problems can be
corrected by using RFI filters in the drives and shielded (screened) cable.
RFI is a major concern when using drives in Europe.
Harmonics are the noise at low frequencies, less that 3kHz, which are
only generated through the wires and never radiated through the air.
Engineers in North America seem to be more concerned with harmonics.
Both of these and managing harmonics are covered in some detail on the
pages that follow.
August 04
a) Radio Frequency Interference (RFI)
Noise RFI
CE EN 55011
1A Filter
1B Filter
Grounded Delta
What is RFI? A child likes to watch the TV on Saturday morning,
which happened to be his mothers cleaning day. She plugs the vacuum
cleaner into the same power outlet that the TV is connected. When she
turns the vacuum on, because of its non-linear load, distortion or snow
appears on the TV. That is RFI or noise. Now with a TV there is little
problems, but with sensitive equipment such as transmitters, PLCs and
computers there could be real problems.
Since this is a major concern for Europe, CE has taken steps to
measure and limit RFI in industrial, scientific and medical area covered in
EN 55011. Under these guidelines, Class 1A filters are used for industrial
areas and Class 1B filters, which filters more, are used for residential. There
is a specific product standard which covers VFDs known as EN 61800-3.
Special RFI filters either 1A or 1B can be ordered with most drives. If
filters are installed on a drive and in those applications where power to the
drive is coming through a delta secondary transformer there are precautions
that should be taken. On these systems which are described as grounded
delta transformers, it is best to disconnect the ground connection of the
drives RFI Filter which is done by using a switch or a jumper.
August 04
Multiples, mainly the 5
th
and the 7
th
harmonics of
the fundamental sine wave (60 Hz), caused by
the switching current flow through the VFDs
input rectifiers, causes interference in the
incoming power.
Fundamental
Summation of all
harmonic frequencies
b) Harmonic Distortion
Harmonic distortion has been a hot topic in North America with the
ever increasing use of equipment incorporating rectifiers and similar
switching devices on the input. This noise is low frequencies that appear on
wires coming from the supply transformer.
In the example above, notice that the orange fundamental sine wave,
comes from the main power supply. In a 6-pulse drive, one that has 6
diodes or SCRs rectifying the AC power to DC, the 5
th
harmonic (300Hz) is
quite large as seen in the blue sine wave. The 7
th
harmonic (420Hz) is also
quite large as seen in the pink sine wave. The summation of all of these
sine waves is shown in red, and you can see the distortion that exists on the
power supply. The harmonic distortion is related to the number of diodes
used to rectify AC to DC. As the number of harmonics increases, the lower
their amplitude, which means less problems. The 5
th
and 7
th
harmonics have
a much greater amplitude than the 11
th
and 13
th
which have a greater
amplitude than the 17
th
and 19
th
. The reduction of the 5
th
7
th
and 11
th
harmonic signals are the greatest concern.
August 04
b) Harmonic Distortion
Harmonic Current Distortion increases the RMS
current and can result in overheating of the supply
transformer and cables.
Harmonic Voltage Distortion can interfere with other
equipment attached to the same line.
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) at the point of
common coupling is discussed in IEEE 5-19.
Harmonic current distortion causes heat and this has an adverse
effect on the supply transformer and cables. Based on the impedance of the
supply line and transformer, current distortion can cause harmonic voltage
distortion, which can interfere with other equipment attached to the same
supply transformer.
Harmonics is discussed by a North American standard which is IEEE
5-19. This harmonic distortion is seen as a system measurement known as
the Total Harmonic Distortion or THD which is measured at a point of
common coupling, PCC, usual where the electric meter is placed. This
standard indicates limits of allowable THD distortion of 3% 5% and 10%
dependant on the sensitivity of the application. IEEE 5-19 is a system
standard not an equipment standard as some claim. There are times where
the THD is high but with the addition of other loads the THD is dropped
because additional rectifiers can cancel out some of the harmonic
frequencies. In the pages that follow a procedure for harmonic remedies is
reviewed
August 04
Analyze system to determine whether
harmonic distortion is an issue.
If it is an issue:
1) Redistribute Sensitive Loads
2) Rewire as Virtual 12 Pulse
3) Add Remedial Hardware
Line Reactors
Filters
Isolation Transformers
c) Managing Harmonic Distortion
If the transformer supplying power to the VFDs and other equipment
is operating hot or if other equipment has noise problems here is a way to
manage harmonic distortion. The first step is to analyze the THD at the
point of common coupling and determine if it is a problem. If it is a problem
then there are some remedies.
To rectify problems with harmonic noise, one way is to more the
equipment that is sensitive to noise on to a different power supply. Another
way to reduce harmonic noise is to use one 30 phase shift transformer to
supply 2 sets of VFDs. The last remedy is to purchase additional
equipment, such as line reactors, filters or isolation transformers. These
remedies are explored in detail on the following pages.
August 04
Remedial Hardware
Input Line Reactor
One of the most common remedies used by many drive
manufacturers is to place an input line reactor (between 3% to 5%) between
the drive and the power supply. This does reduce the harmonic noise, but it
also reduces the voltage going to the drive. This reduced voltage might be a
problem when the drive is used at maximum load and maximum speed. The
motor can become voltage starved. This might require the VFD to be a size
larger to avoid nuisance tripping.
August 04
Remedial Hardware
DC Inductors
Another way to reduce harmonic noise is to use DC inductors or
chokes built in the drive. These eliminate some of the noise, usually about
40%. This method is what Danfoss uses, building DC inductors into all of its
drives. These DC inductors are expense which has caused most VFD
manufacturers to offer them as options.
August 04
Remedial Hardware
Isolation Transformers
Expensive option
Another option to stop harmonic noise is to place an isolation
transformer between the drive and sensitive equipment. Most of the noise if
engineered correctly stops at the isolation transformer. This can be a very
expensive option. In the past, many drive manufacturers required isolation
transformers to prevent ground faults and protect against uneven phase to
ground voltages.
August 04
Remedial Hardware
12 Pulse Drive
Cancels 5
th
and 7
th
harmonics
Works with much smaller 11
th
and 13
th
harmonics
Must have 30 phase shift transformer
Works best with perfect balance between phases
Another option is to produce VFDs with 12 diodes in the rectifier
section, known as a 12-pulse drive. This theoretically cancels the 5
th
and 7
th
harmonics and only allows the much smaller 11
th
and 13 harmonics and
higher to interfere. One manufacturer has aggressive pursued this option,
producing 12-pulse drives, and 18-pulse drives. This manufacturer then
uses drive specifications to eliminate competitors.
In order to make the 12-pulse option work correctly, a 30 phase shift
transformer must be included. If both sets of 6-pulse diodes are attached to
the same transformer output, it makes the drive no different that a 6-pulse
drive and its harmonic limitations.
To make the noise reducing features of a 12-pulse drive work best,
the 3-phase inputs from the transformer should be perfectly balanced. In
real life, there is almost always a phase imbalance between the 3 inputs. As
the imbalance increases, harmonic distortion increases.
August 04
Rewire
Virtual (Quasi) 12-Pulse
One phase shift transformer for multiple drives
One way to avoid the more expensive 12-pulse drives is to wire the
drives in a virtual or quasi 12-pulse configuration. Here a large 30 phase
shift transformer is used to power 2 sets of VFDs, one from the standard part
of the transformer and the other from the 30 phase shift part. This allows
the use of the much less expensive 6-pulse drives with the harmonic
cancellation advantages of the 12-pulse.
August 04
Remedial Hardware
Advanced Harmonic Filters (AHF)
AHF 005 & AHF 010 are designed for Danfoss VFDs.
AHF filter is placed between incoming power and the VFD.
Another option is to use a harmonic filter as pictured above. This
device is mounted between the drive and incoming power and it reduces
harmonic noise problems. These filters can be passive or active. The one
pictured above is a passive filter specifically designed to work with Danfoss
drives and their DC inductors.
Active filters have a logic controller that monitors the incoming power.
It then calculates the necessary counter signals to eliminate the harmonic
distortion. These active filters are more expensive.
August 04
AHF Filters
By connecting the AHF 005 or AHF 010 in front of the VFD. The
harmonic current distortion generated back to the mains is
reduced to a minimum.
Remedial Hardware
In the diagrams above the bar chart to the left shows the amounts of
current distortion on a 6-pulse drive that has DC inductors. When the AHF
filters are placed upstream from the VFD, notice in the middle chart and the
chart on the right that the harmonic levels are very small. Another
advantage that the filters have over a 12-pulse VFD is there is only a slight
increase in harmonics on the power when there is a phase imbalance.
August 04
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Cost Index
The Law of Diminishing Returns
Here is a chart showing the reduction of harmonics and the cost of
each remedy. The blue bars show the THD on the supply line. Notice that a
standard 6-pulse VFD has a very large harmonics level. The next remedy,
6-pulse with DC inductors, removes a great deal of harmonics. The index on
the right uses this remedy as the 100% cost level. The next remedy, with
3% line reactor reduces the harmonics slightly and is slightly more
expensive. The next remedy, 12-pulse reduces the harmonics significantly
but the cost has risen by 40%. The next remedy, quasi 12-pulse has about
the same noise level as a 12-pulse drive but only adds 22% cost.
The next remedies use passive filters, the broad band filter and the
harmonic trap. Broad band filters as the name implies covers a range of
harmonic frequencies. The harmonic trap is designed for a specific
harmonic frequency, usually the 5
th
. The cost jumps significantly when the
18-pulse remedy is used, with only some reduction in the harmonic level.
The new AHF filter is not shown on this diagram.
This completes this lesson.
There are Review Questions in the Post-Test section.
August 04
1
Post -Test
Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following is NOT a major concern when
protecting the VFD from the incoming power?
A. Voltage Surge
B. Spikes
C. Phase Loss
D. Harmonics
E. Voltage Sag
2. The power coming into the VFD should be limited in cycling to how many
power-ups per minute?
A) A maximum of 1 power-up per minute
B) A maximum of 2 power-ups per minute
C) A maximum of 5 power-ups per minute
D) A maximum of 10 power-ups per minute
E) Unlimited this is no potential problem with cycling power on the
input.
3) The main function of a MOV (Metal Oxide Varistor) located on the power
wires going to the rectifiers inside the VFD is which of the following:
A) Protects the VFD from spikes on the incoming power.
B) Protects the transformer from spikes developed by the VFD.
C) Associated with the elimination of Radio Frequency Interference
(RFI)
D) Associated with the elimination of Harmonics.
E) Both C and D are correct.
August 04
2
Post-Test
4) As the VFD gets closer to its maximum load, which of the following
is true, concerning the imbalance on incoming power.
A) The closer to maximum load, the more sensitive the VFD is to
current imbalance.
B) The closer to maximum load, the less sensitive the VFD is to
current imbalance.
C) The closer to maximum load, the more sensitive the VFD is to
voltage imbalance.
D) The closer to maximum load, the less sensitive the VFD is to
voltage imbalance.
E) None of the above are true.
5) To be UL listed, a VFD must have which of the following on the
incoming power?
A) Input line reactor.
B) Circuit breakers
C) Fuses
D) Disconnect
E) All of the above are required for UL listing.
6) Noise produced by the VFD going back into incoming power is
defined as 2 types, Harmonics and Radio Frequency Interference (RFI).
Which of the following is the best description for these 2 types of noise?
A) Harmonics = or < 3kHz and RFI = or > 450kHz.
B) Harmonics = or < 49kHz and RFI = or > 50kHz.
C) RFI = or < 3kHz and Harmonics = or > 450kHz.
D) RFI = or < 49kHz and Harmonics = or > 50kHz.
E) These 2 names are interchangeable meaning the same thing.
RFI in most commonly used in Europe while Harmonics is commonly
used in North America.
7) The engineering recommendation, IEEE 519 is always identified or
mentioned when talking about which of the following:
A) Radio Frequency Interference (RFI)
B) Harmonics
C) Surge/Sag Protection
D) Transient Protection
E) Nuisance trips
August 04
3
Pre-Test
8) To make a 12-pulse VFD work correctly, which of the following is
required for the best operation?
A) A 30 Phase Shift Transformer
B) 5% Input Line Reactor
C) Perfect balance between the 3 phases on the input.
D) Both A and C but not B
E) All 3 answers, A, B and C.
9) When ordering RFI filters for a VFD, 2 classes of RFI Filters are
commonly identified, according to EN 55011. They are which of the
following:
A) Class 1 for residential and Class 2 for industrial.
B) Class 1.1 for industrial and Class 1.2 for residential.
C) Class X for residential and Class Y for industrial.
D) Class A for residential and Class B for industrial.
E) Class 1A for industrial and Class 1B for residential.
10) When connecting a VFD, which has a built-in RFI Filter, to incoming
power, it is discovered that incoming power uses a grounded delta on
the secondary of the transformer. When the VFD is stopped, it trips in
over-voltage. What must be done to the VFD to avoid these nuisance
trips?
A) Change incoming power leads. Move L1 to L2 and L2 to L1.
B) Change incoming power leads. Move L2 to L3 and L3 to L2.
C) Clip the MOV from the power card on the L3 input.
D) Change the incoming power parameter to indicate there is a
grounded-delta input.
E) Switch RFI to OFF by using the switch or jumper.
August 04
4
Answers
1) D. Harmonics
2) B. A maximum of 2 power-ups per minute
3) A. Protects the VFD from spikes on the incoming power
4) C. Closer to max load, the more sensitive to voltage
imbalance
5) C. Fuses
6) A. Harmonics = or < 3kHz; RFI = or > 450kHz
7) B. Harmonics
8) D. Both A and C but not B
9) E. Class 1A for industrial and Class 1B for residential
10) E. Switch RFI to OFF by using the switch or jumper.
Post-Test
Objectives:
1. Student is able to correctly identify 5 concerns of incoming power in protecting the
VFD.
2. Student is able to correctly identify such terms as surge, sag, phase loss,
spikes/transients, MOV, input switching, soft-charge circuit and single-phase.
3. Student is able to correctly identify the 2 concerns of the VFD noise affecting the
power supply.
4. Student is able to briefly describe the following terms: RFI, harmonics, voltage
distortion, current distortion, THD and IEEE 519.
5. Student is able to describe possible measures used to manage harmonic interference,
including such terms as 6-pulse, 12-pulse, quasi 12-pulse, line reactors and isolation
transformers.

For more information, please contact the MCU Training Team.

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August 04

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