Unified Thread Standard

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Unified Thread Standard (UTS) defines a standard thread form and seriesalong with allowances, tolerances, and designationsfor screw
threads commonly used in the United States and Canada. It has the same 60 profile as the ISO metric screw thread, but the characteristic dimensions of
each UTS thread (outer diameter and pitch) were chosen as an inch fraction rather than a millimeter value. The UTS is currently controlled by
ASME/ANSI in the United States.
Contents
1 Origins
2 Basic profile
3 Designation
4 Gaging
5 Tolerance classes
6 Related standards
7 See also
8 Notes
8.1 Bibliography
9 External links
Origins
See the "History of standardization" section of the screw thread article.
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The basic profile of all UTS threads is the same as that
of all ISO metric screw threads. Only the commonly
used values for D
maj
and P differ between the two
standards.
Basic profile
Each thread in the series is characterized by its major diameter D
maj
and its pitch, P. UTS threads
consist of a symmetric V-shaped thread. In the plane of the thread axis, the flanks of the V have
an angle of 60 to each other. The outermost 0.125 and the innermost 0.25 of the height H of the
V-shape are cut off from the profile.
The pitch P is the distance between thread peaks. For UTS threads, which are single-start threads,
it is equal to the lead, the axial distance that the screw advances during a 360 rotation. UTS
threads do not usually use the pitch parameter; instead a parameter known as threads per inch
(TPI) is used, which is the reciprocal of the pitch.
The relationship between the height H and the pitch P is found using the following equation:
[1]
In an external (male) thread (e.g., on a bolt), the major diameter D
maj
and the minor diameter D
min

define maximum dimensions of the thread. This means that the external thread must end flat at
D
maj
, but can be rounded out below the minor diameter D
min
. Conversely, in an internal (female)
thread (e.g., in a nut), the major and minor diameters are minimum dimensions, therefore the thread profile must end flat at D
min
but may be rounded out
beyond D
maj
.
The minor diameter D
min
and effective pitch diameter D
p
are derived from the major diameter and pitch as
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Designation
The standard designation for a UTS thread is a number indicating the nominal (major) diameter of the thread, followed by the pitch measured in threads
per inch. For diameters smaller than
1

4
inch, the diameter is indicated by an integer number defined in the standard; for all other diameters, the inch
figure is given.
This number pair is optionally followed by the letters UNC, UNF or UNEF if the diameter-pitch combination is from the coarse, fine or extra fine
series, and may also be followed by a tolerance class.
Example: #6-32 UNC 2B (major diameter: 0.1380 inch, pitch: 32 tpi)
Unified Screw Threads UNC, UNF and UNEF
[2]
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Major diameter
inch (mm)
Threads per inch and Pitch Cutting tap drill size Preferred sizes
Coarse (UNC) Fine (UNF) Extra fine (UNEF)
Coarse Fine Extra fine
TPI Pitch, inch (mm) TPI Pitch, inch (mm) TPI Pitch, inch (mm)
#0 = 0.0600 (1.5240) 80 0.012500 (0.3175)
3

64
in
#1 = 0.0730 (1.8542) 64 0.015625 (0.3969) 72 0.013888 (0.3528) #53 #53
#2 = 0.0860 (2.1844) 56 0.017857 (0.4536) 64 0.015625 (0.3969) #50 #50
#3 = 0.0990 (2.5146) 48 0.020833 (0.5292) 56 0.017857 (0.4536) #47 #45
#4 = 0.1120 (2.8448) 40 0.025000 (0.6350) 48 0.020833 (0.5292) #43 #42
#5 = 0.1250 (3.1750) 40 0.025000 (0.6350) 44 0.022727 (0.5773) #38 #37
#6 = 0.1380 (3.5052) 32 0.031250 (0.7938) 40 0.025000 (0.6350) #36 #33
#8 = 0.1640 (4.1656) 32 0.031250 (0.7938) 36 0.027778 (0.7056) #29 #29
#10 = 0.1900 (4.8260) 24 0.041667 (1.0583) 32 0.031250 (0.7938) #25 #21
#12 = 0.2160 (5.4864) 24 0.041667 (1.0583) 28 0.035714 (0.9071) 32 0.031250 (0.7938) #16 #14
3

16
in
1

4
= 0.2500 (6.3500) 20 0.050000 (1.2700) 28 0.035714 (0.9071) 32 0.031250 (0.7938) #7 #3
7

32
in
5

16
= 0.3125 (7.9375) 18 0.055556 (1.4111) 24 0.041667 (1.0583) 32 0.031250 (0.7938) F I
9

32
in
3

8
= 0.3750 (9.5250) 16 0.062500 (1.5875) 24 0.041667 (1.0583) 32 0.031250 (0.7938)
5

16
in Q
11

32
in
7

16
= 0.4375 (11.1125) 14 0.071428 (1.8143) 20 0.050000 (1.2700) 28 0.035714 (0.9071) U
25

64
in Y
1

2
= 0.5000 (12.7000) 13 0.076923 (1.9538) 20 0.050000 (1.2700) 28 0.035714 (0.9071)
27

64
in
29

64
in
15

32
in
9

16
= 0.5625 (14.2875) 12 0.083333 (2.1167) 18 0.055556 (1.4111) 24 0.041667 (1.0583)
31

64
in
1

2
in
33

64
in
5

8
= 0.6250 (15.8750) 11 0.090909 (2.3091) 18 0.055556 (1.4111) 24 0.041667 (1.0583)
17

32
in
9

16
in
37

64
in
3

4
= 0.7500 (19.0500) 10 0.100000 (2.5400) 16 0.062500 (1.5875) 20 0.050000 (1.2700)
21

32
in
11

16
in
45

64
in
7

8
= 0.8750 (22.2250) 9 0.111111 (2.8222) 14 0.071428 (1.8143) 20 0.050000 (1.2700)
49

64
in
51

64
in
53

64
in
1 = 1.0000 (25.4000) 8 0.125000 (3.1750) 12 0.083333 (2.1167) 20 0.050000 (1.2700)
7

8
in
59

64
in
61

64
in
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The following formula is used to calculate the major diameter of a numbered screw greater than or equal to 0: Major diameter = Screw # 0.013" +
0.060". For example, a number 10 calculates as: #10 0.013" + 0.060" = 0.190" major diameter.
A Unified Miniature screw thread series is defined in ANSI standard B1.10, for fasteners of 0.3 to 1.4 millimetres (0.0118 to 0.0551 inch) diameter.
These sizes are intended for watches, instruments, and miniature mechanisms and are interchangeable with threads made to ISO Standard 68.
[3]
These
screw sizes are denoted by multiple zeroes, i.e., #000. The formula for number sizes smaller than size #0 is given by Major diameter = 0.060" Zero
size 0.013", with the zero size being the number of zeroes after the first. So a #00 screw is .047" dia, #000 is .034" dia, etc.
The number series of machine screws once included more odd numbers and went up to #16 or more. Standardization efforts in the late 19th and the
early part of the 20th century reduced the range of sizes considerably. Now, it is less common to see machine screws larger than #14, or odd number
sizes other than #1, #3 and #5. Even though #14 and #16 screws are still available, they are not as common as sizes #0 through #12.
Sometimes "special" diameter and pitch combinations (UNS) are used, for example a 0.619 in (15.7 mm) major diameter with 20 threads per inch. UNS
threads are rarely used for bolts, but rather on nuts, tapped holes, and threaded OD's. Because of this UNS taps are readily available.
[4][5]
Most UNS
threads have more threads per inch than the correlating UNF or UNEF standard, therefore they are often the strongest thread available.
[6]
Because of this
they are often used in applications where high stresses are encountered, such as machine tool spindles
[7]
or automotive spindles.
[8]
Gaging
A screw thread gaging system comprises a list of screw thread characteristics that must be inspected to establish the dimensional acceptability of the
screw threads on a threaded product and the gage(s) which shall be used when inspecting those characteristics.
Currently this gaging UTS is controlled by:
ASME/ANSI B1.2-1983 Gages And Gaging For Unified Inch Screw Threads
This Standard provides essential specifications and dimensions for the gages used on Unified inch screw threads UN [unified] and UNR [external
threads only] thread form, and covers the specifications and dimensions for the thread gages and measuring equipment listed in Tables 1 and 2. The
basic purpose and use of each gage are also described.
ASME/ANSI B1.3-2007 Screw Thread Gaging Systems for Acceptability: Inch and Metric Screw Threads (UN, UNR, UNJ, M, and MJ)
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(a) This Standard presents screw thread gaging systems suitable for determining the acceptability of Unified [UN], UNR [external threads only], UNJ
[internal and external threads], M, and MJ screw threads on externally and internally threaded products. It establishes the criteria for screw thread
acceptance when a gaging system is used. (b) A screw thread gaging system comprises a list of screw thread characteristics that must be inspected to
establish the dimensional acceptability of the screw threads on a threaded product and the gage(s) which shall be used when inspecting those
characteristics. (c) Federal Government Use. When this Standard is approved by the Department of Defense and federal agencies and is incorporated
into Federal Standard-H28/20 [FED-STD-H28/20], Screw Thread Standards for Federal Services, Section 20, the use of this Standard by the federal
government is subject to all the requirements and limitations of Federal Standard-H28/20 [FED-STD-H28/20]. These standards provide essential
specifications and dimensions for the gages used on Unified inch screw threads (UN, UNR, UNJ thread form) on externally and internally threaded
products. It also covers the specifications and dimensions for the thread gages and measuring equipment. The basic purpose and use of each gage are
also described. It also establishes the criteria for screw thread acceptance when a gaging system is used.
Tolerance classes
A classification system exists for ease of manufacture and interchangeability of fabricated threaded items. Most (but certainly not all) threaded items are
made to a classification standard called the Unified Screw Thread Standard Series. This system is analogous to the fits used with assembled parts.
Classes 1A, 2A, 3A apply to external threads; Classes 1B, 2B, 3B apply to internal threads.
Class 1 threads are loosely fitting threads intended for ease of assembly or use in a dirty environment.
Class 2 threads are the most common. They are designed to maximize strength considering typical machine shop capability and machine practice.
Class 3 threads are used for closer tolerances.
Thread class refers to the acceptable range of pitch diameter for any given thread. The pitch diameter is indicated as Dp in the figure shown above.
There are several methods that are used to measure the pitch diameter. The most common method used in production is by way of a Go/no go gauge.
Related standards
ASME/ANSI B1.1 2003 Unified Inch Screw Threads, UN & UNR Thread Form
ASME/ANSI B1.10M 2004 Unified Miniature Screw Threads
ASME/ANSI B1.15 1995 Unified Inch Screw Threads, UNJ Thread Form
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See also
British standard pipe thread
British Standard Whitworth
ISO metric screw thread
List of drill and tap sizes
List of screw drives
National pipe thread
Nut (hardware)
William Sellers
United States Standard thread
Notes
^ Oberg et al. 2000, p. 1706. 1.
^ Oberg, Erik; Jones, Franklin D.; Horton, Holbrook L. (1975). Machinery's Handbook (Twentieth ed.). New York: Industrial Press, Inc. pp. 12961304. 2.
^ Ryffel 1988, p. 1547. 3.
^ McMaster-Carr p. 2520 (http://www.mcmaster.com/#catalog/115/2520/=3dxzrr), retrieved 2009-08-28. 4.
^ McMaster-Carr p. 2501 (http://www.mcmaster.com/#catalog/115/2501/=3dy2xw), retrieved 2009-08-28. 5.
^ Schwaller 2004, p. 55. 6.
^ Special connections (http://www.nuraseal.com/Filton/Special_Connections/Special_Connections.htm), retrieved 2009-08-28. 7.
^ Hub components (http://i.b5z.net/i/u/1080235/f/parts_kit_cat_8-08/Hub_Components.pdf), retrieved 2009-08-29. 8.
Bibliography
Ryffel, Henry H., et al. (eds) (1988), Machinery's Handbook (23rd ed.), New York: Industrial Press, ISBN 978-0-8311-1200-4.
Schwaller, Anthony E. (2004), Total Automotive Technology (http://books.google.com/?id=tpzOoC_G4HAC) (4th ed.), Cengage Learning,
ISBN 978-1-4018-2476-1.

External links
Unified Screw Threads with Tolerances (http://www.amesweb.info/Screws/AsmeUnifiedInchScrewThread.aspx)
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Unified Coarse/Fine diameters and tap drill sizes (http://www.carbidedepot.com/formulas-tap-standard.htm) (US units)
Unified Coarse/Fine tap drill sizes (http://www.metal-mart.com/Guides/Tap_Drill_Sizes.aspx) (US units)
Imperial Metric fastening size conversion charts (http://www.baconsdozen.co.uk/tools/conversion%20charts.htm)
International Thread Standards (http://www.gewinde-normen.de/en/index.html)
Conversion chart Whitworth/BSF/AF and metric (http://www.baconsdozen.co.uk/tools/spanners.htm#chart)
Spanner Jaw Sizes (http://www.sat.dundee.ac.uk/~psc/spanner_jaw.html) Additional information and spanner jaw size table.
Unified Screw Threads Series (http://www.efunda.com/designstandards/screws/screwun.cfm)
ASME B1.1-2003 Unified Inch Screw Threads, (UN and UNR Thread Form) (http://www.asme.org/products/codes---standards/unified-inch-
screw-threads--un-and-unr-thread-form)

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Categories: Mechanical standards Screws Threading (manufacturing)
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