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i
= 20 50 deg
e
= 2 5 deg
Adv: Larger area ratio can be used, reduction in overall length
61 Rocket Propulsion AE411 61 Rocket Propulsion AE411 61 Rocket Propulsion AE411 61 Rocket Propulsion AE411
Unconventional Nozzles
Extendible Nozzle
Dual Bell Nozzle
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Unconventional Nozzles (continued)
Expansion Deflection Nozzle
Plug Nozzle
63 Rocket Propulsion AE411
Flow with
underexpansion
at altitude
Flow with
overexpansion
( sea level)
expansion
waves
trailing
waves
Diffused
boundaries
Annular
chamber
Recirculation
regions
Recirculation
regions
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Thrust Vector Control (TVC)
In TVC moments (pitch, yaw and roll) are purposefully generated about the
center of mass to control flight trajectories
Pitch moment : to raise or lower the nose of a vehicle
Yaw moment : to turn the nose side ways
Roll moment : to roll the rocket in the desired direction
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Reasons:
to wilfully change a flight path or trajectory
to rotate the vehicle or change its attitude during powered flight
to correct for deviation from the intended trajectory or the attitude
during powered flight
to correct for thrust misalignment of a fixed nozzle in the main
propulsion system during its operation, when the main thrust vector
misses the vehicles center of mass
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TVC: engines with single nozzle
(i) Mechanical deflection of the nozzle or thrust chamber
(ii) Insertion of heat-resistant movable bodies into the exhaust jet
(iii) Injection of fluid into the side of the diverging nozzle section
(iv) separate thrust producing devices
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TVC: engines with two or more nozzles
differential throttling with four fixed position thrust chambers
larger thrust from unthrottled engines imparts turning moments
for roll control, the nozzles are slightly inclined and their individual thrust
vectors do not go through the center of mass
shaded nozzle exits :
throttled condition or
reduced thrust
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Parameters for chemical rockets
Mass flow rates and characteristic velocity
Thrust coefficient
Efficiency
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Mass flow rate and Characteristic Velocity
The mass flow rate through the nozzle is given by
= p
c
A
t
/C
*
where C
*
= 1/ x sqrt(R
0
T
c
/M), the characteristic velocity
sqrt(R
0
T
c
/M)/ = transfer function
R
0
= Universal gas constant
M = Molecular mass of the gas
p
c
,T
c
= chamber pressure and temperature
A
t
= Nozzle throat area
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Thrust Coefficient
Thrust coefficient (C
F
) is defined as the thrust divided by the chamber
pressure p
c
and the throat area A
t
i.e., C
F
= F / p
c
A
t
= f ( , , p
e
/p
c
)
For any fixed pressure ratio p
e
/p
c
, C
F
and F have a peak when p
e
= p
a
. This
peak value is known as optimum thrust coefficient C
0
F
C
F
can be considered as representing the amplification of thrust due to the
gas expanding in the supersonic nozzle as compared to the thrust that
would be exerted if the chamber pressure p
c
acted over the throat area A
t
only
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Efficiencies
C
*
Efficiency
The ratio of the actual C
*
obtained in a rocket to the theoretical
idealised value calculated
C*
= C
*
actual
/ C
*
ideal
Thrust Correction Coefficient (
F
)
The ratio of the actual thrust coefficient to the ideal value
F
= C
F actual
/ C
F ideal
It can be shown that
C*
x
F
= F
a
/F
i
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Specific Impulse, I
sp
and correlation with C
*
and C
F
I
sp
= F / = C
*
x C
F
I
sp
is therefore a composite index comprising of the transfer function of the
propellant to generate high pressure gases and the expansion of the gases
in the nozzle
i.e., the I
sp
of a propellant will vary depending on the chamber pressure and
the nozzle exit pressure
Sea level specific impulse I
sp,SL
(p
e
= 1 atm, p
c
= 70 atm)
Vacuum specific impulse I
sp,vac
(p
a
= 0)
I
sp,vac
> I
sp,SL