Instrumentation-Basics

1. What is the standard signal transmission of an electronic transmitter

4 to 20 milli amp current signal. (4mA for 0% and 20mA for 100%)
2. Why 4-20mA current signal is used for signal transmission of field instruments.
Why not 0 mA to 20mA
0ma can occur in case of a cable cut or failure of transmitter also. this ill be
interpreted as 0% of process !alue in case 0-20mA is used. in 4-20mA signal" 0mA
can be identified as a failure and 4mA as 0% of process !alue.
#. Why current is used for signal transmission from field instruments to control
room$ Why not !oltage$
%he same !alue of signal at field instrument should reach control room for proper
representation of process !alue.
&oltage signal transmitted in a cable can drop due to resistance of cable and end up in
less !alue indicated in control room. 'urrent signal in a circuit ill be same at all
points and hence the !alue at transmitter and at control room ill be same.
4. What is the type of signal for a con!entional std control !al!e$
(neumatic signal of #psi to 1)psi
). What is * to ( con!erter$ Where it is used$
*+( con!erter is current to pneumatic con!erter used to con!ert 4-20mA current signal
(transmitter from control room) to #-1) psi pneumatic signal for operating the control
!al!e.
*+( is used in control !al!e loop and are installed near to control !al!e.
,. What are the functions of (ositioner in a control !al!e$
-ecei!e #-1) psi signal from *+( con!erter and send pneumatic signal to control !al!e
.alance the output to !al!e using position feed bac/
.oost the air supply 0ty to !al!e if re0uired
'hange the pneumatic range of outputs (,-#0psi+ 1)-#0 psi etc) to matc1h the spring
range of control !al!e
2plit ranging to different !al!es" for same signal from controller.
3. What is split ranging in control !al!es
4or a gi!en controller output (4-20mA signal) one !al!e may ha!e to operate ithin
)0% of the signal and other !al!e ill start operate only after )0% and ill fully open
at 100% signal. %his can be achie!ed by settings in positioners of each !al!e.
5. What is the std term to define capacity of a control !al!e
'&
6. What is the most commonly used element used in a pressure gauge$
.ourdon tube
10. What are the # std characteristics of control !al!es$
7inear" 80ual percentage" 9n 9ff.
11. What is the most common type of plug+seat used in control !al!e (globe+ ball+
butterfly+ plug)
:lobe
11. Which is the type of plug+set preferred for !ery high !olume and less
controllability
.utterfly !al!e
12. What is 7apping in control !al!e maintenance$
2urface finishing of plug and seat using lapping paste for remo!ing any une!en
surface on contact area of plug+seat to a!oid lea/age in !al!e.
1#. What is 29&$
2olenoid 9perated &al!e. 8;4 induced in the plunger due to !oltage applied on coil
ound around this plunger ill mo!e the plunger (4aradays la).
14. <o is 29& used in a 2hut =on &al!e (2=&) application$
Air signal to 2=& ill be pro!ided from the 9utput port of 29&" to hich air supply
ill be pro!ided. 8lectrical 2ignal from the control room to operate 2=& ill be
applied to the coil of 29&. %his signal ill lift the plunger.
1). What is the relation beteen absolute pr and gauge pr$
Absolute pr > gauge pr ? atmospheric pr
1,. What is the most common industrial flo measurement for gas$
9rifice
13. @ame some le!el measurements used in industry
4loat" displacer" hydrostatic head" radar" capacitance"
15. What is -%=$
-esistance %emperature =etector.
'hange in resistance of a metal is propotional to change in temperature.
16. What are the common temp measurement methods$
-%=" thermocouple" thermistor" bimetallic strip"
20. What is (*= controller$
(ropotional ? *ntegral?=eri!ati!e controller
21. What is the unit of -esistance$
9hms
22. What is the relation of resistance" !oltage" current$
- > &+*
2#. What is the formula for pressure
(r > force + area
24. What is the unit of &elocity$
;eters+ sec
2). What is the relation beteen degree 'entigrade and 4ahrenheit
4 > ('A6+)) ? #2
2,. What is the relation beteen degree 'entigrade and Bel!in
B > ' ?23#
23. What is <ygrometer$
=e!ice to measure <umidity
25. What is the formula for =ensity$
= > ;ass+ &olume
26. What is <ydrometer$
=e!ice to measure =ensity.
#0. What is fullform of 7&=%
7inear &ariable =iffrential %ransducer
#1. What is the relation beteen force and tor0ue$
%or0ue > 4orce A =isplacement
#2. What is the unit of sound$
=ecibel (db)
##. What is '& of a control !al!e$
'! is the no of gallons of ater floing through a fully opened !al!e at ,0 deg4
hich cause a pr drop of 1 psi.
#4. What is meat by 4ail 2afe position of control !al!e$
(osition of !al!e (9pen or 'lose or last !alue) on loss of poer to !al!e
#). What is the unit of 4re0uency
<ertC
#,. What is fullform of (7'
(rogrammable 7ogic 'ontroller
#3. What is %achometer$
;eter to measure 2peed
#5. What is fullform of ='2
=istributed 'ontrol 2ystem
#6. Wht is fullform of D(2
Dninterruptible (oer 2upply
40. ;eter for measuring ind speed
Anemometer
41. What is the instrument to measure (itch" -oll" Angular mo!ements
:yroscope
42. @ame some parts of 'ontrol &al!e
.ody" Actuator" (lug" 2eat" :land" .onnet"
4#. Which portion of control !al!e are called %rim$
All etted parts" including plug" plug stem" cage" seat" seat ring
44. What is =irect acting and -e!erse acting control !al!es$
*n =irect acting !al!e" actuator stem mo!es toards !al!e body on increase in
signal. 2tem mo!es aay from body on signal in case of re!erse acting.
4). What is &apour (r
(r at hich fluid change from li0uid to !apour
4,. What are the commonly used digital protocols for 2;A-% field instrument
communications
<A-%" 4oundation 4ieldbus (44)
43. What is full form of (2D in instt E control system
(oer 2upply Dnit
45. What is full form of ;9&
;otor operated &al!e
46. What is -edundancy$
Another unit automatically ta/ingo!er" ithout any effect in process in case of
primary unit fails
)0. What is full form of 787
7oer 81plosi!e 7imit
)1. What is full form of (-&
(ressure -educing &al!e
)2. What is full form of 2=&
2hut =on &al!e
)#. What is full form of (E*=
(rocess E *nstrumentation =iagram
)4. What is full form of (2&
(ressure 2afety &al!e
)). What is full form of (%" 7%" 4%" %%
(r %ransmitter" 7e!el trans" 4lo trans" %emp trans
),. What is full form of <;*
<uman ;achine *nterface
)3. What is (urge (anel$
*nstt panel" /ept pressuriCed for use in haCardous area
)5. @ame 2 type of flo meters
9rifice meter" %urbine meter" -otameter" Dltrasonic meter" 'oriolisis meter"
&orte1 meter" &enturi meter" (ositi!e =isplacement meter"
)6. (ascal is the unit for-
(ressure
,0. 'entipoises is the unit ofF
&iscosity
,1. 2ensor used to measure eight in eigh bridge
2train gauge+ 7oad cell
,2. What is the fullform of 2'A=A
2uper!isory 'ontrol And =ata Ac0uisition system
,#. What is the fullform of :'
:as 'hromatagraph
,4. What is the purpose of :' is gas flo metering$
4ind out gas composition to calculate specific gra!ity of gas
,). =ead Weight %ester is used to calibrate
(ressure instruments
,,. @ame 1 type of mass flo meter
'oriolisis meter" %hermal mass meter
,3. Which type of fluid ;agnetic 4lo ;eter can be used
8lectrically 'onducti!e fluid (ater)
,5. @ame some hardare components in ='2+ (7'
(rocessor" *nput+ 9utput card" 'ommunication card" (oer supply" 9perator
2tation" 8ngineering 2tation" 'ommunication cables"
,6. What is *mpulse line in field instt system$
(iping+ tubing hich connect process to field instrument for measuring the
process !alue.
30. What is %ime 2ynchronisation in ='2
;atching the cloc/ of all units in ='2 system
31. What is %uning in (*= controller
2etting the !alues of (ropotional band (:ain)" integral time" deri!ati!e time for
stable operation of control loop
32. (rinciple of =isplacer type le!el transmitter
As le!el increase" displacer loose eight due to buoyancy of fluid. A tor0ue tube
attached to displacer generate an angular mo!ement hich is captured and
transmitted as le!el reading.
3#.