Disease Other Name Causative

Agent
Mode of
Transmission
Phatognomonic
Signs
Incubation
Period
Period of
Communicability
Diagnostic
Procedure
Treatment Prevention and Control
Tuberculosis - Kochs Disease
- Consumption
Disease
Tubercle bacilli - Airborne
droplet
- Direct
invasion
through
mucous
membranes

- Cough of two weeks
or more
- Fever
- Chest or back pain
* Haemoptysis
- Significant weight
loss
- Sweating, fatigue,
body malaise,
breathlessness

6-12 months
after infected
As long as
viable tubercle
bacilli are being
discharge in the
sputum
- Sputum Smear
- Chest X-Ray
- Isoniazid
- Rifampicin
- Pyrazinamide
- Ethambutol
- Streptomycin
- Prompt diagnosis and
treatment
- BCG vaccination of newborn
- Educate public
- Improve social conditions
such as overcrowding
- Make available medical,
laboratory and x-ray facilities
- Avoid contact with active
disease
- Using medications for
prevention
- Maintain good living
standards
Leprosy Hansens
Disease
Mycobacterium
Leprae
-Airborne
-Prolonged
skin-to-skin
contact
- Change in skin color
* Loss of sensation
on the skin lesion
- Decreased/loss of
sweating and hair
growth over the
lesion
- Nasal obstruction or
bleeding
- Ulcers that do not
heal
It probably
ranges from
nine months
to 20 years
with an
average of 4
years for
tuberculoid
leprosy and 8
years for
lepromatous
leprosy.
Not usually
infectious after
3 months of
continuous
treatment with
Dapsone or
Clofazimine, or
after 2- 3 weeks
of treatment
with
Rifampicin.
Slit Skin Smear (SSS) - Ambulatory
chemotherapy
through the use of
Multi-Drug therapy
- Domiciliary
treatment
- Avoidance of prolonged skin
to skin contact with a
lepromatous case
- Children should avoid close
contact with active untreated
leprosy case
- BCG vaccination
- Good personal hygiene
- Adequate nutrition
- Health education
Schistosomiasis - Bilhariasis
- Snail Fever
- Schistosoma
Japonicum
- S. mansoni
- S.
haematobium
In contact with
contaminated
fresh water in
which certain
types of snails
that carry
schisto-semes
are living.
- Diarrhea
* Bloody stools
- Enlargement of
abdomen
- Spleenomegaly
- Weakness
- Anemia
- Inflamed fever
The incubation
period is
typically 1484
days for acute
schistosomia-
sis (Katayama
syndrome),
but chronic
infection can
remain
asymptomatic
for years.
Last as long as
live eggs are
excreted in the
urine and feces.

- Microscopic
identification of
parasite eggs in
stool (S. mansoni or
S. japonicum) or
urine (S.
haematobium).
Serologic tests
- Consider screening
asymptomatic
people who may
have been exposed
during travel
Praziquantel - Avoiding wading, swimming,
or other contact with
freshwater in disease-endemic
countries.
- Filtering piped water with
fine-mesh filters, heating
bathing water to 122F (50C)
for 5 minutes, or allowing
water to stand for 24 hours
before exposure can eliminate
risk for infection.

Disease Other Name Causative
Agent
Mode of
Transmission
Phatognomonic
Signs
Incubation
Period
Period of
Communicability
Diagnostic
Procedure
Treatment Prevention and Control
Filariasis Lymphatic
filariasis
elephantiasis
- Wuchereria
bancrofti
- Brugia malayi
- Brugia timori


Transmitted to
a person
through bites
from an
infected
female
mosquito
primarily
Aedes
poecillus that
bites at night.
- Fever
*Inguinal or axillary
lymphadenopathy
- Testicular and/or
inguinal pain
- Skin exfoliation

The incubation
period which
starts from the
entry of
infective
larvae to the
development
of clinical
manifestation
is variable. It
ranges from
8-16 months
612 months - Giemsa stained - Hetrazan
- Anthelmintics
include the
following:
Diethylcarbama-
zine (DEC)
Lvermectin -
for Wuchereria
bancrofti;
Suramin - for
onchocerciasis;
Mebendazole;
Flubendazole;
Albendazole

At night:
- Sleep in an air-conditioned
room
- Sleep under a mosquito net
between dusk and dawn
- Wear long sleeves and
trousers and
- Use mosquito repellent on
exposed skin.

Malaria Bad Air - Plasmodium
falciparum
- Plasmodium
vivax
- Plasmodium
ovale
- Plasmodium
malariae
Transmitted
from a mother
to her unborn
baby
(congenitally)
and by blood
transfusions.
- Anemia
* Bloody stools
- Chills
- Convulsion
- Fever
- Jaundice
- Nausea
- Sweating
- Vomiting

7-30 days May remain
infectious for
years if
untreated or
inadequately
treated so that
gametocytes
persist. The
infected
mosquito
remains
infected for life.
- Malaria blood
Smear
- CBC
- Chloroquine
- Combination of
Quinidine or
Quinine plus
Doxycycline,
Tetracycline, or
Clindamycin
-Atovaquone plus
proguanil
(Malarone)
- Mefloquine or
artesunate
- Combination of
pyrimethamine
and sulfadoxine
(Fansidar)

-Stay inside when it is dark
outside, preferably in a
screened or air-conditioned
room.
- Wear protective clothing (long
pants and long-sleeved shirts).
















Disease Other Name Causative
Agent
Mode of
Transmission
Phatognomonic
Signs
Incubation
Period
Period of
Communicability
Diagnostic
Procedure
Treatment Prevention and Control
Dengue
Hemorrhagic
fever
H- Fever - Dengue Virus
Types 1, 2, 3, 4
- Chikungunya
virus
Mosquito bite *High fever
- Abdominal pain
- Headache

Probably 6
days to 1
week
Presumed to be
on the first
week of illness-
when virus is
still present in
the blood
- Tourniquet Test or
Rumpel Leads test
- If you think you
may have dengue
fever, you should
use pain relievers
with Acetamino-
phen and avoid
medicines
with aspirin, which
could worsen
bleeding.
- Rest, drink plenty
of fluids, and see
your doctor.
- If worsen in the
first 24 hours after
your fever goes
down, you should
get to a hospital
immediately
Eliminate vector by :
- Changing water and scrubbing
sides of lower vases once a
week
- Destroy breeding places of
mosquito by cleaning
surroundings
- Proper disposal of rubber
tires, empty bottles and cans
- Keep water containers
covered
- Avoid too many hanging
clothes inside the house
- Residual spraying with
insecticides
Measles Rubella Filterable virus
of measles
- By droplet
spread or
direct contact
with infected
persons
- Indirectly
trough articles
freshly soiled
with
secretions of
nose and
throat, in
some
instances
probably
airborne
*Kopliks spots
found especially on
the inside of the
cheek (the buccal
mucosa) opposite the
1st and 2nd upper
molars.
10 days from
exposure to
appearance of
fever.
14 days until
rash appears
During the
period of coryza
or catarrhal
symptoms
9 days ( 4 days
before and 5
days after
appearance)
Serologic testing for
measles-specific
IgM or IgG titers
Isolation of the virus
Reverse-
transcriptase
polymerase chain
reaction (RT-PCR)
evaluation
- Good hydration
and replacement
of fluids lost
- Intravenous (IV)
for rehydration
- Vitamin A
- Avoid exposing children to
any person with fever or with
acute cattarhal symptoms
- Isolation of cases from
diagnosis until about 5-7 days
after onset of rash
- Disinfection of all articles
soiled with secretion of nose
and throat
Chicken Pox Varicella Human (alpha)
herpes virus 3
(varicella zoster
virus)
Direct contact
or droplet
spread.
* Vesiculopopular
lesions
2-3 weeks
commonly to
13 - 17 days
Not more than
1 day before
and more than
6 days after
appearance of
the first crop of
vesicles
- Viral test
- Blood test
- Chickenpox
vaccine
Antiviral
medicines:
-Acetaminophen
- Ibuprofen

- Get chickenpox vaccine
Disease Other Name Causative
Agent
Mode of
Transmission
Phatognomonic
Signs
Incubation
Period
Period of
Communicability
Diagnostic
Procedure
Treatment Prevention and Control
Mumps Epidemic
Parotitis
Mumps virus a
member of the
family
Parmyxomviri-
dae, genus
paramyxovirus
is antigeniclly
related to the
parainfluenza
viruses
Direct contact
with a person
who has the
disease or by
contact with
articles in his
immediate
environment
which have
become
freshly soiled
with secretion
from the
nasopharynx
*Painful swelling in
front of ear, angle of
jaws and down the
neck
- Fever
- Malaise
- Loss of appetite
- Swelling of one or
both testicles in
some boys
12-26 days,
usually 18
days
Begins before
the glands are
swollen and
remains for an
unknown
length of time,
but it is
presumed to
last as long as
any localized
glandular
swelling
remains
- Virus Culture
- Blood test
- Buccal Swab
- Throat Swab
- Prophylactic MMR
(Measles, Mumps,
Rubella) vaccine should be
given to children.
Diphtheria Pair of leather
scrolls
infectious
disease

Corynebacte-
rium diphtheria
(Klebs-Loeffler
bacillus)
Contact with a
patient or
carrier or with
articles soiled
with
discharges of
infected
persons
*Pseudomembrane -
Grayish-white,
leathery consistency.
Usually 2-5
days,
occasionally
longer
Variable until
virulent bacilli
has
disappeared
from secretions
and lesions:
usually 2 weeks
and seldom
more than 4
weeks
- Gram Stain
- Throat Culture
- Alberts Stain
- Metronidazole
- Erythromycin
- Procaine
penicillin G
- Active immunization of all
infants and children
- Pasteurization of milk
- Education of parents
- Reporting of the case to the
health officer for proper
medical care
Whooping
Cough
Pertussis - Hemophilus
Pertussis
- Bordet
gengou
- Bordetella
pertussis
- Pertussis
bacillus
- Direct spread
through
respiratory
and salivary
contacts.
- Crowding
and close
association
with patients
facilitate
spread
*Paroxysmal coughs
ending with whoop.
7-10 but not
exceeding 21
days
In early
catarrhal stage,
paroxysmal
cough confirms
provisional
clinical
diagnosis 7
days after
exposure to 3
weeks after
onset of typical
paroxysms
A nose or throat
culture and test
Blood tests
A chest X-ray
- Erythromycin - Universal immunization of
pertussis vaccine, beginning in
infancy.






Disease Other Name Causative
Agent
Mode of
Transmission
Phatognomonic
Signs
Incubation
Period
Period of
Communicability
Diagnostic
Procedure
Treatment Prevention and Control
Tetanum
Neonatorum
and Tetanus
Neonatal
tetanus
Tetanus bacillus
(clostridium
tetani)

Occurs
through
contamination
of the
unhealed
stump of the
umbilical cord.

*Muscle rigidity
Irritability
Dysphagia
Restlessness
Facial grimacing
3 days to 1
month or
more,
between 7-14
days in high
cases
Depends on the
infective agent;
usually 25
days.
Child Behavior:
Home Testing
-Passive
immunization with
human tetanus
immune globulin
(TIG)
-Therapeutic TIG
(3,000-6,000 units
as 1 dose)
- A dose of 500 U
- Pregnant woman
immunization in regions where
tetanus neonatorum is
prevalent.
- Strict aseptic methods of
umbilical cord care in the
newborn.
Influenza Swine Flu Influenza virus
A, B, C
-By direct
contact
through
droplet
infection, or
by articles
freshly soiled
with discharge
of nose and
throat of
infected
person
- Airborne
*Fever and extreme
coldness
(chills shivering,
shaking (rigor))
-Cough
-Nasal congestion
-Runny nose
-Fatigue
-Irritated, watering
eyes
-Reddened eyes, skin
(especially face),
mouth, throat and
nose
-Petechial rash

Short, usually
24-72 hours
Probably
limited to 3
days from
clinical onset
- Influenza rapid
diagnostic tests are
screening tests for
influenza virus
infection.
- Viral culture or
RT-PCR
For A and B:
- Zanamivir
- Oseltamivir
For A only:
- Adamantanes
- Amantadine
-Rimantadine

- Education of the public as to
sanitary hazard from spitting,
sneezing and coughing
- Avoid use of common towels
glasses and eating utensils
- Active immunization with
influenza vaccine
















Disease Other Name Causative
Agent
Mode of
Transmission
Phatognomonic
Signs
Incubation
Period
Period of
Communicability
Diagnostic
Procedure
Treatment Prevention and Control
Pneumonias - Pneumonitis
Bronchopneu-
monia,
- Nosocomial
pneumonia,
- Walking pneu-
monia,
- Double pneu-
monia.
- Diploccocus
pneumonia
- Friedlander
- Viruses
Airborne
droplet
- Rhinitis/common
cold
- Chest indrawing
*Rusty sputum
- Productive cough
- Fast respiration
- High fever
- Vomiting at times
- Convulsion
- Flushed face
dilated pupils
severe chill
- pain over affected
lung
- highly colored urine
2 - 3 days Transmission
can occur as
long as the
organism is
remains in
respiratory
secretions
- History and clinical
signs and symptoms
- Dull percussion
note on affected
side(lung)
- X-ray
- Bed rest
- Adequate salt,
fluid, calorie and
vitamin intake.
- Tepid sponge
bath
- Frequent turning
side to side.
- Antibiotics
- Stop smoking.
- Avoid people who have
infections that sometimes lead
to pneumonia
- Stay away from people who
have colds, flu, or other
respiratory tract infections
- If you haven't had measles or
chickenpox or if you didn't get
vaccines against these diseases,
avoid people who have them.
- Wash your hands often
Cholera El Tor Vibrio El tor Food and
water
contaminated
with vomitus
and stools of
patients and
carriers
- Rapid heart rate
- Loss of skin
elasticity
- Dry mucous
membranes, (mouth,
throat, nose, eyelids)
- Low blood pressure
- Thirst
- Muscle cramps
few hours to 5
days; usually 3
days
7-14 days after
onset,
occasionally 2-3
months
- Isolation and
identification of
Vibrio cholerae
serogroup O1
- O139 by culture of
a stool specimen
- Additional fluids -
Coconut water rich
in potassium, -
Make patient as
comfortable as
possible.
- ORESOL
according to age.

- Report case
- Bring patient to hospital for
proper isolation and prompt
- All contacts of the cases
should submit themselves for
stool examination and be
treated accordingly if
discovered positive.
Typhoid Fever - "Resembling
typhus
- Gastric fever
- Abdominal
typhus
- Infantile
remittant fever
- Slow fever
- Nervous fever
- Pythogenic
fever
- Salmonella
typhosa
- Typhoid
bacillus
- Direct or
indirect
contact with
patient usually
by hands of
carrier
- Flies are
vectors
- Temperature rises
slowly
* Fever fluctuation
- Bradycardia
-Malaise
- Headache
- Cough

Average 2
weeks, usual
range 1 - 3
weeks
As long as
Typhoid bacilli
appear in
excreta; usually
from
appearance of
prodromal
symptoms from
first week
throughout
convalescence
- Blood, bone
marrow or stool
culture
- Widal test
Antibiotics:
- Ampicillin
Chloramphenicol
- Trimethoprim-
sulfamethoxazole
- Amoxicillin
- Ciprofloxacin
Immunization with high
antigenicity vaccine







Disease Other Name Causative
Agent
Mode of
Transmission
Phatognomonic
Signs
Incubation
Period
Period of
Communicability
Diagnostic
Procedure
Treatment Prevention and Control
Bacillary
Dysentery
Shigellosis

Twenty seven
zero-types of
germs Shigella
(dysentery
bacillus).
Four main
groups:
1. Shflesneri
2. Shboy- dii
3. Sn-connei
4. Sh-
dysenterae
- Eating
contaminated
foods
- Drinking
contaminated
water or milk
- By hand to
mouth
transfer of
contaminated
materials
- By flies
- By objects
soiled with
feces of a
patient or
carrier.
*Watery diarrhea
- Abdominal cramps
- Nausea and
vomiting

1 day, usually
less than 4
days.

During acute
infection and
until
microorganism
is absent from
feces usually
within a few
weeks even
without
specified
therapy. A few
individuals
become carriers
for a year or
two and rarely
longer
Fresh stool is
collected
- Maintain fluid
intake
- Hospital
admission may be
required for
intravenous fluid
replacement.
- Sanitary disposal of human
feces.
- Sanitary supervision of food
particularly those eaten raw.
- Adequate provision for safe
washing facilities.
- Fly control and screening to
protect foods against fly
contamination.
- Protection of purified water
supplies and construction of
safe privy.
- Control of infected individual
contacts and environment.
- Rigid personal precautions by
attendants.
Soil
Transmitted
Helminthiases
Helminthic
disease

- Ascaris
lumbricoides
- Trichuris
trichiura
- Hookworm
(Ancylostoma
duodenale and
Necator
americanus)

The pathogen
enters the
body through
skin or mucous
membranes
such as the
eyes. These
infections are
associated
with poor
personal
hygiene and
are water-
washed.
- Anemia
- Malnutrition
*Stunted growth in
height and body size
- Decreased physical
activity
- Impaired mental
development and
school performance
Usually 2 - 5
days,
occasionally
longer.
Variable until
virulent bacilli
have
disappeared
from secretions
and lesions
Laboratory:
stool/ blood exam
Periodic drug
treatment
(deworming)
without previous
individual
diagnosis to all at-
risk people
- Health education on proper
and good personal hygiene
- Keeping fingernails clean and
short
- Use of foot wears
- Washing fruits and vegetables
very well
- Advocate use of sanitary
toilets
- Sanitary disposal of refuse
and garbage
- Consult RHU staff once signs
and symptoms appear












Disease Other Name Causative
Agent
Mode of
Transmission
Phatognomonic
Signs
Incubation
Period
Period of
Communicability
Diagnostic
Procedure
Treatment Prevention and Control
Paragonimiasis - Paragonimus
- Lung Fluke
- Paragonimus
westermani
- Paragonimus
siamenses

- Ingestion of
raw or
insufficiently
cooked crabs,
- Contami-
nation of food
/ utensils with
meta-
cercariae ,
- Consumption
of
inadequately
cooked meat
of animal
reservoirs.
- Using meat
or juice of
infected
animals
- Accidental
transfer of
excysted
meta-
cercariae to
the mouth.
- Drinking of
contaminated
water
- Cough of long
duration
* Hemoptysis /
recurrent blood
streaked sputum
- Chest/back pain
- PTB
Time from
infection until
symptoms,
varies, usually
takes about 6-
10 weeks for
the parasites
to start
making the
eggs in the
lungs
As long as there
is a viable flat
worm
- Sputum
Examination
- Immunology
- Cerebral
Paragonimiasis
- Praziquantel
(Biltizide)
- Bithionol (BITIN)
- Treatment of infected person
- Disinfection/ sanitary disposal
of excreta
- Anti-mollusk campaigns
- Education of the population
- Avoid eating infected foods
- Avoid bathing in infected
waters



















Disease Other Name Causative
Agent
Mode of
Transmission
Phatognomonic
Signs
Incubation
Period
Period of
Communicability
Diagnostic
Procedure
Treatment Prevention and Control
Hepatitis A - Infectious
hepatitis
- Epidemic
hepatitis
- Catarrhal
jaundice
Hepatitis A
virus
Transmitted
by the fecal-
oral route
from person to
person or via
fomites.
- Influenza
- Malaise and easy
fatigability
- Anorexia and
abdominal
discomfort
- Nausea and
vomiting
- Fever
Lymphadenopathy
- Jaundice
* Bilirubinemia with
clay-colored stools
15 - 50 days,
depending on
dose; average
2830 days
Most infectious
from the latter
half of the
incubation
period until a
few days after
the onset of
jaundice,
corresponding
to a peak in
transaminase
levels in cases
without
jaundice. Most
cases are not
infectious after
the first week
of jaundice.
Long term
carriage or
excretion of the
virus does not
occur
- Blood test
indicating IgM anti-
HAV antibodies
(present for 2 - 4
months after
infection)
- IgG antibodies
alone are evidence
of past infection.
- Prophylaxis
- Complete bed
rest
- Low fat diet but
high in sugar
- Ensure safe water for drinking
- Sanitary method in preparing
handling and serving food
- Proper disposal of feces and
urine
- Washing hands very well
before eating and after using
the toilet
- Separate and proper cleaning
of articles used by patient
Paralytic
Shellfish
Poisoning
PSP 1 red tide
poisoning

Dinoflagellates
referred to as
plankton,
Pyromidium
bahamense var.
compressum
Ingestion of
raw or
inadequately
cooked
seafood
usually bi-
valve shellfish
or mollusks
during red tide
season
- Facial numbness
- Vomiting and
dizziness
- Headache
* Tingling sensation -
Paresthesia and
hands/feet paralysis
- Floating sensation
and weakness
- Rapid pulse
difficulty of speech
(ataxia)
- Difficulty of
swallowing
(dysphagia)
- Total muscle
paralysis with
respiratory arrest
- Death
Varies from
about 30
minutes to
several hours
after ingestion
of poisonous
shellfish
Paralytic
shellfish
poisoning is not
transmitted
from person to
person.
Test
epidemiologically
implicated shellfish
for toxins
- Drinking pure
coconut milk
weakens the toxic
effect of red tide
sodium
bicarbonate
solution.

- Shellfish affected by red tide
must not be cooked with
vinegar as the toxin of
Pyromidium increases when
mixed with acid
- Persons with weakened
immune systems or liver
problems should not eat raw
seafood
Disease Other Name Causative
Agent
Mode of
Transmission
Phatognomonic
Signs
Incubation
Period
Period of
Communicability
Diagnostic
Procedure
Treatment Prevention and Control
Leptospirosis - Weils disease
- Mud fever. -
Trench Fever
- Flood Fever
- Spiroketal
Jaundice
- Japanese
Seven Days
Fever

Leptospira
interrogans

Through
contact of the
skin, especially
open wounds
with water,
moist soil or
vegetation
contaminated
with urine of
infected host.
- Fever
- Headache
* Myalgia
- Nausea
- Chest pain
- Vomiting
- Cough
7-19 days,
with average
of 10 days
May be
excreted in the
urine for a
month, but
urinary
excretion in
humans and
animals for up
to 11 months
has been
reported
Serologically by the
demonstration of a
fourfold or greater
rise in Leptospira
antibody in paired
sera taken in the
acute phase and at
least 2 weeks later.
- Penicillins and
other related b-
lactam antibiotics
- Tetracycline
- Erythromycin
- Heath teachings
- Use of protective clothing
boots and gloves especially by
workers with occupational
hazards
- Stringent community- wide
rat eradication program.
- Segregate domestic animals
potentially infected from man's
living, working and recreation
areas.
- Isolation of patients and
concurrent disinfection of
soiled articles.
- Report all cases of
leptospirosis.
Scabies (Seven-year
itch)
Sarcoptes
Scabiei
Direct contact -Itching, hot and
burning sensation
- Fever
* Headache and
malaise, secondary
dermatitis
24 hours (Until mites and
eggs are
destroyed by
treatment,
usually 2
courses 1 week
apart )
- Appearance of
lesion, intense
itching, finding
causative mite
- Scrapping from its
burrow with
hypodermic needle
then examined
under microscope
- Benzyl benzoate
emulsion
- Kwell ointment
- Personal hygiene such as daily
bath, washing of hand before
and after eating and after using
the toilet, cutting of fingernails
- Regular changing of clean
clothing, beddings, towels
- Eating food rich in Vit. A and C
- Keeping house clean
- Sanitation of surroundings
Anthrax - Malignant
pustule
- Malignant
edemia
- Woolsorter
diseas
- Ragpicker
disease
Bacillus
Anthracis
Cutaneous
infection is by
contact with
tissues of
animals,
Intestinal and
oropharyngeal
anthrax arise
from ingestion
of
contaminated
undercooked
meat
Cutaneous form:
*Itch and papule
appears in
inoculation site,
lesion
Pulmonary form:
-Upper respiratory
infection
- Fever
- Shock
Gastrointestinal
anthrax:
- Vomiting
- Bloody stool
Few hours to 7
days, most
cases occur
within 48
hours of
exposure
Transmission
from person to
person is very
rare. Articles
and soil
contaminated
with spores
may remain
infective for
decades.
- Smears in
cutaneous anthrax
- Throat swabs and
sputum in
pulmonary anthrax
- Chest X-rays
(Antibiotics:
- Penicillin
- Tetracycline
- Erythromycin,
- Ciprofloxacin
- Antitoxins)
- Immunize high risk person
- Health education
- Control dust and proper
ventilation
- Thoroughly wash disinfectant
or sterilize hair, wool, bone
meal - Do not sell the hides of
animal exposed to anthrax
- If anthrax is suspected in
animal, aseptically collect blood
sample for culture
- Control effluents and trade
waste of potentially infected
animals
- Annually re-immunize all
animals at risk
Disease Other Name Causative
Agent
Mode of
Transmission
Phatognomonic
Signs
Incubation
Period
Period of
Communicability
Diagnostic
Procedure
Treatment Prevention and Control
Gonorrhea - GC
- Clap
- Drip
Neisseria
gonorrheae
Direct contact
between
infectious
mucous
membrane
Male: Burning
urination
* Pus discharge from
urethra
Female:
- Vaginal discharge
Usually 2-10
days, possibly
3 days or more
May extend for
months in
untreated
individuals.
Adequate
antibiotic
therapy ends
infectivity
within hours
- Gram Staining -
Culture of cervical
and urethral smear
As prescribed,
(- Doxycycline
- Azithromycin
- Ofloxacin)

- Condoms,
- Avoid sexual contact with
high-risk partners
- Treat infected sexual partners
or have them tested before
having sexual relations.
Syphilis - Sy
- bad blood
- the pox
Treponema
Pallidum
Direct contact
with infectious
sore
Primary Stage:
* Painless chancre
- Swollen glands
Secondary Stage:
- rash
- patchy hair loss
- sore throat
- swollen glands
Later Syphilis: no
symptoms to
indication of damage
to brain, heart, liver
10 days 3
months,
average of 21
days
Primary and
secondary
stages may
occur during
the first four
years of
latency,
Adequate
antibiotic
therapy usually
ends infectivity
in 24 48
hours.
- Dark field
illumination test
-Kalm test
Antibiotic as
prescribed,
(Injectable:
- Penicillin
Oral antibiotics:
- Doxycycline
- Tetracycline
- Erythromycin)
- Safe sex practices, use of a
condom.
Chlamydia - Clamydia
- Clamydia
trachomatis
Chlamydia
trachomatis
- Sexual
contact
- Vaginal
delivery
Female:
- Vaginal discharge
* Vaginal itching and
burning
- Painful intercourse
- Abdominal pain
- Fever
Male:
- Penis discharge
- Burning and itching
of urethral opening
- Burning urination
Male: 2-3
weeks
Female:
usually no
symptoms
May be weeks
or months.
Microscopic
examination of
discharge
Antibiotic as
prescribed,
(- Azithromycin
- Doxycycline
- Erythromycin
- Ofloxacin)
- Having sex with only one
- Condoms








Disease Other Name Causative
Agent
Mode of
Transmission
Phatognomonic
Signs
Incubation
Period
Period of
Communicability
Diagnostic
Procedure
Treatment Prevention and Control
Gardenerella
Vaginitis
Nonspecific
Vaginitis
Varies Sexual contact -Slight grayish/yellow
odorous vaginal
discharge
- Burning/mild itching
sensation
unknown
length of time
Unknown
length of time
- Microscopic slide
-Chemical analysis
of vaginal material
- Culture test
Antibiotics:
(- Metronidazole
- Clindamycin),
- Vaginal creams
- Suppositories
- Avoid tampons - Good
hygiene
- Wear cotton panties
- Avoid the use of perfumed
soaps and feminine sprays
- Avoid stress
- Avoid douching
- Regular gynecological
examinations
Trichomoniasis Trich Protozoan-
Trichomonas
vaginalis
- Direct
contact
- Sexual
intercourse
Female:
* Yellow odorous
discharge
- Vaginal itching and
soreness
- Painful urination
Male:
- Itching of penis
* Painful urination,
clear discharge from
penis
4-20 days,
average of 7
days
Unknown
length of time
- Microscopic slide
examination
- Culture test
Oral medication:
(- Metronidazole
- Azithromycin)
- Having sex with only one
- Condoms
Hepatitis B HBV Hepatitis B
virus
- Direct
contact
through blood
and mucous
membrane,
-Sexual
contact,
- Loss of appetite
- Fatigability
- Malaise,
- Joint and muscle
pain
- Low grade fever
- Nausea and
vomiting
- Right-sided
abdominal pain
* Jaundice
- Dark-colored urine
(30-40 days) Unknown
length of time
(- Serological assay,
Serum liver function
test
- Enzymeimmuno
assay)
- Analgesics-
antipyretic
- Diet high in
Carbohydrates
- Hepatitis B vaccine
- Wear protective clothing
- Avoid injury with sharp
instruments
- Use disposable needles and
syringes
- Safe sex
- Avoid sharing of things that
can be contaminated by blood
- Personal hygiene
- Adequate sleep, rest, exercise










Disease Other Name Causative
Agent
Mode of
Transmission
Phatognomonic
Signs
Incubation
Period
Period of
Communicability
Diagnostic
Procedure
Treatment Prevention and Control
HIV/AIDS - Human
Immunodeficie
ncy Virus
Infection
- Acquired
Immune
Deficiency
Syndrome
Retrovirus
Human T-cell
lymphotrophic
virus 3 (HTLV-3)
- Direct
contact
through blood
and mucous
membrane
- Sexual
contact
-Contaminated
syringes
- Blood
transfusion
Physical:
Maculo-papular
rashes
- Loss of appetite
- Weight loss
- Fever of unknown
origin
- Malaise
- Persistent diarrhea
- Tuberculosis
* Esophageal
candidiasis
- Kaposis sarcoma
- Pneumocystis carinii
pneumonia
- Graunt-looking
- Apprehensive
Mental:
Early Stage
Forgetfulness
- Loss of
concentration - loss
of libido
- Apathy
- Psychomotor-
retardation
- Withdrawal
Later Stage
- Confusion
- Disorientation
- Seizures
- Mutism
- Loss of memory
- Coma
Variable.
Detectable
antibodies 1-3
months, HIV
infection
AIDS diagnosis
range from
less than a
year-15 years
or longer
Throughout the
course of the
disease and
lifetime of a
person with
positive HIV.
- Enzyme linked
Immuno-Sorbent
Assay (ELISA)
presumptive test
- Western blot-
confirmatory test
(Fixed-dose
combination:
- Tenofovir
- Lamivudine
- Emtricitabine
- Efavirenz)
- Maintain monogamous
relationship
- Avoid promiscuous sexual
contact
- Sterilize needles, syringes
- Proper screening of blood
donor
- Rigid examination of blood
- Avoid oral, anal contact and
swallowing of semen
- Condoms









Disease Other Name Causative
Agent
Mode of
Transmission
Phatognomonic
Signs
Incubation
Period
Period of
Communicability
Diagnostic
Procedure
Treatment Prevention and Control
Meningococce-
mia
-Meningococcal
septicemia
-Meningococcal
blood poisoning
-Meningococcal
bacteremia
Neisseria
Meningitidis
Direct contact
through
respiratory
droplets
- High grade fever for
24 hours
- Weakness
- Joint and muscle
pain
- Hemorrhagic rush
* Progressing
petechiae
- Purpura
- Ecchymoses
- Meningeal irritation
like headache,
nausea and vomiting,
stiff neck, bulging
fontanel, seizure,
2-10 days with
average of 3-4
days
(unknown, but
is probably
throughout the
duration of the
presence of
organism in the
upper
respiratory
tract of those
with invasive
disease and in
contacts who
have become
asymptomati-
cally
colonized with
meningococci.)
(- Blood culture
- Complete blood
count with
differential,
- Clotting studies
(PT, PTT))
(- Penicillin G
- Ceftriaxone
- Ampicillin)
- Isolation of patients
- Wear mask, gloves, goggles,
gown,
Chemoprophylaxis given
among children
- Avoid crowded places
Bird Flu Avian Influenza Influenza virus
H5Ni
Respiratory
droplets
* Fever
- weakness/muscle --
pain
- cough/sore throat
- difficulty of
breathing
- sore eyes
3 days ranges
of 2-4 days
3-7 days after
symptoms start
(Culture or
polymerase chain
reaction (PCR))
Antiviral
medication
(- Oseltamivir
- Zanamivir)
- Rapid destruction, proper
disposal of carcasses and
quarantining and rigorous
disinfection of farms
- Eestriction on the movement
of live poultry
- Influenza vaccine
- Proper cooking of poultry
SARS Sever Acute
Respiratory
Syndrome
Human
coronavirus
Respiratory
droplets
Prodromal Phase:
*Fever with chill
- Malaise
- Myalgia and
headache
- Rash
- Diarrhea
Respiratory Phase:
- Dry, non productive
cough
- hypoxia and
crackles
- Dullness and
decreased breath
sounds
2-10 days up
to 13 days
(from onset of
symptoms until
10 days after
resolution of
fever)
(Confirmed positive
PCR for SARS virus,
Seroconversion by
ELISA or IFA, Virus
isolation)
(Antipyretics
- Supplemental
oxygen and
mechanical
ventilation
- Antiviral agents
- Oseltamivi
- Ribavirin)
1. Establishment of Triage
- Assign specific area for SARS
patients
- Wear mask
- Screen patients for travel
history, symptoms
2. Identification of patient
3. Isolation of suspected
probable case
4. Tracing and monitoring of
close contact
5. Barrier nursing technique for
suspected probable cases